Bioethics - Knowledge

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advancements in medicine. The standpoints taken by Islamic jurists on bioethical issues are not always unanimous decisions and at times may differ. There is much diversity among Muslims varying from country to country, and the different degrees to which they adhere by Shariah. Differences and disagreements in regards to jurisprudence, theology, and ethics between the two main branches of Islam, Sunni, and Shia, lead to differences in the methods and ways in which Islamic bioethics is practiced throughout the Islamic world. An area where there is a lack of consensus is brain death. The Organization of Islamic Conferences Islamic Fiqh Academy (OIC-IFA) holds the view that brain death is equivalent to cardiopulmonary death, and acknowledges brain death in an individual as the individual being deceased. On the contrary, the Islamic Organization of Medical Sciences (IOMS) states that brain death is an "intermediate state between life and death" and does not acknowledge a brain dead individual as being deceased.

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selection and transparent engagement with patient communities become crucial ethical considerations. Another concern involves the use of virus-derived vectors for gene transfer, raising safety and hereditary implications. Additionally, the ethical dilemma in gene therapy explores the potential harms of human enhancement, particularly regarding the birth of disabled individuals. Addressing these challenges is vital for responsible development, application, and equitable access to gene therapies. The experience with human growth hormone further illustrates the blurred lines between therapy and enhancement, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations in balancing therapeutic benefits and potential enhancements, especially in the rapidly advancing field of genomic medicine. As gene therapies progress towards FDA approval, collaboration with clinical genetics providers becomes essential to navigate the ethical complexities of this new era in medicine.

818:. These influences essentially make it an extension of Shariah or Islamic Law. In Islamic bioethics, passages from the Qur'an are often used to validate various medical practices. For example, a passage from the Qur'an states "whosoever killeth a human being ... it shall be as if he had killed all humankind, and whosoever saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he saved the life of all humankind." This excerpt can be used to encourage using medicine and medical practices to save lives, but can also be looked at as a protest against euthanasia and assisted suicide. A high value and worth are placed on human life in Islam, and in turn, human life is deeply valued in the practice of Islamic bioethics as well. Muslims believe all human life, even one of poor quality, needs to be given appreciation and must be cared for and conserved. 418: 793:

Chinese culture and bioethics, there is not as much of an emphasis on autonomy as opposed to the heavy emphasis placed on autonomy in Western bioethics. Community, social values, and family are all heavily valued in Chinese culture, and contribute to the lack of emphasis on autonomy in Chinese bioethics. The Chinese believe that the family, community, and individual are all interdependent of each other, so it is common for the family unit to collectively make decisions regarding healthcare and medical decisions for a loved one, instead of an individual making an independent decision for his or her self.

1196:, and medical decision-making, little to no academic writing has been authored concerning the intersection between race–especially the cultural values imbued in that construct–and bioethical literature. John Hoberman illustrates this in a 2016 critique, in which he points out that bioethicists have been traditionally resistant to expanding their discourse to include sociological and historically relevant applications. Central to this is the notion of white normativity, which establishes the dominance of white 7203: 801:

knowledge and understanding can empower healthcare providers with the ability to better treat and serve their patients. Developing a connection and understanding of a patient's moral agent helps enhance the care provided to the patient. Without this connection or understanding, patients can be at risk of becoming "faceless units of work" and being looked at as a "set of medical conditions" as opposed to the storied and spiritual beings that they are.

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medicine. One example of a lack of consideration of women is in clinical drug trials that exclude women due to hormonal fluctuations and possible future birth defects. This has led to a gap in the research on how pharmaceuticals can affect women. Feminist bioethicists call for the necessity of feminist approaches to bioethics because the lack of diverse perspectives in bioethics and medicine can cause preventable harm to already vulnerable groups.

340:, the spouse of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, claimed that he had invented the term "bioethics" in the living room of his home in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1970. He stated that he thought of the word after returning from a discussion earlier that evening at Georgetown University, where he discussed with others a possible Kennedy family sponsorship of an institute focused around the "application of moral philosophy to concrete medical dilemmas". 7418: 567:

encompasses the evolving organizational structures of health care organizations and the social psychology of health and health care, is another important approach. These latter research cover topics including connections between doctors and patients, coping mechanisms, and social support. The description of other important fields of medical sociology study emphasizes how theory and research have changed in the twenty-first century.

505:. The four main moral commitments are respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Using these four principles and thinking about what the physicians' specific concern is for their scope of practice can help physicians make moral decisions. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology. 467:, and the sanctity of life to this list of cardinal values. Overall, the Belmont Report has guided lookup in a course centered on defending prone topics as properly as pushing for transparency between the researcher and the subject. Research has flourished within the past 40 years and due to the advance in technology, it is thought that human subjects have outgrown the Belmont Report, and the need for revision is desired. 552:. Many scholars consider that bioethics arose in response to a perceived lack of accountability in medical care in the 1970s. Studying the clinical practice of ethics in medical care, Hauschildt and Vries found that ethical questions were often reframed as clinical judgments to allow clinicians to make decisions. Ethicists most often put key decisions in the hands of physicians rather than patients. 439:, the essential principles in medical research involving human subjects are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. The autonomy of individuals to make decisions while assuming responsibility for them and respecting the autonomy of others ought to be respected. For people unable to exercise their autonomy, special measures ought to be taken to protect their rights and interests. 524:. A bioethicist assists the health care and research community in examining moral issues involved in our understanding of life and death, and resolving ethical dilemmas in medicine and science. Examples of this would be the topic of equality in medicine, the intersection of cultural practices and medical care, ethical distribution of healthcare resources in pandemics, and issues of 364:), to the right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons. Bioethicists disagree among themselves over the precise limits of their discipline, debating whether the field should concern itself with the ethical evaluation of all questions involving biology and medicine, or only a subset of these questions. Some bioethicists would narrow ethical evaluation only to the 995:(1992) is credited with being one of the first full-length books published on the topic of feminist bioethics and points out the shortcomings in then-current bioethical theories. Sherwin's viewpoint incorporates models of oppression within healthcare that intend to further marginalize women, people of color, immigrants, and people with disabilities. Since created in 1992, the 1164:. For example, every medical school in Canada teaches bioethics so that students can gain an understanding of biomedical ethics and use the knowledge gained in their future careers to provide better patient care. Canadian residency training programs are required to teach bioethics as it is one of the conditions of accreditation, and is a requirement by the 830:

intercourse between a married couple, but that the only proper and legitimate way to have a child is when it is an act between husband and wife. It is okay for a married couple to have a child artificially and from techniques using modern biotechnology as opposed to sexual intercourse, but to do this out of the context of marriage would be deemed immoral.

904:(Luke 10:25–37), who "bound up wounds, pouring on oil and wine" (verse 34) as a physician would. Jesus then told the doubting teacher of the law (who had elicited this parable by his self-justifying question, "And who is my neighbor?" in verse 29) to "go, and do likewise" in loving others with whom he would never ordinarily associate (verse 37). 556:

Decisions about overarching goals of treatment were reframed as technical matters excluding patients and their families. Palliative care experts were used as intermediaries to guide patients towards less invasive end-of-live treatment. In their study, Hauschild and Vries found that 76% of ethical consultants were trained as clinicians.

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many African countries. Some African bioethicists are calling for a shift in bioethics that utilizes indigenous African philosophy rather than western philosophy. Some African bioethicists also believe that Africans will be more likely to accept a bioethical approach grounded in their own culture, as well as empower African people.

