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1715:(1924-2018), a prominent Historian of Science, Orientalist was born in Bitlis. He is the author and editor of numerous publications. His 13-volume work Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums (1967–2000) is the cornerstone reference on the history of science and technology in the Islamic world. The 5-volume Natural Sciences of Islam documents the items in the Frankfurt museum. Since 1984 he has edited the Journal for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science.
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768:-period structures. Important monuments include the 12th-century Ulu Mosque with its 15th-century minaret, and the Gokmeydani Medresesi and Sherefiye Mosque from the sixteenth century. Until 1915 there were five Armenian monasteries and several churches in Bitlis – only a 19th-century Armenian church survives, now used as a warehouse.
358:, it was known as Balalesa or Baghaghesh, and later Baghesh. According to one popular Armenian folk story, on a cold, wintry day a donkey left its stable and wandered down the valley below. The donkey died of the freezing temperatures and was only discovered in the spring, once the ice had melted; thus, it received the name
309:. The local economy is mainly based on agricultural products which include fruits, grain and tobacco. Industry is fairly limited, and deals mainly with leatherworking, manufacture of tobacco products as well as weaving and dyeing of coarse cloth. Bitlis is connected to other urban centres by road, including
771:
Bitlis is also notable for its many old houses. These are built of cut stone and are often large and impressive structures. Most have two stories, but three stories are also found. Ground floors were generally intended for storage and stables, with the residential quarters on the upper floors. Ground
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and Bitlis. Mush fell on
February 16. At Bitlis, the Turkish positions were in a strong location on the outskirts of the town and could not be outflanked because of the narrowness of the valley. On the night of March 2–3, during a blizzard, the Russian 8th Caucasian Rifles advanced silently and,
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Historically, Bitlis produced wheat, which the
British, in 1920, described as being "particularly excellent." However, poor trade routes in the area during the early 20th century meant that the wheat was mainly produced and used by locals. During this time, the British stated that the people of
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and the whole Mush valley and retreat to Ahlat. Around 18 August, the
Russians having been reinforced, were able to counter-attack. By September the Turkish offensive was stalled and then turned. Nazarbekov advanced as the Turkish forces withdrew from Tatvan and Mush, but he did not have the
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after several hours of hand-to-hand fighting, took the
Turkish positions with 1,000 prisoners. The Turks then abandoned Bitlis, retreating towards Siirt. The Russian forces and intelligence officers found evidence of the massacres of Christians by the Kurdish and Turkish radicals in 1915.
511:
Bitlis was a
Kurdish emirate from the 13th to the 19th century. Though often subordinate to a succession of larger powers that ruled the Van region, it always maintained a measure of independence. In the 14th century its emirs, the Kurdish Rusaki family, were vassals of the
670:
prior to World War I (1914, whereas the majority of the population was
Kurdish Muslim (Alevi as well as Sunni). Before the forced relocations (Tehcir) by Ottoman government, the Christian population of Bitlis was mainly made up of Armenians and Assyrians however during the
649:
In 1814 the population of Bitlis town was said to be 12,000 people - one half Muslim, the other half was constituted by
Christian Armenians. By 1838 its population was said to be between 15,000 and 18,000 - two thirds Muslim, one third Armenian, and a small minority of
554:
forces as they approached the region. Its emir, Sheref, later changed his allegiance to the
Persians. An Ottoman army besieged Bitlis for three months in 1531/32, but was forced to retire. Sheref was killed in battle in 1533 and his son and successor submitted to the
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recaptured the town. Armenians formed a large part of the city's population. A number of monasteries were permitted to be built by the
Kurdish emirs and during the fifteenth century, Biltis flourished as a center for Armenian manuscript production.
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In August 1916 the
Turkish Second Army started an offensive against the Russian front in eastern Turkey. On August 2, the Ottoman 16th Corps, together with strong Kurdish irregulars' support, attacked Bitlis and Mush. Fearing encirclement
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Bitlis preserves more medieval and traditional architecture than any other town in eastern Turkey. They are of a high quality and are mostly constructed from locally quarried light-brown stone, sometimes called Ahlat stone.
