Wild animal suffering

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sufficient survive to replace the parents when they die. Surplus young die, and birth rates are balanced by death rates. In the case of spawners and egg layers, some young are killed before hatching. Almost half of all blackbird eggs are taken by jays, but even so, each pair usually manages to fledge about four young. By the end of summer, however, an average of under two are still alive. Since one parent will probably die or be killed during the winter, only one of the young will survive to breed the following summer. The high mortality rate among young animals is an inevitable consequence of high fecundity. Of the millions of fry produced by a pair of sunfish, only one or two escape starvation, disease or predators. Half the young of house mice living on the Welsh island of Skokholm are lost before weaning. Even in large mammals, the lives of the young can be pathetically brief and the killing wholesale. During the calving season, many young wildebeeste, still wet, feeble and bewildered, are seized and torn apart by jackals, hyenas and lions within minutes of emerging from their mothers' bellies. Three out of every four die violently within six months.

522:. Others argue that humans intervene in nature constantly—sometimes in very substantial ways—for their own interests and to further environmentalist goals. Human responsibility for enhancing existing natural harms has also been cited as a reason for intervention. Some advocates argue that humans already successfully help animals in the wild, such as vaccinating and healing injured and sick animals, rescuing animals in fires and other natural disasters, feeding hungry animals, providing thirsty animals with water, and caring for orphaned animals. They also assert that although wide-scale interventions may not be possible with our current level of understanding, they could become feasible in the future with improved knowledge and technologies. For these reasons, they argue it is important to raise awareness about the issue of wild animal suffering, spread the idea that humans should help animals suffering in these situations, and encourage research into effective measures, which can be taken in the future to reduce the suffering of these individuals, without causing greater harms. 541: 1801:; the differential treatment or moral consideration of individuals based on their species membership. Jamie Mayerfeld contends that a duty to relieve suffering which is blind to species membership implies an obligation to relieve the suffering of animals due to natural processes. Stijn Bruers argues that even long-term animal rights activists sometimes hold speciesist views when it comes to this specific topic, which he calls a "moral blind spot". His view is echoed by Eze Paez, who asserts that advocates who disregard the interests of animals purely because they live in the wild are responsible for the same form of discrimination used by those who justify the exploitation of animals by humans. Oscar Horta argues that spreading awareness of speciesism will in turn increase concern for the plight of animals in the wild. 1916:, argue that natural animal suffering is valuable because it serves an ecological purpose and that only animal suffering due to non-natural processes is morally bad, and thus humans do not have a duty to intervene in cases of suffering caused by natural processes. Rolston celebrates carnivores in nature because of the significant ecological role they play. Others argue that the reason that humans have a duty to protect other humans from predation but not wild animals is that humans are part of the cultural world rather than the natural world, and so different rules apply to them in these situations. Some writers assert that animals who are preyed upon are fulfilling their natural function, and thus flourishing when they are preyed upon or otherwise die, since this allows natural selection to work. 2510: 2452:, which have been described as non-representative of the reality of wild animal suffering because they underrepresent uncharismatic animals who may have the capacity to suffer, such as animals who are preyed upon, as well as small animals and invertebrates. In addition, it is argued that such documentaries focus on adult animals, while the majority of animals who likely suffer the most, die before reaching adulthood; that wildlife documentaries don't generally show animals suffering from parasitism; that such documentaries can leave viewers with the false impression that animals who have been attacked by predators and suffered serious injury survived and thrived afterwards; and that much of the particularly violent incidents of predation are not included. The broadcaster 1989:

harms are not the consequence of misguided human intervention gone awry but are in fact the result of human agriculture and industry, which do not consider, or do not care, about their impact on nature and animals in the wild. Sözmen also asserts that the holders of this position may view that nature as exists in a delicate state of balance and have an overly romantic view of the lives of animals in the wild, and she contends that the wild contain vast amounts of suffering. Martha Nussbaum argues that because humans are constantly intervening in nature, the central question should be what form should these interventions take rather than whether interventions should take place, arguing that "intelligently respectful paternalism is vastly superior to neglect".

2787:, reproduce, their young feeding inside the living bodies of other animals, stating: "Fell Oestrus buries in her rapid course / Her countless brood in stag, or bull, or horse; / Whose hungry larva eats its living way, / Hatch'd by the warmth, and issues into day." He also refers to the world as "one great Slaughter-house". In a footnote, he speculates whether humans could someday create a food source for predatory animals based on sugar, asserting that, as a result, "food for animals would then become as plentiful as water, and they might live upon the earth without preying on each other, as thick as blades of grass, with no restraint to their numbers but the want of local room". The poem has been used as an example of how Erasmus Darwin predicted 1789:

a non-speciesist legal system would mean animals in the wild would be entitled to positive rights—similar to what humans are entitled to by their species-membership—which would give them the legal right to food, shelter, healthcare and protection. From a welfare-based perspective, a requirement to intervene may arise insofar as it is possible to prevent some of the suffering experienced by wild animals without causing even more suffering. Katie McShane argues that biodiversity is not a good proxy for wild animal welfare. She stated: "A region with high biodiversity is full of lots of different kinds of individuals. They might be suffering; their lives might be barely worth living. But if they are alive, they count positively toward biodiversity."

2666:, deviate from the traditional portrayal of the natural world as peaceful and balanced. Instead, she presents nature as a realm marked by inherent brutality and violence, using vivid imagery to depict scenes of predation, parasitism, and death. Dillard explores the idea that the divine is not separate from this violence but is intertwined with it, proposing an immanent God who is present within the chaos and suffering of the natural world. This perspective challenges the concept of a benevolent deity existing independently of nature's harsh realities, inviting readers to consider the possibility of a divine presence within an indifferent universe. Through this approach, Dillard’s work contributes a distinct perspective to American 1089:

fellow humans, at least provide them with necessities. Paley also engaged with the reader of his book, asking whether, based on these observations, "you would alter the present system of pursuit and prey?" Additionally, he argued that "the subject ... of animals devouring one another, forms the chief, if not the only instance, in the works of the Deity ... in which the character of utility can be called in question." He defended predation as being a part of God's design by asserting that it was a solution to the problem of superfecundity; animals producing more offspring than can possibly survive. Paley also contended that venom is a merciful way for poisonous animals to kill the animals that they predate.

2085:, a historian and writer on animal ethics, argues that "if colonization is to be criticized, it is because, beyond the rhetoric, it was an enterprise of spoliation and exaction exercised with great cruelty". He also contends that writers who advocate for helping wild animals do not do so for their own benefit because they would have nothing to gain by helping these individuals. Lepeltier goes on to assert that the advocates for reducing wild animal suffering would be aware of their doubts about how best to help these individuals and that they would not act by considering them as rudimentary and simple to understand beings, contrary to the vision that the former colonizers had of colonized populations. 672:—which include species of worms, wasps, beetles and flies—kill their hosts, who are generally other invertebrates. Parasitoids specialize in attacking one particular species. Different methods are used by parasitoids to infect their hosts: laying their eggs on plants which are frequently visited by their host, laying their eggs on or close to the host's eggs or young and stinging adult hosts so that they are paralyzed, then laying their eggs near or on them. The larvae of parasitoids grow by feeding on the internal organs and bodily fluids of their hosts, which eventually leads to the death of their host when their organs have ceased to function, or they have lost all of their bodily fluids. 1875:

of intervention should be favored. Oscar Horta similarly writes that there are already many cases in which humans intervene in nature for other reasons, such as for human interest in nature and environmental preservation as something valuable in their own rights. Horta has also proposed that courses of action aiming at helping wild animals should be carried out and adequately monitored first in urban, suburban, industrial, or agricultural areas. Likewise, Jeff McMahan argues that since humans "are already causing massive, precipitate changes in the natural world", humans should favor those changes that would promote the survival "of herbivorous rather than carnivorous species". Philosopher

498:. More recently, starting in the 19th century, a number of writers have considered the subject from a secular standpoint as a general moral issue, that humans might be able to help prevent. There is considerable disagreement around taking such action, as many believe that human interventions in nature should not take place because of practicality, valuing ecological preservation over the well-being and interests of individual animals, considering any obligation to reduce wild animal suffering implied by animal rights to be absurd, or viewing nature as an idyllic place where happiness is widespread. Some have argued that such interventions would be an example of human 715: 1380:

the test of a sober examination. No one, either religious or irreligious, believes that the hurtful agencies of nature, considered as a whole, promote good purposes, in any other way than by inciting human rational creatures to rise up and struggle against them. ... Whatsoever, in nature, gives indication of beneficent design proves this beneficence to be armed only with limited power; and the duty of man is to cooperate with the beneficent powers, not by imitating, but by perpetually striving to amend, the course of nature—and bringing that part of it over which we can exercise control more nearly into conformity with a high standard of justice and goodness.

1568: 1866:, such as damaging ecosystems, interfering with human projects, or resulting in more animal deaths overall. Nicolas Delon and Duncan Purves argue that the "nature of ecosystems leaves us with no reason to predict that interventions would reduce, rather than exacerbate, suffering". Peter Singer has argued that intervention in nature would be justified if one could be reasonably confident that this would greatly reduce wild animal suffering and death in the long run. In practice, Singer cautions against interfering with ecosystems because he fears that doing so would cause more harm than good. 1355:, published posthumously in 1898, Leopardi asserted that predation is a leading example of the evil design of nature. In 1851, Schopenhauer commented on the vast amount of suffering in nature, drawing attention to the asymmetry between the pleasure experienced by a carnivorous animal and the suffering of the animal that they are consuming, stating: "Whoever wants summarily to test the assertion that the pleasure in the world outweighs the pain, or at any rate that the two balance each other, should compare the feelings of an animal that is devouring another with those of that other." 787:, a moral philosopher, asserts: "Wherever there is animal life, predators are stalking, chasing, capturing, killing, and devouring their prey. Agonized suffering and violent death are ubiquitous and continuous." Preyed upon animals die in a variety of different ways, with the time taking for them to die, which can be lengthy, depending on the method that the predatory animal uses to kill them; some animals are swallowed and digested while still being alive. Other preyed upon animals are paralysed with venom before being eaten; venom can also be used to start digesting the animal. 2050:, argue that humans should not perform large interventions to help animals in the wild. They assert that these interventions would be taking away their sovereignty by removing the ability for these animals to govern themselves. Christiane Bailey asserts that certain wild animals, especially prosocial animals, have sufficient criteria to be considered as moral agents, that is to say, individuals capable of making moral judgments and who have responsibilities. She argues that aiding them would be reducing wild animals to beings incapable of making decisions for themselves. 1041: 1554:", while Olivier gives consideration to the suffering of the individual animal being predated. He also asserted that if the environmentalists were themselves at risk of being predated, they wouldn't follow the "order of nature". Olivier concluded: "I don't want to turn the universe into a planned, man-made world. Synthetic food for foxes, contraception for hares, I only half like that. I have a problem that I do not know how to solve, and I am unlikely to find a solution, even theoretical, as long as I am (almost) alone looking for one." 59: 739:

problem in especially hot summers or cold winters. Extreme heat and lack of rainfall are also associated with suffering and increased mortality by increasing susceptibility to disease and causing vegetation that insects and other animals rely upon to dry out; this drying out can also make animals who rely on plants as hiding places more susceptible to predation. Amphibians who rely on moisture to breathe and stay cool may die when water sources dry up. Hot temperatures can cause fish to die by making it hard for them to breathe.

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It is always offset by homely platitudes about the balance of Nature, the good of the herd, and a sort of poor-man's secular theodicy on behalf of Mother Nature which reassures us that it's not so bad after all. ... That's a convenient lie. ... Lions kill their targets primarily by suffocation; which will last minutes. The wolf pack may start eating their prey while the victim is still conscious, though hamstrung. Sharks and the orca basically eat their prey alive; but in sections for the larger prey, notably seals.

2797:, the brother of Lewis Gompertz, in his 1813 poem "To the Thoughtless", criticizes the assertion that human consumption of other animals is justified because it is designed that way by nature, inviting the reader to imagine themselves being predated by an animal and to consider whether they would want to have their life saved, in the same way an animal being preyed upon—such as a fly attacked by a spider—would, despite predation being part of nature-given law. In the 1818 poem "Epistle to John Hamilton Reynolds", 1170:, written in the first half of the first millennium, categorises the different forms of suffering experienced by the animals living in the water, on the earth and in the sky and draws attention to certain animals who can be liberated from their suffering through consciousness. It stated: "There are those who— fearful of predation, of threats, beatings, cold, heat, and bad weather—if capable, disregard their trembling and, just for a moment, arouse a mind of faith towards the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha." 1415: 849: 1312:

their associates, uncontrolled by laws or by education, and acting as their strength alone dictates; without proper shelter from the inclemencies of the weather; without proper attention and medical or surgical aid in sickness; destitute frequently of fire, of candle-light, and (in man) also of clothing; without amusements or occupations, excepting a few, the chief of which are immediately necessary for their existence, and subject to all the ill consequences arising from the want of them.

2017:, and that these wildlife managers should instead focus on letting animals in the wild exist as they are, with no human predation, and to "carve out their own destiny". Aaltola similarly argues that predators should be left to flourish despite the suffering that they cause to the animals that they predate. Palmer endorses a variant of this position, which argues that humans may have an obligation to assist wild animals if humans are responsible for their situation. Hettinger argues for 2645:, in a speech, tells how he once observed a salmon being consumed alive by a mother otter and her children feeding on the salmon's eggs. He sarcastically describes "other and children dining upon mother and children" as one of "nature's wonders", using it as an example of how evil is "built into the very nature of the universe". This depiction of evil has been described as non-traditional because it expresses horror at the idea that evil has been designed as a feature of the universe. 389: 1450:, published in 1912, Moore critiqued the human conception of animals in the wild. He wrote: "Many of these non-human beings are so remote from human beings in language, appearance, interests, and ways of life, as to be nothing but 'wild animals.' These 'wild things' have, of course, no rights whatever in the eyes of men." Later in the book, he described them as independent beings who suffer and enjoy in the same way humans do and have their "own ends and justifications of life". 1846: 2105: 2847:' poems contain depictions of violence in nature, such as "The Bloody Sire": "What but the wolf’s tooth whittled so fine / The fleet limbs of the antelope? / What but fear winged the birds, and hunger / Jewelled with such eyes the great goshawk’s head? / Violence has been the sire of all the world's values." In his poem "Hurt Hawks", the narrator describes watching a once-strong and vigorous hawk that has been injured and now faces the grim fate of dying from starvation. 2134: 2030:

such as famine, a tsunami, or pneumonia, would be considered immoral. He concludes that if the only thing that is morally relevant is an individual's capacity to suffer, there is no relevant moral difference between humans and other animals suffering in these situations. In the same vein, Steve F. Sapontizis asserts: "When our interests or the interests of those we care for will be hurt, we do not recognize a moral obligation to 'let nature take its course'."

19074: 17306: 15392: 2428: 2679: 1100:, a physician and the grandfather of Charles Darwin, aimed to vindicate the goodness of God allowing the consumption of "lower" animals by "higher" ones, by asserting that "more pleasurable sensation exists in the world, as the organic matter is taken from a state of less irritability and less sensibility and converted into a greater"; he stated that this process secures the greatest happiness for sentient beings. Writing in response in 1894, 22: 638: 1765: 957: 877:, for a total of 10 wild animals. It has been estimated that there are 2.25 times more wild mammals than wild birds in Britain, but the authors of this estimate assert that this calculation would likely be a severe underestimate when applied to the number of individual wild mammals in other continents. A 2022 study estimated that there are 20 quadrillion individual ants across the world. 1279: 706:

eventually force them to leave these spaces; being in a weakened state, this makes them easier targets for predatory animals. Animals who remain hidden cannot move due to dehydration and may end up dying of thirst. When dehydration is combined with starvation, the process of dehydration can be accelerated. Diseases, such as chytridiomycosis, can also increase the risk of dehydration.

1977:. They are also sceptical of the competence of humans when it comes to making correct moral judgements, as well as human fallibility. Additionally, they contend that the moral stance of humans and moral agency can lead to the imposition of anthropocentric or paternalistic values on others. To support these claims, they use the history of human negative impacts on nature, including 1443:, which he identified as a product of natural selection that leads to the exploitation of other sentient beings. He described this phenomenon as a significant and unfortunate aspect of conscious life. Moore also speculated on whether an ordinary human, if sufficiently concerned with global welfare and given the opportunity, could make a meaningful improvement in this situation. 2550:. Thumbelina feels sorry for the bird and her companion the mole states: "What a wretched thing it is to be born a little bird. Thank goodness none of my children can be a bird, who has nothing but his 'chirp, chirp', and must starve to death when winter comes along." Thumbelina discovers that the swallow is not actually dead and manages to nurse them back to health. In " 665:

containing secretions that manipulate ants to act as bodyguards for protecting the caterpillar from parasites. It is rare that parasites directly cause the death of their host, rather, they may increase the chances of their host's death by other means; one meta-study found that mortality was 2.65 times higher in animals affected by parasites, than those that weren't.