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Islamic law, are essential from an ethical standpoint. For instance, while idle conversation is not strictly forbidden by Islamic law, it is morally unacceptable since it wastes time and is detrimental to one's spiritual growth. The night prayers are another illustration (which should be performed after midnight and before dawn).

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In order to practice critical bioethics, bioethicists must base their investigations in empirical research, refute ideas with facts, engage in self-reflection, and be skeptical of the assertions made by other bioethicists, scientists, and doctors. A thorough normative study of actual moral experience

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Gene therapy involves ethics, because scientists are making changes to genes, the building blocks of the human body. Currently, therapeutic gene therapy is available to treat specific genetic disorders by editing cells in specific body parts. For example, gene therapy can treat hematopoietic disease.

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By pointing out the male marking of its purportedly generic human subject and the fact that the tradition does not see women's rights as human rights, feminist bioethics challenges bioethics. This article explores how the other gender becomes mute and invisible as a result of this unseen gendering of

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critiques the fields of bioethics and medicine for its lack of inclusion of women's and other marginalized group's perspectives. This lack of perspective from women is thought to create power imbalances that favor men. These power imbalances are theorized to be created from the androcentric nature of

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Despite the fact that Islamic law and morality are completely in agreement with one another, they may have distinct prescriptions because of their diverse ends and objectives. One distinction, for instance, is that Islamic ethics seeks to teach those with higher desires how to become more perfect and

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Islamic bioethics is strongly against abortion and strictly prohibits it. The IOMS states that "from the moment a zygote settles inside a woman's body, it deserves a unanimously recognized degree of respect." Abortion may only be permitted in unique situations where it is considered to be the "lesser

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and understanding one another as spiritual beings and moral agents is an important aspect of bioethics, and that spirituality and bioethics are heavily intertwined with one another. As a healthcare provider, it is important to know and understand varying world views and religious beliefs. Having this

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The health profession has a set of ethical standards that are relevant to various organizations of health workers and medical facilities. Ethics are never stagnant and always relevant. What is seen as acceptable ethics now may not be so one hundred years ago. The hospital administrator is required to

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Many bioethicists, in particular scientific scholars, accord the easiest precedence to autonomy. They trust that every affected person ought to decide which direction of motion they think about most in line with their beliefs. In other words, the patient should always have the freedom to choose their

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Christian physician Reginald B. Cherry views faith healing as a pathway of healing in which God uses both the natural and the supernatural to heal. Being healed has been described as a privilege of accepting Christ's redemption on the cross. Pentecostal writer Wilfred Graves Jr. views the healing of

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To react to new technological and medical advancements, informed Islamic jurists regularly will hold conferences to discuss new bioethical issues and come to an agreement on where they stand on the issue from an Islamic perspective. This allows Islamic bioethics to stay pliable and responsive to new

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argues that in Japan the bioethics movement was first launched by disability activists and feminists in the early 1970s, while academic bioethics began in the mid-1980s. During this period, unique philosophical discussions on brain death and disability appeared both in the academy and journalism. In

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Islamic bioethics may be used to find advice on practical matters relating to life in general and human life in particular. As we will see later, Islamic bioethics must take into account both moral concerns and the requirements of the Islamic law (Shari'ah) due to the interdependence of Islamic law

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noted that bioethics tends to focus its attention on problems that arise from "too much care" for patients in industrialized nations while giving little or no attention to the ethical problem of too little care for the poor. Farmer characterizes the bioethics of handling morally difficult clinical

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Islamic bioethics' first influences Islamic bioethics is founded on the Qur'an, the Sunnah, and reason (al-'aql), much like any other inquiry into Islam. Sunni Muslims may use terms like ijmaa' (consensus) and qiyas in place of reason (analogy). Ijmaa' and qiyas as such are not recognized by Shi'a

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However, differing views on bioethics' lack of diversity of thought and social inclusivity have also been advanced. For example, one historian has argued that the diversity of thought and social inclusivity are the two essential cornerstones of bioethics, albeit they have not been fully realized.

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The ethical challenges in gene therapy for rare childhood diseases underscore the complexity of initiating trials, determining dosage levels, and involving affected families. With over a third of gene therapies targeting rare, genetic, pediatric-onset, and life-limiting diseases, fair participant

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In Africa, and partly also in Latin America, the debate on bioethics frequently focuses on its practical relevance in the context of underdevelopment and geopolitical power relations. In Africa, their bioethical approach is influenced by and similar to Western bioethics due to the colonization of

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faiths have each developed a considerable body of literature on these matters. In the case of many non-Western cultures, a strict separation of religion from philosophy does not exist. In many Asian cultures, for example, there is a lively discussion on bioethical issues. Buddhist bioethics, in

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The proper actions to take in light of all the circumstances are what ethics is all about. It discusses the difference between what is proper and wrong at a certain moment and a particular society. Medical ethics is concerned with the duties that doctors, hospitals, and other healthcare providers

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Contemporary bioethical and health care policy issues, including abortion, the distribution of limited resources, the nature of appropriate hospital chaplaincy, fetal experimentation, the use of fetal tissue in treatment, genetic engineering, the use of critical care units, distinctions between

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So whatever is deemed essential or required by Islamic law is undoubtedly viewed the same way by Islamic ethics. However, there may be situations where something is not against Islamic law but is nonetheless condemned by Islamic ethics. Or there can be circumstances that, while not required by

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The most prevalent subject is how social stratification (based on SES, gender, class, ethnicity, and age) affects patterns of behavior related to health and sickness, illness risk, disability, and other outcomes related to health care. The study of health care organization and provision, which

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Another essential precept of bioethics is its placement of cost on dialogue and presentation. Numerous dialogue based bioethics organizations exist in universities throughout the United States to champion precisely such goals. Examples include the Ohio State Bioethics Society and the Bioethics

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have also encouraged the development of novel ethics frameworks to address such challenges. A study published in 2022 based on the corpus of full papers from eight main bioethics journals demonstrated the heterogeneity of this field by distinguishing 91 topics that have been discussed in these

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The Islamic education on sensible problems associated to existence in normal and human lifestyles in unique can be sought in Islamic bioethics. As we will see later, due to the fact of interconnectedness of the Islamic regulation and the Islamic ethics, the Islamic bioethics has to reflect on

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Bioethics in the realm of Islam differs from Western bioethics, but they share some similar perspectives viewpoints as well. Western bioethics is focused on rights, especially individual rights. Islamic bioethics focuses more on religious duties and obligations, such as seeking treatment and

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Communication strategies suggested by ethicists act to decrease patient autonomy. Examples include, clinicians discussing treatment options with one another prior to talking to patients or their family to present a united front limited patient autonomy, hiding uncertainty amongst clinicians.

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Research in bioethics is conducted by a broad and interdisciplinary community of scholars, and is not restricted only to those researchers who define themselves as "bioethicists": it includes researchers from the humanities, social sciences, health sciences and health professions, law, the

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Islamic bioethicists look to the Qur'an and religious leaders regarding their outlook on reproduction and abortion. It is firmly believed that the reproduction of a human child can only be proper and legitimate via marriage. This does not mean that a child can only be reproduced via sexual

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the universal. It demonstrates how the dehumanization of "man" is a root cause of illness on a social and personal level. Finally, it makes many recommendations for how representations of women's experience and bodies could help to constructively reconsider fundamental ethical principles.

1073:; and they may work in healthcare organizations, government agencies, and in both the public and private sectors. They may also be full-time employees, unbiased consultants, or have cross-appointments with educational institutions, such as lookup centres or universities. 483:

Medical ethics is a utilized department of ethics that analyzes the exercise of clinical medicinal drug and associated scientific research. Medical ethics is based on a set of values. These values consist of the appreciation for autonomy, beneficence, and justice.

