375:), and was appointed as its chaplain. Turner urged both free-born blacks and "contrabands" to enlist. (The latter term refers to enslaved people who had escaped slavery and had their status classified as "unreturnable" because their former masters were engaged in war against the US government). Turner regularly preached to the men while they trained and reminded them that the "destiny of their race depended on their loyalty and courage". The regiment often marched to Turner's church to hear his patriotic speeches. In July 1863, the regiment had completed its formation and was preparing to leave for war. In November of that year, Turner was commissioned as chaplain, becoming the only black officer in the 1st USCT.
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first months after the war ended, he used his position as army chaplain to attract emancipated freedmen into the A.M.E. Church. Most former slaves had formerly belonged to white-dominated churches. The expansion of the independent AME Church in the South strongly influenced
African-American life. Turner was the first of the 14 black chaplains to be appointed during the war. Both the A.M.E. Church and the
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upon a throne somewhere in the heavens. Every race of people who have attempted to describe their God by words, or by paintings, or by carvings, or any other form or figure, have conveyed the idea that the God who made them and shaped their destinies was symbolized in themselves, and why should not the Negroe believe that he resembles God.
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and the mid-Atlantic area. Its total members numbered 20,000. His biographer
Stephen W. Angell described Turner as "one of the most skillful denominational builders in American history." After the Civil War, Turner founded many AME congregations in Georgia as part of the church's missionary effort in
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before the Civil War, and settled by free
American blacks. They tended to assume their superiority to indigenous Africans in the area, and established their own society. Disliking the lack of economic opportunity, cultural shock, and widespread tropical diseases, some of the migrants returned to the
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In 1869, Turner was appointed by the
Republican administration as postmaster of Macon, which was considered a political plum. He was dismayed after the Democrats regained power in the state and throughout the South by the late 1870s. He had seen the rise in violence at the polls, where Democrats had
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He gained wider attention nationally by two activities related to the war. First, he had written numerous letters from the battlefield which were published in newspapers, and gained him attention from readers and admirers in the North. These were his base for a lifetime of journalism. Second, in the
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blacks, largely by raising barriers to voter registration. He became a proponent of black nationalism and began to support emigration of
American blacks to the African continent. He thought it was the only way they could make free and independent lives for themselves. When he traveled to Africa, he
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The world has never witnessed such barbarous laws entailed upon a free people as have grown out of the decision of the United States
Supreme Court, issued October 15, 1883. For that decision alone authorized and now sustains all the unjust discriminations, proscriptions and robberies perpetrated by
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in
Georgia. He settled in Macon and was elected to the state legislature in 1868 during the Reconstruction era. An A.M.E. missionary, he also planted many AME churches in Georgia after the war. In 1880 he was elected as the first Southern bishop of the AME Church, after a fierce battle within the
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Ingersoll, R. G., Bradley, J. P., Douglass, F., Turner, H. M., & Harlan, J. M. (1893). The
Barbarous Decision of the United States Supreme Court Declaring the Civil Rights Act Unconstitutional and Disrobing the Colored Race of All Civil Protection. The Most Cruel and Inhuman Verdict Against a
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or white people have to believe that God is a fine looking, symmetrical and ornamented white man. For the bulk of you and all the fool
Negroes of the country believe that God is white-skinned, blue eyed, straight-haired, projected nosed, compressed lipped and finely robed white gentleman, sitting
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It encouraged freedmen to establish new congregations of the first independent black denomination in the United States, and to be independent of white supervision. By 1877, the AME Church had gained more than 250,000 new adherents throughout the South. By 1896 it had a total of more than 452,000
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Turner discovered that the duties of a Union army chaplain in the Civil War were not well defined. Before the war, chaplains taught school at army posts. During the war, the duties expanded to include holding worship services and prayer meetings, visiting the sick and wounded in hospitals, and
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The
Barbarous Decision of the United States Supreme Court Declaring the Civil Rights Act Unconstitutional and Disrobing the Colored Race of All Civil Protection. The Most Cruel and Inhuman Verdict Against a Loyal People in the History of the World. Also the Powerful Speeches of Hon. Frederick
424:. Turner became a politician during the Reconstruction era, being elected to state government. He also was a powerful churchman, and a national race leader. While serving in the army, Turner had refined his thinking about the African race and its future in America.