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The origin of the name Bitlis is not known. A popular folk etymology explanation, without historical basis, is that it is derived from "Lis/Batlis", the name of a general said to have built Bitlis castle by the order of
524:
in 1394, but later helped the re-establishment of Karakoyunlu control in the region. After the collapse of the Karakoyunlu state, the Bitlis emirate disintegrated. However, in the 1470s it took the
429:'s destructive 852-855 campaign in Armenia, the Shaybanid emirs wrested control of Baghesh from the Zurārids; thereafter, in the first quarter of the tenth century, it was taken by the
618:, personal correspondence, and literary and historical writings. Although Ottoman bureaucracy shifted to Turkish in the 16th century, Persian remained in use for communications with
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On the eve of the First World War, the town had about 30,000 inhabitants: two-thirds Kurds and one-third Armenians. All Armenians were massacred by the Turkish regular army led by
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mission was established in Bitlis in 1685. The Ruzakid Kurdish dynasty in Bitlis lasted until 1849, when an Ottoman governor evicted its last emir, Sheref Bey, who was taken to
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and on inscriptions. Persian manuscripts filled the palace library, and its influence persisted in Bitlis’s cultural and daily life into the 19th century.
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Two winged gods standing on lions are facing each other. The figures are identified as Teişeba, the Storm God. 7th century BC. from Bitlis now in
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2076:(ed.) UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 2. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2001, p. 52.
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from 1911, the town had 35 thousand people with 12 thousand Armenians, the rest being Kurdish. One third of the population of Bitlis was ethnic
764:. Commissioned mostly by its local Kurdish rulers, the architectural style of these buildings is very conservative and similar to much earlier
107:
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was able to capture and annex Baghesh. Following the devastation of the Arab emirs in the second half of the tenth century, a great number of
654:. In 1898 Lynch considered the population to be close to 30,000, comprising 10,000 Armenians, 300 Assyrians, and the rest Muslim Kurds (both
3014:
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1721:(Hizan, Bitlis, 1929), a well known Turkish politician, diplomat, and scholar was from Bitlis. He has written about the history of Bitlis.
969:
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floor rooms have few windows, upper floors are well lit. Roofs are flat and covered with beaten clay. Unlike traditional houses in nearby
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2480:. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 2. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2001.
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2013:
1796:
1017:). Bitlis has hot, dry summers and cold, very snowy winters. Highest snow depth recorded in Bitlis is 343 cm (135 inches).
1886:
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1636:
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375:, and it served as the primary fortress of the province's canton of Salnodzor. Some medieval Armenian writers, such as
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321:, 200 km to the west. The climate of Bitlis can be harsh, with long winters and heavy snowfalls. Since the local
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Bitlis were unable to use all of the wheat they produced, and most was "left to rot in the underground storehouses."
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and culture through their ties with Persian-centered empires. Persian was the language of administration, used by
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301:. Its population is 53,023 (2021). The city is located at an elevation of 1,545 metres, 15 km from
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settled in Baghesh and at the end of the tenth century, the city fell into the hands of the Kurdish
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world. From the 14th century, Persian literary activity thrived in Bitlis, with notable works by
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conquered Baghesh at the end of the seventh century and it eventually became the capital of the
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The town contains a large number of late-medieval Islamic buildings in the form of mosques,
600:, poets, merchants, and scholars. Bitlis’s elites adopted Persian to align with the broader
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rule. At the end of the eleventh century, with the collapse of Byzantine power after the
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The next two centuries, however, marked a turbulent period in the town's history. After
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2114:, translated by Garsoïan, Nina G., Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, p. 175
338:
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Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921
2149:
1932:"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021"
1589:
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included). The Armenians had five schools for boys and three for girls. According to
376:
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1959:
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387:. The fortress guarded the Baghesh Pass, which linked the southern reaches of the
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2003:, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
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2090:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Manuk Abeghian Institute of Literature. p. 160.