1922:, an animal rights philosopher, has criticized this view, as well as the concept of nature, which he describes as an "ideological tool" that places humans in a superior position above other animals, who exist only to perform certain ecosystem functions, such as a rabbit being food for a wolf. Bonnardel compares this with the religious idea that a slaves exist 1250:

to a lack of food and would die as a result of disease and starvation. Buffon concluded that "violent deaths seem to be equally as necessary as natural ones; they are both modes of destruction and renovation; the one serves to preserve nature in a perpetual spring, and the other maintains the order of her productions, and limits the number of each species."

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suffer as a result of these harms, they do not conclude from this that wild animals have bad enough lives to imply that nature is not a happy place. Horta also contends that a romantic conception of nature has significant implications for attitudes people have towards animals in the wild, as holders of the view may oppose interventions to reduce suffering.

2835:, describes how originally the prince saw the "peace and plenty" of nature but upon closer inspection observed: "Life living upon death. So the fair show / Veiled one vast, savage, grim conspiracy / Of mutual murder, from the worm to man." It has been asserted that the Darwinian struggle depicted in the poem comes more from Arnold than Buddhist tradition. 7104:

in his more daring and vivid moments, he comes to comprehend the real character and condition of the world ... and cannot help wondering whether an ordinary human being with only common-sense and insight and an average concern for the welfare of the world would not make a great improvement in terrestrial affairs if he only had the opportunity for a while.

1123:, a parasitoid wasp family, the larvae of which feed internally on the living bodies of caterpillars. In his autobiography, published in 1887, Darwin described a feeling of revolt at the idea that God's benevolence is limited, stating that "for what advantage can there be in the sufferings of millions of the lower animals throughout almost endless time?" 1006:

is more suffering than enjoyment in nature; the paper concludes that the rate of failure to reproduce can either enhance or detract from average welfare depending on additional characteristics of a species and implies that for organisms with more intense conscious experiences, the balance between enjoyment and suffering may tend more towards suffering.

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such as strengthening courage and sympathy among animals; and (2) compensating for the suffering of animals after death. According to this theodicy, the justification for animal suffering lies in the presence of certain benefits derived from such experiences. Additionally, the theory posits that the pain endured by animals will be compensated on the

1265:, published between 1784 and 1791, argued that animals exist in a state of constant striving, needing to provide for their own subsistence and to defend their lives. He contended that nature ensured peace in creation by creating an equilibrium of animals with different instincts and belonging to different species who live opposed to each other. 2783:, published posthumously in 1803, observes the struggle for existence, describing how different animals feed upon each other. He wrote "The towering eagle, darting from above, / Unfeeling rends the inoffensive dove ... Nor spares, enamour'd of his radiant form, / The hungry nightingale the glowing worm", and how parasitic animals, like 1321:, Gompertz compared the suffering of animals in the wild to the suffering inflicted by humans, stating: "Much as animals suffer in a natural state, much more do they seem to suffer when under the dominion of the generality of men. What suffering in the former can be supposed to equal the constant torture of a hackney-coach horse?" 2360:

suffering)". Such research is intended to promote concern for animal suffering in the wild and to establish effective actions that can be undertaken to help these individuals in the future. The organizations Animal Ethics and Wild Animal Initiative promote the establishment of welfare biology as a field of research.

2821:", Tennyson described nature as irredeemable because of the theft and predation it intrinsically contains: "For nature is one with rapine, a harm no preacher can heal; / The Mayfly is torn by the swallow, the sparrow spear'd by the shrike, / And the whole little wood where I sit is a world of plunder and prey." 7103:

Inhumanity is everywhere. The whole planet is steeped in it. Every creature faces an inhospitable universeful, and every life is a campaign. It has all come about as a result of the mindless and inhuman manner in which life has been developed on the earth ... one cannot help thinking sometimes, when,

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how one evening he was by the ocean, when he saw "Too far into the sea; where every maw / The greater on the less feeds evermore", and observes that there exists an "eternal fierce destruction" at the core of the world: "The Shark at savage prey — the hawk at pounce, — / The gentle Robin, like a Pard

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laments the cruelty of nature, observing how ravens cry out but do not receive pity, and how sparrows and robins starve to death in the winter. Enion also mourns how wolves and lions reproduce in a state of love, then abandon their young to the wilds and how a spider labours to create a web, awaiting

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The question of whether wildlife documentary filmmakers should intervene to help animals is a topic of much debate. It has been described as a "golden rule" of such filmmaking to observe animals but not intervene. The rule is occasionally broken, with BBC documentary crews rescuing some stranded baby

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asserts that humans continually "affect the habitats of animals, determining opportunities for nutrition, free movement, and other aspects of flourishing", and contends that the pervasive human involvement in natural processes means that humans have a moral responsibility to help individuals affected

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season, which in turn leads to the breeding of parasites under their skin, further adding to their misery. Later in the book, he described predation as necessary to prevent the superabundance of animals who produce vast numbers of offspring, who if not killed would have their fecundity diminished due

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The total amount of suffering per year in the natural world is beyond all decent contemplation. During the minute that it takes me to compose this sentence, thousands of animals are being eaten alive, many others are running for their lives, whimpering with fear, others are slowly being devoured from

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has been criticized for inaccurately portraying a world where predation and death are no longer emphasized, creating a "fantasy of nature cleansed of the traumas and difficulties that may trouble children and that adults prefer to avoid". The film version has also been criticized for unrealistically

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Clare Palmer asserts that even when wildlife documentaries contain vivid images of wild animal suffering, they do not motivate a moral or practical response in the way that companion animals, such as dogs or cats, suffering in similar situations would and most people instinctively adopt the position

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Nature documentaries are mostly travesties of real life. They entertain and edify us with evocative mood-music and travelogue-style voice-overs. They impose significance and narrative structure on life's messiness. Wildlife shows have their sad moments, for sure. Yet suffering never lasts very long.

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It is contended that wildlife documentaries present nature as a spectacle to be passively consumed by viewers, as well as a sacred and unique place that needs protection. Additionally, attention is drawn to how hardships that are experienced by animals are portrayed in a way that give the impression

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that specialise in living in environments which could be most affected by climate change; this could then lead to replacement by individuals belonging to more generalist species. It has also been asserted that the indirect impact of climate change on wild animal suffering will be whether it leads to

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argues that many wild animals may have net negative lives (experiencing more pain than pleasure) even in the absence of human activity. Fischer argues that if many animals have net negative lives, then what is good for the animal, as an individual, may not be good for its species, other species, the

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The idyllic view of nature is described as the widely-held view that happiness in nature is widespread. Oscar Horta argues that even though many people are aware of the harms that animals in the wild experience, such as predation, starvation and disease, as well as recognizing that these animals may

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wrote that "wilderness has virtue unto itself and needs no extraneous justification". Joshua Duclos describes the moral argument against preserving wilderness because of the suffering experienced by wild animals who live in them as the "objection from welfare". Jack Walker argues that the "intrinsic

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cites examples of animal species whose extinction is not generally regarded as having been on balance bad for the world. Cowen also observes that insofar as humans are already intervening in nature, the relevant practical question is not whether there should be intervention but what particular forms

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Oscar Horta argues that it is a mistaken perception that the animal rights position implies a respect for natural processes because of the assumption that animals in the wild live easy and happy lives, when in reality, they live short and painful lives full of suffering. It has also been argued that

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focused an entire chapter on the plight of wild animals, "The Case of Wild Animals". Salt wrote that the rights of animals should not be dependent on the rights of being property and that sympathy and protection should be extended to non-owned animals too. He also argued that humans are justified in

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Gompertz argued that as much as animals suffer in the wild, they suffer much more at the hands of humans because, in their natural state, they have the capacity to also experience periods of much enjoyment. Additionally, he contended that if he was to encounter a situation where an animal was eating

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can lead to welfare outcomes that are worse than necessary for a given population equilibrium. A 2019 follow-up paper, by Ng and Zach Groff, challenged the conclusions of Ng's original paper, asserting that subsequent analysis reveals an error in Ng's model, resulting in ambiguity over whether there

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relative to domestic animals; additionally, unlike domestic animals, wild animals do not have their needs provided for them by human caretakers. Sources of stress for these individuals include illness and infection, predation avoidance, nutritional stress and social interactions; these stressors can

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There are various definitions of speciesism in circulation in the academic literature and beyond. Some authors treat speciesism as an unjustified position by definition. This is problematic, however, since the defensibility of speciesism is subject to substantive debate. A more fruitful approach is

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golden retriever, observes that humans observe nature from an ecologically aesthetic perspective which disregards the suffering of the individuals who inhabit "healthy" ecosystems; Albert also asserts that it is a taboo in the animal rights movement that the majority of the suffering experienced by

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compares the hardship experienced by animals in winter to the suffering experienced by poor humans, stating: "For birds and animals, as for poor men, winter is another matter. Rabbits, like most wild animals, suffer hardship." Adams also describes rabbits as being more susceptible to disease in the

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view does not hold up. Similarly, Steven Nadler argues that it is morally wrong to refuse help to animals in the wild regardless of whether humans are indirectly or directly responsible for their suffering, as the same arguments used to decline aid to humans who were suffering due to natural harms,

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Critics of this position, such as Beril Sözmen, argue that human negative impacts are not inevitable and that, until recently, interventions were not undertaken with the goal of improving the well-being of individual animals in the wild. Furthermore, she contends that such examples of anthropogenic

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argues that climate change means that "the scope of actions that are proscribed – and, especially, prescribed – by a consideration of animal suffering should be broadened". Nadler goes further, asserting that humans have a moral obligation to help individual animals suffering in the wild regardless

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Oscar Horta asserts that humans are constantly intervening in nature, in significant ways, to further human interests, such as furthering environmentalist ideals. He criticizes how interventions are considered to be realistic, safe, or acceptable when their aims favor humans but not when they focus

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launched a Wild Animal Welfare Program to research and host events exploring how human activity and environmental changes impact wild animal welfare. The program aims to improve understanding of how humans can improve their interactions with wild animals and includes research in natural, social and

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In sober truth, nearly all the things which men are hanged or imprisoned for doing to one another, are nature's every day performances. ... The phrases which ascribe perfection to the course of nature can only be considered as the exaggerations of poetic or devotional feeling, not intended to stand

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Various solutions for animal suffering have been presented in Islamic philosophy and theology. One proposed solution to address this issue, suggested by Shia theologians, asserts that two conditions together can justify animal suffering: (1) the existence of some basic benefits in animal suffering,

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Fires, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, floods and other natural disasters are sources of extensive short- and long-term harm for wild animals, causing death, injury, illness and malnutrition, as well as poisoning by contaminating food and water sources. Such disasters

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or cold weather; and natural disasters. Such injuries may be extremely painful, which can lead to behaviors which further negatively affect the well-being of the injured animal. Injuries can also make animals susceptible to diseases and other injuries, as well as parasitic infections. Additionally,

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for studying the welfare of animals, with a particular focus on their relationship with natural ecosystems. It was first advanced in 1995 by Yew-Kwang Ng, who defined it as "the study of living things and their environment with respect to their welfare (defined as net happiness, or enjoyment minus

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Philosopher Jeff Sebo argues that animals in the wild suffer as a result of natural processes, as well as human-caused harms. He asserts that climate change is making existing harms more severe and creating new harms for these individuals. From this, he concludes that there are two reasons to help

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In the wild, plagues of excess population are a rarity. The seas are not crowded with sunfish; the ponds are not brimming with toads; elephants do not stand shoulder to shoulder over the land. With few exceptions, animal populations are remarkably stable. On average, of each pair's offspring, only

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is particularly linked with winter weather due to low temperatures, lack of food and bodies of water where animals live, such as frogs, freezing over; a study on cottontail rabbits indicates that only 32% of them survive the winter. Fluctuating environmental conditions in the winter months is also

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Advocates of such interventions argue that animal rights and welfare positions imply an obligation to help animals suffering in the wild due to natural processes. Some have asserted that refusing to help animals in situations where humans would consider it wrong not to help humans is an example of

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oth of them being miserably subject to almost every evil, destitute of the means of palliating them; living in the continual apprehension of immediate starvation, of destruction by their enemies, which swarm around them; of receiving dreadful injuries from the revengeful and malicious feelings of

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Indeed, precisely the order that exists in the world, and seeing that evil is in this order, that such order cannot exist without evil, makes the existence of the latter inconceivable. Animals destined for the nourishment of other species. The inborn envy and hatred of living beings toward their

2153:, a Hindu sect founded in the 15th century, have a tradition of feeding wild animals. Some Bishnoi temples also act as rescue centres, where priests take care of injured animals; a few of these individuals are returned to the wild, while others remain, roaming freely in the temple compounds. The 2024:

Catia Faria argues that following the principle that humans should only help individuals when they are being harmed by humans, rather than by natural processes, would also mean refusing to help humans and companion animals when they suffer due to natural processes; this implication does not seem

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defend their right to be and flourish as they are; and animal rights advocates defending the reduction of wildlife habitats or arguing against their expansion out of concern that most animal suffering takes place within them, while environmentalists want to safeguard and expand them. Oscar Horta

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argued that animals in the wild die as a result of violence, decay, disease, starvation, and malnutrition, and that they exist in a state of suffering and misery; their suffering unaided by their fellow animals. He compared this to humans, who even when they cannot relieve the suffering of their

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Deaths of large numbers of animals—particularly cold-blooded ones such as amphibians, reptiles, fishes and invertebrates—can take place as a result of temperature fluctuations, with young animals being particularly susceptible. Temperature may not be a problem for parts of the year, but can be a

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is one example. Some parasites have the capacity to manipulate the cognitive function of their hosts, such as worms which make crickets kill themselves by directing them to drown themselves in water for the purpose of reproduction in an aquatic environment, as well as caterpillars using dopamine

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It has been argued that the environmentalist goal of preserving certain abstract entities, such as species and ecosystems, and a policy of non-interference in regard to natural processes is incompatible with animal rights views, which place the welfare and interests of individual animals at the

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was critical of this view; he argued that because animals are not moral agents, in the sense of being morally responsible for their actions, they cannot violate each other's rights. Based on this, he concluded that humans do not need to concern themselves with preventing suffering of this kind,

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critiqued what he termed the "cult of nature" of contemporary and historical attitudes of indifference towards suffering in nature. He argued that humans should confront the reality of the wilderness, including disturbing natural processes—when feasible—to relieve suffering. In his 1993 article

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principle; the principle of favoring the "higher animals", which are most similar to ourselves; the principle of "harmonious association", whereby humans and animals in the wild could live symbiotically, with each providing benefits to the other and individuals who disrupt this harmony, such as

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are known to kill thousands of birds. Certain weather conditions may maintain large numbers of individuals over many generations; such conditions, while conducive to survival, may still cause suffering for animals. Humidity or lack thereof can be beneficial or harmful depending on an individual

688:

Starvation and malnutrition particularly affect young, old, sick and weak animals, and can be caused by injury, disease, poor teeth and environmental conditions, with winter being particularly associated with an increased risk. It is argued that because food availability limits the size of wild

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Some theorists have reflected on whether the harms animals suffer in the wild should be accepted or if something should be done to mitigate them. The moral basis for interventions aimed at reducing wild animal suffering can be rights or welfare based. Advocates of such interventions argue that

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was founded in 2020 with the intention of helping wild animals suffering in natural disasters. Jamie Payton, who works for the network, challenges the view that wild animals in disasters situations manage best when left alone, stating: "Without human interference, these animals will suffer and

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also researches wild animal suffering and advocates on behalf of wild animals, among other populations. Rethink Priorities is a research organization which, among other topics, has conducted research on wild animal suffering, particularly around invertebrate sentience and invertebrate welfare.

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In 2009, essayist Brian Tomasik authored "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering", where he argued that the number of wild animals far exceeds the number of non-human animals under human control. Tomasik posits that animal advocates should promote concern for the suffering of animals in their

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Dehydration is associated with high mortality in wild animals. Drought can cause many animals in larger populations to die of thirst. Thirst can also expose animals to an increased risk of being preyed upon; they may remain hidden in safe spaces to avoid this. However, their need for water may

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who saw it as necessary human progress for "backward peoples", and the idea which inspires writers who argue for reforming nature in the interest of wild animals: the proponents of the two positions consider that they have the right and the duty, because of their superior skills, to model the

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Predation has been considered a moral problem by some philosophers, who argue that humans have an obligation to prevent it, while others argue that intervention is not ethically required. Others have argued that humans should not do anything about it right now because there is a chance it may

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animals in the wild—who produce large numbers of offspring, with a low amount of parental care, and of which only a small number, in a stable population, will survive to adulthood—indicates that the average life of these individuals is likely to be very short and end in a painful death. The

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Based on some of these estimates, it has been argued that the number of individual wild animals in existence is considerably higher, by an order of magnitude, than the number of animals humans kill for food each year, with individuals in the wild making up over 99% of all sentient beings in

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turtles in 2016 and rescuing a group of penguins trapped in a ravine in 2018; the latter decision was defended by other wildlife documentary filmmakers. Filmmakers following the rule have been criticized for filming dying animals, such as an elephant dying of thirst, without helping them.