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But Turner crossed denominational lines in the United States, to build connections across African-American communities, for instance with black Baptists. In addition to establishing congregations, they were setting up their own state and regional associations.
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In 1880, Turner was elected as the twelfth bishop of the A.M.E. Church. He was the first elected bishop who was from the South, and he campaigned hard within the denomination. He was one of the last bishops to have struggled up from poverty and become a
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Turner was the last of his clan, mighty men mentally and physically, men who started at the bottom and hammered their way to the top by sheer brute strength, they were the spiritual progeny of African chieftains, and they built the African church in
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had increased incentives for the capture of refugee slaves and offered few protections for free blacks against illegal capture. It required little documentation by slave traders or people hired as slavecatchers to prove a person's slave status.
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in 1853 (the national church had divided into North and South units in 1844 over slavery and other issues). Turner traveled through the South for a few years as an evangelist and exhorter, a position usually reserved for young, unmarried men.
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burying the dead. Each chaplain had to work out his role in his regiment, based on the expectations of the men in his care and his own talents. For Turner, this appointment enabled him to grow in influence among African Americans.
711:"Fifteenth Amendment; a speech on the benefits accruing from the ratification of the fifteenth amendment and its incorporation into the United States constitution, delivered at the celebration held in Macon, Ga., April 19, 1890."
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cars' into which colored people are huddled and compelled to pay as much as the whites, who are given the finest accommodations. It has made the ballot of the black man a parody, his citizenship a nullity and his freedom a
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The widower Turner married Martha Elizabeth DeWitt in 1893. After she died, he married Harriet A. Wayman in 1900. She also died in a few years. He married Laura Pearl Lemon in 1907, and outlived three of his four wives.
201:, he worked to establish new A.M.E. congregations among African Americans in Georgia. Born free in South Carolina, Turner learned to read and write and became a Methodist preacher. He joined the AME Church in
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in Ohio, a historically black college that the AME church had owned and operated since 1863. His efforts to combine missionary work with encouraging emigration to Africa were divisive in the AME Church.
263:. His paternal grandparents were a white woman planter and an African man. According to slave law in the colony, the white woman's mixed-race children were born free, because she was white and free.
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270:, his maternal grandfather had been enslaved in the African continent and imported to South Carolina, where he was renamed as David Greer. Slave traders subsequently noticed that he had royal
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on Capitol Hill; it was the largest AME church in Washington, D.C. It was near the heart of government and the war in Virginia. Congressmen and army officers visited to hear Turner preach.
247:. Turner was the chief figure in the late nineteenth century to support such emigration to Liberia; most African-American leaders of the time were pushing for rights in the United States.
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conferences in Africa to introduce more American blacks to the continent and organize missions in these two English-speaking jurisdictions. He also worked to establish the AME Church in
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to read and write. When Turner was apprenticed to work in cotton fields alongside captured Africans, he ran away to Abbeville. He found a job as a custodian for a law firm in Abbeville.
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Turner was known as a fiery orator. He notably preached that God was black, scandalizing some but appealing to colleagues in 1898 at the first Black Baptist Convention when he said:
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to help supervise a large settlement of freed slaves. Discharged in September, Turner was commissioned as chaplain of a different African-American regiment, which was assigned to the
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702:"The Civil and Political status of the State of Georgia and Her Relations to the General Government, reviewed and discussed in a speech delivered in the House of Representatives..."
