711:, in 1975, gathered sizeable traction and provided him with a platform to speak his mind on the issues of animal rights. Due to the attention Singer received, his views were the most accessible, and therefore best known by the public. He supported the theory of utilitarianism, which is still a controversial but highly regarded foundation for animal research. The theory of utilitarianism states that "an action is right if and only if it produces a better balance of benefits and harms than available alternative actions", thus, this theory determines whether or not something is right by weighing the pleasure against the suffering of the result. It is not concerned with the process, only the weight of the consequence against the process, and while the consequentialism theory suggests if an action is bad or good, utilitarianism only focuses on the benefit of the outcome. While this may be able to be applied to some animal research and raising for food, several objections have been raised against utilitarianism. Singer made his decision to support utilitarianism on the basis of
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animals, people or the environment. All of the possible benefits of the study has to be considered, substantiated and specified in both the short and long run. This responsibility also entails the obligation to consider both the scientific quality of the experiment and whether or not the experiment will have relevant scientific benefits. Suffering can only be caused by animals if there is a counterbalance of substantial and probable benefits for animals, people or the environment. Since there are many methods of analyzing the harm and the benefits, research institutions have to provide training on suitable models and researchers have the responsibility to use the methods of analysis when planning any experiments on animals (see guideline 5).
743:. This ethical theory can be implemented from conflicting sides, for example, a researcher may think it is their duty to make an animal suffer to find a cure for a disease that is affecting millions of humans, which according to deontology is morally correct. On the other hand, an animal activist might think that saving these animals being tested on is their duty, creating a contradiction in this idea. Furthermore, another conflicting nature of this theory is when you must choose between two imposing moral duties, such as deciding if you should lie about where an escaped chicken went, or if you should tell the truth and send the chicken to its death. Lying is an immoral duty to carry out, however, so is sending a chicken to its death.
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where the animal cannot be able to behave naturally and normally. To find out what is a considerable amount of suffering, a researcher's assessment should be based on which animal suffers the most. Considering the animals is the deciding factor if there are any doubts about regarding the suffering the animals will face. Researchers have to consider the direct suffering that the animal might endure during an experiment, but there are risks before and after the suffering, including breeding, transportation, trapping, euthanizing, labeling, anesthetizing, and stabling. This means that all the researchers have to take into account the needs of periods for adaptation before and after an experiment.
247:
424:. Animal testing since has evolved considerably and is still being carried out in the modern-day, with millions of experimental animals being used around the world. However, during recent years it has come under severe criticism by the public and animal activist groups. Those against, argue that the benefits that animal testing provides for humanity are not justifiable for the suffering of those animals. Those for, argue that animal testing is fundamental for the advancement of biomedical knowledge.
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order to release the data to the public and a part of researchers' responsibility for dissimulation. Negative results of the experiments on animals have should be public knowledge. Releasing negative results to other researchers could give them more on the information about which experiments that are not worth pursuing, shine a light on unfortunate research designs, and can help reduce the number of animals used in research.
234:, which portrayed the belief that animals must be recognised as sentient beings and protected from unessential harm. Since the 18th century, many groups have been organised supporting different aspects of animal rights and carrying out their support in differing ways. On one hand, "The Animal Liberation Front" is an English group that took the law into their own hands, orchestrating the Penn break-in, while a group such as "
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total. Second, utilitarianism plausibly implies that we morally ought to attempt to both promote animal welfare and respect animal rights in many real-life cases. Third, utilitarianism plausibly implies that we should prioritize farmed and wild animal welfare and pursue a variety of interventions at once to make progress on these issues".
317:, even farms considered high-welfare typically have serious welfare issues, notably due to genetic selection. He argues that truly ethical animal farms would be prohibitively expensive for consumers. Movements such as "conscientious omnivores" oppose factory farming but not all animal farming. Peter Singer suggests that even as a
715:, selecting that aspect as the differential factor between human and animals; the ability of self-consciousness, autonomy and to act morally. This ended up being called "The argument from marginal cases". However, critics allege that not all morally relevant beings fall under this category, for instance, some people with in a
431:". This drug had a chemical called DEG in it which is toxic to humans, but at the time was not known to be harmful to humans. Without precautions, the drug was released to the public and was responsible for a mass poisoning. The DEG ended up killing over a hundred people, causing uproar among civilisation. Thus, in 1938 the
358:. Insects often continue normal feeding and mating behaviours after catastrophic injuries. But they display aversive experiences to other stimuli like heat. Studies on bees notably showed multiple markers of sentience, such as the ability to strategically avoid threats or harmful situations unless the reward is significant.
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who have no awareness of themselves or their surroundings. Based on Singer's arguments, it would be as (or more) justified to carry out experiments in medical research on these non-sentient humans than on other (sentient) animals. Another limitation of applying utilitarianism to animal ethics is that
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Researchers have the responsibility to assess the expected effect on laboratory animals. Researchers have to lessen the risk of suffering and provide excellent animal welfare. Suffering includes pain, hunger, malnutrition, thirst, abnormal cold/heat. fear, stress, illness, injury, and restrictions to
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Researchers have to consider both the risks of pain and suffering that laboratory animals will face and assess them in the value of the relationship to the research of animals, people, and the environment. Researchers have a responsibility on whether or not the research will have improvements for the
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Researchers must have respect towards the animals' worth, regardless of their value and the animals' interests as living, sentient creatures. Researchers have to have respect when choosing their topics/methods, and when expanding their research. Researchers also have to supply care that is adapted to
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is a theory that evaluates moral actions based only on doing one's duty, not on the consequences of the actions. This means that if it is your duty to carry out a task, it is morally right regardless of the consequences, and if you fail to do your duty, you are morally wrong. There are many types of
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Researchers have a responsibility for reducing the disruption and any impact of the natural behaviors of the animals, including those who are not direct test subjects in research, as well as the population and their surroundings. Most research and technology-related projects, like the ones regarding
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was a fundamental step towards the development of animal ethics, as this was when the term "animal ethics" first emerged. In the beginning, the term "animal ethics" was associated solely with cruelty, only changing in the late 20th century, when it was deemed inadequate in modern society. The United
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A highlighted flaw in Kant's theory is that it was not applicable to non-human animals, only specifically to humans. This theory opposes utilitarianism in the sense that instead of concerning itself with the consequence, it focuses on the duty. However, both are fundamental theories that contribute
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of 1966, attempted to tackle the problems of animal research; however, their effects were considered futile. Many did not support this act as it communicated that if there was human benefit resulting from the tests, the suffering of the animals was justifiable. It was not until the establishment of
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argues that utilitarianism has three main implications for animal ethics: "First, utilitarianism plausibly implies that all vertebrates and at least some invertebrates morally matter, and that large animals like elephants matter more on average and that small animals like ants might matter more in
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Researchers are also responsible for ensuring that the use of laboratory animals do not disrupt or endanger biological diversity. This means that researchers have to consider the consequences to the stock and their ecosystem as a whole. The use of endangered species has to be reduced to a minimum.