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Armenia in the Period of Justinian: The Political Conditions Based on the
1813:
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559:. Mush and Hınıs were removed from the Bitlis emirate, becoming separate
513:
2379:"1927 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Sonuçlarına Göre Bitlis'in Nüfus Fonksiyonları"
2187:
2170:
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and the emirate's territory also consisted of several smaller emirates:
1680:
733:
525:
465:, a subject of the Shah Arman (Also called Ahlatshah) dynasty based in
211:
2496:
2245:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
1938:
667:
486:
438:
434:
355:
206:
2146:
Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey, Volume 1
1743:
422:. Because it was on an important trade route, it prospered greatly.
305:, in the steep-sided valley of the Bitlis River, a tributary of the
2534:
on Armeniapedia.org. Bitlis' Armenian history, map and information.
2411:"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)"
2294:
Ordered to Die:A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
1909:
1847:
1834:
757:
572:
547:
537:
450:
372:
302:
182:
2537:
2171:"The Cultural Impact of the Persian Language in and around Bidlis"
2133:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences. p. 104.
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2068:. "The Historical Geography of Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush" in
1905:
773:
614:
581:
541:
529:
474:
430:
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384:
50:
1975:] (in Armenian). Yerevan: "Hayastan" Publishing. p. 98.
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2433:"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri"
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as a prisoner. After this, Bitlis was governed by an Ottoman
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three successive sieges to capture Bitlis and in 1494/95 the
521:
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419:
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Nicholas Al-Jeloo, 2019, "Who were the Assyrians of Bitlis?"
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on Lake Van, 25 km to the northeast, and the cities of
1731:
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in the spring of 1917 prevented any further Russian gains.
544:
2521:
2310:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 438–439.
708:
available forces to hold Bitlis as winter approached. The
564:
239:
1024:
Climate data for Bitlis (1991–2020, extremes 1959–2023)
2014:"Bitlis Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri"
780:, Bitlis houses do not have bay windows and balconies.
2258:"The End of Armenian Taron and Baghesh, 1914-1916" in
760:, and tombs. Also commercial buildings such as "Han's
359:
276:
270:
720:
The main places with tourism potential in Bitlis are
367:
Baghesh was one of the most important cities of the
2351:"Kaza Bitlis / Բաղեշ - Baghesh / ܒܝܬ ܕܠܝܣ Beṯ Dlis"
520:, Mush, and Hinis. The emir of Bitlis submitted to
437:. In his 929-30 campaign against the Kaysites, the
55:Tourist office • Şerefiye Mosque • Sokak
2435:(in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service
2413:(in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service
2305:
2131:Arabakan amirayutyunnere Bagratunyats Hayastanum
1673:author. He was the father of the noted historian
2996:
2340:(The Homes in Bitlis). Ankara, 2001, pp. 43-44.
612:. Persian was predominant in palace education,
3025:Former Armenian communities in Bitlis Province
2280:, (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 421-422.
2125:
383:, later mention it as a part of the canton of
2553:
2460:. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 60.
2372:
2370:
2272:
2270:
2268:
325:, the Mayor of Bitlis is Nesrullah Tanğlay.
2306:Allen, William E.D.; Paul Muratoff (1953).
2288:
2286:
2276:William Edward David Allen, Paul Muratoff,
2085:
2560:
2546:
2447:
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2148:. London: Pindar Press. pp. 330–336.
2394:
2265:
2186:
975:Ihasiye Şerafhan Medresesi view of türbes
2453:
2283:
2225:
2143:
1958:
743:
690:forces launched an offensive to capture
664:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
640:
627:
502:
337:
2403:
3020:Kurdish settlements in Bitlis Province
2997:
2478:Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush
2376:
2260:Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush
2208:Armenia, Travels and Studies, Volume 2
2100:
2070:Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush
1926:
1924:
1654:
997:Bitlis has a Mediterranean-influenced
748:Tombstones of Ahlat in Bitlis province
2541:
2201:
2162:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
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2033:
1990:(in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 55.