313:. The demand for slaves in the South had made him fear that members of his family might be kidnapped and sold into slavery, as has been documented for hundreds of free blacks. The
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582:. He was the first AME Bishop to ordain a woman to the order of Deacon. Because of threats and discontent among the congregations, he discontinued the controversial practice.
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515:. It has engendered the bitterest feeling between the whites and blacks, and resulted in the deaths of thousands, who would have been living and enjoying life today."
616:, where he negotiated a merger with the Ethiopian Church. Due to his efforts, black African students from South Africa began coming to the United States to attend
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Loyal People in the History of the World. Also the Powerful Speeches of Hon. Frederick Douglass and Col. Robert G. Ingersoll, Jurist and Famous Orator. p3
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When Turner joined the AME Church in 1858, its members lived mostly in the Northern and border states, as it had been founded earlier in the century in
608:. The former, at one time an American colony, had gained independence. The latter was still a British colony. As bishop, Turner organized four annual
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and spent months in the hospital recovering. He returned to his company in May 1864, just before they participated in their first armed conflict, the
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486:.) After the federal government protested, the Democrats allowed Turner and his fellow legislators to take their seats during the second session.
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209:, in the early 19th century, the A.M.E. Church was the first independent black denomination in the United States. Later Turner had pastorates in
720:"The genius and theory of Methodist polity; or, The machinery of Methodism, practically illustrated through a series of questions and answers."
693:"The African as a Tradesman and Mechanic / address of H.M. Turner before the African Congress at the World's Fair in Chicago, August 15, 1893."
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325:(AME), which had been founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as the first independent black denomination in the United States. He studied the
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The Genius and Theory of Methodist Polity, or the Machinery of Methodism. Practically Illustrated through a Series of Questions and Answers
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17:
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Smith, Charles Spencer and Daniel A. Payne, “History of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Supplemental Volume covering 1856-1922
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Respect Black; the writings and speeches of Henry McNeal Turner. Compiled and edited by Edwin S. Redkey. New York, Arno Press, 1971.
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During and after the 1880s, Turner supported prohibition and women's suffrage movements. He served for twelve years as chancellor of
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Turner served in pastorates in Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, DC, where he met influential Republicans in the early 1860s.
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still controlled the legislature and refused to seat Turner and 26 other newly elected black legislators, all Republicans. (See
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781:"Civil Rights. The Outrage of the Supreme Court of the United States upon the Black Man", Reviewed in a Reply to the New York
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He turned his attention to politics, civil rights, black nationalism, and evangelizing for the A.M.E. Church among Southern
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In the late nineteenth century, Turner witnessed state legislatures in Georgia and across the South passing measures to
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was struck by the differences in the attitude of Africans who ruled themselves and had never known the degradation of
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562:, the weekly newspaper of the AME Church. Later he wrote about the condition of his parishioners in postwar Georgia.
259:, to Sarah Greer and Hardy Turner, who were both of mixed African-European ancestry. Some sources say he was born in
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Twentieth Century Negro literature; or, A cyclopedia of thought on the vital topics relating to the American Negro
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Mixon, Gregory. "Henry McNeal Turner versus the Tuskegee machine: black leadership in the nineteenth century."
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and emigration of blacks to the African continent. This movement had started before the Civil War under the
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was built in 1890 by men and women who were escaped slaves from the United States, and named in his honor.
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450:. White clergy from the North and former military officers also led some Freedmen's Bureau operations.
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When the Civil War broke out, Turner was still training in Baltimore. In April 1862 he was assigned to
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tribal marks, and freed him from slavery. According to the same family lore, Greer began to work for a
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While serving as chaplain, Turner had written extensively about the Civil War as a correspondent for
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Johnson, Andre E. "God is a Negro: The (Rhetorical) Black Theology of Bishop Henry McNeal Turner."
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revival and swore to become a pastor. He received his preacher's license at the age of 19 from the
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355:. They had a total of 14 children together, four of whom lived to adulthood. Eliza died in 1889.