874:. The largest group of miracles mentioned in the New Testament involves cures, the Gospels give varying amounts of detail for each episode, sometimes Jesus cures simply by saying a few words, at other times, he employs material such as spit and mud. 838:

and Islamic ethics. In order to avoid making a mistake, everything must be thoroughly examined, first against moral criteria and then against legal ones. It appears that many writers on Islamic bioethics have failed to distinguish between the two.

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situations, normally in hospitals in industrialized countries, as "quandary ethics". He does not regard quandary ethics and clinical bioethics as unimportant; he argues, rather, that bioethics must be balanced and give due weight to the poor.

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Bioethics, the ethics of the life sciences in general, expanded from the encounter between experts in medicine and the laity, to include organizational and social ethics, environmental ethics. As of 2019 textbooks of green bioethics existed.

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Medical ethical concerns frequently touch on matters of life and death. Patient rights, informed consent, confidentiality, competency, advance directives, carelessness, and many other topics are highlighted as serious health concerns.

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was initially established in 1974 to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects. However, the fundamental principles announced in the

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innovations, and the timing of medical treatment of humans. Others would increase the scope of moral assessment to encompass the morality of all moves that would possibly assist or damage organisms successful of feeling fear.

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This study first gained prevalence in the field of reproductive medicine as it was viewed as a "woman's issue". Since then, feminist approaches to bioethics has expanded to include bioethical topics in mental health,

245:, and technologies. It proposes the discussion about moral discernment in society (what decisions are "good" or "bad" and why) and it is often related to medical policy and practice, but also to broader questions as 1104:, the Canadian Bioethics Society, the Canadian Association of Research Ethics Boards, the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, the Bangladesh Bioethics Society and the International Association of Bioethics. 4035:

Iyer, Alexander A.; Saade, Dimah; Bharucha-Goebel, Diana; Foley, A. Reghan; Averion, Gilberto 'Mike'; Paredes, Eduardo; Gray, Steven; Bönnemann, Carsten G.; Grady, Christine; Hendriks, Saskia; Rid, Annette (2021).

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associated with university bioethics training programs; but they may also be based in disciplinary departments without a specific bioethics focus. Notable examples of research centers include, amongst others,

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ordinary and extraordinary treatment, euthanasia, free and informed consent, competency determinations, the meaning of life, are being examined within the framework of traditional Christian moral commitments.

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Bioethics is taught in courses at the undergraduate and graduate level in different academic disciplines or programs, such as Philosophy, Medicine, Law, Social Sciences. It has become a requirement for

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Bioethics as a subject of expert exercise (although now not a formal profession) developed at the beginning in North America in the Nineteen Eighties and Nineteen Nineties, in the areas of clinical /

563:, Corrigan found that some social processes resulted in limitations to patients choice, but also at times patients could find questions regarding consent to medical trials burdensome. 4766:, скрипти для студентів, Український Католицький Університет, Львів 2008. – 180 с./Ihor Boyko, Bioethics, scripts for students, Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv 2008. – 180 p./ 1133:). Interest in the field and professional opportunities have led to the development of dedicated programs with concentrations in Bioethics, largely in the United States, Canada ( 3269:

Whosoever killeth a human being … it shall be as if he had killed all humankind, and whosoever saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he saved the life of all humankind.

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that values life itself at its basic biological processes and structures, and seeks their propagation. Moving beyond the biological, issues raised in public health such as

5998: 1025:. It is unknown how this type of gene therapy affects long-term human development. In the United States, federal funding cannot be used to research germline gene therapy. 516:. The two fields often overlap, and the distinction is more so a matter of style than professional consensus. Medical ethics shares many principles with other branches of 6996: 575:

Bioethicists come from a wide variety of backgrounds and have training in a diverse array of disciplines. The field contains individuals trained in philosophy such as

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Additionally, bioethics has been condemned for its lack of diversity in thought, particularly concerning race. Even as the field has grown to include the areas of

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closer to God, but Islamic law seeks to decrease criteria for perfection or pleasure in both realms that are doable for the average or even lower than average.

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in an article about a "bioethical imperative" regarding the use of animals and plants in scientific research. In 1970, the American biochemist, and oncologist

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Model 2 is "utilitarian", when what is prohibited is allowed for one person or a group of persons, if it is useful and beneficial for the majority of people.

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There is also a controversial gene therapy called "germline gene therapy", in which genes in a sperm or egg can be edited to prevent genetic disorder in the

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These points and critiques, along with the neglect of women's perspectives within bioethics, have also been discussed amongst feminist bioethical scholars.

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Medical ethics tends to be understood narrowly as applied professional ethics; whereas bioethics has a more expansive application, touching upon the

966:. Lindemann notes the need for the future agenda of feminist approaches to bioethics to expand further to include healthcare organizational ethics, 5936: 5115: 213: 2876: 7239: 1364: 3579:"Faith Healing – God's Compassion, God's Power, and God's Sovereignty: Is a Christian permitted to seek medical assistance and to use medicine?" 2227: 5555: 3976: 648: 1641: 1101: 3342:

Padela AI, Arozullah A, Moosa E (March 2013). "Brain death in Islamic ethico-legal deliberation: challenges for applied Islamic bioethics".

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and proteins. These (and other) developments may affect future evolution and require new principles that address life at its core, such as

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The discipline of bioethics has addressed a wide swathe of human inquiry; ranging from debates over the boundaries of lifestyles (e.g.

5324: 4854: 1789: 1221: 717: 1045:. Slowly internationalizing as a field, since the 2000s professional bioethics has expanded to include other specialties, such as 938:), which was widespread in antiquity. It is said that many of the famous rulers and elders of the time had divine healing powers. 7004: 7272: 5962: 1165: 1142: 862:, teaches about healing by faith. Healing in the Bible is often associated with the ministry of specific individuals including 676: 5459: 4211: 4135: 3952: 2411: 2171: 1138: 1100:

The field of bioethics has developed national and international learned societies and professional associations, such as the

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Bagheri A (December 2014). "Priority Setting in Islamic Bioethics: Top 10 Bioethical Challenges in Islamic Countries".

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in many health professional programs (Medicine, Nursing, Rehabilitation), to have obligatory training in ethics (e.g.,

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In 1936, Ludwig Bieler argued that Jesus was stylized in the New Testament in the image of the "divine man" (Greek:

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endorsed the use of the medical assistance of the time (medicines of oil and wine) when he told the parable of the

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and healing all of the sick who were brought to him, quotes these miracles as a fulfillment of the prophecy in

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Karsjens KL, Johnson JM (2003). "White normativity and subsequent critical race deconstruction of bioethics".

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Jotterand, F., & Ienca, M. (2024). The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Human Enhancement. Routledge

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Areas of bioethics research that are the subject of published, peer-reviewed bioethical analysis include:

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Model 3 is "personalistic", where the human person is considered a supernatural and inviolable integrity.

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consideration on necessities of the Islamic regulation (Shari‘ah) in addition to ethical considerations.

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The principle of the sacredness of human life is at the basis of Catholic bioethics. On the subject of

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general, is characterized by a naturalistic outlook that leads to a rationalistic, pragmatic approach.