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However, since the regulations have been put in place, animal testing deaths have increased. More than one million animals are killed from testing every year in the US. In addition, the deaths of these animals are considered sickening; from inhaling toxic gas, having skin burned off, getting holes
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caused by traditional animal farming. But a significant part of the crops fed to insects is edible for human, and farmed insects are often fed to livestock rather than directly to humans, which increases inefficiency. In 2023, more than one trillion insects were farmed annually, with little to no
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Researchers have the responsibility for ensuring the transparency of the research findings and facilitating sharing the data and materials from all animal experiments. Transparency and sharing are important in order to not repeat the same experiments on animals. Transparency is also important in
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When there are alternatives available, researchers are responsible for studying those alternatives for animal experimentation. When there are no good alternatives available, researchers have to consider if the research can be postponed until a good alternative are developed. While being able to
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behaviour. A virtuous person is said to hold qualities such as respect, tolerance, justice and equality. One advantage that this theory has over the others, is that it takes into account human emotions, affecting the moral decision, which was absent in the previous two. However, a flaw is that
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Ethical thinking has influenced the way society perceives animal ethics in at least three ways. Firstly, the original rise of animal ethics and how animals should be treated. Secondly, the evolution of animal ethics as people started to realise that this ideology was not as simple as was first
73:. Several different theoretical approaches have been proposed to examine this field, in accordance with the different theories currently defended in moral and political philosophy. There is no theory which is completely accepted due to the differing understandings of what is meant by the term
564:
Researchers have the responsibility to consider whether or not it's acceptable to reduce the number of animals that an experiment's plan on using and include the number necessary to both the scientific quality of the experiments and the relevance to the results only. Before the experiment,
279:, and clipping the teeth and tails of piglets. Piglets are also frequently castrated to avoid a bad smell that can sometimes develop in the meat. Routine tail clipping is considered a traumatic practice for pigs and is banned in Europe, but the ban is often ignored in practice.
606:
Researchers and other parties who work and handle live animals are required to have adequate and updated documentation expertise on all animals. This includes knowledge about the biology of the animal species in question, and willingly be able to take care of the animals
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is a collection of ethical theories which judge the rightness or wrongness of an action on its consequences; if the actions brings more benefit than harm, it is good, if it brings more harm than benefit, it is bad. The most well-known type of consequentialism theory is
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There are many laws, rules, international convention, and agreements regarding the laboratory animals that both the researchers and the research managers have to comply with. Anyone who wants to use animals in experiments should familiarize themselves with the current
513:
There is a wide range of ethical assessments regarding animals used in research. There are general opinions that animals do have a moral status and how they are treated should be subjected to ethical consideration; some of the positions include:
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environmental technology and surveillance, might impact the animals and their living arrangements. In those cases, researchers have to seek to observe the principle of proportionality and to decrease possible negative impact(see guideline 3).
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When there is credible and uncertain knowledge that the inclusion of animals in research and the use of certain methods may have ethically unacceptable consequences for the stock and the ecosystem as a whole, researchers must observe the
121:". In 1641, Massachusetts colony's called Body of Liberties that includes regulation against any "Tirranny or Crueltie" towards animals. In 1687, Japan reintroduced a ban on eating meat and killing animals. In 1789, philosopher
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the animal rights movement that people started supporting and voicing their opinions in public. Animal ethics was expressed through this movement and led to big changes to the power and meaning of animal ethics.
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have been a source of conflict between the two ethical positions; some philosophers have made a case that the two positions are incompatible, while others have argued that such disagreements can be overcome.
258:. In the United States, 99% of all livestock was estimated in 2017 to be factory farmed, despite 75% of US adults thinking that the animal products they consume come from animals that are treated "humanely".
282:
Genetic selection – Farmed animals are typically genetically selected to increase productivity. For instance, chickens often struggle to walk to their unnatural weight, which can also lead to heart and lung
476:, and microbiologist R. L. Burch. The Three Rs stand for Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement and are the guiding principles for the ethical treatment of animals used for testing and experimentation:
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people's opinions of a virtuous person are very subjective, and thus, can drastically affect the person's moral compass. With this underlying issue, this ethical theory cannot be applied to all cases.
118:
483:: Avoiding using an animal for testing by switching out the animal for something non-living, such as a computer model, or an animal which is less susceptible to pain in relation to the experiment.
489:: Devising a plan to use the fewest animals possible; a combination of using fewer animals to gain sufficient data, and maximising the amount of data from each animal to use fewer animals.
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Despite their vast numbers, factory farmed animals are relatively ignored. Species that appear more different from humans, such as fish or insects, are often particularly overlooked.
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Rollin, Bernard E. "The regulation of animal research and the emergence of animal ethics: a conceptual history." Theoretical
Medicine and Bioethics 27.4 (2006): 285-304.
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Diseases – The lack of genetic diversity and the density of animals in confinement can lead to the spread of diseases, some of which can also be transmitted to humans.
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justify the experiments on animals, researchers then have to be accountable for the absence of alternative options and the urge to obtain the knowledge immediately.
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it is difficult to accurately measure and compare the suffering of the harmed animals to the gains of the beneficiaries, for instance, in medical experiments.
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Mutilations – These procedures are often intended to reduce aggression in these environments and are typically performed without anesthetic. Examples include
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Aggressiveness – In densely confined environments without intellectual stimulation, animals tend to become aggressive, sometimes also engaging in cannibalism.
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The
Norwegian National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT) have a set of ethical guidelines for the use of animals in research:
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researchers have to conduct reading studies and consider alternative designs and perform the calculations that are needed before beginning an experiment.
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The first animal rights laws were first introduced between 1635 and 1780. In 1635, Ireland was the first country to pass animal protection legislation, "
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which examines human-animal relationships, the moral consideration of animals and how nonhuman animals ought to be treated. The subject matter includes
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proposed. The third way, is through the challenges humans face contemplating these ethics; consistency of morals, and the justification of some cases.
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Confinement methods – Many animals, such as egg-laying hens, are kept in cages with limited space to move. Similarly, pregnant pigs are often kept in
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439:. This ensured the testing of drugs on animals before marketing of the product, to confirm that it would have no harmful implications on humans.
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2623:"Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research: Text: The Norwegian National Committees for Research Ethics Photo: Maiken Aa Solbakken"
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2017:
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The Three Rs principles are now widely accepted by many countries and are used in any practises that involve the experimentation of animals.
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Secker, B. (February 1999). "The appearance of Kant's deontology in contemporary
Kantianism: concepts of patient autonomy in bioethics".
1992:
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219:, a term for discrimination against animals based on their species-membership. This term was popularized by the philosopher and ethicist
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Factory farming, or intensive animal farming, is characterized by densely confined animals and comes with a range of issues, including:
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person. Thus, asking if such actions would stem from a virtuous person or someone with a vicious nature. If it would stem from someone
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Differing conceptions of the treatment of and duties towards animals, particularly those living in the wild, within animal ethics and
131:, that an animal's capacity to suffer—not their intelligence—meant that they should be granted rights: "The question is not, Can they
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176:, one of the first books advocating for what will be more than a century later known as veganism. In 1835, Britain passed the first
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Carr, Daniel James (2017-10-31). "The
Historical Development of Animal Welfare Law in Nineteenth Century Scotland". Rochester, NY.
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Drug testing on animals blew up in the 20th century. In 1937, a US pharmaceutical company created an infamous drug called "
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The Three Rs were first introduced in a 1959 book called "The
Principles of Humane Experimental technique" by zoologist
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1934:
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Faria, Catia; Paez, Eze (July 2019). "It's
Splitsville: Why Animal Ethics and Environmental Ethics Are Incompatible".