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The following four items are available online through the University of North Carolina, at their
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539:(editor, 1901-4). He organized two ships with a total of 500 or more emigrants, who traveled to
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1162:"At South-View Cemetery, Winifred Watts Hemphill is keeper of black Atlanta's departed history"
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750:"A speech on the present duties and future destiny of the negro race, delivered Sept. 2, 1872."
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The Forgotten Prophet: Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and the African American Prophetic Tradition
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Margaret Ripley Wolfe, "Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South"
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Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa
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In 1856, Turner had married Eliza Peacher, daughter of a wealthy free black contractor in
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Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington
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We have as much right biblically and otherwise to believe that God is a Negroe [
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public carriers upon millions of the nation's most loyal defenders. It fathers all the '
432:, based in New York, also had numerous missionaries appealing to freedmen in the South.
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Turner founded the International Migration Society, supported by his own newspapers:
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and Richmond, Virginia. At the end of the year, they fought in the massive amphibious
282:. Henry Turner grew up with his mother Sarah (Greer) Turner and maternal grandmother.
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members nationally, the majority in the South, where most blacks lived at the time.
223:, Turner was appointed by the US Army as the first African-American chaplain in the
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Turner was a chaplain for two years. Shortly after reporting for duty, he caught
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1150:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 53–54, retrieved January 13, 2009
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371:, Turner organized one of the first regiments of black troops (Company B of the
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In 1858 he moved with his young family (he had married two years earlier) to
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in Georgia. Shortly after arriving there, he resigned and left the army.
394:. From May through December, his unit participated in the fighting around
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United States. After that, Turner did not organize another expedition.
1996:
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Freedom's Witness: The Civil War Correspondence of Henry McNeal Turner,
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Black Exodus: Black Nationalist and Back-to-Africa Movements, 1890-1910
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998:, 22 December 1993, carried at The Free Library, accessed 14 May 2012
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Turner spent the spring of 1865 with his men as they joined Sherman's
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Cummings, Melbourne S. "The Rhetoric of Bishop Henry McNeal Turner."
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and was elected to the Georgia Legislature in 1868. At the time, the
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1022:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002, pp. 336-339
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in Atlanta. Other civil rights leaders have also been buried here.
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in 1895 and 1896. This was established as an American colony by the
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used intimidation and fraud to suppress black voting. In 1883, the
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laws in the late nineteenth century South, Turner began to support
236:
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United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated
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205:, in 1858, where he became a minister. Founded by free blacks in
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In the postwar years, Turner became politically active with the
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Respect Black: The Writings and Speeches of Henry McNeal Turner
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Douglass and Col. Robert G. Ingersoll, Jurist and Famous Orator
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330:
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128:
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Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South
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African Soldiers in Blue: African Troops in the Civil War Era
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1209:
100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
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Turner Theological Seminary, a constituent seminary of the
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A portrait of Turner hangs in the state capital of Georgia.
734:, by Simmons, Cleveland, Ohio, G.M. Rewell & Co., 1887.
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the slaves throughout the Confederacy. He helped found the
185:(February 1, 1834 – May 8, 1915) was an American minister,
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African-American state legislators in Georgia (U.S. state)
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African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era
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Philadelphia : Publication Dept., A.M.E. Church, at
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In St. Louis, Turner became ordained as a minister in the
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Angered by the Democrats' regaining power and instituting
634:
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originally posted 01/20/2004 Retrieved December 5, 2007.
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Atlanta, Ga., New Era printing establishment, 1870. at
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Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith
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Stephen Ward Angell, "Henry McNeal Turner (1834–1915)"
27:
American minister, politician, and newspaper publisher
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Historically African-American Christian denominations
2238:
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas
1081:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1963, pp. 59-68
936:, University of North Carolina, accessed 14 May 2012
462:, whose officials had led the war effort and, under
285:
At the time, South Carolina law prohibited teaching
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Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation
1065:(September 1967), pp. 271-290, accessed 14 May 2012
2485:Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge
2008:National Missionary Baptist Convention of America
1853:First African Baptist Church (Richmond, Virginia)
857:Henry McNeal Turner High School, Atlanta, Georgia
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1873:First African Baptist Church (Savannah, Georgia)
1059:Edwin S. Redkey, "Bishop Turner's African Dream"
785:the Great Temperance Paper of the United States.