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that wild animals, through adaptive processes, are able to overcome these sources of harm. The development of such adaptive traits takes place over a number of generations of individuals who will likely experience much suffering and hardship in their lives, while passing down their genes.

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It has been argued that in the future, based on research, feasibility and whether interventions could be carried out without increasing suffering overall, existing forms of assistance for wild animals could be employed on a larger scale to reduce suffering. Technological proposals include

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responded to a question on whether humans have a moral obligation to prevent predation, arguing that intervening in this way may cause more suffering in the long-term but asserting that he would support actions if the long-term outcome was positive. In 1979, the animal rights philosopher

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argues that, unlike Western and Judeo-Christian views, Eastern perspectives, such as Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism, "all hold that the natural world is filled with suffering, that suffering is bad for all who endure it, and that our ultimate aim should be to bring suffering to an end."

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within by rasping parasites, thousands of all kinds are dying of starvation, thirst, and disease. It must be so. If there ever is a time of plenty, this very fact will automatically lead to an increase in the population until the natural state of starvation and misery is restored.

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teacher, described animals in the ocean as experiencing "immense suffering", as a result of predation, as well as parasites burrowing inside them and eating them alive. He also described animals on land as existing in a state of continuous fear and of killing and being killed.

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conceptualises the psychological impact that the fear of predatory animals can have on the individuals that they predate, such as altering their behavior and reducing their survival chances. Fear-inducing interactions with predators may cause lasting effects on behavior and

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proved that all creatures exist in a state of eternal war and uses predation by different animals as evidence of this. He wrote: "A Whale of moderate Size will draw / A Shole of Herrings down his Maw. / A Fox with Geese his Belly crams; / A Wolf destroys a thousand Lambs."

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portrays a world where predation and death are continuous: a sick young hare is killed by crows, a pheasant and a duck are killed by foxes, a mouse is killed by an owl and a squirrel describes how their family members were killed by predators. The 1942 Disney adaptation of

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non-intervention is inconsistent with either of these approaches. From a rights-based perspective, if animals have a moral right to life or bodily integrity, intervention may be required to prevent such rights from being violated by other animals. Animal rights philosopher

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Pearce argues, through analogy, how the idea of intelligent aliens creating stylised portrayals of human deaths for popular entertainment would be considered abhorrent; he asserts that, in reality, this is the role that humans play when creating wildlife documentaries.

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Weather has a strong influence on the health and survival of wild animals. Weather phenomena such as heavy snow, flooding and droughts can directly harm animals and indirectly harm them by increasing the risks of other forms of suffering, such as starvation and disease.

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Oscar Horta emphasizes the fact that although some individuals may form sovereign groups, the vast majority of wild animals are either solitary or re-selectors, whose population size varies greatly from year to year. He contends that most of their interactions would be

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suggests that while humans should not eliminate predators in nature, they can intervene to help prey in more limited ways. In the same way that humans help humans in need when the cost is small, humans might help some wild animals at least in limited circumstances.

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unwittingly cause serious harm but that with better information and technology, it could be possible to take meaningful action in the future. An obligation to prevent predation has been considered untenable or absurd by some writers, who have used the position as a

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to distinguish the descriptive concept of speciesism from its normative evaluation. Here, and in what follows, I will adopt Singer's definition, according to which speciesism involves the preferential consideration of the interests of members of one's own species.

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animals to prevent disease, taking care of orphaned animals, rescuing animals who are trapped, or in natural disasters, taking care of the needs of animals who are starving or thirsty, sheltering animals who are suffering due to weather conditions, and using

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The number of individual animals in the wild is relatively unexplored in the scientific literature and estimates vary considerably. An analysis, undertaken in 2018, estimates (not including wild mammals) that there are 10 fish, 10 wild birds, 10 terrestrial

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perspective that since most wild animals lead lives filled with suffering, habitat loss should be encouraged rather than opposed. Tyler M. John and Jeff Sebo have criticized this position, terming it the "Logic of the Logger", based on the concept of the

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by redirecting their host's resources to themselves, destroying their host's tissue and increasing their host's susceptibility to predation. As a result, parasites may reduce the movement, reproduction and survival of their hosts. Parasites can alter the

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In response to arguments for the moral and political importance of wild animal suffering, a number of organizations have been created to research and address the issue. Two of these, Utility Farm and Wild-Animal Suffering Research merged in 2019 to form

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acceptable to most people, and she asserts that there are strong reasons to help these individuals when humans have capacity to do so. Faria argues that there is an obligation to help animals in the wild suffering in similar situations, and thus the

2535:, published in 1851, describes the sea as a place of "universal cannibalism", where "creatures prey upon each other, carrying on eternal war since the world began"; this is illustrated by a later scene depicting sharks consuming their own entrails. 996:

According to this view, the lives of the majority of animals in the wild likely contain more suffering than happiness, since a painful death would outweigh any short-lived moments of happiness experienced in their short lives. Welfare economist

1498:, published "The Rights of Wild Things", in which he argued that humans should protect animals in the wild from particularly large dangers, but that humans do not have an obligation to regulate all of their relationships. The following year, 487:, which favor producing large numbers of offspring, with a low amount of parental care and of which only a small number survive to adulthood, the rest dying in painful ways, has led some to argue that suffering dominates happiness in nature. 761:

can also alter the physical environment of individual animals in ways which are harmful to them; fires and large volcanic eruptions can affect the weather and marine animals may die due to disasters affecting water temperature and salinity.

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as an animal is regarded as evil because of the different forms of suffering that animals experience due to humans and natural processes. Buddhists may also regard the suffering experienced by animals in nature as evidence for the truth of

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animal populations, that this means that a huge number of individuals die as a result of starvation; such deaths are described as prolonged and marked by extreme distress as the animal's bodily functions shut down. Within days of hatching,

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an increase or decrease of individuals being born into lives where they suffer and die shortly after coming into existence, with a large number of factors needing to be taken into consideration and requiring further study to assess this.

2754:", published in 1756, arguing: "Elements, animals, humans, everything is at war." Voltaire also asserts that "all animals condemned to live, / All sentient things, born by the same stern law, / Suffer like me, and like me also die." In 1823:

by our actions. She also argues that humans may have the capacity to help animals suffering due to entirely natural processes, such as diseases and natural disasters, and asserts that way may have duties to provide care in these cases.

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In 2002, the Australian government authorized the killing of 15,000, out of 100,000, kangaroos who were trapped in a fenced-in national military base and suffering in a state of illness, misery and starvation. In 2016, 350 starving

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animals is due to natural processes and that "ny proposal for remedying this situation is bound to sound utopian, but my dream is that one day the sun will rise on Earth and all sentient creatures will greet the new day with joy".

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center of concern. Examples include environmentalists supporting hunting for species population control, while animal rights advocates oppose it; animal rights advocates arguing for the extinction or reengineering of carnivores or

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natural habitats. He also highlights the potential for human descendants to vastly increase wild animal suffering if they chose to multiply rather than mitigate it. A revised version of the essay was published in the 2015 journal

1985:, as well as climate change. From this, they conclude that the best way that humans can help animals in the wild is through the preservation of larger wilderness areas and by reducing the human sphere of influence on nature. 1104:, a linguist and early advocate for animal rights, argued that evolution, which regards the antagonism between animals purely as events within the context of a "universal struggle for existence", has disregarded this kind of 1063:

described the suffering experienced by animals in the wild due to predation and reproduction, questioning: "Why did nature not ordain that one animal should not live by the death of another?" In his 1779 posthumous work

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Other authors dispute Singer's empirical claim about the likely consequences of intervening in the natural world and argue that some types of intervention can be expected to produce good consequences overall. Economist

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in amphibians. Diseases, combined with parasitism, "may induce listlessness, shivering, ulcers, pneumonia, starvation, violent behavior, or other gruesome symptoms over the course of days or weeks leading up to death."

1222:. On that day, animals will attain heavenly blessings as a form of recompense for their previous sufferings, morally justifying overall animal suffering. This theodicy embraces the notion of an afterlife for animals. 1074:

described the antagonism inflicted by animals upon each other and the psychological impact experienced by the victims, observing: "The stronger prey upon the weaker, and keep them in perpetual terror and anxiety."

1861:

would make it difficult to know whether or not an intervention would be net beneficial on balance. Aaron Simmons argues that humans should not intervene to save animals in nature because doing so would result in

1462:, a naturalist and writer, explored five ethical principles that humans could follow when considering their relationship with animals in the wild, including the principle of only considering human interests; the 2722:

wrote of the kindness of giving water to birds and speculated whether there was a future existence where innocent animals would experience happiness to remedy the suffering they experience in this world. In the

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changes in the brains of animals in the wild. These interactions can also cause a spike in stress hormones, such as cortisol, which can increase the risk of both the individual's death and their offspring.

1852:

argues that, in theory, intervention would be justified if one could be reasonably assured that this would greatly reduce wild animal suffering in the long term; he cautions against such interventions in

1307:, in which he advocated for an egalitarian view towards animals and aiding animals suffering in the wild. Gompertz asserted that humans and animals in their natural state both suffer similarly. He wrote: 1961:

climate, or the preservation of biodiversity; for example, some animals may have to have their populations massively reduced and controlled and some species, such as parasites or predators, eliminated.

1657: 479:. Some estimates indicate that these individual animals make up the vast majority of animals in existence. An extensive amount of natural suffering has been described as an unavoidable consequence of 1080: 1059:

The idea that suffering is common in nature has been observed by several writers historically who engaged with the problem of evil. In his notebooks (written between 1487 and 1505), Italian polymath

9955: 6477: 2711:, the poet writes of a swallow feeding a grasshopper to its young, remarking that "wilt not quickly cast it loose? for it is not right nor just that singers should perish by singers' mouths." 1586:, as part of a special issue titled "Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature", which featured various contributions on the topic. A follow-up issue on the topic was released in 2022. 2817:", which contained the expression "Nature, red in tooth and claw"; this phrase has since become commonly used as a shorthand to refer to the extent of suffering in nature. In his 1855 poem " 7758: 2554:", the bitter winter cold causes the duckling to become frozen in an icy pond; the duckling is rescued by a farmer who breaks the ice and takes the duckling to his home to be resuscitated. 1535:

argued that from an antispeciesist perspective, humans should aid animals suffering in the wild, as long as a greater harm is not inflicted overall. In 1991, the environmental philosopher

15930: 11010: 10130: 1602:, advocates for reducing wild animal suffering, particularly through the reduction of predation. Following criticism, McMahan responded with another essay, "Predators: A Response". 17274: 1713:

succumb, due not only to their injuries but also to the loss of food, water and habitat. It is our obligation to provide the missing link for the wildlife that share our home."

2703:, employs the simile of a stag who, as a victim, is wounded by a human hunter and is then devoured by jackals, who themselves are frightened away by a scavenging lion. In the 1115:, Charles Darwin remarked sarcastically on the cruelty and wastefulness of nature, describing it as something that a "Devil's chaplain" could write about. Writing in 1860, to 2600:, describes nature as "ruthless, hideous, and cruel beyond belief" and observes that the lives of insects are "sustained only by intricate processes of fantastic horror". In 1391: 1349:, Leopardi used images of animal predation, which he dismissed as having inherent value, to symbolize nature's cycles of creation and destruction. Writing in his notebooks, 9877: 1721:

humanities sciences. The team conducts outreach to academics, advocates, policymakers and the public. The program is led by Becca Franks and Jeff Sebo, and also includes

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view, which holds that humans should not harm animals in the wild, but do not have an obligation to aid these individuals when in need, has been defended by Tom Regan,

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argues that there are instances where environmentalists and animal rights advocates may both support approaches that would consequently reduce wild animal suffering.

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and advocate for technological solutions for reducing the suffering of wild animals, is highly critical of how wildlife documentaries, which he refers to as "animal

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in 2025, a collection of essays from various scholars aimed at advancing interventionist approaches to wild animal suffering through diverse theoretical frameworks.

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value of wildness cannot be used to oppose large-scale interventions to reduce ". Joshua Duclos observes that wilderness is given intrinsic value of from a narrow

1797:

Some writers have argued that humans refusing to aid animals suffering in the wild, when they would help humans suffering in a similar situation, is an example of

604:

Poor health may dispose wild animals to increased risk of infection, which in turn reduces the health of the animal, further increasing the risk of infection. The

180: 2066:. Horta concludes that the majority of animals in the wild would not form sovereign communities if humans use the criteria established by Donaldson and Kymlicka. 10172: 7468: 2316:

into areas where they have previously gone extinct, arranging the gradual extinction of carnivorous species, and "reprogramming" them to become herbivores using

1343:

cited the suffering of animals in the wild as evidence to support their pessimistic worldviews. In his 1824 work "Dialogue between Nature and an Icelander" from

540: 648:

Many wild animals, particularly larger ones, have been found to be infected with at least one parasite. Parasites can negatively affect the well-being of their

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It has been argued that animals in the wild do not appear to be happier than domestic animals, based on findings that these individuals have greater levels of

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on helping wild animals. He argues that humans should shift the aim of these interventions to consider the interests of sentient beings; not just humans.

1421:

speculated whether a sufficiently sympathetic human, if only given the chance, could significantly improve the situation of animals suffering in the wild.

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A common objection to intervening in nature is that it would be impractical, either because of the amount of work involved or because the complexity of

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Natural History: Containing a Theory of the Earth, a General History of Man, of the Brute Creation, and of Vegetables, Minerals, &c. &c. &c

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Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity. Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity

9810: 8583: 11507: 11486: 10526: 2320:. With predation due to cats and dogs, it has been recommended that these companion animals should always be sterilized to prevent the existence of 1827:

individual animals in the wild, arguing that "they are suffering and dying, and we are either partly or wholly responsible". Similarly, philosopher

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It has been argued that climate change may have a large direct impact on a number of animals, with the largest effect on individuals who belong to

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position, which argues that humans should not harm wild animals but that humans should not intervene to reduce natural harms that they experience.

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From this, Dawkins concludes that the natural world must necessarily contain enormous amounts of animal suffering as an inevitable consequence of

14943: 12153: 1655:, the first thesis of its kind to argue that humans have an obligation to help animals in the wild. She expanded on this topic in her 2022 book, 419: 4178: 2435:

in Botswana; it is argued that wildlife documentaries commonly focus on encounters between individuals, such as these, who are considered to be

2013:, Clare Palmer, and Ned Hettinger. Regan argued that the suffering animals inflict on each other should not be a concern of ethically motivated 1522:. Callicott concluded that intractable differences exist between the two ethical positions when it comes to the issue of wild animal suffering. 16997: 10331: 629:

the affected animal may find it harder to eat and drink and struggle to escape from predators and attacks from other members of their species.

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starvation, whereby the motion of fluids in their environment limits their ability to feed; this can lead to mortality of greater than 99%.

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holds that infection can lead some animals to focus their limited remaining resources on increasing the number of offspring they produce.

17251: 16532: 15795: 14618: 14562: 12003: 11436: 5981: 2584:, with Bambi's life undisturbed by many of the harms routinely experienced by his real-life counterparts, such as starvation, predation, 1571:

Brian Tomasik argues that animal advocates should promote concern for wild animal suffering and highlights the risk of human descendants

9747: 17390: 15965: 15860: 14289: 10795: 10738: 4036: 2312:

When it comes to reducing suffering as a result of predation, propositions include removing predators from wild areas, refraining from

1502:, an environmental ethicist, published "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair", in which he compared the ethical underpinnings of the 11151: 8224:

Everett, Jennifer (2001). "Environmental Ethics, Animal Welfarism, and the Problem of Predation: A Bambi Lover's Respect for Nature".

6454: 5689: 5307:"Over-winter survival in subadult European rabbits: weather effects, density dependence, and the impact of individual characteristics" 1550:

argued that he is opposed to environmentalists because they consider predation to be good because of the preservation of species and "

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Several researchers and non-profit organizations have raised concern that human civilization may cause wild animal suffering outside

1751:

to reject the concept of animal rights altogether. Others have argued that attempting to reduce it would be environmentally harmful.

9587: 8405:"Why Animal Welfare Is Not Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, or Human Welfare: Toward a More Complete Assessment of Climate Impacts" 7057: 7053: 7049: 17567: 17209: 15432: 15058: 14823: 13080: 12631: 1245:

described wild animals as suffering much want in the winter, focusing specifically on the plight of stags who are exhausted by the

5156: 2729:, he included a poem addressed to the wolf, who "if he were conscious of his bloodguiltiness, would rather have remained unborn." 2116:

Existing ways that individual animals suffering in the wild are aided include providing medical care to sick and injured animals,

1475:, ahimsa, and harmonious association approaches as the way to create the ultimate harmony between humans and animals in the wild. 18875: 17647: 16221: 15925: 12671: 12573: 783:

Predation has been described as the act of one animal capturing and killing another animal to consume part or all of their body.