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The Works of St. Patrick. St. Secundus: Hymn on St. Patrick. Translated and Annotated by Ludwig Bieler

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Many religious communities have their histories of inquiry into bioethical issues and have developed

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are on very similar positions. Catholic bioethics insists on this concept, without exception, while

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One of the first areas addressed by modern bioethicists was human experimentation. According to the

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A Cultural Giant: An interpretation of bioethics in light of its intellectual and cultural history

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Goldim JR (2009). "Revisiting the beginning of bioethics: the contribution of Fritz Jahr (1927)".

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preserving life. Islamic bioethics is heavily influenced and connected to the teachings of the

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According to Igor Boyko's book "Bioethics", there are three models of bioethics in the world:

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National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

336:, a discipline centered around the link between biology, ecology, medicine, and human values. 7277: 7248: 7044: 7036: 6964: 6920: 6282: 6277: 6172: 5967: 5803: 5788: 5298: 5237: 5166: 3667:"Preparations and properties of ribonucleic acid polymerase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus" 3635: 3018: 1720: 1671: 1666: 1046: 758: 636: 509: 361: 325: 109: 5857: 7324: 7287: 7267: 7161: 6301: 6291: 6272: 6250: 6212: 6150: 6062: 6025: 5355: 5340: 4986: 4882: 2992: 1810: 1289: 1254: 710: 604: 588: 456: 290: 78: 6825: 4700: 257:. Bioethics is concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among 8: 7381: 7356: 7131: 7092: 7068: 6935: 6855: 6835: 6810: 6780: 6192: 6072: 5982: 5808: 5731: 5365: 5052: 4115: 1819: 1775: 1696: 1676: 1651: 1530: 1226: 1118: 967: 883: 746: 700: 596: 452: 405: 286: 285:. It includes the study of values relating to primary care, other branches of medicine (" 31: 4817: 2323:

Friesen P, Kearns L, Redman B, Caplan AL (July 2017). "Rethinking the Belmont Report?".

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has played an important role in organizing and legitimizing feminist work in bioethics.

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The field, formerly dominated by formally trained philosophers, has become increasingly

392:, astroethics and life in space, and manipulation of basic biology through altered DNA, 7444: 7398: 7126: 7121: 6956: 6895: 6765: 6353: 6260: 6245: 6197: 6145: 5952: 5895: 5838: 5677: 5207: 4556: 4478: 3970: 3923: 3756: 3463: 3411: 3386: 3367: 3298: 3214: 3197: 3173: 3146: 3127: 3039: 2924: 2827: 2735: 2710: 2684: 2638: 2603: 2584: 2518: 2493: 2439: 2348: 2300: 2267: 2219: 2018: 1970: 1945: 1926: 1804: 1715: 1635: 1334: 950: 722: 644: 628: 612: 161: 4038:"Ethical challenges for a new generation of early-phase pediatric gene therapy trials" 3777: 3699: 3666: 1148:

Training in bioethics (usually clinical, medical, or professional ethics) are part of

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The scope of bioethics has evolved past mere biotechnology to include topics such as

187: 68: 5602: 4161:"The ethical case for clinical genetics providers in the deployment of gene therapy" 3927: 3467: 3371: 2951:

First International Conference: Christian Anthropology and Biotechnological Progress

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have positions closer to secular ones, for example with regard to the end of life.

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Society of Cornell. Professional level versions of these organizations also exist.

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related to health (primarily focused on the human, but also increasingly includes

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Taylor AT (1 July 1993). "No Longer Patient: Feminist Ethics and Health Care".

3578: 1760: 1740: 1706: 1595: 1525: 1510: 1264: 1189: 1137:) and Europe, offering undergraduate majors/minors, graduate certificates, and 1130: 1122: 1038: 978: 901: 871: 521: 494: 488: 448: 385: 357: 306: 104: 54: 5309: 4726: 3962: 3815: 3435: 3317: 2670: 2430: 7438: 7403: 6860: 6800: 6750: 6589: 6527: 6512: 6411: 6326: 6255: 6207: 6115: 6097: 5957: 5783: 5692: 5632: 5597: 5080: 4991: 4933: 4752: 4704: 4648: 4412: 4384:"An Overview of Graduate Educational Bioethics Programs in the United States" 3911: 3862: 3823: 3752: 3731:

Nelson HL (2000). "Feminist Bioethics: Where We've Been, Where We're Going".

3690: 3459: 3402: 3163: 2920: 2804:. Neil J. Smelser, Paul B. Baltes (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2001. 2629: 2620: 2509: 2467: 2291: 2053: 1745: 1686: 1656: 1590: 1470: 1415: 1378: 1374: 1314: 1259: 1050: 982: 859: 775: 592: 513: 464: 397: 333: 262: 258: 254: 234: 3744: 2819: 2726: 493:

Ethics affects medical decisions made by healthcare providers and patients.

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fundamental sciences, etc. These researchers may be working in specialized

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In Pursuit of Wholeness: Experiencing God's Salvation for the Total Person

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Bracanovic, T (June 2012). "From integrative bioethics to pseudoscience".

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structures in bioethical academia and tends to reinforce existing biases.

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Another discipline that discusses bioethics is the field of feminism; the

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Study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine

7302: 7297: 6840: 6644: 6421: 6082: 5642: 5489: 5125: 5075: 5070: 4829:– a free online resource (app) for learning bioethics through real cases. 3624:

When Children Became People: the birth of childhood in early Christianity

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has done much work to legitimize feminist work and theory in bioethics.

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As a field of study, bioethics has also drawn criticism. For instance,

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Muldoon M, King N (1995). "Spirituality, health care, and bioethics".

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and a growing human population. Potter's work laid the foundation for

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Donchin A (2008). "Remembering Fab's Past, Anticipating Our Future".

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017).

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Principles of green bioethics : sustainability in health care

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International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences

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In Christian bioethics it is noted that the Bible, especially the

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is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in

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Bystranowski, Piotr; Dranseika, Vilius; Żuradzki, Tomasz (2022).

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The practice of bioethics in clinical care have been studied by

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have a thorough awareness of their moral and legal obligations.

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Markose, Aji; Krishnan, Ramesh; Ramesh, Maya (October 2016).

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An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

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Entwistle VA, Carter SM, Cribb A, McCaffery K (July 2010).

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have to patients, society, and other health professionals.

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This article is about the discipline. For the journal, see

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Sass HM (2007). "Fritz Jahr's 1927 concept of bioethics".

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Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital Research Institute

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International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics

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International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics

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International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics

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International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics

274: 3606:"Abortion and Catholic Thought: The Little-Told History" 2369:. Thebioethicssociety.org.ohio-state.edu. Archived from 1152:

requirements for health professionals in fields such as

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Hoberman J (2016). "Why Bioethics Has a Race Problem".

3318:"Iran's Experience on Religious Bioethics: An Overview" 2941:

As regards the Christian Orthodox perspective see e.g.

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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used the term to describe the relationship between the

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ST. PATRICK, SAINT & SECUNDINUS (1 January 1953).

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Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

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Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Model 1 is "liberal" when there are no restrictions.