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495:: A decrease in any unnecessary pain inflicted on the animal; adapting experimental procedures to minimise suffering.
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that are ethically acceptable to eat because they cannot suffer and their farming is environmentally sustainable.
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Intensive animal farming is sometimes described as one of the worst moral catastrophes in history. According to
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Between 1822 and 1892, more laws were passed to protect animals. In 1822, the
British Parliament passed the
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2087:"Philosopher Peter Singer: 'There's no reason to say humans have more worth or moral status than animals'"
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Our treatment of all animals/lab animals reflects on our attitudes and influences us on our moral beings.
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does not pinpoint on either the consequences or duty of the action, but from the act of behaving like a
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300:– Animals are frequently impregnated through artificial insemination, a process carried out by humans.
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The principle of proportionality: responsibility for considering and balancing suffering and benefit:
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Uvarov, Dame Olga (January 1985). "Research with animals: requirement, responsibility, welfare".
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1878:"Factory farms of disease: how industrial chicken production is breeding the next pandemic"
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Wilson, Scott. 2001. "Animals and ethics." in Fieser, James & Dowden, Bradley (eds.)
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deontological theories, however, the one most commonly recognised is often associated with
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formal welfare standards in place, leaving companies to determine their own practices.
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238:" founded in the US, although supporting the same goals, aim for legislative gains.
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Responsibility for minimizing the risk of suffering and improving animal welfare (
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77:; however, there are theories that are more widely accepted by society such as
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1853:"Gene editing could upend the future of factory farming — for better or worse"
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4577:
4480:
4450:
4305:
4259:
4254:
4219:
4214:
4169:
4154:
4134:
4109:
4074:
4054:
4019:
3922:
3755:
3498:
3458:
3356:
3201:
2996:
2988:
2910:
2857:
2807:
2683:
2574:
2499:
2427:
2372:
2315:
2184:
2098:
2062:
2029:
1971:
1889:
1831:
1748:
1665:
1561:
1444:
1290:
1135:
1040:
913:
830:
767:
755:
740:
459:
333:
276:
155:
78:
34:
4717:
3036:
2306:
1794:"Allegations of animal cruelty and a bestiality charge at Victorian piggery"
1366:
1181:"Confronting Animal Abuse: Law, Criminology, and Human-Animal Relationships"
1022:
408:, carrying out experiments on living animals to improve on the knowledge of
7590:
7555:
7535:
7160:
7103:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6899:
6869:
6603:
6476:
6410:
6405:
6340:
6196:
6181:
5121:
4963:
4953:
4802:
4777:
4687:
4682:
4667:
4627:
4617:
4490:
4410:
4405:
4385:
4375:
4370:
4310:
4249:
4244:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4084:
4009:
3866:
3821:
3780:
3742:
3727:
3689:
3508:
3488:
3408:
2918:
2875:
2691:
2593:
2435:
2390:
2333:
2207:
The Edge of
Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI
1143:
1048:
904:
805:
702:
521:
Animals can feel pain and their interests must be taken into consideration.
421:
393:
220:
119:
An Act against
Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep
7530:
2849:
2815:
2558:"Animal use in pharmacology education and research: The changing scenario"
2517:
1298:
7495:
7490:
6859:
6663:
6440:
6101:
5685:
5131:
4958:
4948:
4933:
4873:
4707:
4612:
4582:
4557:
4495:
4485:
4274:
4159:
4144:
4129:
4094:
4089:
4059:
4029:
4024:
3836:
3770:
3641:
3616:
3513:
3418:
3413:
2674:
2491:
185:
7236:
2932:
Hursthouse, Rosalind (2011-10-26). Beauchamp, Tom L; Frey, R. G (eds.).
285:
7301:
6919:
6889:
6884:
6864:
6814:
6725:
6583:
6526:
6486:
6481:
6251:
6174:
5797:
5315:
5026:
4918:
4863:
4843:
4697:
4692:
4677:
4647:
4622:
4562:
4440:
4355:
4315:
4149:
4119:
3453:
3443:
3336:
1582:"More than 80 billion land animals are slaughtered for meat every year"
1006:
850:
735:
413:
215:
62:
46:
42:
2205:
396:
carried out experiments on living animals. After them, there was also
328:
One proposed solution to reduce farmed animal suffering is to develop
7636:
7585:
7135:
7047:
6779:
6759:
6658:
6568:
6541:
6521:
6466:
6335:
6144:
5890:
5749:
5345:
5116:
4592:
4567:
4455:
4234:
4179:
3831:
3631:
3538:
3518:
3493:
3428:
2713:(Summer 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2406:"The safety assessment process—setting the scene: an FDA perspective"
2051:"There's no such thing as humane meat or eggs. Stop kidding yourself"
1654:"There's no such thing as humane meat or eggs. Stop kidding yourself"
1031:
926:
Beauchamp, Tom L. "Introduction," in Tom L. Beauchamp and R.G. Frey.
855:
845:
723:
712:
417:
389:
351:
250:
Over 80 billions of land animals are slaughtered for meat every year.
150:. In 1824, the first animal rights society was founded in England by
1737:"Beak-trimming and brutality: is it time to stop buying brown eggs?"
954:
384:
Animal testing for biomedical research dates to the writings of the
143:? Why should the law refuse its protection to any sensitive being?"
7165:
7130:
6764:
6749:
6673:
6668:
6633:
6623:
6536:
6471:
6445:
4530:
3448:
3398:
3130:
763:
759:
318:
3163:
1687:"The fight over cage-free eggs and bacon in California, explained"
6789:
6678:
6643:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6501:
6491:
3760:
3714:
3373:
3020:"Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Back Together Again"
1820:"The curse of tail-docking: the painful truth about Italy's pigs"
771:
451:
409:
70:
3170:
1935:"Fish are nothing like us, except that they are sentient beings"
61:, the moral status of nonhuman animals, the concept of nonhuman
6774:
6715:
6648:
6573:
6450:
6060:
3311:
3213:
2779:
2120:"Ethical arguments won't end factory farming. Technology might"
1549:
Robbins, William; Times, Special To the New York (1984-06-15).
558:
Responsibility for considering reducing the number of animals (
401:
322:
30:
6754:
6744:
5384:
3975:
597:
Responsibility for openness and sharing of data and material:
397:
2204:
Birch, Jonathan (2024-07-19). "13.6 Summary of Chapter 13".
1470:"Animals' Rights, Considered in Relation to Social Progress"
967:
Armstrong, Susan J. & Botzler, Richard G. (eds.). 2003.
254:
In 2023, it is estimated that 74% of all land livestock are
7297:
Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics
7016:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
6794:
6710:
6556:
6551:
6511:
5156:
3102:
Animals and Ethics: An Overview of the Philosophical Debate
785:
Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics
640:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
405:
128:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
2018:"Industrial farming is one of the worst crimes in history"
6720:
6029:
778:
502:
269:, which are so small that the animals cannot turn around.
182:
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
3892:
University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
1256:
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
203:
Animal Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress
3107:
Wagman, Bruce A.; Waisman, Sonia S.; Frasch, Pamela D.