11983: 11840: 11528: 915:, wherein he argued that wild animal suffering must be extensive due to the interplay of the following evolutionary mechanisms: 15780: 15571: 12748: 5031: 2751: 2542:

contain depictions of the suffering of animals due to natural processes and their rescues by humans. The titular character in "

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Pedatella, Stefan (March 1, 2009). "Images of Animal Predation in Giacomo Leopardi's Dialogo della Natura e di un Islandese".

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Beldomenico, Pablo M; Telfer, Sandra; Gebert, Stephanie; Lukomski, Lukasz; Bennett, Malcolm; Begon, Michael (August 7, 2008).

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Zanette, Liana Y.; Hobbs, Emma C.; Witterick, Lauren E.; MacDougall-Shackleton, Scott A.; Clinchy, Michael (August 7, 2019).

5433: 4325: 4284: 3993: 3589:"If Natural Entities Have Intrinsic Value, Should We Then Abstain from Helping Animals Who Are Victims of Natural Processes?" 3107: 2074:

Estiva Reus asserts that a comparison exists, from a certain perspective, between the spirit which animated the defenders of

1317:

another, that he would intervene to help the animal being attacked, even if "this might probably be wrong". In his 1852 book

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Rescues of multiple animals in the wild have taken place. In 1988, the United States and Soviet governments collaborated in

15870: 14690: 14229: 12977: 9086: 7800: 6208: 4092: 1683:, arguing for moral consideration and assistance for animals suffering from natural processes. Johannsen is set to publish 12115: 10267: 10011: 7137: 4513:"Disease and the Extended Phenotype: Parasites Control Host Performance and Survival through Induced Changes in Body Plan" 4447: 2157:

leave out water overnight for wild animals to drink because they believe that the animals have a right to drinking water.

1626:'s article "The wild frontier of animal welfare", which examines the perspectives of various philosophers and scientists. 1108:

and ended "teleological attempts to infer from the nature and operations of creation the moral character of the Creator".

18891: 17562: 17233: 16857: 15835: 15114: 13324: 12273: 12146: 10587: 10198: 8836:

Faria, Catia; Paez, Eze (July 1, 2019). "It's Splitsville: Why Animal Ethics and Environmental Ethics Are Incompatible".

1969:

Some writers have argued that interventions to reduce wild animal suffering would be an example of arrogance, hubris, or

1119:, Darwin asserted that he could not reconcile an omnibenevolent and omnipotent God with the intentional existence of the 890: 412: 10965: 7705: 6896: 5864: 4400:"Amphibians with infectious disease increase their reproductive effort: evidence for the terminal investment hypothesis" 3555:"The Case for Intervention in Nature on Behalf of Animals: A Critical Review of the Main Arguments against Intervention" 15239: 14582: 14492: 10675: 8697: 8139: 7882: 6744: 6069: 5596: 5397: 3369: 3314: 3254: 3211: 1582: 10888: 4681: 4067: 1401:

killing wild animals in self-defense but that neither unnecessary killing nor torturing harmless beings is justified.

1031: 1015: 934:– even bountiful periods within a given ecosystem eventually lead to overpopulation and subsequent population crashes. 506:, and use examples of how human interventions, for other reasons, have unintentionally caused harm. Others, including 17991: 16457: 15905: 15307: 14783: 14743: 14666: 14623: 14477: 14402: 13881: 12636: 12626: 10224: 9529: 9043: 8934: 7778: 7731: 7022: 3483: 3235: 1670: 10225:"The Ethics of the Ecology of Fear against the Nonspeciesist Paradigm A Shift in the Aims of Intervention in Nature" 8404: 4473: 266: 17903: 17662: 17400: 17335: 16982: 16322: 15631: 14951: 14602: 14432: 14259: 13334: 13329: 12759: 9311: 6607: 2509: 2313: 1540:"Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" ("Why I Am Not An Environmentalist"), published in the antispeciesist journal 1209:

Hindu literature has been described as holding the lives and welfare of wild animals as equal with that of humans.

11951: 11661: 10446: 9458: 7596: 17804: 17572: 17291: 14919: 14672: 14557: 13771: 13357: 13252: 10662: 10527:

https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/DN8WceuyKDqN3m4Jd/persis-eskander-crucial-considerations-in-wild-animal

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argues that animals in the wild experience vast amounts of suffering due to natural processes and that, taking a

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were killed by park rangers; one of the motives for the action was to prevent them from suffering as they died.

1669:, contends that wild animal suffering is a significant moral issue requiring human intervention. A symposium at 19098: 18859: 17768: 15715: 14895: 13262: 12972: 12641: 12139: 11459: 11402:

Lockett, Christopher (2021). "Death, Cruelty and Magical Humanism". In Brooks, Neil; Blanchette, Sarah (eds.).

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The End of Animal Farming: How Scientists, Entrepreneurs, and Activists Are Building an Animal-Free Food System

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The problem of evil has also been extended to include the suffering of animals in the context of evolution. In

836: 605: 405: 11893: 11543: 10173:"To Truly End Animal Suffering, the Most Ethical Choice is To Kill Wild Predators (Especially Cecil the Lion)" 7706:"Kyle Johannsen, 'Wild Animal Ethics: The Moral and The Moral and Political Problem of Wild Animal Suffering'" 7039: 4796: 3930: 2226:

chicks, who had been abandoned by their parents, were rescued in South Africa. In the same year, nearly 5,000

928:– competition over limited resources results in the majority of organisms dying before passing on their genes. 18676: 18093: 17552: 17380: 15900: 15810: 15755: 15735: 15611: 14532: 14417: 13242: 12774: 12712: 10420: 9459:"Le double sens de la communauté morale: la considérabilité morale et l'agentivité morale des autres animaux" 2414:, as this could potentially lead to an immense increase in the amount of wild animal suffering in existence. 1285:

argued that both humans and animals in their natural state suffer similarly and that both should be assisted.

170: 10397: 9461:[The double meaning of moral community: moral consideration and the moral agency of other animals]. 7322: 6481: 4209: 2517:", the winter cold causes the duckling to become frozen in an icy pond. The duckling is rescued by a farmer. 18923: 18883: 18796: 17667: 17592: 17547: 17257: 16731: 16004: 15845: 15840: 15425: 14634: 14592: 14412: 13811: 12742: 12687: 12322: 11099:"At the crossroads between literature, culture, linguistics, and cognition: death metaphors in fairy tales" 7171: 4638: 2806:

or Ounce, / Ravening a worm." The poem has been cited as an example of Erasmus Darwin's writings on Keats.

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strategy, with many offspring, short gestation, less parental care, and a short time until sexual maturity.

897:

acknowledged that the existence of extensive suffering in nature was fully compatible with the workings of

556:

Animals in the wild may suffer from diseases which circulate similarly to human colds and flus, as well as

303: 244: 152: 12023: 10472: 2456:

stated: "People who accuse us of putting in too much violence, what we leave on the cutting-room floor."

564:; epizootics are relatively understudied in the scientific literature. Some well-studied examples include 18555: 17818: 17763: 17328: 17239: 17168: 17080: 17022: 17007: 16701: 15875: 15850: 15775: 15760: 15090: 14879: 14507: 14457: 13146: 12621: 12566: 12265: 9773: 7517: 7166: 6809: 6670: 6311: 5084:"Thousands of birds killed after freak weather event leaves them with smashed skulls and internal damage" 4771: 1612:'s 2015 article "Wild animals endure illness, injury, and starvation. We should help". In his 2018 book, 1527: 1330: 1179: 984: 620:; accidents, which can cause fractures, crushing injuries, eye injuries and wing tears; self-amputation; 573: 11725: 10697: 6177: 6007: 4210:"Epidemiology of viral haemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis in a free-living population of wild rabbits" 3429: 18851: 17532: 17425: 17227: 17204: 16897: 16711: 15641: 15601: 15332: 15204: 14999: 14935: 14871: 14522: 14482: 14452: 13585: 13580: 12982: 12455: 12400: 10039: 9242: 8612: 8120: 3655: 3350: 3295: 2564: 1679: 1589: 1503: 784: 585: 577: 9204: 6566: 4986: 714: 19042: 17870: 17797: 17657: 17542: 17138: 17002: 16060: 16032: 15525: 15316: 15154: 14991: 14427: 13726: 13645: 13505: 13085: 12332: 12304: 11920: 10614:"The Cosmic Significance of Directed Panspermia: Should Humanity Spread Life to Other Solar Systems?" 10518: 9238: 8983:"Concern for Wild Animal Suffering and Environmental Ethics: What Are the Limits of the Disagreement" 4264: 4186: 2872: 1957: 1709: 1614: 922:– genes are wholly indifferent to the well-being of individual organisms as long as DNA is passed on. 831: 617: 210: 88: 11430: 7349: 5461: 3346:

For academic discussion of wild animal suffering and its alleviation from a secular standpoint see:

1458:

In his 1952 article "Which Shall We Protect? Thoughts on the Ethics of the Treatment of Free Life",

19058: 18545: 18202: 17958: 17825: 17738: 17723: 17597: 16862: 16716: 16502: 16447: 16053: 16011: 15997: 15945: 15915: 15740: 15540: 15490: 15285: 15246: 15232: 15098: 15074: 14863: 14487: 13896: 13841: 13298: 13017: 13002: 12987: 12944: 12909: 12646: 12121: 7261: 3174: 2924: 2619: 2301: 1567: 356: 83: 15218: 9701:"Population Dynamics and Animal Welfare: Issues Raised by the Culling of Kangaroos in Puckapunyal" 9535:Éliminer les animaux pour leur bien: promenade chez les réducteurs de la souffrance dans la nature 9378: 7288: 6113:

The Mysteries of Life & Death: An Illustrated Investigation into the Incredible World of Death

4933:

Russo, Catherine J. M.; Ohmer, Michel E. B.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E. (May 1, 2018).

4474:"The Impact of Infection and Disease on Animal Populations: Implications for Conservation Biology" 3886: 1542: 743:

and associated warming and drying is making certain habitats intolerable for some animals through

17627: 17375: 17309: 17245: 17221: 17215: 17178: 17012: 16987: 16882: 16797: 16517: 16487: 16477: 16387: 16302: 16025: 15975: 15970: 15418: 15367: 15138: 15042: 14855: 14831: 14708: 14587: 14542: 14437: 14324: 14133: 12814: 12732: 12227: 11245: 5305:

Rödel, H. G.; Bora, A.; Kaetzke, P.; Khaschei, M.; Hutzelmeyer, H.; von Holst, D. (August 2004).

2658: 2581: 2539: 2099: 1863: 1258: 676:

is a phenomenon where multiple different parasitoid species simultaneously infect the same host.

565: 484: 12044: 11813: 11125: 10833:"La representación del sufrimiento de los animales silvestres en los documentales de naturaleza" 8796: 7546: 7194: 5841: 3144:"Debunking the Idyllic View of Natural Processes: Population Dynamics and Suffering in the Wild" 3006: 2960: 1156: 18535: 18136: 18088: 17853: 17682: 17415: 17153: 16992: 16832: 16812: 16572: 16307: 16297: 15960: 15626: 15586: 15576: 15395: 15340: 14887: 14462: 14422: 14376: 14294: 14249: 14118: 13776: 13761: 13415: 12992: 12611: 12559: 12327: 12222: 12109: 10819:

People who accuse us of putting in too much violence, what we leave on the cutting-room floor.

10043: 7830: 4123:"Reducing Extreme Suffering for Non-Human Animals: Enhancement vs. Smaller Future Populations?" 3727: 3693: 3659: 3622: 3588: 3554: 3520: 3449: 2802: 2760: 2187: 2122: 1974: 1697: 1219: 931: 925: 593: 491: 128: 113: 40: 11098: 7098: 3781: 439:

experienced by non-human animals living outside of direct human control due to harms, such as

18915: 18907: 18835: 18791: 18153: 18148: 18043: 17811: 16902: 16771: 16337: 16096: 15805: 15689: 15596: 15495: 15146: 14967: 14927: 14839: 14799: 14720: 14714: 14527: 13816: 13716: 13681: 13267: 13075: 12914: 12804: 12769: 12257: 11898: 11323: 10540: 9419: 7406: 7375: 2902: 2436: 2324:, and that cats should be kept indoors and dogs kept on a leash, unless in designated areas. 2246:

in wild animals. Wildlife contraception has been used to reduce and stabilize populations of

2109: 2063: 1618:, Anthis discusses broadening human moral concern to include invertebrates and wild animals. 1427: 1351: 1035: 1002: 803: 795: 545: 227: 190: 13801: 10862: 10746: 5716:"Predator-induced fear causes PTSD-like changes in the brains and behaviour of wild animals" 4822: 4706: 4146:"Animals in the wild often suffer a great deal. What, if anything, should we do about that?" 3268: 19032: 18172: 18162: 18143: 18121: 18083: 18021: 17933: 17896: 17435: 17173: 16892: 16807: 16577: 16492: 16417: 16287: 16166: 16116: 15730: 15720: 15606: 15550: 15170: 14975: 14903: 14654: 14597: 14467: 14319: 14304: 14178: 14083: 14038: 13891: 13113: 12954: 12722: 12702: 12288: 11072: 7825: 6524: 5879: 5727: 5371: 5318: 4854: 4524: 2857: 2779: 2449: 2317: 2290: 2175: 1970: 1747: 1519: 1112: 748: 730:

can cause the deaths of animals by destroying their habitats and directly killing animals;

503: 476: 308: 58: 18696: 14043: 7469:"Making a Difference on Behalf of Animals Living in the Wild: Interview with Jeff McMahan" 1673:

discussed Johannsen's book the same year. In 2022, animal rights activist and philosopher

8: 19002: 18963: 18939: 18806: 18726: 18706: 18681: 18651: 18063: 17943: 17672: 17098: 16932: 16887: 16847: 16842: 16592: 16527: 16347: 16342: 16272: 16126: 15980: 15885: 15765: 15679: 15674: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15264: 15211: 14628: 14239: 13856: 13851: 13731: 13706: 13425: 13282: 13171: 13065: 13060: 12465: 12206: 10229: 9595: 9178: 5422:

Minelli, Alessandro (2008). "Predation". In Jørgensen, Sven Erik; Fath, Brian D. (eds.).

2913: 2897: 2892: 2788: 2596: 2585: 2399: 2338: 2154: 2137: 2014: 2000: 1717: 1636:'s 2018 piece "We have an ethical obligation to relieve individual animal suffering" and 1495: 1397: 1340: 1101: 939: 718: 680:

have been described as having the largest number of species of any other animal species.

641: 569: 480: 145: 11501: 11480: 11432:"Bloodied and Mauled": Nature’s Violent God in Pilgrim at Tinker Creek and Holy the Firm 9878:"Heartbreaking and heartwarming: animals rescued from Australia's bushfires devastation" 5883: 5731: 5486: 5322: 5057: 4858: 4824:

Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature

4639:"Tropics, trophics and taxonomy: the determinants of parasite-associated host mortality" 4528: 3762:

Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature

2079:

existence of beings unable to remedy by their own means the evils which overwhelm them.

1653:

Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature

1375:

wrote about suffering in nature and the imperative of struggling against it. He stated:

1040: 905:

was the main driver of fitness-increasing behavior in organisms. Evolutionary biologist

624:, a common source of injury for arthropods; extreme weather conditions, such as storms, 18997: 18992: 18827: 18766: 18636: 18224: 18131: 18116: 18068: 18016: 17753: 17713: 17698: 17652: 17617: 17587: 17370: 17351: 17163: 17032: 16947: 16567: 16537: 16512: 16372: 16086: 15920: 15669: 15616: 15225: 15162: 14983: 14815: 14807: 14684: 14660: 14572: 14198: 13610: 13103: 13055: 13045: 12856: 12764: 12475: 12460: 12370: 12296: 12232: 11875: 11794: 11522: 11237: 11229: 11190: 11182: 11053: 10914: 10835:[The representation of the suffering of wild animals in nature documentaries]. 10643: 10568: 10500: 10370: 10325: 10111: 9728: 8908: 8861: 8768: 8564: 8483: 8448: 8378: 8282: 8241: 8170:

Ebert, Rainer (2012). "Innocent Threats and the Moral Problem of Carnivorous Animals".