2168:
1985:
1637:Turkish State Meteorological Service
540:governor during the invasion of the
3015:Populated places in Bitlis Province
3010:Provincial municipalities in Turkey
2567:
1988:Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî
1921:
1766:
461:, Bitlis fell under the control of
317:(Mush), 100 km northwest, and
13:
2467:
2030:
526:Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans)
394:
14:
3036:
2489:
1994:
1663:(died 991), Kurdish tribal leader
682:In February 1916, as part of the
588:For centuries, Bitlis and nearby
344:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
333:
1751:, (born 1967), the most popular
980:
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956:
944:
932:
920:
81:
74:
41:
2425:
2343:
2327:
2314:
2299:
2296:, (Greenwood Press, 2001), 133.
2249:
2219:
2195:
2137:
2119:
1965:Patmakan Hayastani kʻaghakʻnerě
783:
2094:
2079:
2059:
2006:
1979:
1973:The cities of historic Armenia
1952:
739:
536:Bitlis was forced to accept a
82:
1:
939:Bitlis Castle (Bitlis Kalesi)
2377:Sertel, Savaş (2019-10-17).
2211:. London: Longmans. p.
2054:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
1968:Պատմական Հայաստանի քաղաքները
579:and formed the capital of a
453:dynasty after breaking from
289:) is a city in southeastern
193:1,545 m (5,069 ft)
60:Bitlis skyline • Pasha
7:
2396:10.7827/TurkishStudies.6687
2144:Sinclair, Thomas A (1987).
1497:Average precipitation days
1283:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1143:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
837:Unknown or other languages
732:, Güroymak Hot Springs and
710:Russian February Revolution
473:rule. It was also ruled by
360:
286:
277:
271:
10:
3041:
2504:Collier's New Encyclopedia
2383:Journal of Turkish Studies
2086:Ghanalanian, Aram (1969).
1645:
1634:
1023:
992:
913:
715:
592:were deeply influenced by
496:
492:
328:
2596:
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2355:Virtual Genocide Memorial
2227:Maunsell, Francis Richard
2101:Adontz, Nicholas (1970),
1587:
1540:
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1142:
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999:humid continental climate
636:
391:to northern Mesopotamia.
260:
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197:
189:
177:
172:
160:
148:
138:
103:
69:
40:
31:
21:
1986:Adem, Avcıkıran (2009).
1967:
1915:
1667:Hosam al-Din Ali Bitlisi
645:Ihasiye Serafhan Medrese
481:(shortly rule in 1230),
403:, the town was known as
2474:Hovannisian, Richard G.
2454:Prothero, W.G. (1920).
2242:Encyclopædia Britannica
2127:Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N.
1787:Ahmet Muzaffer Geylani
323:elections of March 2019
2308:Caucasian Battlefields
2256:Walker, Christopher J.
2074:Richard G. Hovannisian
2056:, vol. 2, pp. 254-256.
1740:Islamic fundamentalism
963:Bitlis Şerefiye Mosque
749:
646:
633:
590:Kurdish principalities
563:but still with Ruzaki
508:
499:Principality of Bitlis
346:
16:Municipality in Turkey
2457:Armenia and Kurdistan
1683:(1878-1960), notable
747:
726:Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery
644:
631:
550:, but sided with the
506:
341:
123:38.40000°N 42.10833°E
53: • Bitlis Castle
2292:Edward J. Erickson,
2169:Genç, Vural (2024).
1073:Record high °C (°F)
364:, or "Cold Donkey."
293:. It is the seat of
2188:10.1017/irn.2023.61
1727:, (1950-2018), the
1655:Notable individuals
1353:Record low °C (°F)
1213:Daily mean °C (°F)
872:
870:1927 Turkish census
808:
806:1927 Turkish census
459:Battle of Manzikert
352:Alexander the Great
181:Nesrullah Tanğlay (
119: /
1908:Nesrullah Tanğlay
1757:Turkish folk music
1725:Salih Mirzabeyoğlu
863:
799:
750:
701:General Nazarbekov
647:
634:
585:bearing its name.
