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because halos always have their red part on their inside. On average, the radius of the ring is about 28°, but it can vary between 10° and 30°, depending on the dust size. The maximum of 30° is a rather big radius which can only be caused by very small dust particles (0.002 mm) which all have to
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This gigantic explosion threw a vast quantity of dust and volatile gases into the atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols remained in the stratosphere, causing colorful sunrises and sunsets for several years. The first observation of this ring was published in 1883, being described as a “faint halo” around the
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Most observations agree that the inner rim of the ring is whitish or bluish white and that its outside is reddish, brownish or purple. The area enclosed by the ring is significantly brighter than its surroundings. From the sequence of colors with the red on the outside one can conclude that the
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Beobachtungen über die Dämmerung, insbesondere über das
Purpurlicht und seine Beziehungen zum Bishop'schen Sonnenring (Observations regarding the twilight, particularly regarding the purple light and its relation to the Bishop's ring around the
165:(London, England: Harrison and Sons, 1888). See: Part IV., Section I.(E) The large corona round the sun and moon in 1883-4-5, generally known as "Bishop's ring." by Mr. E. Douglas Archibald,
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Sulfur compound aerosols derived from volcanic eruptions have been found to be the source for the Bishop's Ring effect. A Bishop's Ring was observed for a long period of time in
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sun. Bishop observed the phenomenon on
September 5, 1883; the phenomenon was subsequently named after him, and was the subject of an 1886 professorial dissertation (
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Kenneth Sassen, Thomas Peter, Beiping P. Luo, and Paul J. Crutzen (1994) "Volcanic Bishop’s ring: evidence for a sulfuric acid tetrahydrate particle aureole,"
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Among the first people to recognize that Bishop's ring was a result of the diffraction of sunlight by dust particles was the Swiss physicist
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214:, series 3, vol. 12, pages 173–184; see especially page 182, where Forel says that the corona was not consistent with a
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A brief biography of the
Reverend Sereno Edward Bishop (with photo) appears on pages 171–172 of: Kevin Hamilton (2012)
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Asano, S. (1993) "Estimation of the size distribution of
Pinatubo volcanic dust from Bishop's Ring simulations."
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This article is about the atmospheric optical phenomenon. For the finger ring worn by a clergyman, see
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S.E. Bishop also mentions observations of a "lilac or chocolate" ring around the sun on
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Bishop, Sereno E. (17 January 1884) "Letters to the Editor: The remarkable sunsets,"
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volcano on
Iceland. Photographed from Leiden, the Netherlands, on 18 May 2010.
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of: Rev. Sereno E. Bishop (1886) "The origin of the red glows,"
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observed around the sun. It is typically observed after large
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Bishop's Ring around the sun due to volcanic ash of the
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163:The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena
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147:, Bishop mentions a purple ring around the sun.
212:Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles
210:(The solar corona of the summer of 1884),
161:Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society ,
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208:"La couronne solaire de l'été de 1884"
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288:Atmospheric optical phenomena
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272:Meteorology glossary entry
181:Albert Riggenbach (1886).
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