315: 309: 3996:"Ethical and regulatory aspects of genome editing" 3601: 3599: 2881:(Les éditions Chromatika ed.). Archived from 2708: 2663:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology 2245:"Repertoire – Ethics Frameworks for Public Health" 1856:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces 1807: – Existential threat from biological sources 1170:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 320:, "moral nature, behavior") was coined in 1927 by 5263:Termination of the patient-physician relationship 4076: 3391:Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 3239:"Bioethics for clinicians: 21. Islamic bioethics" 3202:Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 3144: 3063:"Bioethics for clinicians: 20. Chinese bioethics" 2760:"Empty ethics: the problem with informed consent" 1015: 993:No Longer Patient: Feminist Ethics in Health Care 850:since they are insufficient proofs on their own. 749:on how to deal with these issues from within the 7436: 5937:Moore v. Regents of the University of California 4280:"Canadian Association of Research Ethics Boards" 4158: 3638:by Kristin Luker, University of California Press 2963:Bobyrov VM, Vazhnicha OM, Devyatkina TO (2012). 631:; medically trained clinician ethicists such as 5339: 4530: 4410: 3596: 3556:. Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image. p. 52. 3436:"Dimensions of belief about miraculous healing" 2947:Bioethics in the light of orthodox anthropology 2665:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 82–101. 1365:Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry 1096:Learned societies and professional associations 570: 4450: 4448: 4284:Canadian Association of Research Ethics Boards 4189: 3617: 3236: 2660: 2161: 1849:The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine 1813: – Special form of in vitro fertilisation 977:Notable figures in feminist bioethics include 289:"), ethical education in science, animal, and 7233: 6026: 5549: 5325: 4848: 4220: 3023:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 1642:Prescription drug prices in the United States 1102:American Society for Bioethics and Humanities 237:), including those emerging from advances in 207: 6973:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 5852:Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital 4404: 4306:"Association of Bioethics Program Directors" 4190:Jotterand, Fabrice; Ienca, Marcello (2024). 3664: 3230: 3095: 2846: 2608:Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences 422:Hippocrates Refusing the Gifts of Artaxerxes 4445: 3665:Kleppe, R. K.; Kleppe, K. (February 1976). 3647: 3101: 2874: 2074: 2038:"The history of bioethics: an essay review" 1986: 1235:Yale Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics 778:is a leading bioethicist speaking from the 7417: 7240: 7226: 6033: 6019: 5948:Medical Experimentation on Black Americans 5556: 5542: 5332: 5318: 4855: 4841: 4695: 4603: 4310:Association of Bioethics Program Directors 3975:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3804:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 2997:South African Journal of Bioethics and Law 2709:Hauschildt K, De Vries R (February 2020). 2661:Orfali K, de Vries R (2021). "Bioethics". 2542:Bioethics committees and public engagement 1844:Resources for clinical ethics consultation 1822: – Non-profit organization in the USA 1481:Human experimentation in the United States 1006: 214: 200: 7247: 4428: 4053: 4011: 3901: 3836: 3698: 3410: 3254: 3213: 3172: 3162: 3145:Chamsi-Pasha H, Albar MA (January 2013). 3078: 3060: 3008: 2993:"Towards an Indigenous African Bioethics" 2775: 2734: 2637: 2619: 2557:"Medical Need, Equality, and Uncertainty" 2517: 2438: 2299: 2180: 2035: 1969: 5886:Albert Kligman's dermatology experiments 5563: 4673: 4622: 4610:Harvard Medical School Bioethics Journal 4495: 4358:"Bioethics Grows, But Will Jobs Follow?" 4332:"International Association of Bioethics" 3883: 3536: 2852:Handbook of Whiteheadian process thought 2757: 1790:List of bioethics centers and institutes 1032: 721:. Bioethics has also benefited from the 718:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 416: 7005:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 5943:Surgery to try to improve mental health 4159:Beretich, L.A.; Beretich, K.N. (2022). 4077:Serguera, C.; Bemelmans, A.-P. (2014). 3884:Kaebnick, Gregory E. (September 2018). 3636:Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood 3433: 3384: 3315: 3280: 3237:Daar AS, al Khitamy AB (January 2001). 3195: 3037: 2990: 2906: 2186: 1057:. Professional ethicists may be called 663:; religious studies scholars including 409:journals over the past half a century. 14: 7437: 7273:Differential technological development 4454: 4411:McKneally MF, Singer PA (April 2001). 4336:International Association of Bioethics 3940: 3843:The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 3801: 3772: 3770: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3548: 3502: 3496: 2491: 1992: 1166:College of Family Physicians of Canada 1076: 853: 677:The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 7221: 6014: 5537: 5460:Guidelines for human subject research 5313: 4836: 4583:. Tampere: Tampere University Press. 4573: 3839:"The concept of a feminist bioethics" 3576: 3440:Mental Health, Religion & Culture 3387:"Islamic bioethics: a general scheme" 3337: 3335: 3198:"Islamic bioethics: a general scheme" 2986: 2984: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2875:Desmet R, Weber M, eds. (July 2010). 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2554: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2367:"The Bioethics Society of Ohio State" 2233:from the original on 2 November 2012. 2135: 1943: 945: 878:the body as a physical expression of 657:Office for Human Research Protections 4417:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3577:Booth, Craig W. (16 December 2003). 2949:, Polytechnic School of Crete (ed), 2878:Whitehead-The Algebra of Metaphysics 2419:Journal of General Internal Medicine 2395:. Cornell University. Archived from 2117:from the original on 23 October 2013 1995:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1900: 804: 543: 343: 7362:Future-oriented technology analysis 7021:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4822:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4811:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4381: 3767: 3715: 3061:Bowman KW, Hui EC (November 2000). 1903:Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 1800:List of Canadian bioethics programs 1135:List of Canadian bioethics programs 707:Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 653:Albert Einstein College of Medicine 24: 4710:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 4667: 4459:. University of California Press. 4165:Ethics, Medicine and Public Health 3332: 2981: 2889: 2695: 2455: 25: 7466: 5371:Privacy for research participants 4770: 4604:Saxén H, Saxén S (1 April 2021). 4533:The American Journal of Bioethics 2764:Sociology of Health & Illness 2715:Sociology of Health & Illness 2325:The American Journal of Bioethics 1838:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 1055:Ethics of artificial intelligence 655:or Jerry Menikoff of the federal 478: 7416: 7202: 7201: 4641:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00385.x 4623:Hedgecoe, Adam M. (April 2004). 4122:. The National Academies Press. 3837:Rawlinson, M. C. (August 2001). 3493:, E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands. 3356:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01935.x 2777:10.1046/j.1467-9566.2003.00369.x 2208:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x 2166:. New Jersey: World Scientific. 2089:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2012.00330.x 1222:bioethics centers and institutes 962:, healthcare accessibility, and 5719:Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital 4616: 4597: 4567: 4524: 4489: 4375: 4350: 4324: 4298: 4272: 4246: 4183: 4152: 4109: 4070: 4028: 3983: 3934: 3877: 3830: 3795: 3658: 3641: 3570: 3542: 3507:(reprint ed.). HarperOne. 3483: 3474: 3434:Village, Andrew (1 June 2005). 3427: 3378: 3309: 3274: 3189: 3138: 3054: 3031: 2956: 2935: 2868: 2840: 2792: 2751: 2654: 2595: 2548: 2534: 2485: 2403: 2385: 2359: 2316: 2259: 2237: 2162:Freemont PF, Kitney RI (2012). 