509:
369:Kingdom of Armenia
347:
178: • Mayor
128:38.40000; 42.10833
95:Location in Turkey
2992:
2991:
2517:Governor's Office
1960:Hakobyan, Tadevos
1642:
1641:
911:
910:
861:
860:
794:Armenian genocide
684:Caucasus Campaign
677:Assyrian genocide
673:Armenian genocide
377:Anania Shirakatsi
269:
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49:Ihasiye Serafhan
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2389:(4): 1015–1034.
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2113:
2098:
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2091:
2083:
2077:
2066:Hewsen, Robert H
2063:
2057:
2052:s.v. "Baghesh,"
2051:
2047:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2018:www.sabah.com.tr
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1928:
1767:Mayors Of Bitlis
1699:. Writer of the
1021:
1020:
984:
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
873:
862:
809:
798:
728:, Ahlat Museum,
688:Imperial Russian
594:Persian language
485:(1231–1243) and
483:Sultanate of Rûm
401:Byzantine Empire
389:Armenian Plateau
381:Vardan Areveltsi
363:
280:
274:
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2569:Bitlis District
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2468:Further reading
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2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2224:
2220:
2200:
2196:
2175:Iranian Studies
2167:
2163:
2156:
2142:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1833:Cevdet Özdemir
1769:
1661:Badh ibn Dustak
1657:
1648:
1643:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
995:
988:
985:
976:
973:
964:
961:
952:
949:
940:
937:
928:
925:
916:
892:Other Christian
866:Bitlis District
802:Bitlis District
800:Mother tongue,
792:as part of the
786:
742:
718:
639:
606:Idris-i Bidlisi
501:
495:
397:
395:Medieval Bitlis
371:'s province of
336:
331:
299:Bitlis Province
295:Bitlis District
238:
230:
127:
125:
121:
118:
113:
110:
108:
106:
105:
99:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
86:
65:
64:
59:
54:
36:
27:
26:Baghesh • Բաղեշ
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Yukarıbalcılar
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2576:Municipalities
2573:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2532:Bitlis Article
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2498:"Bitlis"
2491:
2490:External links
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2446:
2424:
2402:
2385:(in Turkish).
2366:
2342:
2326:
2324:, pp. 297-308.
2322:Eastern Turkey
2313:
2298:
2282:
2264:
2262:, pp. 191-206.
2248:
2237:Chisholm, Hugh
2232:"Bitlis"
2218:
2194:
2161:
2154:
2136:
2118:
2093:
2078:
2058:
2029:
2005:
1993:
1978:
1951:
1937:(in Turkish).
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1899:
1884:
1869:
1850:
1846:Fehmi Alaydın
1837:
1824:
1803:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1678:
1669:was a Kurdish
1664:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:sunshine hours
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:sunshine hours
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1019:
994:
991:
990:
989:
986:
979:
977:
974:
967:
965:
962:
955:
953:
950:
943:
941:
938:
931:
929:
926:
919:
915:
912:
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
785:
782:
741:
738:
717:
714:
638:
635:
632:Bitlis in 1690
573:Constantinople
557:Ottoman Empire
497:Main article:
494:
491:
479:Khwarezm Shahs
427:Bugha al-Kabir
396:
393:
335:
334:Ancient Bitlis
332:
330:
327:
248:
247:
236:
232:
231:
228:
226:
220:
219:
209:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
101:
100:
94:
88:
87:
80:
79:
73:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
48:
47:From top left:
46:
38:
37:
32:
29:
28:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3037:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Yukarıkaraboy
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Aşağıbalcılar
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:BitlisHaber13
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2434:
2428:
2412:
2406:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2338:Bitlis Evleri
2330:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2203:Lynch, H.F.B.
2198:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2155:0-907132-32-4
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:(in Armenian)
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2002:
2001:İl Belediyesi
1997:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:Oktay Çağatay
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:Yaşar Burhan
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:protest music
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:Idris Bitlisi
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:Mean monthly
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1425:precipitation
1421:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
983:
978:
971:
966:
959:
954:
951:Ulu Cami text
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
917:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
871:
867:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
807:
803:
797:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
769:
767:
763:
762:Caravanserais
759:
754:
746:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
713:
711:
706:
702:
696:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
643:
630:
626:
624:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:Bitlis Castle
505:
500:
490:
489:(1243–1335).