2283:Triumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ
799:, a digital archive of the writings of Turner.
600:During the 1890s, Turner sailed four times to
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1038:. Atlanta: J.L. Nichols & Co. p. 42.
255:Henry McNeal Turner was born free in 1834 in
232:denomination because of its Northern roots.
2221:Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God
1988:National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.
873:List of African Methodist Episcopal Churches
731:Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising
59:Georgia House of Representatives
2499:Original Church of God or Sanctified Church
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535:(he served as editor, 1893–1900) and later
297:At the age of 14, Turner was inspired by a
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1405:
1236:, Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1992
1153:
951:Stephen Ward Angell, "Henry McNeal Turner"
850:listed Henry McNeal Turner on his list of
409:. When the fighting ended, he was sent to
278:family in South Carolina. Greer married a
43:
2435:Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America
227:. After the war, he was appointed to the
2063:United American Free Will Baptist Church
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2028:Progressive National Baptist Convention
1687:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
1211:, Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
1159:
1073:
1071:
976:
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932:, page includes links to his writings,
474:. Turner ran for political office from
435:After the war, Turner was appointed by
189:, and the 12th elected and consecrated
14:
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2550:Union of Charismatic Orthodox Churches
2478:Interdenominational Theological Center
1938:National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
1288:New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969
1279:The Life and Times of Henry M. Turner,
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1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
897:
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823:Interdenominational Theological Center
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2530:United House of Prayer for All People
1913:Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention
1893:Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship
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2612:People from Newberry, South Carolina
2276:Reformed Zion Union Apostolic Church
1792:Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
1174:from the original on August 20, 2018
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1068:
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967:
930:Courtney Vien, "Henry McNeal Turner"
802:
686:
551:
2582:African Methodist Episcopal bishops
2305:United Sabbath-Day Adventist Church
2257:Pentecostal Assemblies of the World
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890:
656:Turner died in 1915 while visiting
24:
2423:Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
2333:Venerable Mother Henriette DeLille
2245:Mount Sinai Holy Church of America
1472:African Methodist Episcopal Church
1391:"The Lives of U.S. Colored Troops"
1302:
1226:
939:
918:
593:affiliated with the AME Church in
373:First United States Colored Troops
333:and divinity at Trinity College.
323:African Methodist Episcopal Church
195:African Methodist Episcopal Church
25:
2653:
1323:
1160:Solomon, Adina (August 9, 2018).
1132:, PBS, 2003, accessed 14 May 2012
902:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
2617:Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans
2328:Servant of God Mother Mary Lange
1341:
1329:
1063:The Journal of American History,
990:, Review of Stephen W. Angell's
2518:Trinity United Church of Christ
1201:
1186:
292:
2642:Burials at South-View Cemetery
2597:20th-century Methodist bishops
2592:19th-century Methodist bishops
2264:Pentecostal Churches of Christ
2093:Apostolic Assemblies of Christ
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1042:
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934:Documenting the American South
852:100 Greatest African Americans
761:Documenting the American South
13:
1:
2622:American temperance activists
2471:George Augustus Stallings Jr.
2368:Servant of God Sr Thea Bowman
2298:United Holy Church of America
1032:Culp, Daniel Wallace (1902).
883:
795:Andre E. Johnson created the
738:"Only for the bishops' eyes."
545:American Colonization Society
250:
245:American Colonization Society
2363:Servant of God Julia Greeley
2348:Venerable Fr Augustus Tolton
1828:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1319:, New York: Arno Press, 1971
1207:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002).