1962:10.4067/S0716-97602008000100013 1586:Ordinary and extraordinary care 501:and judgments as they apply to 6989:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 6359:Value monism – Value pluralism 5963:Radioactive iodine experiments 3385:Shomali, Mohamamd Ali (2008). 3104:Journal of Religion and Health 2965:Basics of Bioethics and Safety 2393:"Bioethics Society of Cornell" 2155: 2129: 2103: 2068: 2029: 1937: 1894: 1869: 1016:Ethical issues in gene therapy 13: 1: 7389:Technology in science fiction 5906:Guatemala syphilis experiment 5500:Monitoring in clinical trials 4862: 3994:, Scharenberg AM (May 2016). 3886:"At the Borders of Bioethics" 3683:10.1128/jb.125.2.435-443.1976 3503:Cherry, Reginald B. (1999) . 3044:Journal of Philosophy of Life 2337:10.1080/15265161.2017.1329482 1862: 1631:Political abuse of psychiatry 1451:Genetically modified organism 689:American Journal of Bioethics 412: 7053:On the Genealogy of Morality 7013:Critique of Practical Reason 5468:List of medical ethics cases 4796:Resources in other libraries 4606:"What is Organic Bioethics?" 4254:"Canadian Bioethics Society" 4095:10.1016/j.neurol.2014.09.004 4013:10.1182/blood-2016-01-678136 3151:Avicenna Journal of Medicine 2136:Kaçar B (20 November 2020). 1662:Quality of life (healthcare) 1175: 1107: 814:as well as the teachings of 659:; political scientists like 571:Perspectives and methodology 296: 141:Advance healthcare directive 7: 5916:Human radiation experiments 4177:10.1016/j.jemep.2022.100781 3452:10.1080/1367467042000240374 3316:Aramesh K (December 2009). 2854:. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag. 2187:Mautner MN (October 2009). 1782: 1231:Kennedy Institute of Ethics 316: 310: 10: 7471: 7394:Technology readiness level 7330:Technological unemployment 6981:A Treatise of Human Nature 6040: 5973:Stanford prison experiment 5513:Institutional review board 5294:Institutional review board 4545:10.1162/152651603766436144 4498:The Hastings Center Report 4258:Canadian Bioethics Society 4055:10.1038/s41436-021-01245-3 3947:. East Lansing, Michigan. 3855:10.1076/jmep.26.4.405.3010 2850:, Desmond W, eds. (2008). 2077:Developing World Bioethics 2036:Martensen R (April 2001). 1795:List of bioethics journals 1581:Nazi human experimentation 1239:Centre for Human Bioethics 1115:professional accreditation 1053:ethics, and more recently 985:, and the creators of the 888:Jesus exorcising at sunset 486: 426:Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson 287:the ethics of the ordinary 29: 7412: 7377:Technological singularity 7337:Technological convergence 7255: 7197: 7104: 6949: 6715: 6440: 6369: 6231: 6106: 6048: 5875:Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc. 5866: 5822: 5726:Commonwealth v. Twitchell 5706: 5621: 5583:Betty and George Coumbias 5571: 5518:Data monitoring committee 5498: 5458: 5422: 5394: 5348: 5271: 5195: 5149: 5061: 5028: 5000: 4972: 4924:Doctrine of double effect 4901: 4870: 4791:Resources in your library 4727:10.4135/9781412965811.n21 3941:Richie, Cristina (2019). 2671:10.1002/9781119633808.ch5 2555:Horne LC (October 2016). 2431:10.1007/s11606-010-1292-2 1491:Human population planning 1486:Human genetic engineering 1446:Genetically modified food 1426:Gain-of-function research 1407:(human, non-human animal) 1214: 695:Journal of Medical Ethics 437:World Medical Association 390:human genetic engineering 368:of medical treatments or 6332:Universal prescriptivism 5993:Willowbrook State School 5523:Community advisory board 5445:Clinical research ethics 3611:18 February 2012 at the 3164:10.4103/2231-0770.112788 3013:(inactive 4 April 2024). 2943:Constantine B. Scouteris 2621:10.4103/0975-7406.191934 2510:10.1136/bmj.309.6948.184 1726:Sterilization (medicine) 1702:Sex reassignment therapy 1616:Patients' Bill of Rights 1330:Brain–computer interface 589:the University of Oxford 146:Surrogate decision-maker 7342:Technological evolution 7315:Exploratory engineering 6121:Artificial intelligence 5988:Tuskegee Syphilis Study 5931:Joseph Gilbert Hamilton 5710:parent/patient/guardian 5708:Medical opinion against 5478:Declaration of Helsinki 5015:Reproductive technology 3816:10.1093/ajhp/50.7.1510a 3745:10.1111/1467-9973.00165 3671:Journal of Bacteriology 3480:Twelftree (1999) p. 263 3038:Morioka M (July 2015). 2727:10.1111/1467-9566.13003 1766:Vaccination controversy 1682:Reproductive technology 1647:Procreative beneficence 1561:Moral status of animals 1270:Artificial insemination 1007:Environmental bioethics 433:Declaration of Helsinki 7352:Technology forecasting 7347:Technological paradigm 7320:Proactionary principle 5749:Archie Battersbee case 5396:Human subject research 4234:. AJOB Bioethics Today 3890:Hastings Center Report 3489:H. Van der Loos, 1965 3322:Asian Bioethics Review 3283:Asian Bioethics Review 2832:: CS1 maint: others ( 2492:Gillon R (July 1994). 2113:. Legacy Books. 2004. 2054:10.1093/jhmas/56.2.168 1551:Mitochondrial donation 1501:Infertility treatments 727:Alfred North Whitehead 683:Hastings Center Report 428: 7455:Philosophy of biology 7278:Disruptive innovation 7249:Emerging technologies 7045:The Methods of Ethics 6283:Divine command theory 6278:Ideal observer theory 5968:Skid Row Cancer Study 5804:Spiro Nikolouzos case 5789:Joseph Maraachli case 5299:Human challenge study 5238:Scientific misconduct 5167:Jewish medical ethics 4713:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 4465:10.1525/9780520931473 4204:10.4324/9781003105596 3491:The Miracles of Jesus 3295:10.1353/asb.2014.0031 1915:10.1353/ken.2008.0006 1877:"Definition of ETHOS" 1672:Recreational drug use 1667:Quaternary prevention 1211:is what is intended. 1047:organizational ethics 1033:Professional practice 770:bioethicists include 637:University of Chicago 510:philosophy of science 420: 362:health care rationing 326:Van Rensselaer Potter 293:, and public health. 110:Involuntary treatment 7325:Technological change 7268:Collingridge dilemma 7162:Political philosophy 5983:Plutonium injections 5565:Medical ethics cases 5341:Research participant 5150:Cultural differences 5053:Genetic modification 4818:"Feminist Bioethics" 4457:Pathologies of Power 4042:Genetics in Medicine 1811:Cytoplasmic transfer 1255:Alternative medicine 753:of their respective 711:Public Health Ethics 605:Princeton University 291:environmental ethics 7382:Technology scouting 7357:Accelerating change 7132:Evolutionary ethics 7093:Reasons and Persons 7069:A Theory of Justice 6223:Uncertain sentience 5809:Aruna Shanbaug case 5732:Mordechai Dov Brody 5366:Respect for persons 5064:emergent situations 3583:thefaithfulword.org 3550:Graves, Wilfred Jr. 3196:Shomali MA (2008). 2991:Behrens KG (2013). 2758:Corrigan O (2003). 1950:Biological Research 1881:merriam-webster.com 1820:The Hastings Center 1776:Xenotransplantation 1697:Resource allocation 1677:Reproductive rights 1652:Professional ethics 1638:(non-human animals) 1531:Medical malpractice 1227:The Hastings Center 1119:professional ethics 1077:Models of bioethics 1049:in health systems, 960:disability advocacy 886:, after describing 854:Christian bioethics 453:respect for persons 406:resource allocation 7399:Technology roadmap 7127:Ethics in religion 7122:Descriptive ethics 6957:Nicomachean Ethics 5953:Milgram experiment 5896:Deep sleep therapy 5858:Christiane Völling 5839:Gillick competence 5243:Medical misconduct 5208:Continuity of care 5091:Court intervention 5062:Death, dying, and 4871:Classic principles 4721:. pp. 33–35. 4697:Fry-Revere, Sigrid 4083:Revue Neurologique 3626:by Odd Magne Bakke 3116:10.1007/BF02248742 2614:(Suppl 1): S1–S4. 2573:10.1111/bioe.12257 2284:10.1111/bioe.13087 2007:10.1353/pbm.0.0094 1805:Biotechnology risk 1721:Stem cell research 1716:Spiritual drug use 1636:Population control 972:stem cell research 951:Feminist bioethics 946:Feminist bioethics 723:process philosophy 647:; lawyers such as 645:Cornell University 629:Harvard University 613:Rutgers University 429: 162:Medical profession 7432: 7431: 7215: 7214: 7182:Social philosophy 7167:Population ethics 7157:Philosophy of law 7137:History of ethics 6620:Political freedom 6297:Euthyphro dilemma 6088:Suffering-focused 6008: 6007: 5759:Tirhas Habtegiris 5754:Charlie Gard case 5688:Karen Ann Quinlan 5608:Piergiorgio Welby 5531: 5530: 5404:Clinical research 5381:Return of results 5376:Right to withdraw 5307: 5306: 5141:Transplant ethics 5131:Health care proxy 5020:Gender assignment 4777:Library resources 4679:Christ the Healer 4455:Farmer P (2004). 4213:978-1-003-10559-6 4137:978-0-309-45288-5 4048:(11): 2057–2066. 4006:(21): 2553–2560. 