488:
484:
480:
477:(1207–1231),
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
357:
353:
345:
340:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
273:
267:
258:
254:
245:
237:
233:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
132:
104:Coordinates:
102:
77:
68:
63:
58:
52:
44:
39:
35:
30:
20:
2914:Yanlızçamlar
2709:Değirmenaltı
2639:Aşağıkaraboy
2582:
2522:Bitlis Haber
2502:
2477:
2456:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2405:
2386:
2382:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2345:
2337:
2334:(in Turkish)
2329:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2277:
2259:
2251:
2240:
2221:
2207:
2197:
2181:(1): 27–45.
2178:
2174:
2164:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:Avandapatum
2087:
2081:
2069:
2061:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:
2008:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1860:Hüseyin Olan
1822:Saadet Party
1701:Risale-i Nur
1691:Nur movement
1688:Sunni Muslim
1649:
1427:mm (inches)
1014:
1006:
996:
787:
784:Demographics
770:
755:
751:
730:Mount Süphan
719:
697:
681:
648:
613:
587:
580:
535:
510:
469:after brief
463:Togan Arslan
443:John Curcuas
424:
404:
398:
366:
348:
252:
251:
34:Municipality
2979:Yumurtatepe
2974:Yukarıyolak
2889:Tatlıkaynak
1897:Independent
1882:Independent
1879:Ahmet Çınar
1814:Refah Party
1719:Kâmran İnan
1713:Fuat Sezgin
1588:Mean daily
987:Bitlis view
790:Djevdet Bey
740:Description
722:Lake Nemrut
610:Sharaf Khan
514:Karakoyunlu
471:Dilmachoglu
224:Postal code
126: /
2999:Categories
2969:Yukarıölek
2839:Konuksayar
2829:Kömüryakan
2809:Keklikdüzü
2704:Cumhuriyet
2669:Bayramalan
2654:Ayrancılar
2649:Aşağıyolak
2527:BitlisNews
2360:2023-09-17
2336:Sayin, Y.
2320:Sinclair.
2023:2020-04-09
1944:30 January
1707:collection
1681:Said Nursi
864:Religion,
828:Circassian
734:Lake Nazik
602:Persianate
405:Balaleison
399:Under the
319:Diyarbakır
198:Population
173:Government
114:42°06′30″E
111:38°24′00″N
2934:Yeşilsırt
2869:Sarıkonak
2854:Narlıdere
2819:Kireçtaşı
2804:Kayalıbağ
2789:Kavakdibi
2759:Geçitbaşı
2754:Esenburun
2729:Direktaşı
2699:Çobansuyu
2689:Çayırbaşı
2679:Bölükyazı
2674:Beşkaynak
2644:Aşağıölek
2614:Ağaçpınar
2609:Ağaçköprü
1749:Onur Akın
1742:group of
1011:Trewartha
758:madrassas
652:Assyrians
487:Ilkhanate
439:Byzantine
435:Manzikert
433:emirs of
373:Aghdznik'
356:Armenians
266:romanized
207:Time zone
190:Elevation
2944:Yolcular
2884:Tanrıyar
2879:Tabanözü
2874:Sarpkaya
2864:Ortakapı
2794:Kayabaşı
2779:Karbastı
2739:Dörtağaç
2734:Doğruyol
2719:Dereağzı
2714:Deliktaş
2694:Çeltikli
2684:Çalıdüzü
2664:Başmaklı
2604:Ağaçdere
2597:Villages
2229:(1911).
2205:(1901).
2129:(1965).
1962:(1987).
1910:AK Party
1848:AK Party
1835:AK Party
1734:and the
1635:Source:
1583:2,210.9
1492:(41.21)
1423:Average
1418:(−11.4)
1358:(−11.4)
882:Armenian
833:Armenian
668:Armenian
615:madrasas
451:Marwanid
441:general
385:Bznunik'
361:Pagh Esh
303:Lake Van
257:Armenian
183:AK Party
162:District
150:Province
2984:Yuvacık
2954:Yücebaş
2949:Yolyazı
2939:Yolağzı
2924:Yayalar
2904:Üçevler
2899:Uçankuş
2859:Oğulcak
2849:Küllüce
2834:Konalga
2824:Kokarsu
2799:Kayadağ
2784:Karınca
2764:İçgeçit
2744:Döşkaya
2624:Alaniçi
2588:Yolalan
2507:. 1921.