905:"Turner, Henry McNeal"
878:William Gould (W.G.) Raymond
407:march through North Carolina
362:
225:United States Colored Troops
7:
2132:Robert Michael Franklin Jr.
861:
797:Henry McNeal Turner Project
492:United States Supreme Court
472:Republican Party of Georgia
10:
2658:
2343:Venerable Pierre Toussaint
2338:William Augustine Williams
2042:William Augustus Jones Jr.
591:historically black college
400:attack against Fort Fisher
315:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
266:According to the family's
207:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
18:Bishop Henry McNeal Turner
2535:Marcelino Manuel da Graça
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2005:
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1581:Henrietta Phelps Jeffries
1469:
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1444:Religion in Black America
1436:
1431:denominations and leaders
1103:New Georgia Encyclopedia.
996:The Mississippi Quarterly
829:, was named in his honor.
261:Abbeville, South Carolina
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2454:Global United Fellowship
2416:George Alexander McGuire
2117:Charles Edward Blake Sr.
1656:Theophilus Gould Steward
1501:George Lincoln Blackwell
1368:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1267:Journal of Negro History
1241:Journal of Black Studies
1193:Public Law 106-322, 114
962:New Georgia Encyclopedia
496:Civil Rights Act of 1875
388:Battle of Wilson's Wharf
353:Columbia, South Carolina
257:Newberry, South Carolina
105:Newberry, South Carolina
2411:African Orthodox Church
2393:Cardinal Wilton Gregory
2162:Chandler David Owens Sr
2112:Church of God in Christ
1736:William Henry Singleton
1666:William Tecumseh Vernon
1646:Richard Henry Singleton
1315:Redkey, Edwin S. ed.,
1232:Angell, Stephen Ward.
537:The Voice of the People
150:Martha Elizabeth DeWitt
2157:Charles Harrison Mason
2100:Apostolic Faith Church
2047:Martin Luther King Jr.
1922:Clinton Caldwell Boone
1842:Martin Luther King Jr.
1641:Reverdy Cassius Ransom
1596:Vashti Murphy McKenzie
1269:79.4 (1994): 363-380.
964:, accessed 13 May 2012
911:Encyclopedia Americana
684:
654:
618:Wilberforce University
559:The Christian Recorder
517:
303:Methodist Church South
2388:Archbishop James Lyke
2383:Fr Cyprian Davis, OSB
2286:(Elias Dempsey Smith)
1962:Willie James Jennings
1726:Jermain Wesley Loguen
1651:Charles Spencer Smith
1511:Jamal Harrison Bryant
1393:, Bob Summers website
1374:"Henry McNeal Turner"
1308:Cole, Jean Lee, ed.,
1243:12.4 (1982): 457-467.
1126:"Henry McNeal Turner"
679:
677:magazine about him:
630:
533:The Voice of Missions
503:
501:Turner was incensed:
311:Saint Louis, Missouri
2577:Union Army chaplains
2490:Love Center Church (
2167:Gilbert E. Patterson
1631:Clementa C. Pinckney
1561:Carolyn Tyler Guidry
1546:Jordan Winston Early
1338:at Wikimedia Commons
1250:13.1 (2015): 29-40.
1144:Campbell, James T.,
1092:Literature: Overview
740: : , 1907. at
587:Morris Brown College
341:Israel Bethel Church
2428:Charles Price Jones
2373:Sr Jamie Phelps, OP
2172:J. O. Patterson Jr.
1661:Henry McNeal Turner
1526:Archibald Carey Jr.