8099: 6962: 6696:"Becoming Animal: Karma and the Animal Realm Envisioned through an Early Yogācāra Lens" 6666: 6505: 6305: 6269: 6242:"Does suffering dominate enjoyment in the animal kingdom? An update to welfare biology" 6169: 6147:"Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" 5962: 5910: 5809: 5782: 5758: 5715: 5670: 5547: 5512: 5350: 5287: 5208: 5137: 4885: 4842: 4614: 4579: 4555: 4512: 4489: 4424: 4399: 4375: 4342: 4290: 4245: 3961: 3906: 3847: 3809: 3421: 3399:"Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" 2887: 2867: 2832: 2814: 2641: 2453: 2391: 2369: 2219: 2117: 1982: 1978: 1930:

the sake of man. He argues that animals as individuals all have an interest in living.

1913: 1775:

perspective, there is a moral obligation to reduce the suffering of these individuals.

1598: 1532: 1499: 1237: 1145: 791: 659: 464: 251: 93: 15278: 9557: 8536: 5570: 4935:"A pathogenic skin fungus and sloughing exacerbate cutaneous water loss in amphibians" 4122: 3071: 239: 19052: 19037: 19027: 19007: 18756: 18587: 18490: 18480: 18209: 18167: 17790: 17642: 17637: 17511: 17476: 17451: 17365: 17148: 17123: 16912: 16907: 16837: 16696: 16631: 16547: 16397: 16267: 15880: 15545: 15470: 15348: 15122: 15082: 15034: 15026: 14911: 14678: 14577: 14552: 14517: 14274: 14264: 14173: 14113: 14033: 13620: 13485: 13460: 13450: 13430: 13156: 13040: 12949: 12784: 12440: 12360: 12186: 12066: 11879: 11786: 11745: 11599: 11589: 11409: 11382: 11302: 11274: 11264: 11241: 11194: 11174: 11106: 11045: 11002: 10918: 10904: 10803: 10719: 10671: 10647: 10635: 10572: 10560: 10504: 10492: 10374: 10360: 10313: 10303: 10153: 10115: 10103: 10083: 9851: 9818: 9781: 9720: 9700: 9679: 9617: 9510: 9480: 9439: 9400: 9333: 9264: 9220: 9210: 9134: 9039: 9033: 9014: 8865: 8853: 8818: 8775: 8693: 8670: 8660: 8634: 8568: 8556: 8515: 8488: 8470: 8429: 8286: 8233: 8204: 8183: 8135: 8103: 8091: 8071: 8018: 7774: 7575: 7493: 7449: 7092: 7018: 6987: 6966: 6954: 6829: 6765: 6740: 6717: 6674: 6588: 6509: 6495: 6433: 6408: 6398: 6373: 6273: 6261: 6117: 6090: 6065: 6039: 5966: 5954: 5934: 5915: 5897: 5814: 5763: 5745: 5674: 5662: 5654: 5552: 5534: 5439: 5429: 5342: 5334: 5306: 5279: 5271: 5212: 5200: 5129: 5006: 4964: 4956: 4934: 4890: 4872: 4752: 4658: 4654: 4619: 4601: 4560: 4542: 4493: 4429: 4380: 4362: 4321: 4294: 4280: 4237: 4229: 3989: 3965: 3953: 3813: 3801: 3365: 3310: 3264: 3250: 3231: 3207: 3195:

For discussion of wild animal suffering and its relation to the problem of evil see:

3103: 3018: 2982: 2827: 2551: 2514: 2390:. For example, wild habitats may be created—or allowed to happen—on extraterrestrial 2251: 1739: 1609: 1551: 1060: 911: 898: 108: 11855: 11798: 11704: 11618: 9732: 8912: 8382: 6352:"The Argument from Design: A Guided Tour of William Paley's Natural Theology (1802)" 6331: 6173: 6111: 5354: 5291: 3910: 3851: 3425: 3225: 19022: 18947: 18931: 18761: 18746: 18691: 18470: 18252: 18219: 18214: 18111: 18011: 17948: 17928: 17920: 17832: 17481: 17471: 17410: 17263: 17188: 17113: 17042: 16917: 16741: 16641: 16582: 16442: 16392: 16377: 16317: 16241: 16216: 16091: 16046: 15535: 15292: 15018: 14567: 14234: 14138: 14103: 14093: 14023: 13886: 13826: 13781: 13746: 13605: 13545: 13319: 13277: 13237: 13207: 13197: 13192: 13131: 12934: 12697: 12666: 12536: 12490: 12415: 12056: 11925: 11867: 11776: 11737: 11726:"'A Wondrous Lesson in thy Silent Face': Keats, Darwin, and the Geological Sublime" 11562: 11440: 11350: 11221: 11166: 10896: 10709: 10625: 10552: 10484: 10352: 10238: 10145: 10095: 10055: 9712: 9533: 9470: 9431: 9390: 9323: 9293: 9254: 9130: 9126: 9068: 9004: 8994: 8949: 8900: 8845: 8808: 8722: 8624: 8584:"Debate: Could anti-speciesism and veganism form the basis for a rational society?" 8548: 8478: 8460: 8419: 8370: 8274: 8179: 8083: 8052: 8008: 7998: 7766: 7483: 7236: 7225: 7206: 7075: 6946: 6821: 6707: 6638: 6578: 6487: 6363: 6253: 6220: 6161: 6029: 6019: 5946: 5905: 5887: 5804: 5794: 5753: 5735: 5644: 5611: 5542: 5524: 5326: 5263: 5190: 5121: 4998: 4987:"Can supplemental food increase winter survival of a threatened cottontail rabbit?" 4946: 4880: 4862: 4744: 4650: 4609: 4591: 4550: 4532: 4485: 4419: 4411: 4370: 4354: 4272: 4249: 4221: 3945: 3898: 3839: 3793: 3739: 3705: 3671: 3634: 3600: 3566: 3532: 3498: 3461: 3413: 2972: 2844: 2333: 2259: 2082: 1907: 1876: 1459: 1372: 1336: 1197: 597: 549: 468: 440: 351: 175: 13650: 13495: 11856:"Some impressions of the Buddha: Dreiser and Sir Edwin Arnold's the light of Asia" 11644: 10488: 8904: 8726: 8374: 8056: 4580:"Mind Control: How Parasites Manipulate Cognitive Functions in Their Insect Hosts" 3007:"Animals in Need: the Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature" 769: 19077: 18811: 18550: 18505: 18465: 18413: 18358: 18348: 18272: 18247: 18229: 18182: 18073: 18006: 18001: 17889: 17602: 17577: 17395: 16942: 16877: 16802: 16781: 16726: 16706: 16691: 16587: 16462: 16357: 16327: 16257: 16181: 15940: 15770: 15725: 15664: 15646: 15510: 15106: 14214: 14168: 14163: 14018: 13983: 13968: 13906: 13796: 13741: 13721: 13660: 13570: 13480: 13420: 13395: 13050: 12924: 12526: 12445: 12420: 12410: 12375: 12281: 12201: 12181: 11687: 11403: 11376: 11296: 10346: 9929: 9673: 9634:

In Bishnoi villages, birds and animals roam without fear and feed off human hands

9072: 8198: 7569: 7240: 7012: 6981: 6868: 6851: 6660: 6427: 5002: 4537: 4315: 3983: 3843: 3521:"The Problem of Evil in Nature: Evolutionary Bases of the Prevalence of Disvalue" 2929: 2882: 2810: 2725: 2636: 2526: 2448:

It has been argued that much of people's knowledge about wild animals comes from

2432: 2411: 2350: 2171: 1942: 1819: 1628: 1593: 1572: 1440: 1432: 1418: 1345: 1193: 1189: From fear of being preyed upon, each other's food. 1132: 1052: 906: 823: 727: 677: 673: 495: 256: 30: 26: 9540:

Eliminate animals for their good: walk among the reducers of suffering in nature

7987:"Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem" 7043: 4208:

Calvete, C.; Estrada, R.; Villafuerte, R.; Osácar, J. J.; Lucientes, J. (2002).

1883: 19047: 18801: 18701: 18686: 18661: 18656: 18540: 18430: 18368: 18287: 18277: 18267: 18177: 18058: 18053: 18038: 17978: 17963: 17938: 17758: 17748: 17733: 17703: 17677: 17622: 17466: 17430: 17385: 17103: 16962: 16927: 16776: 16766: 16751: 16671: 16656: 16597: 16497: 16482: 16472: 16407: 16402: 16292: 16262: 16196: 16191: 16171: 16121: 16101: 15785: 15581: 15455: 15441: 15050: 14847: 14447: 14349: 14279: 14269: 14193: 14123: 14108: 14053: 13978: 13953: 13901: 13846: 13806: 13711: 13701: 13676: 13590: 13520: 13445: 13385: 13257: 13187: 13032: 13007: 12964: 12939: 12929: 12904: 12864: 12819: 12727: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12395: 12365: 12061: 11834: 11527:. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: G. Hamilton & J. Balfour, and L. Hunter. p. 11210:"The Trouble with Bambi: Walt Disney's Bambi and the American Vision of Nature" 11152:"The Trouble with Bambi: Walt Disney's Bambi and the American Vision of Nature" 10243: 10149: 10060: 9179:"Born to be Wild? On "Wildness" Objections to Preventing Wild Animal Suffering" 8813: 8552: 8072:"Predation Catch-22: Disentangling the Rights of Prey, Predators, and Rescuers" 7488: 6642: 6057: 5740: 5616: 4276: 3744: 3710: 3676: 3639: 3605: 3571: 3537: 3466: 3199: 2977: 2794: 2738: 2682: 2667: 2602: 2356: 2255: 2223: 1919: 1900: 1772: 1662: 1623: 1290: 1282: 1163: 1097: 1044: 894: 853: 740: 649: 616:

Wild animals can experience injury from a variety of causes such as predation;

393: 323: 283: 140: 73: 11741: 10630: 10613: 10541:"Directed Panspermia, Wild Animal Suffering, and the Ethics of World-Creation" 10522: 10317: 10099: 9716: 9224: 8087: 8003: 7986: 7438:"Human Beings' Moral Relations with Other Animals and the Natural Environment" 7210: 7138:"Which Shall We Protect? Thoughts on the Ethics of the Treatment of Free Life" 7120: 6491: 6368: 6351: 6257: 5950: 5649: 5632: 5330: 5182: 3949: 3797: 1414: 19092: 18731: 18671: 18621: 18460: 18398: 18383: 18282: 18197: 18126: 18078: 17986: 17968: 17728: 17708: 17632: 17183: 17158: 17133: 17128: 17108: 16952: 16922: 16867: 16822: 16817: 16746: 16721: 16636: 16626: 16362: 16332: 16282: 16226: 16211: 16201: 16186: 16176: 16161: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16018: 15830: 15825: 15750: 15694: 15621: 15591: 15505: 15465: 15324: 14442: 14309: 14284: 14219: 14188: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14128: 14013: 13988: 13958: 13861: 13831: 13686: 13640: 13635: 13600: 13595: 13550: 13535: 13515: 13490: 13455: 13435: 13400: 13303: 13136: 12879: 12839: 12737: 12707: 12582: 12521: 12470: 12435: 12405: 12380: 12355: 12176: 12070: 11790: 11749: 11603: 11178: 11110: 11049: 11006: 10900: 10807: 10723: 10639: 10564: 10496: 10356: 10345:

Faria, Catia; Horta, Oscar (2019). "Welfare Biology". In Fischer, Bob (ed.).

10157: 10107: 9855: 9844:"2,000 baby flamingos rescued after being abandoned in South African drought" 9822: 9785: 9724: 9514: 9484: 9443: 9404: 9337: 9268: 9091: 9018: 8857: 8849: 8822: 8674: 8638: 8560: 8474: 8433: 8278: 8262: 8237: 8095: 8022: 7858: 7497: 7453: 6958: 6950: 6915:

Fragments in Defence of Animals, and Essays on Morals, Soul, and Future State

6833: 6721: 6592: 6412: 6377: 6265: 6043: 5958: 5901: 5799: 5749: 5658: 5538: 5529: 5443: 5338: 5275: 5204: 5133: 5010: 4960: 4876: 4756: 4662: 4605: 4596: 4546: 4497: 4366: 4233: 3957: 3902: 3805: 3022: 2986: 2755: 2719: 2653: 2632: 2607: 2467: 2297: 2043: 2039: 2010: 1828: 1722: 1633: 1604: 1547: 1319:

Fragments in Defence of Animals, and Essays on Morals, Soul, and Future State

1298: 1120: 1085: 1048: 848: 507: 346: 103: 48: 14098: 11278: 10714: 10290: 9259: 8797:"Refusing Help and Inflicting Harm. A Critique of the Environmentalist View" 8629: 7770: 6825: 6241: 6225: 6024: 5892: 5251: 4867: 3694:"Refusing Help and Inflicting Harm. A Critique of the Environmentalist View" 1667:

Wild Animal Ethics: The Moral and Political Problem of Wild Animal Suffering

19012: 18955: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18751: 18721: 18455: 18328: 18262: 18257: 18192: 18048: 18033: 17607: 17527: 17501: 17496: 17486: 17461: 16852: 16736: 16676: 16666: 16651: 16557: 16552: 16522: 16427: 16422: 16412: 16382: 16367: 16312: 16231: 16206: 16131: 15955: 15895: 15745: 15684: 15636: 14502: 14344: 14334: 14183: 14158: 14068: 14063: 14048: 14008: 13998: 13871: 13791: 13786: 13766: 13756: 13751: 13691: 13630: 13625: 13575: 13565: 13555: 13465: 13390: 13247: 13202: 13161: 13123: 13108: 13070: 12889: 12869: 12789: 12485: 12450: 12430: 11871: 10297: 9748:"South African national park to kill animals in response to severe drought" 9395: 8954: 8492: 6583: 6142: 5919: 5818: 5767: 5666: 5556: 5513:"Animal poisons and the nervous system: what the neurologist needs to know" 5346: 5283: 4968: 4894: 4623: 4564: 4433: 4384: 4358: 4241: 3503: 3394: 2907: 2877: 2862: 2822: 2670:, blending theological inquiry with reflections on the violence in nature. 2615: 2591: 2569: 2471: 2395: 2321: 2243: 2227: 2059: 1937: 1849: 1845: 1658:

Animal Ethics in the Wild: Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature

1511: 1490: 998: 694: 456: 388: 363: 261: 232: 12425: 11583: 11561:

Voltaire (1912). "Poem on the Lisbon Disaster". In MacCabe, Joseph (ed.).

10044:"A Welfare State For Elephants? A Case Study of Compassionate Stewardship" 9648:"The Land of The Bishnois - Where Conservation Of Wildlife Is A Religion!" 6392: 5713: 5110:"Effects of Hail Storms on Waterfowl Populations in Alberta, Canada: 1953" 4398:

Brannelly, Laura A.; Webb, Rebecca; Skerratt, Lee F.; Berger, Lee (2016).

4225: 3660:"A Welfare State For Elephants? A Case Study of Compassionate Stewardship" 2104: 1536: 18711: 18515: 18292: 17953: 17582: 17405: 17118: 16937: 16827: 16761: 16756: 16661: 16646: 16562: 16542: 16452: 16352: 16277: 16236: 16111: 16106: 15520: 15460: 15066: 14512: 14339: 14329: 14314: 14254: 14088: 13993: 13963: 13938: 13876: 13866: 13655: 13540: 13525: 13510: 13475: 13470: 13440: 13410: 13405: 13217: 13151: 13022: 12997: 12894: 12799: 12794: 12390: 12385: 9420:"Against Wild Animal Sovereignty: An Interest-based Critique of Zoopolis" 6209:"Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce" 5195: 4748: 4733:"Superparasitism: an Important Factor in the Natural Control of Insects1" 3221: 2818: 2410:

organisms. Spreading sentient wild animals beyond Earth may constitute a

2215: 2133: 2075: 2021:

based on the environmental value of "Respect for an Independent Nature".

1936:

advocates argue that wilderness is intrinsically valuable; the biologist

1871: 1768: 1674: 1644: 1368: 1159:

describes the lives of wild animals as "so cruel, so harsh, so painful".

965: 799: 777: 773: 744: 690: 581: 460: 278: 217: 12131: 12104: 12079: 11057: 11033: 10940:"Dynasties: should nature documentary crews save the animals they film?" 10517:

Eskander, P. (2018). "Crucial considerations in wild animal suffering".