3063:
Fellow Creatures: Our Obligations to the Other Animals
2473:
2347:
Doke, Sonali K.; Dhawale, Shashikant C. (2015-07-01).
7355:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
5411:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
2474:
Zurlo, J; Rudacille, D; Goldberg, A M (August 1996).
1348:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
518:
Animals have intrinsic values that must be respected.
388:. It is understood that physician-scientists such as
173:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
2782:"Medical Aspects of the Persistent Vegetative State"
801:
579:
Responsibility for maintaining biological diversity:
1818:Ferrara, Cecilia; Nelson, Catherine (2019-01-19).
892:Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics
3095:Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions
2754:
2704:
7658:
3271:List of international animal welfare conventions
2658:"Bioethics, Animal Research, and Ethical Theory"
5563:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
2258:"Insect Farming Isn't Going to Save the Planet"
4994:
3093:Sunstein, Cass R. and Nussbaum, Martha (eds).
2780:Multi-Society Task Force on PVS (1994-06-02).
2755:MacAskill, William; Chappell, Richard (2020).
1525:
1345:Gompertz, Lewis (1992) . Singer, Peter (ed.).
16:Consideration of non-human animals in morality
7252:
6045:
3186:
2731:"Ethics Explainer: What is Consequentialism?"
2173:"Insect Farming Is Booming. But Is It Cruel?"
1960:"Insect Farming Is Booming. But Is It Cruel?"
1817:
590:Responsibility when intervening in a habitat:
196:in Britain. In 1892, English social reformer
69:, the history of animal use, and theories of
6992:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
3276:Moral status of animals in the ancient world
2934:"Virtue Ethics and the Treatment of Animals"
1632:
1548:
350:There is uncertainty on whether insects are
230:The late 1970s marked the beginnings of the
5238:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
5182:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
3214:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)
2831:
2555:
2346:
2145:"We could end factory farming this century"
1990:
1604:
1551:"Animal Rights: A Growing Movement in U.s."
7259:
7245:
6052:
6038:
3193:
3179:
3116:Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know
3056:Animal Ethics: A Contemporary Introduction
2931:
2403:
2349:"Alternatives to animal testing: A review"
1633:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2024-02-24).
7266:
5385:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)
5322:Human Environment Animal Protection Party
3035:
3017:
2974:
2865:
2797:
2673:
2583:
2573:
2556:Badyal, Dinesh K.; Desai, Chetna (2014).
2507:
2417:
2380:
2323:
2305:
1770:"An easy way to make piglet lives better"
1030:
903:
669:Learn how and when to remove this message
5443:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
3700:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
3128:
2532:"Laboratory Animal Ethics: The Three Rs"
1957:
1932:
1850:
1767:
1734:
1709:
1684:
1495:"Speciesism Again: The Original Leaflet"
1344:
540:Responsibility for considering options (
450:
284:
245:
7024:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
3291:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
2946:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195371963.001.0001
2838:The British Journal of General Practice
2711:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2255:
2230:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1628:
1626:
1253:
1206:"1641: Massachusetts Body of Liberties"
1178:
1004:
982:"Ethical theories and nonhuman animals"
236:People for Ethical Treatment of Animals
7659:
3368:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
2891:The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
2888:
2757:"Elements and Types of Utilitarianism"
2655:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2549:
2166:
2164:
2117:
2084:
2015:
1913:
1635:"How many animals are factory-farmed?"
1268:
1106:
941:An Introduction to Animals and the Law
779:Relationship with environmental ethics
503:Ethical guidelines for animal research
7240:
6033:
5579:Political Animals and Animal Politics
5383:
5167:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
5092:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
4993:
3974:
3504:Concentrated animal feeding operation
3281:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
3236:Animal rights by country or territory
3212:
3174:
2827:
2825:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2203:
2142:
2080:
2078:
2048:
1875:
1651:
1492:
1228:
1075:"Utilitarianism and Nonhuman Animals"
888:"The ethics of wild animal suffering"
5310:Animalist Party with the Environment
3597:Animal testing on non-human primates
2938:The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics
2656:Russow, Lilly-Marlene (1999-01-01).
2170:
1951:
1914:Jacobs, Andrew (December 29, 2020).
1902:
1623:
1379:
1325:Animal Legal & Historical Center
1072:
1068:
1066:
928:The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics
885:
622:
604:Requirement of expertise on animals:
365:is often presented as a solution to
170:. The same year, Gompertz published
7040:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5734:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
3944:World Day for the End of Speciesism
3156:Utilitarianism and Nonhuman Animals
3149:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3136:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3083:. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
3081:Ethics and Animals: An Introduction
2968:
2600:
2224:
2161:
1351:. Fontwell, Sussex: Centaur Press.
1231:"Vegetarian Japan: A short history"
1188:Journal for Critical Animal Studies
955:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
943:. Palgrave MacMillan, 2011, p. xvii
685:
618:
437:Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
13:
5859:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
5202:United Activists for Animal Rights
5112:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
3251:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
3048:
3018:Callicott, J. Baird (1988-07-01).
3011:
2822:
2705:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2019),
2640:
2524:
2450:"Experiments on Animals: Overview"
2274:
2075:
1991:Bolotnikova, Marina (2024-08-07).
1933:Woodruff, Michael (July 3, 2020).
1605:Bolotnikova, Marina (2024-08-07).
1528:"Animal Rights and Animal Welfare"
1493:Ryder, Richard D. (Spring 2010) .
1116:Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics
321:, there are a few exceptions like
14:
7678:
5403:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
5363:Animal Rights National Conference
5286:Animal Protection Party of Canada
5243:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
5097:Chinese Animal Protection Network
5022:American Anti-Vivisection Society
4501:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
3256:Animal rights in Indian religions
3246:Animal rights and punk subculture
3200:
3165:An Introduction to Utilitarianism
3122:
2832:Misselbrook, David (April 2013).
2480:Environmental Health Perspectives
2016:Harari, Yuval Noah (2015-09-25).
1958:Reynolds, Matt (March 16, 2023).
1916:"Is Dairy Farming Cruel to Cows?"
1449:National Anti-Vivisection Society
1063:
433:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
373:
336:alternatives to animal products.
241:
194:National Anti-Vivisection Society
93:The history of the regulation of
7221:
7220:
6010:
6009:
5571:Animal Rights Without Liberation
5222:Voice for Animals Humane Society
3954:World Day for the End of Fishing
3949:World Day for Laboratory Animals
3379:Equal consideration of interests
3118:. Oxford University Press, 2011.
3111:. Carolina Academic Press, 2009.
3104:, 3rd ed. Broadview Press, 2009.
3097:. Oxford University Press, 2005.
1526:Francione, Gary L. (1995–1996).
930:. Oxford University Press, 2011.
804:
770:, and if from a vicious person,
750:
627:
536:needs to each laboratory animal.
361:The rapidly growing industry of
106:
5292:Animal Justice Party of Finland
5177:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
4391:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
3979:(academics, writers, activists)
3872:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
3109:Animal Law: Cases and Materials
3065:. Oxford University Press, 2018
2925:
2882:
2786:New England Journal of Medicine
2773:
2748:
2723:
2698:
2476:"The three Rs: the way forward"
2467:
2442:
2404:Schechtman, Leonard M. (2002).