2239:(ed.).
2106:Naxarar
1906:present
1729:Kurdish
1685:Kurdish
1646:Economy
1490:1,046.8
1487:(5.59)
1482:(3.46)
1477:(3.57)
1472:(0.90)
1467:(0.27)
1462:(0.39)
1457:(0.61)
1452:(4.06)
1447:(4.63)
1442:(6.71)
1437:(4.37)
1432:(6.67)
1413:(−5.4)
1408:(14.0)
1403:(30.9)
1398:(32.0)
1393:(49.8)
1388:(46.6)
1383:(41.4)
1378:(32.2)
1373:(14.0)
1368:(−4.5)
1363:(−6.3)
1348:(39.2)
1343:(23.0)
1338:(33.4)
1333:(43.7)
1328:(52.9)
1323:(60.6)
1318:(59.9)
1313:(52.7)
1308:(45.1)
1303:(36.5)
1298:(27.3)
1293:(18.5)
1288:(16.5)
1278:(48.2)
1273:(28.9)
1268:(40.1)
1263:(52.5)
1258:(65.1)
1253:(73.0)
1248:(72.9)
1243:(64.6)
1238:(54.5)
1233:(44.4)
1228:(34.0)
1223:(25.9)
1218:(23.4)
1208:(57.4)
1203:(35.4)
1198:(48.0)
1193:(62.2)
1188:(77.0)
1183:(84.9)
1178:(84.0)
1173:(75.4)
1168:(63.9)
1163:(53.4)
1158:(41.2)
1153:(33.6)
1148:(30.4)
1138:(94.3)
1133:(55.9)
1128:(71.1)
1123:(79.5)
1118:(93.2)
1113:(93.7)
1108:(94.3)
1103:(88.7)
1098:(81.3)
1093:(72.1)
1088:(62.1)
1083:(71.4)
1078:(50.2)
993:Climate
914:Gallery
823:Kurdish
813:Turkish
774:Erzurum
716:Tourism
620:Safavid
582:vilayet
561:sanjaks
552:Ottoman
542:Safavid
538:Persian
530:Motikan
493:Emirate
475:Ayyubid
467:Akhlat'
431:Kaysite
413:Zurārid
329:History
283:Kurdish
278:Paghesh
272:Baghesh
268::
235:Website
139:Country
51:Medrese
3005:Bitlis
2929:Yaygın
2919:Yarönü
2909:Ünaldı
2814:Kınalı
2774:Ilıcak
2769:İçmeli
2749:Ekinli
2659:Başhan
2629:Arıdağ
2619:Akçalı
2583:Bitlis
2476:(ed.)
2152:
2108:System
1760:artist
1744:İBDA-C
1736:leader
1697:sheikh
1694:tariqa
1574:167.4
1571:276.0
1568:300.7
1565:303.8
1562:279.0
1559:229.4
1556:177.0
1553:158.1
1536:120.3
1533:13.67
1530:10.33
1512:14.89
1509:14.78
1506:16.56
1503:12.78
1500:15.44
1029:Month
1003:Köppen
927:Bedlis
898:19,752
887:Jewish
877:Muslim
848:10,344
818:Arabic
766:Seljuq
705:Tatvan
679:also.
660:Sunnis
656:Alevis
637:Modern
569:Jesuit
548:Ismail
407:. The
311:Tatvan
307:Tigris
291:Turkey
287:Bidlîs
253:Bitlis
240:bitlis
201:53,023
167:Bitlis
155:Bitlis
143:Turkey
89:Bitlis
62:Hammam
23:Bitlis
2894:Tınar
2844:Koruk
2724:Dikme
2439:2 May
2417:2 May
2235:. In
2112:(PDF)
1971:[
1935:(XLS)
1916:Notes
1793:SODEP
1709:used.