1516:John Richard Bryant
1348:Henry McNeal Turner
1336:Henry McNeil Turner
1018:Smith, John David,
992:Henry McNeal Turner
662:South-View Cemetery
660:. He was buried at
454:Political influence
347:Marriage and family
219:In 1863 during the
211:Baltimore, Maryland
203:St. Louis, Missouri
183:Henry McNeal Turner
37:Henry McNeal Turner
2442:City of Refuge UCC
2358:Bishop John Ricard
2105:William J. Seymour
1801:William Yancy Bell
1716:Singleton T. Jones
1636:William Paul Quinn
1551:Orishatukeh Faduma
1541:James Levert Davis
1496:Benjamin W. Arnett
1362:2008-03-08 at the
1346:Works by or about
1284:Redkey, Edwin S.
1258:Johnson, Andre E.
1097:2013-05-02 at the
1090:Hugh Ruppersburg.
986:2016-02-01 at the
956:2008-03-08 at the
848:Molefi Kete Asante
446:in Georgia during
430:A.M.E. Zion Church
369:American Civil War
280:free African woman
221:American Civil War
199:American Civil War
34:The Right Reverend
2564:
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2542:Samuel C. Madison
2539:Walter McCollough
2323:Black Catholicism
2080:
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2052:Gardner C. Taylor
1952:Joseph H. Jackson
1862:Lucy Goode Brooks
1814:
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1761:Alexander Walters
1706:James Walker Hood
1701:Julia A. J. Foote
1671:D. Ormonde Walker
1626:Charles H. Pearce
1606:Lena Doolin Mason
1334:Media related to
1277:Ponton, Mungo M.
1195:Statutes at Large
1130:This Far by Faith
846:In 2002, scholar
813:Oakville, Ontario
803:Legacy and honors
687:Selected writings
667:After his death,
649:Voice of Missions
552:Church leadership
444:Freedmen's Bureau
442:to work with the
415:Freedmen's Bureau
241:black nationalism
229:Freedmen's Bureau
197:(AME). After the
180:
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154:Laura Pearl Lemon
152:Harriet A. Wayman
16:(Redirected from
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2214:Robert C. Lawson
2187:F. D. Washington
2137:Samuel Green Jr.
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728:Introduction to
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1591:Ben Kinchlow
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1506:Morris Brown
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1381:. Retrieved
1378:Find a Grave
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120:(1915-05-08)
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2627:Original 33
2607:1915 deaths
2602:1833 births
2152:John P. Kee
2085:Pentecostal
1967:Henry Lyons
1721:John Kinard
1601:Biddy Mason
1556:Floyd Flake
1491:Sarah Allen
841:post office
484:Original 33
468:emancipated
392:James River
367:During the
172:Sarah Greer
118:May 8, 1915
2571:Categories
2459:Neil Ellis
1997:R. H. Boyd
1383:2009-04-23
1352:Wikisource
1178:August 21,
884:References
754:HathiTrust
742:HathiTrust
724:HathiTrust
715:HathiTrust
706:HathiTrust
697:HathiTrust
674:The Crisis
396:Petersburg
251:Early life
187:politician
139:Republican
98:1834-02-01
1927:Lott Cary
1463:Methodist
868:Methodism
763:website.
671:wrote in
513:burlesque
437:President
363:Civil War
299:Methodist
167:Parent(s)
145:Spouse(s)
78:1868–1869
74:In office
63:from the
2315:Catholic
1360:Archived
1172:Archived
1095:Archived
984:Archived
954:Archived
862:See also
682:America.
646:—
508:Jim-Crow
422:freedmen
384:smallpox
327:classics
287:Africans
272:Mandingo
237:Jim Crow
159:Children
67:district
1819:Baptist
602:Liberia
541:Liberia
526:slavery
390:on the
193:of the
1454:Clergy
1297:, 1922
1262:, 2012
1252:online
1215:
783:Voice,
640:buckra
331:Hebrew
276:Quaker
213:, and
191:bishop
129:Canada
2403:Other
1427:U.S.
1271:oline
752:. at
476:Macon
1312:2013
1281:1917
1213:ISBN
1197:1288
1180:2020
604:and
589:, a
115:Died
92:Born
65:Bibb
1350:at
825:in
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610:AME
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