2397:
2340:
2249:
2233:"Do Insects Feel Joy and Pain?"
2197:
2136:
2111:
2042:
2009:
1984:
1926:
1869:
1844:
1811:
1786:
1761:
1728:
1703:
1678:
1645:
1598:
1574:
1542:
1519:
1486:
1462:
1437:
1413:
1373:
1338:
1313:
1262:
1247:
1222:
1198:
1172:
1100:
886:Moen, Ole Martin (2016-05-09).
446:
7008:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
6378:Value monism – Value pluralism
5515:Animals, Property, and the Law
3592:Alternatives to animal testing
3261:Christianity and animal rights
2562:Indian Journal of Pharmacology
2256:Lymbery, Philip (2023-07-27).
1851:Torrella, Kenny (2022-03-25).
1768:Matthews, Dylan (2019-11-22).
1712:"How America broke the turkey"
1710:Torrella, Kenny (2023-11-22).
1685:Torrella, Kenny (2021-08-10).
1091:
998:
974:
961:
946:
933:
920:
879:
303:Early separations from mothers
277:trimming the beaks of chickens
1:
5152:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
3862:Cambridge University primates
3394:Ethics of uncertain sentience
3144:"The Moral Status of Animals"
2977:American Behavioral Scientist
2709:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
2290:"Animal Testing and Medicine"
872:
841:Ethics of uncertain sentience
730:
367:the environmental degradation
148:Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act
7379:Nature Red in Tooth and Claw
7072:On the Genealogy of Morality
7032:Critique of Practical Reason
5212:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
3362:Argument from marginal cases
3146:entry by Lori Gruen in the
2834:"Duty, Kant, and Deontology"
2353:Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
2231:Chittka, Lars (2023-07-01).
2143:Piper, Kelsey (2018-11-15).
1735:Williams, Zoe (2020-03-09).
826:Animal Ethics (organization)
821:Abolitionism (animal rights)
21:Animal Ethics (organization)
7:
7371:Morals, Reason, and Animals
5499:Morals, Reason, and Animals
5127:Farm Animal Rights Movement
5077:Anonymous for the Voiceless
3766:International primate trade
3241:Anarchism and animal rights
2799:10.1056/NEJM199406023302206
2210:. Oxford University Press.
2118:Illing, Sean (2016-10-11).
1229:White, Chris (2014-07-08).
1107:Rollin, Bernard E. (2006).
797:
717:persistent vegetative state
443:drilled into their skulls.
10:
7683:
7000:A Treatise of Human Nature
6059:
5619:Making a Stand for Animals
5491:The Case for Animal Rights
5142:Hunt Saboteurs Association
5102:Cruelty Free International
5072:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
3602:Animal testing regulations
2419:10.1093/ilar.43.suppl_1.s5
2365:10.1016/j.jsps.2013.11.002
2085:Corbyn, Zoë (2023-05-21).
2049:Reese, Jacy (2018-11-16).
1993:"How Factory Farming Ends"
1876:Vidal, John (2021-10-18).
1652:Reese, Jacy (2018-11-16).
1607:"How Factory Farming Ends"
1321:"The History of the RSPCA"
1283:10.1258/002367785780890640
1179:Gannett, Jennifer (2011).
1005:Ideland, M. (2009-04-01).
782:
509:Animal testing regulations
506:
468:Three Rs (animal research)
465:
377:
343:
339:
289:A chicken farm in Florida.
184:was founded by New Yorker
110:
88:
19:For the organization, see
18:
7604:
7453:
7446:
7438:Wildlife Disaster Network
7420:
7410:Animal Ethics in the Wild
7346:
7320:
7274:
7216:
7123:
6968:
6734:
6459:
6388:
6250:
6125:
6067:
6005:
5978:
5925:
5875:
5815:
5808:
5774:The Ghosts in Our Machine
5629:
5611:Animal Ethics in the Wild
5394:
5390:
5379:
5355:
5266:
5230:
5047:Animal Legal Defense Fund
5014:
5007:
5003:
4989:
4826:
4550:
4543:
4346:William Hamilton Drummond
4288:
3997:
3988:
3984:
3970:
3931:
3910:
3849:
3799:
3741:
3713:
3705:Welfare of farmed insects
3650:
3582:
3474:
3467:
3332:Animal–industrial complex
3299:
3223:
3219:
3208:
2903:10.1076/jmep.24.1.43.2544
1445:"The history of the NAVS"
1210:Online Library of Liberty
1128:10.1007/s11017-006-9007-8
1011:Journal of Medical Ethics
6351:Universal prescriptivism
5852:Journal of Animal Ethics
5718:Your Mommy Kills Animals
5107:Direct Action Everywhere
4516:Johann Heinrich Winckler
4461:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
3918:Direct Action Everywhere
3622:Huntingdon Life Sciences
3607:Labcorp Drug Development
3564:Feedback (pork industry)
3529:Intensive animal farming
3266:History of animal rights
3162:& Richard Chappell,
3074:Animal Law in a Nutshell
3061:Korsgaard, Christine M.
2989:10.1177/0002764219830467
2575:10.4103/0253-7613.132153
1254:Bentham, Jeremy (1789).
969:The Animal Ethics Reader
766:, it is said that it is
611:Requirement of due care:
6140:Artificial intelligence
5987:Holocaust on your Plate
5758:An Apology to Elephants
5539:Do Animals Have Rights?
5475:Animals, Men and Morals
5451:Better-World Philosophy
5328:Italian Animalist Party
5207:United Poultry Concerns
5162:Last Chance for Animals
5057:Animal Liberation Front
4944:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
3434:Replaceability argument
3352:Animal-free agriculture
3037:10.15368/bts.1988v4n3.1
2307:10.4103/1995-705X.81548
1023:10.1136/jme.2008.026989
584:precautionary principle
533:Respect Animal Dignity:
298:Artificial insemination
7433:Wild Animal Initiative
5960:Salvation of Innocents
5507:Zoos and Animal Rights
5082:Beauty Without Cruelty
5042:Animal Justice Project
4381:John Zephaniah Holwell
4035:Stephen St. C. Bostock
3612:Great ape research ban
3231:Animal rights movement
2288:Hajar, Rachel (2011).
1421:"History of the ASPCA"
1401:Cite journal requires
971:. New York: Routledge.