9161: 8245: 6712: 6695: 6394:

Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering

6288: 5783:"Scared to death? the killer effect of predation risk in snowshoe hares" 4415: 3247:

Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering

2580:

portraying nature undisturbed by humans as an idyllic place, made up of

18771: 18741: 18736: 18716: 18666: 18577: 18435: 18378: 18338: 18333: 18103: 18026: 17456: 17070: 16957: 16872: 16686: 16681: 16507: 16437: 16432: 16156: 15790: 15515: 15178: 14696: 14407: 14299: 14244: 14224: 14078: 14073: 14058: 14028: 14003: 13943: 13821: 13736: 13696: 13530: 13500: 12834: 12824: 12717: 12196: 11781: 11764: 11444: 11233: 11186: 10556: 9956:"Nearly 5,000 sea turtles rescued from freezing waters on Texas island" 9435: 9089:[Yves Bonnardel: the anti-speciesist who did not like nature]. 9009: 8465: 8013: 6919: 6165: 6034: 5690:"The Fear Factor: How the Peril of Predators Can Transform a Landscape" 5141: 5109: 4951: 4343:"Poor condition and infection: a vicious circle in natural populations" 3417: 2919: 2798: 2543: 2427: 2282: 2247: 2191: 2055: 1933: 1798: 1515: 1507: 1478: 1174: 1071: 976: 731: 669: 519: 452: 448: 328: 222: 200: 10995:"Planet Earth II filmmakers defy convention to save lost baby turtles" 10131:"Animal Liberationist Responses to Non-Anthropogenic Animal Suffering" 9475: 9328: 8999: 8982: 8424: 7630:"We have an ethical obligation to relieve individual animal suffering" 7080:. Columbia University Libraries. New York, London: Macmillan & Co. 4013: 2214:, a number of fire-threatened wild animals were rescued. In 2020, 120 1804: 1051:

feeding inside the living bodies of caterpillars as an example of the

721:

in the snow; approximately 60% of these rabbits die during the winter.

18987: 18899: 18631: 18611: 18510: 18420: 18393: 18373: 18318: 18187: 17996: 17506: 17320: 15815: 15555: 15271: 15130: 14726: 14497: 13973: 13948: 13836: 13615: 13560: 13212: 13012: 12919: 12899: 12874: 12809: 12531: 12480: 9930:"Cape cormorants: Caring for South Africa's chicks abandoned in wild" 7547:"Wild animals endure illness, injury, and starvation. We should help" 6486:(1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–47. 5267: 5252:"Wildlife mass mortality events associated with harsh winter weather" 4732: 4320:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 378. 2678: 2531: 2407: 2403: 1858: 1781: 1637: 862: 807: 654: 625: 557: 472: 436: 373: 318: 11225: 11170: 9928:

Trenchard, Tommy; d'Unienville, Aurélie Marrier (February 3, 2021).

8304: 5125: 19017: 18982: 18616: 18601: 18525: 18520: 18485: 18475: 18388: 18323: 18297: 17743: 17612: 17491: 17143: 17075: 17060: 13911: 12829: 12779: 12126: 9297: 7935:"How a Tahoe refuge saved owls, coyotes and raccoons from wildfire" 2934: 2784: 2747: 2443: 2398:

planets. Another example of a potential realization of the risk is

2238:

Vaccination programs have been successfully implemented to prevent

2207: 2203: 2195: 1813: 1187: And may the stooping animals be freed 1116: 1105: 902: 874: 870: 819: 589: 561: 368: 205: 195: 98: 21: 8449:"The Speciesism Debate: Intuition, Method, and Empirical Advances" 8265:(February 2010). "Animal Ethics and the Argument from Absurdity". 3887:"Animals, Predators, The Right to Life and The Duty to Save Lives" 951: 18641: 18530: 18495: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18353: 18343: 15910: 15410: 13141: 13095: 12754: 9312:"Naturalness, Wild-animal Suffering, and Palmer on Laissez-faire" 8657:

Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership

2704: 2547: 2150: 1278: 866: 637: 621: 313: 12551: 11972:

Introduction to Wild Animal Suffering: A Guide to the Key Issues

11263:(1st electronic ed.). New York: Rosetta Books. p. 97. 9811:"Top film-makers back penguin intervention on Attenborough show" 5227:"With Temperatures Rising, Can Animals Survive the Heat Stress?" 1908:

Intrinsic value of ecological processes, wilderness and wildness

490:

The topic has historically been discussed in the context of the

18626: 18567: 18500: 18425: 18302: 17912: 17065: 12692: 12594: 9035:

Environmental Ethics: Duties To and Values in the Natural World

8613:"Changing attitudes towards animals in the wild and speciesism" 8197:

Trindade, Gabriel Garmendia da; Woodhall, Andrew, eds. (2020).

6008:"Preserving nature for the benefit of all sentient individuals" 5982:"There are 20,000,000,000,000,000 ants crawling all over Earth" 4340: 4207: 2742: 2708: 2492:: allowing suffering to take its course, without intervention. 2381: 2286: 2239: 1677:

included a chapter titled "In defense of animals!" in his book

1467: 1436: 1151: 499: 444: 12045:"Ethical Interventions in the Wild. An Annotated Bibliography" 10739:"Wildlife Documentaries: What Happens to the Limping Gazelle?" 8130:. In Chignell, Andrew; Cuneo, Terence; Halteman, Matt (eds.). 7289:"Should We Try to Relieve Clear Cases of Suffering in Nature?" 7262:"30 years since the publication of Morals, reason and animals" 3450:"Ethical Interventions in the Wild. An Annotated Bibliography" 3360:. In Chignell, Andrew; Cuneo, Terence; Halteman, Matt (eds.). 3305:. In Chignell, Andrew; Cuneo, Terence; Halteman, Matt (eds.). 3098:

Dawkins, Richard (1995). "Chapter 4: God's Utility Function".

2831:, a narrative poem published in 1879 about the life of Prince 1764: 18606: 18596: 15935: 15800: 14765: 13356: 11689:

The Modern Antique; Or, The Muse in the Costume of Queen Anne

8132:

Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments on the Ethics of Eating

7568:

Reese, Jacy (2018). "The Expanding Moral Circle, Revisited".

5157:"Wildlife, animals suffer in Europe's summer of extreme heat" 3362:

Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments on the Ethics of Eating

3307:

Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments on the Ethics of Eating

2765: 2699: 2694: 2575: 2387: 2167: 1884:

Potential conflict between animal rights and environmentalism

1785:

unless such interactions were strongly influenced by humans.

1648: 1471:

predators, are removed. Skutch endorsed a combination of the

1294: 956: 856:, are the largest estimated group of individual wild animals. 790:

Animals may be killed by members of their own species due to

11662:"How Erasmus Darwin's poetry prophesied evolutionary theory" 8742:"Meet the people who want to turn predators into herbivores" 5863:

Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (June 19, 2018).

5398:"When Natural Disaster Strikes, Wildlife Pays A Heavy Price" 4037:"Why the Situation of Animals in the Wild Should Concern Us" 827:

begin before birth and continue as the individual develops.

644:

are parasites which destroy and replace the tongues of fish.

18868:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

18646: 18562: 18408: 18403: 18363: 14537: 12192:

Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics

10171:

MacAskill, William; MacAskill, Amanda (September 9, 2015).

9903:"Sri Lanka rescues 120 whales after biggest mass stranding" 9542:] (in French). Vol. 41. Les Cahiers antispécistes. 9125:, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. wbiee645, 9087:"Yves Bonnardel: l'antispéciste qui n'aimait pas la nature" 7407:"Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature: Part II" 6810:"Theory of Compensation and Problem of Evil; a New Defense" 5935:"Human Diets and Animal Welfare: the Illogic of the Larder" 5058:"Antarctica: Thousands of emperor penguin chicks wiped out" 4711:

Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

4397: 2439:, while the suffering of other animals is underrepresented. 1890:

Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics

1792: 1485:

Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics

1032:

Problem of evil § Problem of evil and animal suffering

657:

of their hosts; limb malformations in amphibians caused by

10260:"How Pet Owners Can Help Wild Animals And The Environment" 9114:

Nelson, Michael P.; Vucetich, John A. (February 1, 2013),

9059:

Moriarty, Paul; Mark Woods (1997). "Hunting ≠ Predation".

8322:"Legal Personhood and the Positive Rights of Wild Animals" 7376:"Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature: Part I" 7077:

Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress

6330:

Paley, William (1879) . Paxton, James; Ware, John (eds.).

4637:

Robar, Nicholas; Burness, Gary; Murray, Dennis L. (2010).

4578:

Libersat, Frederic; Kaiser, Maayan; Emanuel, Stav (2018).

2210:

were rescued during a drought in South Africa. During the

1973:, as such interventions could potentially have disastrous 1392:

Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress

1094:

Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening

18572: 17881: 10588:"Will Space Colonization Multiply Wild-Animal Suffering?" 9927: 4511:

Goodman, Brett A.; Johnson, Pieter T. J. (May 25, 2011).

3988:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 357. 2233: 2199: 1759: 1230: 961: 15501:

Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals

13273:

University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid

11617:

Blake, William (1915). Pierce, Frederick Erastus (ed.).

5304: 4843:"Hydrodynamic starvation in first-feeding larval fishes" 3931:"Harm in the Wild: Facing Non-Human Suffering in Nature" 2495: 1840: 1632:

has featured essays on wild animal suffering, including

10129:

Thornhill, Richard; Morris, Michael (January 1, 2006).

6869:"The Animal Kingdom: In Relation to the History of Man" 4932: 4772:"Parasitoid wasps may be the most diverse animal group" 4347:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4265:"Medical and Surgical Management of Deer and Relatives" 3728:"Relations and Moral Obligations towards Other Animals" 2618:'s short story "Golden", the main character Albert, an 964:

with their mother. The reproduction of rats follows an

10887:

Palmer, Clare (December 6, 2019), Fischer, Bob (ed.),

8659:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 7048:. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. pp. 2206:

to escape a ravine in Antarctica. In 2019, 2,000 baby

2202:

filmmakers dug a ramp in the snow to allow a group of

1009: 17719:

Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

14792:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

12250:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

11620:

Selections from the Symbolical Poems of William Blake

11588:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 83. 8886:"Valuing Predation in Rolston's Environmental Ethics" 8713:

Horta, Oscar (2017). "Animal Suffering in the Wild".

6898:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

5511:

Harris, J. B.; Goonetilleke, A. (September 1, 2004).

4577: 2332:

Some writers, like Brian Tomasik, have argued from a

2038:

Some writers, such as the animal rights philosophers

1304:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

17538:

All-Party Parliamentary Group for Future Generations

8200:

Intervention or Protest: Acting for Nonhuman Animals

7014:

Parerga and Paralipomena: Short Philosophical Essays

6089:. London: Orion Publishing Group. pp. 131–132. 5933:

Matheny, Gaverick; Chan, Kai M. A. (December 2005).

5597:"Can Comparative Psychology Crack its Toughest Nut?" 3175:"The overwhelming prevalence of suffering in Nature" 1479:

Perspectives from animal and environmental ethicists

1173:

Around 700 AD, the Indian Buddhist monk and scholar

1016:

Struggle for existence § Historical development

12004:"The situation of animals in the wild bibliography" 8349: 8347: 7655:"First dissertation on helping animals in the wild" 6432:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–55. 5631:Zanette, Liana Y.; Clinchy, Michael (May 6, 2019). 5517:

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

1805:

Humans already intervene to further human interests

11567:. New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 10664:Suffering-Focused Ethics: Defense and Implications 10170: 10138:Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 9618:"In pictures: India's 'original conservationists'" 9058: 8942:Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 8767: 8514:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 117. 7732:"Symposium on Kyle Johannsen's Wild Animal Ethics" 7074:Salt, Henry Stephens; Leffingwell, Albert (1894). 6571:Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 6483:Animal Suffering and the Darwinian Problem of Evil 5862: 5510: 4636: 4144:Wiblin, Robert; Harris, Kieran (August 15, 2019). 3491:Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 2402:where the initial microbial population eventually 1263:Ideen zur Philosphie der Geschichte der Menschheit 16:Suffering of wild animals due to natural processes 11703:Keats, John (1905). De Selincourt, Ernest (ed.). 10012:"Questions and answers about immunocontraception" 9500:"Zoopolis, interventions and the State of Nature" 8879: 8877: 8875: 6627:"Buddhism and the Ethics of Species Conservation" 6286: 5155:Elbaum, Rachel; Eckardt, Andy (August 16, 2018). 4909:"Malnutrition, hunger and thirst in wild animals" 2707:"The Swallow and the Grasshopper", attributed to 1945:perspective, with a religio-spiritual dimension. 1912:Some writers, such as the environmental ethicist 1835: 1690: 843: 19090: 17270:List of international animal welfare conventions 17028:Dishes involving the consumption of live animals 12652:List of international animal welfare conventions 10084:"Animal Rights and the Problem of r-Strategists" 9987:"Wildlife Vaccination - Growing in Feasibility?" 9678:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 103. 9353:"Should we intervene in nature to help animals?" 8692:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 346. 8344: 8196: 8076:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7991:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 5939:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 4984: 4271:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 259–270, 3786:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 3780:Delon, Nicolas; Purves, Duncan (April 1, 2018). 2750:makes similar descriptions of predation in his " 2444:Criticism of portrayals of wild animal suffering 1814:Human responsibility for enhancing natural harms 1396:the writer and early activist for animal rights 975:Some writers have argued that the prevalence of 525: 14944:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory 10390:"Creating Welfare Biology: A Research Proposal" 10128: 10034: 10032: 9699:Clarke, Matthew; Ng, Yew-Kwang (October 2006). 9675:Environmental Ethics: A Very Short Introduction 8537:"Speciesism, Arbitrariness and Moral Illusions" 8257: 8255: 7073: 6764:(Revised ed.). Shambhala. pp. 76–77. 6425: 6293:. Translated by Richter, Jean Paul. folio 1219. 5872:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4847:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4314:Botzler, Richard G.; Brown, Richard N. (2014). 2093: 1733: 952:Reproductive strategies and population dynamics 17558:Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research 14375: 11326:[Nature, Liberation and Enhancement]. 9113: 8872: 8306:Environmental Ethics: The Case of Wild Animals 8115: 8113: 7160: 7158: 7097:. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. pp. 6895:Gompertz, Lewis (1992) . Singer, Peter (ed.). 6110:Simpson, Keith (1979). Schultz, Martin (ed.). 6062:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: 1809-1882 5630: 5487:"Antagonism in nature: Interspecific conflict" 4985:Weidman, T.; Litvaitis, J. A. (July 1, 2011). 4510: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3204:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: 1809-1882 2474:", represent wild animal suffering. He stated: 683: 17897: 17847:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 17336: 15426: 12567: 12147: 11623:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 11485:. London; New York: Longmans, Green. p. 11301:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 465. 10796:"David Attenborough: 'I'm an essential evil'" 10199:"Killing off wild predators is a stupid idea" 9052: 6290:The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci — Complete 6202: 6200: 6198: 5183:"Hot waters make it hard for fish to breathe" 5154: 2737:In "On Poetry: A Rhapsody", written in 1733, 1754: 580:in birds. Examples of other diseases include 413: 18844:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 17421:Psychological barriers to effective altruism 12657:Moral status of animals in the ancient world 10029: 9463:Les ateliers de l'éthique / The Ethics Forum 9316:Les ateliers de l'éthique / The Ethics Forum 8412:Les ateliers de l'éthique / The Ethics Forum 8252: 7883:"Opinion: estimating invertebrate sentience" 7341: 7325:[Why I am not an environmentalist]. 7010: 6739:(Revised ed.). Shambhala. p. 165. 6605: 6546:Darwin, Charles (1958). Barlow, Nora (ed.). 6240:Groff, Zach; Ng, Yew-Kwang (June 18, 2019). 5571:"Antagonism in nature: Intraspecific fights" 5107: 4841:China, Victor; Holzman, Roi (June 3, 2014). 4840: 4313: 4143: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3041:"Bambi or Bessie: Are wild animals happier?" 2382:Spreading wild animal suffering beyond Earth 2222:, were rescued in Sri Lanka. In 2021, 1,700 2198:off the coast of Alaska. In 2018, a team of 1466:, or "hands-off" principle; the do no harm, 14619:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society 14563:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 12595:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases) 11765:""Nature, red in tooth and claw", so what?" 11437:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 10966:"Review: My Penguin Year by Lindsay McCrae" 10895:(1 ed.), Routledge, pp. 444–454, 10538: 10523:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qK-VNh1AKy0 10216: 9532:[The Heavy Burden of Human Being]. 9031: 8681: 8110: 8038:"An Environmentalist's Lament on Predation" 7155: 6814:European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 6658: 6087:River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life 6050: 5932: 5108:Smith, Allen G.; Webster, Harry R. (1955). 4179:"Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals" 3873: 3779: 2363: 2128: 2088: 2069: 1084:, published in 1802, Christian philosopher 764: 17904: 17890: 17391:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis 17343: 17329: 15861:International Society for Applied Ethology 15433: 15419: 12574: 12560: 12154: 12140: 12077: 12024:"Publications about wild animal suffering" 11984:"Helping animals in the wild bibliography" 11581: 10344: 10330:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8706: 7960:"NYU Launches Wild Animal Welfare Program" 6808:Mousavirad, Seyyed Jaaber (July 2, 2022). 6807: 6734: 6659:Cooper, David E.; James, Simon P. (2005). 6419: 6195: 6064:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 90. 4262: 3206:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 90. 2033: 1253: 420: 406: 16040:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 14766:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums) 14703:Human Environment Animal Protection Party 12161: 12060: 11853: 11780: 11709:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. p. 11499: 11374: 10713: 10629: 10242: 10081: 10059: 9555: 9474: 9394: 9376: 9327: 9309: 9258: 9038:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 9008: 8998: 8953: 8883: 8835: 8812: 8628: 8509: 8482: 8464: 8423: 8012: 8002: 7906: 7880: 7487: 7404: 7373: 7350:"The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering" 7223: 7193:Clark, Stephen R. L. (August 29, 2008) . 6936: 6873:The Union Magazine, and Imperial Register 6711: 6608:"The Early Buddhist Tradition and Ethics" 6582: 6475: 6455:"Ethical Relations Between Man and Beast" 6367: 6224: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6033: 6023: 5909: 5891: 5808: 5798: 5757: 5739: 5648: 5615: 5595:Povinelli, Daniel J. (November 1, 2020). 5594: 5546: 5528: 5194: 5180: 5032:"Weather conditions and nonhuman animals" 4950: 4884: 4866: 4613: 4595: 4554: 4536: 4423: 4374: 3929:Sözmen, Beril İdemen (November 1, 2013). 3826: 3743: 3709: 3675: 3638: 3623:"The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering" 3604: 3570: 3536: 3502: 3465: 3116: 3004: 2976: 2961:"The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering" 2422: 2270: 1964: 1640:’s 2020 article "All we owe to animals". 1608:has also explored this topic, publishing 1324: 17568:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 17210:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 14824:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology 13081:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals 11949: 11811: 11724:Hillier, Russell M. (November 1, 2014). 11685: 11560: 11541: 11482:Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology 11405:Narrative Art and the Politics of Health 11103:Revista española de lingüística aplicada 11031: 10444: 10288: 9774:"Environment: Free At Last! Bon Voyage!" 9698: 9671: 8759: 8654: 8581: 8319: 8069: 8035: 7984: 7594: 7226:"Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" 7224:Callicott, J. Baird (November 1, 1980). 7017:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 292. 6979: 6911: 6894: 6784: 6759: 6429:Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil 6116:. London: Salamander Books. p. 22. 5181:Sanderson, Katharine (January 4, 2007). 4801:Michigan Department of Natural Resources 4011: 3829:"Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" 3827:Callicott, J. Baird (November 1, 1980). 3172: 3005:Faria, Catia; Paez, Eze (May 11, 2015). 2677: 2508: 2426: 2132: 2103: 1844: 1793:Non-intervention as a form of speciesism 1763: 1566: 1413: 1277: 1039: 955: 847: 798:for mates and social status, as well as 768: 713: 636: 539: 20: 18876:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 17648:Machine Intelligence Research Institute 12672:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 11723: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11506:. Cambridge: University Press. p. 11478: 11457: 11401: 11348: 11321: 11258: 11038:Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal 10992: 10988: 10986: 10964:Mabbott, Alastair (December 15, 2019). 10963: 10893:The Routledge Handbook of Animal Ethics 10856: 10854: 10770:"How natural are nature documentaries?" 10767: 10695: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10660: 10585: 10418: 10387: 10348:The Routledge Handbook of Animal Ethics 10299:The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism 10291:"Consequentialism and Nonhuman Animals" 10257: 10016:The Humane Society of the United States 9985:Abbott, Rachel C. (February 17, 2020). 9804: 9802: 9771: 9585: 9581: 9579: 9551: 9549: 9275: 9237: 8765: 8650: 8648: 8606: 8604: 8446: 8402: 8309:(Master's thesis). University of Basel. 8298: 8296: 8261: 8223: 8119: 7933:Canon, Gabrielle (September 10, 2021). 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7515: 7435: 7347: 7320: 7114: 7112: 6453:Evans, Edward Payson (September 1894). 6349: 6239: 6109: 6084: 5781:Allan, Bridie J. M. (January 1, 2020). 5687: 5459: 5421: 5081: 4830:(PhD thesis). Universitat Pompeu Fabra. 4263:Knight, Kelli; Wick, Peach van (2019), 4120: 3884: 3620: 3349: 3294: 3097: 2958: 2769:a fly, but then is consumed by a bird. 2307: 1728: 1622:continued this discussion in 2021 with 1126: 813: 19091: 17350: 12749:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness 12042: 11832: 11642: 11290: 11288: 10937: 10886: 10860: 10793: 10768:Lopatto, Elizabeth (August 15, 2016). 10611: 10038: 9984: 9808: 9556:Lepeltier, Thomas (November 7, 2018). 9456: 9417: 9202: 9176: 9159: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8926: 8687: 8534: 7627: 7540: 7538: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7405:Faria, Catia; Paez, Eze, eds. (2015). 7374:Faria, Catia; Paez, Eze, eds. (2015). 7164: 7135: 7069: 7067: 6866: 6850:Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc (1807). 6849: 6845: 6843: 6693: 6654: 6652: 6545: 6522: 6478:"Facing the Darwinian Problem of Evil" 6390: 6345: 6343: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6206: 6130: 6060:(September 1993). Barlow, Nora (ed.). 6056: 5455: 5453: 5395: 5366: 5364: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4980: 4978: 4682:"Predators, parasites and parasitoids" 4676: 4674: 4672: 4269:Medical Management of Wildlife Species 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4116: 4114: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4007: 4005: 3977: 3975: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3861:from the original on February 20, 2019 3782:"Wild Animal Suffering is Intractable" 3775: 3773: 3725: 3654: 3552: 3447: 3244: 3202:(September 1993). Barlow, Nora (ed.). 3198: 3038: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2417: 2289:to reduce the suffering of members of 2265: 2234:Vaccination and contraception programs 1760:Animal rights and welfare perspectives 1384: 1331:Philosophical pessimism § Animals 1243:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 1231:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 909:challenged Darwin's claim in his book 747:and reducing available water sources. 17885: 17324: 17038:People associated with animal welfare 16998:Animal welfare and rights legislation 15891:Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research 15414: 14960:Political Animals and Animal Politics 14764: 14548:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition 14473:Centre for Animals and Social Justice 14374: 13355: 12885:Concentrated animal feeding operation 12662:Timeline of animal welfare and rights 12617:Animal rights by country or territory 12593: 12555: 12135: 12080:"Wild animal welfare: a bibliography" 11952:"The wild frontier of animal welfare" 11854:Stenerson, Douglas C. (Winter 1991). 11762: 11702: 11659: 11616: 11520: 11458:Hawtree, Laura Joy (September 2011). 11428: 11322:Mannino, Adriano (January 22, 2012). 11294: 11207: 11149: 11013:from the original on January 25, 2017 10993:Furness, Hannah (December 12, 2016). 10830: 10521:2018: San Francisco. Retrieved from: 10470: 10447:"The wild frontier of animal welfare" 10302:. Douglas W. Portmore. New York, NY. 10222: 10196: 9745: 9645: 9560:[Caring about wild animals]. 9497: 9350: 8980: 8935:"The Ethics of Wild Animal Suffering" 8774:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. xii. 8712: 8610: 8353: 8169: 7932: 7881:Schukraft, Jason (November 6, 2019). 7756: 7673: 7597:"The wild frontier of animal welfare" 7567: 7544: 7466: 7286: 7192: 7118: 7090: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6624: 6567:"The ethics of wild animal suffering" 6452: 6329: 6307:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 6287:Leonardo da Vinci (January 1, 2004). 5979: 5780: 4820: 4769: 4730: 4471: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4015:Wildlife rights and human obligations 3981: 3759: 3586: 3518: 3484:"The Ethics of Wild Animal Suffering" 3263: 3220: 3173:Iglesias, Alejandro Villamor (2018). 3168: 3166: 3164: 3141: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3039:Wilcox, Christie (December 4, 2011). 2954: 2952: 2950: 2594:'s character Zelby, in the 1957 book 2546:" encounters a seemingly dead frozen 2496:Non-intervention as a filmmaking rule 1841:Practicality of intervening in nature 1067:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 752:associated with increased mortality. 709: 510:writers, have defended variants of a 17018:Animal welfare and rights by country 15926:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 15871:List of animal welfare organizations 14691:Animalist Party with the Environment 12978:Animal testing on non-human primates 11631: 11123: 11096: 11070: 10983: 10938:Gentle, Louise (November 29, 2018). 10851: 10794:Rustin, Susanna (October 21, 2011). 10761: 10736: 10684: 10338: 9953: 9875: 9799: 9772:Dorfman, Andrea (November 7, 1988). 9576: 9546: 9527: 9303: 9123:International Encyclopedia of Ethics 9079: 8932: 8794: 8645: 8601: 8447:Hopster, Jeroen (December 1, 2019). 8440: 8293: 7909:"Invertebrate welfare cause profile" 7614: 7516:McMahan, Jeff (September 28, 2010). 7323:"Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" 7109: 7037: 6983:Zibaldone: The Notebooks of Leopardi 6694:Stuart, Daniel M. (September 2019). 6625:James, Simon P. (February 1, 2006). 6564: 6303: 6005: 5865:"Supplementary Information Appendix" 5681: 5460:McMahan, Jeff (September 19, 2010). 5428:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 5055: 4065: 4018:(PhD thesis). University of Reading. 3691: 3481: 3034: 3032: 2656:'s views on nature, as expressed in 2327: 1948: 1926:their masters, or that woman exists 1241:, published in 1753, the naturalist 884: 755: 18892:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 17563:Center for High Impact Philanthropy 17234:Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 15115:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home 13325:World Day for the End of Speciesism 12043:Dorado, Daniel (November 2, 2015). 11860:Canadian Review of American Studies 11818:. London: Kelmscott Press. p. 11544:"Poème sur le désastre de lisbonne" 11500:Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne (1921). 11467:(PhD thesis). University of Exeter. 11285: 11150:Lutts, Ralph H. (October 1, 1992). 10421:"Why is Welfare Biology Important?" 10289:John, Tyler M.; Sebo, Jeff (2020). 10197:Grush, Loren (September 10, 2015). 9954:Daly, Natasha (February 19, 2021). 9809:Mohdin, Aamna (November 19, 2018). 9746:Burke, Jason (September 14, 2016). 9646:Menon, Gangadharan (July 3, 2012). 9530:"Le lourd fardeau de l'être humain" 9377:Sapontzis, Steve (March 18, 2011). 8969: 8739: 8302: 8163: 8063: 7985:Keulartz, Jozef (October 1, 2016). 7854:"Why wild animal suffering matters" 7826:"Announcing Wild Animal Initiative" 7535: 7504: 7064: 6930: 6840: 6787:"Hindu Ethics and Nonhuman Animals" 6649: 6548:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 6397:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6340: 6318: 5980:Klein, Alice (September 19, 2022). 5831: 5624: 5450: 5361: 5017: 4975: 4669: 4448:"Physical injuries in wild animals" 4176: 4163: 4111: 4054: 4002: 3972: 3917: 3770: 2993: 2959:Tomasik, Brian (November 2, 2015). 2230:sea turtles were rescued in Texas. 1453: 1358: 1261:, a philosopher and theologian, in 1010:History of concern for wild animals 13: 17275:Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 15440: 15240:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 14583:United Activists for Animal Rights 14493:Doctors Against Animal Experiments 12632:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies 12116:Wild animal suffering video course 12078:Stafforini, Pablo (June 6, 2013). 12049:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 11950:Matthews, Dylan (April 12, 2021). 11943: 11839:. Chicago: W. B. Conkey. pp. 11381:. Random House. pp. 311–312. 11324:"Natur, Befreiung und Enhancement" 11130:The Hans Christian Andersen Centre 11077:The Hans Christian Andersen Centre 10445:Matthews, Dylan (April 12, 2021). 10388:Brennan, Ozy (November 25, 2017). 