3954:978-1-60917-602-0 3073:(11): 1481–1485. 3010:10.7196/sajbl.255 2504:(6948): 184–188. 2173:978-1-84816-862-6 2164:Synthetic Biology 1476:Human enhancement 1461:Great Ape Project 1350:Cognitive liberty 1325:Body modification 1320:Blood transfusion 1300:Biological patent 1023:future generation 805:Islamic bioethics 672:interdisciplinary 550:medical sociology 544:Medical sociology 435:published by the 344:Purpose and scope 224: 223: 188:Medical sociology 69:Primum non nocere 16:(Redirected from 7462: 7420: 7419: 7367:Horizon scanning 7283:Ephemeralization 7242: 7235: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7205: 7204: 7152:Moral psychology 7097: 7089: 7081: 7077:Practical Ethics 7073: 7065: 7061:Principia Ethica 7057: 7049: 7041: 7033: 7025: 7017: 7009: 7001: 6993: 6985: 6977: 6969: 6965:Ethics (Spinoza) 6961: 6600:Moral imperative 6058:Consequentialism 6035: 6028: 6021: 6012: 6011: 5834:Ashley Treatment 5824:Informed consent 5794:Jahi McMath case 5744:Alfie Evans case 5738:Lantz v. Coleman 5558: 5551: 5544: 5535: 5534: 5508:Ethics committee 5386:Informed consent 5334: 5327: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5279:Informed consent 5248:Competence (law) 5196:Personal conduct 5101:Ethics committee 4982:Consequentialism 4902:Other principles 4857: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4756: 4692: 4661: 4660: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4582: 4574:Saxén H (2017). 4571: 4565: 4564: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4510:10.1002/hast.542 4493: 4487: 4486: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4423:(8): 1163–1167. 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4015: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3966: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3905: 3903:10.1002/hast.891 3881: 3875: 3874: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3810:(7): 1510–1513. 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3728: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3518: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3414: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3258: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3166: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3012: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2960: 2954: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2904: 2887: 2886: 2885:on 27 July 2017. 2872: 2866: 2865: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2779: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2738: 2706: 2693: 2692: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2623: 2604:"Medical ethics" 2599: 2593: 2592: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2521: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2468:"Medical Ethics" 2464: 2453: 2452: 2442: 2416: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2399:on 17 June 2012. 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2303: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2033: 2027: 2026: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1973: 1944:Lolas F (2008). 1941: 1935: 1934: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1873: 1857: 1854: 1851: – contract 1816: 1751:Transplant trade 1626:Pharmacogenetics 1601:Organ transplant 1576:Neuroenhancement 1556:Moral obligation 1536:Medical research 1395:End-of-life care 1295:Biological agent 1285:Assisted suicide 796:Some argue that 790:Masahiro Morioka 761:, Christian and 661:Francis Fukuyama 585:Julian Savulescu 561:informed consent 520:ethics, such as 497:is the study of 319: 313: 216: 209: 202: 154:Related Concepts 74:Informed consent 42: 41: 21: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7408: 7251: 7246: 7216: 7211: 7193: 7100: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7071: 7063: 7055: 7047: 7039: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7007: 6999: 6991: 6983: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6945: 6718: 6711: 6635:Self-discipline 6595:Moral hierarchy 6543:Problem of evil 6488:Double standard 6478:Culture of life 6436: 6365: 6312:Non-cognitivism 6227: 6102: 6044: 6039: 6009: 6004: 5926:Jesse Gelsinger 5911:Henrietta Lacks 5862: 5826: 5818: 5799:Sarah Murnaghan 5779:Ashya King case 5769:Sun Hudson case 5711: 5709: 5702: 5668:Vincent Lambert 5625: 5623: 5617: 5593:Giovanni Nuvoli 5576: 5574: 5567: 5562: 5532: 5527: 5494: 5454: 5430:Research ethics 5423:Ethical systems 5418: 5414:Social research 5390: 5344: 5338: 5308: 5303: 5284:Informed assent 5272:Research ethics 5267: 5191: 5145: 5063: 5057: 5048:Genetic testing 5024: 4996: 4968: 4914:Confidentiality 4897: 4888:Non-maleficence 4866: 4861: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4737: 4689: 4670: 4668:Further reading 4665: 4664: 4621: 4617: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4529: 4525: 4494: 4490: 4475: 4453: 4446: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4232:Bioethics Today 4226: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4188: 4184: 4157: 4153: 4138: 4114: 4110: 4089:(12): 727–738. 4075: 4071: 4033: 4029: 3988: 3984: 3968: 3967: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3882: 3878: 3835: 3831: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3782:orwh.od.nih.gov 3776: 3775: 3768: 3729: 3716: 3663: 3659: 3654:. Newman Press. 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3613:Wayback Machine 3604: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3515: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3432: 3428: 3383: 3379: 3340: 3333: 3314: 3310: 3279: 3275: 3235: 3231: 3194: 3190: 3143: 3139: 3100: 3096: 3059: 3055: 3036: 3032: 3016: 3015: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2961: 2957: 2940: 2936: 2905: 2890: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2845: 2841: 2825: 2824: 2812: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2756: 2752: 2707: 2696: 2681: 2659: 2655: 2600: 2596: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2472:medlineplus.gov 2466: 2465: 2456: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2373:on 13 June 2013 2365: 2364: 2360: 2321: 2317: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2073: 2069: 2034: 2030: 1991: 1987: 1942: 1938: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1814: 1785: 1780: 1771:Xenotransfusion 1692:Research ethics 1611:Parthenogenesis 1606:Pain management 1541:Medical torture 1441:Genetic testing 1359:medical records 1355:Confidentiality 1280:Artificial womb 1275:Artificial life 1217: 1178: 1150:core competency 1127:clinical ethics 1110: 1098: 1079: 1043:research ethics 1035: 1018: 1009: 964:pharmaceuticals 948: 911:, for example, 856: 807: 665:James Childress 621:Hastings Center 617:Daniel Callahan 581:Rice University 573: 546: 491: 481: 475:own treatment. 451:(1979)—namely, 415: 346: 338:Sargent Shriver 299: 220: 120:Duty to protect 84:Confidentiality 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7468: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7450:Applied ethics 7447: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7222: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7177:Secular ethics 7174: 7172:Rehabilitation 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7090: 7082: 7074: 7066: 7058: 7050: 7042: 7037:Utilitarianism 7034: 7026: 7018: 7010: 7002: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6397:Existentialist 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6292:Constructivism 6289: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6266:Non-naturalism 6263: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6093:Utilitarianism 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6038: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5921:J. Marion Sims 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901:Doctors' Trial 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5881:Albert Stevens 5878: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5683:Haleigh Poutre 5680: 5675: 5673:Robert Latimer 5670: 5665: 5660: 5658:Eluana Englaro 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5613:Jack Kevorkian 5610: 5605: 5603:Ramón Sampedro 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5484:Belmont Report 5480: 5475: 5473:Nuremberg Code 5470: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5450:Biobank ethics 5447: 5442: 5437: 5435:Medical ethics 5432: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5203:Abuse of trust 5199: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5116:Family meeting 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4824: 4815: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771:External links 4769: 4768: 4767: 4757: 4736:978-1412965804 4735: 4719:Cato Institute 4705:Hamowy, Ronald 4693: 4687: 4675:Bosworth, Fred 4669: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4635:(2): 120–143. 