905:10.5324/eip.v10i1.1972
649:by rewriting it in an
463:
435:(FDA) established the
290:
251:
232:animal rights movement
178:Cruelty to Animals Act
113:Animal rights movement
7363:The Universal Kinship
7268:Wild animal suffering
7064:The Methods of Ethics
6302:Divine command theory
6297:Ideal observer theory
5979:Fairs and exhibitions
5866:The Animals' Defender
5838:Cahiers antispécistes
5766:Speciesism: The Movie
5587:Animal (De)liberation
5547:Striking at the Roots
5459:The Universal Kinship
5419:The Rights of Animals
5340:People Animals Nature
5334:Party for the Animals
5147:In Defense of Animals
4909:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
4301:David Renaud Boullier
3887:Silver Spring monkeys
3786:Wild animal suffering
3695:Pain in invertebrates
3534:Intensive pig farming
3424:Opposition to hunting
3389:Ethics of eating meat
2850:10.3399/bjgp13X665422
1474:Henry S. Salt Society
866:Wild animal suffering
836:Ethics of eating meat
454:
288:
249:
59:wild animal suffering
55:wildlife conservation
7394:Sentientist Politics
7181:Political philosophy
5595:Sentientist Politics
5523:The Lives of Animals
5274:Animal Justice Party
5087:Born Free Foundation
4924:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
4798:Wendy Turner-Webster
4511:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
3733:Recreational fishing
3574:Ventilation shutdown
3342:Animal protectionism
3322:Animal consciousness
3131:"Animals and Ethics"
2675:10.1093/ilar.40.1.15
2629:. September 24, 2018
2492:10.1289/ehp.96104878
791:environmental ethics
429:Elixir Sulfanilamide
67:human exceptionalism
7571:Stephen R. L. Clark
7312:Wild animal welfare
7151:Evolutionary ethics
7112:Reasons and Persons
7088:A Theory of Justice
6242:Uncertain sentience
6019:( 139 )
5845:Etica & Animali
5831:Between the Species
5555:An American Trilogy
5248:Humanitarian League
4859:Frances Power Cobbe
4476:Arthur Schopenhauer
4471:Henry Stephens Salt
4351:Edward Payson Evans
4045:Stephen R. L. Clark
3902:War of the currents
3791:Wildlife management
3685:Pain in crustaceans
3680:Pain in cephalopods
3024:Between the Species
2412:. 43 Suppl: S5–10.
2237:Scientific American
1073:Sebo, Jeff (2021).
939:Schaffner, Joan E.
701:The publication of
198:Henry Stephens Salt
190:Frances Power Cobbe
164:William Wilberforce
7581:Steve F. Sapontzis
7566:Holmes Rolston III
7476:J. Baird Callicott
7402:Wild Animal Ethics
7146:Ethics in religion
7141:Descriptive ethics
6976:Nicomachean Ethics
5782:Unlocking the Cage
5603:Wild Animal Ethics
5427:The Ethics of Diet
5304:Animalist Movement
5280:Animal Politics EU
5192:Sentience Politics
4818:That Vegan Teacher
4436:Siobhan O'Sullivan
4421:José Ferrater Mora
4230:Steve F. Sapontzis
3723:Commercial fishing
3675:Pain in amphibians
3665:Cruelty to animals
3637:Operation Backfire
3476:Animal agriculture
3384:Emotion in animals
3154:Jeff Sebo (2021),
3068:Frasch, Pamela D.
3058:. Routledge, 2021.
2761:Utilitarianism.net
2707:"Consequentialism"
1920:The New York Times
1554:The New York Times
1532:Rutgers Law Review
1271:Laboratory Animals
1079:Utilitarianism.net
861:Reverence for Life
747:to animal ethics.
651:encyclopedic style
638:is written like a
464:
291:
252:
100:Animal Welfare Act
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7546:William MacAskill
7466:Jacy Reese Anthis
7292:Predation problem
7234:
7233:
7201:Social philosophy
7186:Population ethics
7176:Philosophy of law
7156:History of ethics
6639:Political freedom
6316:Euthyphro dilemma
6107:Suffering-focused
6027:
6026:
6020:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5968:Onward to Freedom
5936:Animal Liberation
5921:
5920:
5742:Forks Over Knives
5694:Peaceable Kingdom
5654:Shores of Silence
5646:A Cow at My Table
5531:Eternal Treblinka
5483:Animal Liberation
5375:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5262:
5261:
5197:Uncaged Campaigns
5172:Mercy for Animals
5137:Great Ape Project
5052:Animal Liberation
4998:(groups, parties)
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4884:Elizabeth Farians
4793:Christine Townend
4733:Heather Nicholson
4663:Brigitte Gothière
4653:Antoine Goetschel
4539:
4538:
4200:Charles Patterson
4105:Gary L. Francione
4080:Josephine Donovan
4070:Daniel Dombrowski
4050:Alasdair Cochrane
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3845:
3844:
3776:Predation problem
3660:Animal euthanasia
3569:Foam depopulation
3404:Insects in ethics
3160:William MacAskill
2792:(22): 1572–1579.
2735:The Ethics Center
2217:978-0-19-196672-9
1639:Our World in Data
1586:Our World in Data
1358:978-0-900001-37-6
708:Animal Liberation
679:
678:
671:
346:Insects in ethics
315:Jacy Reese Anthis
226:Animal Liberation
223:in his 1975 book
7674:
7642:Alexander Skutch
7596:Peter Vallentyne
7521:Thomas Lepeltier
7451:
7450:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7238:
7237:
7224:
7223:
7171:Moral psychology
7116:
7108:
7100:
7096:Practical Ethics
7092:
7084:
7080:Principia Ethica
7076:
7068:
7060:
7052:
7044:
7036:
7028:
7020:
7012:
7004:
6996:
6988:
6984:Ethics (Spinoza)
6980:
6619:Moral imperative
6077:Consequentialism
6054:
6047:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6018:
6013:
6012:
5824:Animal Sentience
5813:
5812:
5678:Legally Blonde 2
5638:The Animals Film
5392:
5391:
5381:
5380:
5187:Rise for Animals
5012:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4991:
4990:
4854:Edith Carrington
4758:Craig Rosebraugh
4723:Virginia McKenna
4713:Jo-Anne McArthur
4643:Juliet Gellatley
4548:
4547:
4506:Mary Anne Warren
4446:Humphrey Primatt
4431:Edward Nicholson
4401:Charles R. Magel
4366:Thomas G. Gentry
4225:Richard D. Ryder
4165:Thomas Lepeltier
3995:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3972:
3971:
3939:World Animal Day
3897:Unnecessary Fuss
3857:Brown Dog affair
3827:Animals in sport
3817:Animal slaughter
3812:Animal sacrifice
3751:Culling wildlife
3554:Wildlife farming
3472:
3471:
3317:Animal cognition
3286:Total liberation
3221:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3140:
3086:Rowlands, Mark.
3042:
3041:
3039:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2983:(8): 1047–1060.
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2801:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2677:
2653:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2619:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2421:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2309:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2171:Reynolds, Matt.