1704:books
1580:62.0
1577:87.0
1550:96.1
1547:74.4
1527:9.89
1524:2.11
1521:1.44
1518:2.78
1515:5.67
1485:141.9
1450:103.2
1445:117.6
1440:170.4
1435:111.0
1430:169.3
1416:−24.1
1411:−20.8
1406:−10.0
1371:−10.0
1366:−20.3
1361:−21.3
1356:−24.1
1068:Year
842:9,350
623:shahs
598:Sufis
577:pasha
522:Timur
518:Ahlat
455:Buyid
447:Kurds
420:Arzan
416:emirs
409:Arabs
354:. To
261:Բաղեշ
229:13000
212:UTC+3
2441:2021
2419:2021
2150:ISBN
1946:2023
1939:TÜİK
1902:2019
1891:2019
1887:2017
1876:2017
1872:2016
1857:2016
1853:2014
1844:2014
1840:2009
1831:2009
1827:2004
1810:2004
1806:1994
1801:ANAP
1785:1994
1781:1984
1779:and
1777:1980
1773:1977
1755:and
1732:poet
1671:Sufi
1630:6.0
1627:2.0
1624:2.9
1621:5.4
1618:9.2
1615:9.7
1612:9.8
1609:9.3
1606:7.4
1603:5.9
1600:5.1
1597:3.4
1594:2.4
1480:87.9
1475:90.6
1470:22.8
1455:15.5
1401:−0.6
1341:−5.0
1326:11.6
1321:15.9
1316:15.5
1311:11.5
1296:−2.6
1291:−7.5
1286:−8.6
1271:−1.7
1261:11.4
1256:18.4
1251:22.8
1246:22.7
1241:18.1
1236:12.5
1221:−3.4
1216:−4.8
1206:14.1
1191:16.8
1186:25.0
1181:29.4
1176:28.9
1171:24.1
1166:17.7
1161:11.9
1146:−0.9
1136:34.6
1131:13.3
1126:21.7
1121:26.4
1116:34.0
1111:34.3
1106:34.6
1101:31.5
1096:27.4
1091:22.3
1086:16.7
1081:21.9
1076:10.1
1065:Dec
1062:Nov
1059:Oct
1056:Sep
1053:Aug
1050:Jul
1047:Jun
1044:May
1041:Apr
1038:Mar
1035:Feb
1032:Jan
692:Mush
658:and
608:and
567:. A
565:beys
545:Shah
379:and
297:and
242:.bel
2391:doi
2213:151
2183:doi
1867:DBP
1863:BDP
1797:SHP
1789:CHP
1738:of
1465:6.8
1460:9.8
1396:0.0
1391:9.9
1386:8.1
1381:5.2
1376:0.1
1346:4.0
1336:0.8
1331:6.5
1306:7.3
1301:2.5
1276:9.0
1266:4.5
1231:6.9
1226:1.1
1201:1.9
1196:8.9
1156:5.1
1151:0.9
1015:Dca
1007:Dsa
778:Van
776:or
418:of
315:Muş
275:or
244:.tr
216:TRT
57:Han
3001::
2501:.
2381:.
2369:^
2353:.
2285:^
2267:^
2179:57
2177:.
2173:.
2072:.
2032:^
2016:.
1923:^
1865:,
1820:,
1818:FP
1816:,
1799:,
1795:,
1791:,
1013::
1009:,
1005::
907:–
868:,
857:1
845:55
804:,
796:.
736:.
724:,
686:,
285::
281:;
263:,
259::
2561:e
2554:t
2547:v
2443:.
2421:.
2399:.
2393::
2387:9
2363:.
2215:.
2191:.
2185::
2158:.
2116:.
2026:.
1948:.
1904:-
1889:-
1874:-
1855:-
1842:-
1829:-
1808:-
1783:-
1775:-
1762:.
1677:.
1001:(
904:1
901:2
854:3
851:2
255:(
218:)
214:(
185:)
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