4615: 4596: 4590:978-9520305239 4589: 4566: 4523: 4488: 4474:978-0520931473 4473: 4444: 4403: 4382:Lee K (2016). 4374: 4349: 4323: 4297: 4271: 4245: 4219: 4212: 4182: 4151: 4136: 4128:10.17226/24623 4108: 4069: 4027: 3982: 3953: 3933: 3876: 3849:(4): 405–416. 3829: 3794: 3766: 3739:(5): 492–508. 3733:Metaphilosophy 3714: 3677:(2): 435–443. 3657: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3595: 3569: 3562: 3541: 3529: 3513: 3505:The Bible Cure 3495: 3482: 3473: 3426: 3377: 3350:(3): 132–139. 3331: 3308: 3289:(4): 391–401. 3273: 3229: 3188: 3137: 3110:(4): 329–349. 3094: 3053: 3030: 2980: 2974:978-9663824079 2973: 2967:. 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NCCPPH. 2022 2236: 2202:(8): 433–440. 2179: 2172: 2154: 2128: 2102: 2083:(3): 148–156. 2067: 2048:(2): 168–175. 2028: 2001:(3): 377–380. 1985: 1956:(1): 119–123. 1936: 1909:(4): 279–295. 1893: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1808: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1761:Tubal ligation 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1741:Transsexuality 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1596:Organ donation 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526:Medicalization 1523: 1518: 1513: 1511:Life extension 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1265:Applied ethics 1262: 1257: 1252: 1246: 1216: 1213: 1190:public opinion 1177: 1174: 1162:rehabilitation 1131:nursing ethics 1123:medical ethics 1109: 1106: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1078: 1075: 1039:medical ethics 1034: 1031: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1005: 979:Carol Gilligan 947: 944: 902:Good Samaritan 855: 852: 806: 803: 572: 569: 545: 542: 522:nursing ethics 512:and issues of 495:Medical ethics 489:Medical ethics 487:Main article: 480: 479:Medical ethics 477: 449:Belmont Report 414: 411: 386:life extension 358:organ donation 345: 342: 298: 295: 231:ethical issues 222: 221: 219: 218: 211: 204: 196: 193: 192: 191: 190: 182: 181: 177: 176: 175: 174: 169: 164: 156: 155: 151: 150: 149: 148: 143: 135: 134: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 99: 98: 94: 93: 92: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 63: 62: 58: 57: 55:Medical ethics 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7467: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7425: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7405: 7404:Transhumanism 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7208: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7094: 7091: 7086: 7083: 7078: 7075: 7070: 7067: 7062: 7059: 7054: 7051: 7046: 7043: 7038: 7035: 7030: 7027: 7022: 7019: 7014: 7011: 7006: 7003: 6998: 6995: 6990: 6987: 6982: 6979: 6974: 6971: 6966: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6590:Moral courage 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6528:Good and evil 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6513:Family values 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327:Quasi-realism 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6151:Environmental 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073:Particularism 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958:Monster Study 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5845:Marion's Case 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5784:Jesse Koochin 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5698:Gloria Taylor 5696: 5694: 5693:Terri Schiavo 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5633:Andrew Bedner 5631: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598:Sue Rodriguez 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5552: 5547: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Cardiac death 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4992:Virtue ethics 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4828: 4827:"MyBioethics" 4825: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4808:entry in the 4807: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4688:0-8007-5739-4 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3565: 3563:9780768437942 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3539:, p. 32. 3538: 3537:Bosworth 2001 3533: 3526: 3525:Mark 10:46–52 3522: 3516: 3514:9780062516152 3510: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3446:(2): 97–107. 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2811:0-08-043076-7 2807: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567:(8): 588–96. 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2246: 2240: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2116: 2112: 2111:"Astroethics" 2106: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1746:Transhumanism 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687:Reprogenetics 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1657:Psychosurgery 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1591:Overtreatment 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1471:Human cloning 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1416:Faith healing 1414: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379:birth control 1376: 1375:Contraception 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315:Biotic ethics 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260:Animal rights 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1105: 1103: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:public health 1048: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1013: 1004: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 989: 984: 983:Susan Sherwin 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 955: 952: 943: 939: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:New Testament 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 817: 813: 802: 799: 794: 791: 787: 783: 781: 777: 776:Vandana Shiva 773: 769: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 736: 730: 728: 725:developed by 724: 720: 719: 714: 712: 708: 703: 702: 697: 696: 691: 690: 685: 684: 679: 678: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593:Arthur Caplan 590: 586: 582: 578: 568: 564: 562: 557: 553: 551: 541: 537: 533: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 514:biotechnology 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 490: 485: 476: 472: 468: 466: 465:human dignity 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 440: 438: 434: 427: 423: 419: 410: 407: 403: 399: 398:biotic ethics 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 371: 370:technological 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 341: 339: 335: 334:global ethics 331: 327: 323: 318: 312: 308: 304: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 263:biotechnology 260: 259:life sciences 256: 255:public health 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:animal ethics 232: 228: 217: 212: 210: 205: 203: 198: 197: 195: 194: 189: 186: 185: 184: 183: 179: 178: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 153: 152: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 132: 131: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 96: 95: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 65: 64: 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 36: 34: 19: 7421: 7308:Robot ethics 7292: 7186: 7142:Human rights 7085:After Virtue 6811:Schopenhauer 6585:Moral agency 6458:Common sense 6354:Universalism 6322:Expressivism 6302:Intuitionism 6273:Subjectivism 6218:Terraforming 6193:Professional 6125: 5997: 5935: 5891:David Reimer 5873: 5850: 5843: 5827:to treatment 5814:David Vetter 5736: 5724: 5717: 5663:June Hartley 5653:Baby Doe Law 5482: 5439: 5289:Human rights 5258:Incompetency 5043:Gene therapy 5002:Reproduction 4863: 4821: 4809: 4781: 4763: 4759: 4709: 4678: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4609: 4599: 4576: 4569: 4539:(2): 22–23. 4536: 4532: 4526: 4504:(2): 12–18. 4501: 4497: 4491: 4456: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4394:. 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