2168:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1508:. Archived from
1502:Critical Society
1499:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1154:. Archived from
1113:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1034:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
978:
972:
965:
959:
950:
944:
937:
931:
924:
918:
917:
907:
883:
814:
809:
808:
691:Consequentialism
686:Consequentialism
674:
667:
663:
660:
654:
631:
630:
623:
619:Ethical theories
474:W. M. S. Russell
267:gestation crates
211:Richard D. Ryder
192:established the
139:? but, Can they
135:? nor, Can they
51:animal cognition
7682:
7681:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7646:
7632:J. Howard Moore
7600:
7551:Martha Nussbaum
7526:Ole Martin Moen
7516:Tobias Leenaert
7481:Richard Dawkins
7442:
7416:
7387:The Meat Eaters
7342:
7316:
7307:Welfare biology
7287:Ecology of fear
7270:
7265:
7235:
7230:
7212:
7119:
7114:
7106:
7098:
7090:
7082:
7074:
7066:
7058:
7050:
7042:
7034:
7026:
7018:
7010:
7002:
6994:
6986:
6978:
6964:
6737:
6730:
6654:Self-discipline
6614:Moral hierarchy
6562:Problem of evil
6507:Double standard
6497:Culture of life
6455:
6384:
6331:Non-cognitivism
6246:
6121:
6063:
6058:
6028:
6023:
5993:
5974:
5917:
5898:Muutoksen kevät
5871:
5804:
5710:Behind the Mask
5625:
5435:Animals' Rights
5386:
5367:
5351:
5258:
5226:
4999:
4973:
4834:Cleveland Amory
4822:
4788:Darren Thurston
4783:Marianne Thieme
4638:Bruce Friedrich
4603:Joey Carbstrong
4588:Brigitte Bardot
4535:
4526:Jon Wynne-Tyson
4416:J. Howard Moore
4361:John Galsworthy
4341:Wilhelm Dietler
4284:
4280:Corey Lee Wrenn
4190:Martha Nussbaum
4100:Lawrence Finsen
4040:Paola Cavalieri
4015:Kristin Andrews
3990:
3980:
3958:
3927:
3906:
3841:
3795:
3737:
3709:
3670:Pain in animals
3646:
3578:
3544:Poultry farming
3463:
3295:
3215:
3204:
3199:
3125:
3100:Taylor, Angus.
3088:Animals Like Us
3051:
3049:Further reading
3046:
3045:
3016:
3012:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2930:
2926:
2887:
2883:
2830:
2823:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2699:
2654:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2601:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2402:
2398:
2345:
2341:
2286:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1650:
1646:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1547:
1543:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1359:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
980:
979:
975:
966:
962:
951:
947:
938:
934:
925:
921:
884:
880:
875:
870:
810:
803:
800:
787:
781:
753:
733:
688:
675:
664:
658:
655:
647:help improve it
644:
632:
628:
621:
511:
505:
470:
449:
404:but resided in
382:
376:
348:
342:
244:
180:. In 1866, the
115:
109:
95:animal research
91:
29:is a branch of
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7680:
7670:
7669:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7622:Lewis Gompertz
7619:
7617:Erasmus Darwin
7614:
7612:Charles Darwin
7608:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7501:Kyle Johannsen
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7471:Yves Bonnardel
7468:
7463:
7457:
7455:
7448:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7406:
7398:
7390:
7383:
7375:
7367:
7359:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7333:Rehabilitation
7330:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7264:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7241:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7198:
7196:Secular ethics
7193:
7191:Rehabilitation
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7109:
7101:
7093:
7085:
7077:
7069:
7061:
7056:Utilitarianism
7053:
7045:
7037:
7029:
7021:
7013:
7005:
6997:
6989:
6981:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6741:
6739:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6416:Existentialist
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6311:Constructivism
6308:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6285:Non-naturalism
6282:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6112:Utilitarianism
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5940:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5762:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5670:Meet Your Meat
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5615:
5607:
5599:
5591:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5479:
5471:
5467:The New Ethics
5463:
5455:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5415:
5407:
5398:
5396:
5388:
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5369:
5368:
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5365:
5359:
5357:
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5352:
5350:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5298:Animals' Party
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
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5119:
5114:
5109:
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5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5067:AnimaNaturalis
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Animal Justice
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5009:
5001:
5000:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4969:Gretchen Wyler
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Lewis Gompertz
4896:
4891:
4889:Emarel Freshel
4886:
4881:
4879:Muriel Dowding
4876:
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4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
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4813:Gary Yourofsky
4810:
4805:
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4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4728:Ingrid Newkirk
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Charlotte Laws
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Yves Bonnardel
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Martin Balluch
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Steven M. Wise
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4466:Bernard Rollin
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4426:Leonard Nelson
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4331:Herman Daggett
4328:
4323:
4321:Priscilla Cohn
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4296:Jeremy Bentham
4292:
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4272:
4267:
4262:
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4210:Jessica Pierce
4207:
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4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4140:Kyle Johannsen
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:David DeGrazia
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:Carol J. Adams
4001:
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3879:
3877:Pit of despair
3874:
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3851:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
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3809:
3807:Abandoned pets
3803:
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3797:
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3788:
3783:
3778:
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3763:
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3652:Animal welfare
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3627:Model organism
3624:
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3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3584:Animal testing
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Working animal
3556:
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3549:Slaughterhouse
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Insect farming
3521:
3516:
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3506:
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3496:
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3484:Animal product
3480:
3478:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Sentiocentrism
3436:
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3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3359:
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3349:
3347:Animal welfare
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
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3288:
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3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
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3233:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3206:
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3198:
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3183:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3152:
3141:
3129:Scott Wilson.
3124:
3123:External links
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:Waldau, Paul.
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3090:. Verso, 2002.
3084:
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3066:
3059:
3054:Fischer, Bob.
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2486:(8): 878–880.
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2359:(3): 223–229.
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2008:
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1518:
1515:on 2012-11-14.
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1403:|journal=
1372:
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812:Animals portal
799:
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783:Main article:
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696:utilitarianism
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466:Main article:
456:Laboratory rat
448:
445:
386:ancient Greeks
380:Animal testing
378:Main article:
375:
374:Animal testing
372:
363:insect farming
341:
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308:
307:
304:
301:
295:
292:
280:
273:
270:
256:factory farmed
243:
242:Animal farming
240:
160:Lewis Gompertz
152:Richard Martin
123:Jeremy Bentham
108:
105:
90:
87:
83:utilitarianism
39:animal welfare
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7679:
7668:
7667:Animal ethics
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7662:
7643:
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7635:
7633:
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7628:
7627:William Paley
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7607:
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7576:Steven Nadler
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7554:
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7541:David Olivier
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7511:Will Kymlicka
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7486:Sue Donaldson
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7461:Elisa Aaltola
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7428:Animal Ethics
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7421:Organizations
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7328:Contraception
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7282:Animal ethics
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6170:Environmental
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5944:Tame Yourself
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5905:No Compromise
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5406:(3rd century)
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5336:(Netherlands)
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5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:Animal Rising
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:Animal Ethics
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Jessie Mackay
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:James Granger
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Henry B. Amos
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:Louise Wallis
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:Kim Stallwood
4771:
4769:
4768:Jasmin Singer
4766:
4764:
4763:Nathan Runkle
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:David Olivier
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:John Feldmann
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Aymeric Caron
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Carole Baskin
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Laurids Smith
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:James Rachels
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:John Lawrence
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Brigid Brophy
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Tatjana Višak
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:David Sztybel
4258:
4256:
4255:Cass Sunstein
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Mark Rowlands
4218:
4216:
4215:Evelyn Pluhar
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Andrew Linzey
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Will Kymlicka
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Dale Jamieson
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Valéry Giroux
4113:
4111:
4110:Robert Garner
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Sue Donaldson
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:J. M. Coetzee
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Tom Beauchamp
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3923:Hunt sabotage
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:Methodologies
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Hare coursing
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Chick culling
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3459:Vegetarianism
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Anthrozoology
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Animal ethics
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:Animal rights
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:Gruen, Lori.
3078:
3076:. West, 2010.
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2957:
2955:9780195371963
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2568:(3): 257–65.
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1161:on 2020-10-08
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
987:
986:Animal Ethics
983:
977:
970:
964:
957:
956:
949:
942:
936:
929:
923:
915:
911:
906:
901:
898:(1): 91–104.
897:
893:
889:
882:
878:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
831:Animal Rights
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
813:
807:
802:
795:
792:
786:
776:
773:
769:
768:morally right
765:
761:
757:
756:Virtue ethics
751:Virtue ethics
748:
744:
742:
741:Immanuel Kant
737:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
699:
697:
692:
683:
673:
670:
662:
652:
648:
642:
641:
636:This section
634:
625:
624:
612:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
585:
580:
577:
573:
572:
567:
563:
561:
556:
552:
549:
545:
543:
538:
534:
531:
530:
529:
523:
520:
517:
516:
515:
510:
500:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
477:
475:
469:
461:
460:brain implant
457:
453:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
381:
371:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
347:
337:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
311:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
287:
281:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
263:
262:
259:
257:
248:
239:
237:
233:
229:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
207:
205:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:Arthur Broome
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
114:
107:Animal rights
104:
101:
96:
86:
84:
80:
79:animal rights
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:animal rights
32:
28:
27:Animal ethics
22:
7591:Peter Singer
7561:David Pearce
7556:Clare Palmer
7536:Yew-Kwang Ng
7506:Jeff McMahan
7454:Contemporary
7408:
7400:
7392:
7377:
7369:
7361:
7353:
7281:
7205:
7161:Human rights
7104:After Virtue
6830:Schopenhauer
6604:Moral agency
6477:Common sense
6373:Universalism
6341:Expressivism
6321:Intuitionism
6292:Subjectivism
6237:Terraforming
6212:Professional
6134:
5985:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5934:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5756:
5748:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5716:
5708:
5700:
5692:
5684:
5676:
5668:
5660:
5652:
5644:
5636:
5617:
5609:
5601:
5593:
5585:
5577:
5569:
5561:
5553:
5545:
5537:
5529:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5254:Oxford Group
5122:Every Animal
5015:Contemporary
4964:Andrew Tyler
4954:Nell Shipman
4894:André Géraud
4803:Jerry Vlasak
4778:Lynda Stoner
4753:Alex Pacheco
4688:Evanna Lynch
4683:Howard Lyman
4668:Wayne Hsiung
4628:Chris DeRose
4618:Rod Coronado
4551:Contemporary
4491:Thomas Tryon
4411:Mary Midgley
4406:Jean Meslier
4386:Soame Jenyns
4376:John Hildrop
4371:Arthur Helps
4336:Richard Dean
4311:Peter Buchan
4250:Gary Steiner
4245:Peter Singer
4240:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
4205:David Pearce
4195:Clare Palmer
4185:David Nibert
4175:Clair Linzey
4085:Joan Dunayer
4010:Aysha Akhtar
3998:Contemporary
3867:McLibel case
3822:Animal trial
3781:Seal hunting
3743:Wild animals
3728:Fishing bait
3690:Pain in fish
3509:Fish farming
3489:Battery cage
3409:Meat paradox
3366:
3326:
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2538:. 2017-02-21
2536:Bitesize Bio
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2456:. 2004-11-11
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6845:Kierkegaard
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6441:Rousseauian
6358:Rationalism
6270:Cognitivism
6217:Programming
6192:Meat eating
6165:Engineering
5809:Periodicals
5686:The Meatrix
5662:The Witness
5276:(Australia)
5250:(1891–1919)
5132:Faunalytics
4959:Henry Spira
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4738:Jack Norris
4708:Dan Mathews
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4326:Henry Crowe
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4265:Michael Tye
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4130:Oscar Horta
4125:John Hadley
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4090:Mylan Engel
4060:Alice Crary
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4025:Marc Bekoff
3991:and writers
3932:Observances
3837:Live export
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3642:Vivisection
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3414:Nonviolence
2294:Heart Views
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330:plant-based
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7605:Historical
7302:Speciesism
6875:Bonhoeffer
6584:Immorality
6527:Eudaimonia
6487:Conscience
6482:Compassion
6368:Skepticism
6363:Relativism
6280:Naturalism
6260:Absolutism
6232:Technology
6082:Deontology
5798:Seaspiracy
5702:Earthlings
5342:(Portugal)
5316:DierAnimal
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4289:Historical
4150:Hilda Kean
4120:Lori Gruen
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3444:Speciesism
3337:Animal law
2961:2020-07-26
2766:2021-11-06
2741:2020-07-26
2717:2020-07-26
2633:2019-04-22
2542:2019-04-24
2460:2020-07-26
2267:2024-09-12
2242:2024-06-08
2190:2024-06-06
2154:2024-09-12
2129:2024-09-12
2104:2024-09-12
2068:2024-09-12
2035:2024-09-12
2002:2024-09-12
1977:2024-06-06
1944:2024-09-19
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1671:2024-09-12
1616:2024-09-12
1591:2024-09-12
1567:2020-07-26
1479:2020-07-26
1455:2020-07-26
1430:2019-10-14
1331:2020-07-26
1240:2019-10-14
1215:2019-10-14
1165:2020-09-14
1084:2021-11-06
991:2020-04-27
873:References
851:Speciesism
736:Deontology
731:Deontology
507:See also:
493:Refinement
414:physiology
400:, who was
344:See also:
216:speciesism
200:published
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7637:Tom Regan
7586:Jeff Sebo
7531:Arne Næss
7136:Casuistry
7048:Either/Or
6955:Korsgaard
6950:Azurmendi
6915:MacIntyre
6855:Nietzsche
6785:Augustine
6780:Confucius
6760:Aristotle
6736:Ethicists
6694:Intrinsic
6659:Suffering
6569:Happiness
6542:Free will
6522:Etiquette
6467:Authority
6411:Epicurean
6406:Confucian
6401:Christian
6336:Emotivism
6160:Discourse
6097:Pragmatic
6069:Normative
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5876:Magazines
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4180:Dan Lyons
3989:Academics
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3832:Live food
3632:Nafovanny
3539:Livestock
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3494:Bile bear
3429:Personism
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2997:0002-7642
2911:0360-5310
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1041:0306-6800
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856:Suffering
846:Sentience
724:Jeff Sebo
713:sentience
659:July 2020
607:properly.
487:Reduction
462:being fed
418:pathology
390:Aristotle
356:feel pain
283:problems.
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7661:Category
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7275:Concepts
7226:Category
7166:Ideology
7131:Axiology
6960:Nussbaum
6910:Frankena
6905:Anscombe
6895:Williams
6850:Sidgwick
6770:Valluvar
6765:Diogenes
6750:Socrates
6674:Theodicy
6669:Sympathy
6634:Pacifism
6624:Morality
6537:Fidelity
6517:Equality
6472:Autonomy
6460:Concepts
6421:Feminist
6396:Buddhist
6326:Nihilism
6265:Axiology
6222:Research
6155:Computer
6150:Business
6015:Category
5884:Arkangel
5816:Journals
5790:Dominion
5726:The Cove
5356:Activism
5300:(Sweden)
5288:(Canada)
5282:(Europe)
4996:Movement
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760:virtuous
705:'s book
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354:and can
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6704:Western
6679:Torture
6644:Precept
6599:Loyalty
6594:Liberty
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6502:Dignity
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410:anatomy
340:Insects
323:oysters
213:coined
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5927:Albums
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6684:Trust
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