10048:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 9876:Zhou, Naaman (December 24, 2019). 9586:Brennan, Ozy (December 20, 2018). 9351:Faria, Catia (December 21, 2014). 8801:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 8535:Bruers, Stijn (October 22, 2020). 8512:Suffering and Moral Responsibility 8303:Ryf, Philipp (September 1, 2016). 7628:Nadler, Steven (August 10, 2018). 7595:Matthews, Dylan (April 12, 2021). 7411:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 7380:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 6980:Leopardi, Giacomo (2013). "4511". 6883: 6350:Gregory, T. Ryan (December 2009). 6336:. 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Beyond Anthropocentrism 1409: 1025: 1020: 530: 483:, as well as the pervasiveness of 14: 19110: 15906:National Anti-Vivisection Society 14784:On Abstinence from Eating Animals 14744:Animal Rights National Conference 14667:Animal Protection Party of Canada 14624:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society 14478:Chinese Animal Protection Network 14403:American Anti-Vivisection Society 13882:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann 12637:Animal rights in Indian religions 12627:Animal rights and punk subculture 12581: 12122:Timeline of wild-animal suffering 12098: 11159:Forest & Conservation History 10471:Kovic, Marko (February 1, 2021). 10296:. In Portmore, Douglas W. (ed.). 10088:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 9558:"Se soucier des animaux sauvages" 8690:The Point of View of The Universe 8070:Kapembwa, Julius (October 2018). 7907:Schukraft, Jason (July 9, 2019). 7801:"Positive Duties to Wild Animals" 7545:Reese, Jacy (December 14, 2015). 6867:Herder, Johann Gottfried (1801). 6356:Evolution: Education and Outreach 5056:Amos, Jonathan (April 24, 2019). 4731:Fiske, W. F. (February 1, 1910). 3938:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 3029: 2838: 2772: 2732: 2685:'s 1813 poem "To the Thoughtless" 2648: 2626: 2557: 2521: 2001:Clare Palmer § Animal ethics 1273: 942:. To illustrate this, he writes: 19073: 19072: 17401:Equal consideration of interests 17305: 17304: 15632:Intrinsic value in animal ethics 15391: 15390: 14952:Animal Rights Without Liberation 14603:Voice for Animals Humane Society 13335:World Day for the End of Fishing 13330:World Day for Laboratory Animals 12760:Equal consideration of interests 11913: 11886: 11847: 11826: 11805: 11756: 11717: 11696: 11692:. London: W. Pople. p. 307. 11679: 11653: 11649:. Baltimore: Bonsal & Niles. 11610: 11575: 11554: 11535: 11514: 11493: 11472: 11451: 11422: 11395: 11368: 11342: 11315: 11252: 11208:Lutts, Ralph H. (October 1992). 11201: 11143: 11117: 11090: 11064: 11025: 10957: 10931: 10880: 10831:Muñoz, Toni (February 8, 2019). 10824: 10787: 10730: 10696:Brennan, Ozy (January 1, 2019). 10654: 10605: 10586:Tomasik, Brian (May 20, 2018) . 10579: 10532: 10511: 10464: 10438: 10419:Salazar, Maria (July 31, 2019). 10412: 10381: 10282: 10251: 10190: 10164: 10122: 10075: 10004: 9978: 9947: 9921: 9895: 9869: 9836: 9765: 9739: 9692: 9665: 9639: 9610: 9521: 9491: 9450: 9411: 9370: 9344: 9231: 9196: 9170: 9153: 9107: 9025: 8829: 8788: 8733: 8582:Muraille, Eric (July 23, 2018). 8575: 8528: 8503: 8396: 8313: 8217: 8190: 8184:10.1111/j.1468-5930.2012.00561.x 8125:"The Moral Problem of Predation" 8029: 7978: 7952: 7926: 7900: 7874: 7846: 7818: 7793: 7750: 7724: 7698: 7647: 7588: 7561: 7460: 7436:Allegri, Francesco, ed. (2022). 7429: 7398: 7367: 7314: 7280: 7254: 7217: 7186: 7129: 7084: 7031: 6662:Buddhism, Virtue and Environment 6565:Moen, Ole Martin (May 9, 2016). 6523:Darwin, Charles (May 22, 1860). 6426:Hoggard Creegan, Nicola (2013). 5082:Sharman, Jon (August 20, 2019). 4655:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18292.x 4317:Foundations of Wildlife Diseases 4035:Horta, Oscar (January 5, 2015). 3355:"The Moral Problem of Predation" 3300:"The Moral Problem of Predation" 2275: 2144: 1992: 1546:, the animal rights philosopher 1506:, asserting that it is based on 852:Marine arthropods, such as this 387: 57: 17805:Famine, Affluence, and Morality 17573:Development Media International 17292:List of animal rights advocates 14673:Animal Justice Party of Finland 14558:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics 13772:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause 13360:(academics, writers, activists) 13253:Monkey selfie copyright dispute 11524:The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift 11214:Forest and Conservation History 10863:"The Post-Darwinian Transition" 9424:Journal of Political Philosophy 9206:Wilderness, Morality, and Value 9163:Value, morality, and wilderness 8320:Shooster, Jay (July 11, 2017). 7321:Olivier, David (June 1, 1993). 7165:Singer, Peter (June 14, 1973). 7004: 6973: 6905: 6860: 6801: 6778: 6762:The Words of My Perfect Teacher 6753: 6728: 6687: 6618: 6599: 6558: 6539: 6516: 6469: 6446: 6384: 6297: 6280: 6233: 6103: 6078: 5999: 5973: 5926: 5856: 5825: 5774: 5707: 5688:Robbins, Jim (April 11, 2017). 5588: 5563: 5504: 5479: 5415: 5396:Olvera, Lola (March 25, 2020). 5389: 5298: 5244: 5219: 5174: 5148: 5101: 5075: 5049: 4939:Journal of Experimental Biology 4926: 4901: 4834: 4814: 4789: 4770:Sekar, Sandhya (May 22, 2015). 4763: 4724: 4699: 4630: 4571: 4504: 4465: 4440: 4391: 4334: 4307: 4256: 4201: 4137: 4085: 4066:Sebo, Jeff (January 15, 2020). 3820: 2588:, and chronic wasting disease. 1685:Positive Duties to Wild Animals 1562: 1557: 1518:, which he used as a model for 1404: 1268: 1225: 893:, the naturalist and biologist 560:, which are analogous to human 18860:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 18230:Value monism – Value pluralism 17769:Risk of astronomical suffering 15716:Animal Defenders International 15572:Abnormal behaviours in animals 14896:Animals, Property, and the Law 12973:Alternatives to animal testing 12642:Christianity and animal rights 11479:Mackail, John William (1906). 10698:"Complexity of wild ruminants" 10394:Wild-Animal Suffering Research 10264:Wild-Animal Suffering Research 10082:Johannsen, Kyle (April 2017). 9592:Wild-Animal Suffering Research 9131:10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee645 8795:Paez, Eze (November 2, 2015). 8326:Wild-Animal Suffering Research 7659:Center for Animal Ethics (UPF) 6606:Schmithausen, Lambert (1997). 5838:Wild-Animal Suffering Research 5832:Ray, Georgia (June 29, 2017). 5372:"Animals in natural disasters" 4737:Journal of Economic Entomology 4183:Wild-Animal Suffering Research 3587:Cunha, Luciano Carlos (2015). 3340: 3189: 2355:Welfare biology is a proposed 2125:to regulate population sizes. 1836:Arguments against intervention 1691:Organizations and institutions 1363:In the 1874 posthumous essay " 844:Number of affected individuals 700: 606:terminal investment hypothesis 1: 17553:Centre for Effective Altruism 17381:Disability-adjusted life year 15901:National Animal Welfare Trust 15811:Farm Animal Welfare Committee 15736:Animal Welfare Board of India 15612:Ethics of uncertain sentience 14533:Korea Animal Rights Advocates 13243:Cambridge University primates 12775:Ethics of uncertain sentience 11408:. Anthem Press. p. 199. 11097:Ruiz, Javier Herrero (2007). 10670:. Ratio Ethica. p. 249. 10545:Journal of Applied Philosophy 10489:10.1016/j.futures.2020.102638 10473:"Risks of space colonization" 10258:Brennan, Ozy (May 23, 2018). 9121:, in Lafollette, Hugh (ed.), 8905:10.5840/enviroethics199416138 8838:American Behavioral Scientist 8727:10.5840/enviroethics201739320 8611:Horta, Oscar (July 5, 2016). 8375:10.5840/enviroethics200325231 8203:. Vernon Press. p. 244. 8172:Journal of Applied Philosophy 8057:10.5840/enviroethics200830443 7136:Skutch, Alexander F. (1952). 7125:. London: G. Bell & Sons. 7011:Schopenhauer, Arthur (2000). 6785:Kemmerer, Lisa (April 2009). 6006:Paez, Eze (January 1, 2020). 5604:Animal Behavior and Cognition 5262:(22): 628–629. June 2, 2018. 4797:"Malnutrition and Starvation" 4093:"Helping animals in the wild" 3179:Revista de Bioética y Derecho 2941: 2504: 1700:. The nonprofit organization 865:and 10 marine arthropods, 10 632: 526:Extent of suffering in nature 18924:On the Genealogy of Morality 18884:Critique of Practical Reason 17668:Raising for Effective Giving 17593:Future of Humanity Institute 17258:Horse Protection Act of 1970 15846:Humane Slaughter Association 15841:Humane Society International 14593:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics 12743:Argument from marginal cases 12274:Nature Red in Tooth and Claw 11582:Blackstone, Bernard (2015). 11548:Œuvres complètes de Voltaire 10592:Essays on Reducing Suffering 10539:O'Brien, Gary David (2021). 9166:(Thesis). Boston University. 9095:(in French). August 22, 2016 9073:10.5840/enviroethics19971945 9032:Rolston III, Holmes (1988). 8766:Belshaw, Christoher (2001). 8655:Nussbaum, Martha C. (2006). 8036:Raterman, Ty (Winter 2008). 7348:Tomasik, Brian (July 2009). 7241:10.5840/enviroethics19802424 7172:The New York Review of Books 5003:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.027 4538:10.1371/journal.pone.0020193 3891:Ethics & the Environment 3844:10.5840/enviroethics19802424 3072:"Egalitarianism and Animals" 2673: 2094:Existing forms of assistance 1734:Predation as a moral problem 1531:, animal rights philosopher 1431:, zoologist and philosopher 1168:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra 7: 17819:Living High and Letting Die 17764:Neglected tropical diseases 17240:Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 17169:Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo 15876:League Against Cruel Sports 15851:International Animal Rescue 15776:Compassion in World Farming 14880:Morals, Reason, and Animals 14508:Farm Animal Rights Movement 14458:Anonymous for the Voiceless 13147:International primate trade 12622:Anarchism and animal rights 12266:Morals, Reason, and Animals 11564:Toleration and Other Essays 9991:Cornell Wildlife Health Lab 9457:Bailey, Christiane (2014). 9209:. Lanham: Lexington Books. 7681:"Animal Ethics in the Wild" 7195:"The rights of Wild things" 6550:. London: Collins. p. 6476:Schneider, John R. (2020). 6391:Murray, Michael J. (2008). 3249:. Oxford University Press. 2850: 2752:Poem on the Lisbon Disaster 2714: 1725:and Danielle Spiegel-Feld. 1528:Morals, Reason, and Animals 1489:In 1973, moral philosopher 1204: 1139: 987:described this as follows: 684:Starvation and malnutrition 574:devil facial tumour disease 10: 19115: 18852:A Treatise of Human Nature 17911: 17533:Against Malaria Foundation 17426:Quality-adjusted life year 17228:Animal Welfare Act of 1966 17205:Animal testing regulations 15602:Compassionate conservation 15000:Making a Stand for Animals 14872:The Case for Animal Rights 14523:Hunt Saboteurs Association 14483:Cruelty Free International 14453:Anti-Vivisection Coalition 12983:Animal testing regulations 12062:10.7358/rela-2015-002-dora 11763:Weiss, Kenneth M. (2010). 11660:Simon, Ed (May 29, 2019). 11546:. In Moland, Louis (ed.). 11461:Wild Animals in Roman Epic 11429:Smith, Joanna (May 2016). 11124:Andersen, Hans Christian. 11071:Andersen, Hans Christian. 11032:Hamilton, William (1979). 10244:10.15368/bts.2010v13n10.10 10150:10.1163/156853506778942077 10061:10.7358/rela-2015-002-pear 9507:Law, Ethics and Philosophy 9281:Wilson, Scott D. (2011). " 9203:Duclos, Joshua S. (2022). 9177:Walker, Jack (June 2022). 8814:10.7358/rela-2015-002-paez 8553:10.1007/s11406-020-00282-7 8226:Ethics and the Environment 7763:Making a Stand for Animals 7685:Cambridge University Press 7489:10.7358/rela-2015-001-fari 7038:Mill, John Stuart (1874). 6901:. Fontwell: Centaur Press. 6737:The Way of the Bodhisattva 6643:10.3197/096327106776678942 6612:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 5741:10.1038/s41598-019-47684-6 5617:10.26451/abc.07.04.09.2020 4472:Scott, Marilyn E. (1988). 4277:10.1002/9781119036708.ch20 3985:The Case for Animal Rights 3745:10.7358/rela-2015-002-sozm 3711:10.7358/rela-2015-002-paez 3677:10.7358/rela-2015-002-pear 3640:10.7358/rela-2015-002-toma 3606:10.7358/rela-2015-001-cunh 3572:10.7358/rela-2015-001-torr 3538:10.7358/rela-2015-001-hort 3467:10.7358/rela-2015-002-dora 2978:10.7358/rela-2015-002-toma 2689: 2565:Bambi, a Life in the Woods 2348: 2181: 2160: 2097: 1998: 1899:strategist species, while 1887: 1755:Arguments for intervention 1737: 1680:Making a Stand for Animals 1573:astronomically multiplying 1504:animal liberation movement 1482: 1328: 1029: 1013: 926:The struggle for existence 586:viral haemorrhagic disease 535: 19068: 18975: 18820: 18586: 18311: 18240: 18102: 17977: 17919: 17871:Effective Altruism Global 17863: 17798:The End of Animal Farming 17782: 17691: 17658:Nuclear Threat Initiative 17543:Animal Charity Evaluators 17520: 17444: 17358: 17300: 17284: 17197: 17139:International Primate Day 17089: 17051: 16975: 16790: 16732:Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell 16619: 16610: 16250: 16079: 16070: 15989: 15703: 15655: 15564: 15526:Welfare of farmed insects 15448: 15386: 15359: 15306: 15256: 15196: 15189: 15155:The Ghosts in Our Machine 15010: 14992:Animal Ethics in the Wild 14775: 14771: 14760: 14736: 14647: 14611: 14428:Animal Legal Defense Fund 14395: 14388: 14384: 14370: 14207: 13931: 13924: 13727:William Hamilton Drummond 13669: 13378: 13369: 13365: 13351: 13312: 13291: 13230: 13180: 13122: 13094: 13086:Welfare of farmed insects 13031: 12963: 12855: 12848: 12713:Animal–industrial complex 12680: 12604: 12600: 12589: 12499: 12348: 12341: 12333:Wildlife Disaster Network 12315: 12305:Animal Ethics in the Wild 12241: 12215: 12169: 11812:Tennyson, Alfred (1893). 11769:Evolutionary Anthropology 11742:10.1515/arcadia-2014-0023 11503:Studies in Islamic Poetry 11375:Pratchett, Terry (2009). 10867:The Animal Rights Library 10631:10.1017/S095382082100042X 10425:Animal Charity Evaluators 10100:10.1007/s10677-016-9774-x 9717:10.1007/s00355-006-0137-8 9705:Social Choice and Welfare 9243:"Individuals in the wild" 8987:Les Ateliers de l'Éthique 8933:Moen, Ole Martin (2016). 8510:Mayerfeld, Jamie (1999). 8088:10.1007/s10806-018-9743-6 8004:10.1007/s10806-016-9637-4 7805:Routledge & CRC Press 7467:Faria, Catia (May 2015). 7456:– via ledonline.it. 7425:– via ledonline.it. 7394:– via ledonline.it. 7327:Les Cahiers antispécistes 7211:10.1080/00201747908601871 7119:Moore, J. Howard (1912). 7091:Moore, J. Howard (1906). 6760:Rinpoche, Patrul (1998). 6492:10.1017/9781108767439.003 6369:10.1007/s12052-009-0184-6 6258:10.1007/s10539-019-9692-0 6085:Dawkins, Richard (1995). 5951:10.1007/s10806-005-1805-x 5650:10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.042 5331:10.1007/s00442-004-1616-1 4041:Animal Charity Evaluators 4012:Kapembwa, Julius (2017). 3950:10.1007/s10677-013-9416-5 3798:10.1007/s10806-018-9722-y 3482:Moen, Ole Martin (2016). 2112:being fed using a syringe 1832:of human responsibility. 1710:Wildlife Disaster Network 1615:The End of Animal Farming 1155:. The Buddhist scripture 830:A framework known as the 618:intraspecific competition 611: 473:killings by other animals 171:Animal–industrial complex 18203:Universal prescriptivism 17826:The Most Good You Can Do 17739:Intensive animal farming 17724:Global catastrophic risk 17598:Future of Life Institute 16448:Alasdair Alpin MacGregor 15998:American Humane Magazine 15916:Party for Animal Welfare 15741:Animal Welfare Institute 15541:Feedback (pork industry) 15491:Intensive animal farming 15233:Journal of Animal Ethics 15099:Your Mommy Kills Animals 14488:Direct Action Everywhere 13897:Johann Heinrich Winckler 13842:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers 13299:Direct Action Everywhere 13003:Huntingdon Life Sciences 12988:Labcorp Drug Development 12945:Feedback (pork industry) 12910:Intensive animal farming 12647:History of animal rights 11686:Gompertz, Isaac (1813). 11643:Darwin, Erasmus (1804). 11521:Swift, Jonathan (1766). 10901:10.4324/9781315105840-40 10889:"The Laissez-Faire View" 10661:Vinding, Magnus (2020). 10357:10.4324/9781315105840-41 9672:Attfield, Robin (2018). 9588:"Wildlife Contraception" 9283:Animal Ethics in Context 8850:10.1177/0002764219830467 8770:Environmental Philosophy 8279:10.3197/096327110X485392 7759:"In defense of animals!" 7354:Center on Long-Term Risk 7045:Three Essays on Religion 6951:10.1179/155909009X401665 6912:Gompertz, Lewis (1852). 6856:. 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Bershadker 16054:The Animals' Guardian 15806:Eurogroup for Animals 15690:Pain in invertebrates 15597:Behavioral enrichment 15531:Wild animal suffering 15496:Intensive pig farming 15360:Fairs and exhibitions 15247:The Animals' Defender 15219:Cahiers antispécistes 15147:Speciesism: The Movie 14968:Animal (De)liberation 14928:Striking at the Roots 14840:The Universal Kinship 14800:The Rights of Animals 14721:People Animals Nature 14715:Party for the Animals 14528:In Defense of Animals 14290:Nina Douglas-Hamilton 13682:David Renaud Boullier 13268:Silver Spring monkeys 13167:Wild animal suffering 13076:Pain in invertebrates 12915:Intensive pig farming 12805:Opposition to hunting 12770:Ethics of eating meat 12258:The Universal Kinship 12163:Wild animal suffering 12110:Wild Animal Suffering 11899:The Poetry Foundation 11550:(in French). 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Fairholme 16273:Madeleine Bemelmans 16127:Peter Ronald Davies 15981:World Horse Welfare 15886:Network for Animals 15766:Blue Cross of India 15680:Pain in crustaceans 15675:Pain in cephalopods 15642:Three Rs principles 15486:Eating live seafood 15481:Eating live animals 15476:Livestock dehorning 15400:( 139 ) 15226:Etica & Animali 15212:Between the Species 14936:An American Trilogy 14629:Humanitarian League 14240:Frances Power Cobbe 13857:Arthur Schopenhauer 13852:Henry Stephens Salt 13732:Edward Payson Evans 13426:Stephen R. L. Clark 13283:War of the currents 13172:Wildlife management 13066:Pain in crustaceans 13061:Pain in cephalopods 12466:Stephen R. L. Clark 12207:Wild animal welfare 11435:(Master's thesis). 11261:The Midwich Cuckoos 11126:"The Ugly Duckling" 10270:on December 4, 2020 10230:Between the Species 9960:National Geographic 9241:(January 1, 2018). 8332:on December 4, 2020 6735:Shantideva (2006). 6713:10.3390/rel10060363 6183:on February 5, 2020 5884:2018PNAS..115.6506B 5732:2019NatSR...911474Z 5323:2004Oecol.140..566R 4859:2014PNAS..111.8083C 4529:2011PLoSO...620193G 4416:10.1098/rsob.150251 4353:(1644): 1753–1759. 4127:Between the Species 3982:Regan, Tom (2004). 3435:on February 5, 2020 3227:The Problem of Pain 3076:Between the Species 3045:Scientific American 2914:The Problem of Pain 2898:Pain in crustaceans 2893:Pain in cephalopods 2789:evolutionary theory 2614:In the philosopher 2597:The Midwich Cuckoos 2586:bovine tuberculosis 2538:The fairy tales of 2431:Lions attacking an 2418:Cultural depictions 2400:directed panspermia 2339:Logic of the Larder 2302:eradicate suffering 2296:species, and using 2266:Future developments 2155:Borana Oromo people 2138:Oral rabies vaccine 2015:wildlife management 1979:species extinctions 1718:New York University 1716:In September 2022, 1496:Stephen R. L. Clark 1398:Henry Stephens Salt 1385:Henry Stephens Salt 1341:Arthur Schopenhauer 1102:Edward Payson Evans 940:Darwinian evolution 719:Mountain cottontail 570:white-nose syndrome 481:Darwinian evolution 18998:Ethics in religion 18993:Descriptive ethics 18828:Nicomachean Ethics 17754:Malaria prevention 17714:Economic stability 17699:Biotechnology risk 17653:Malaria Consortium 17618:Giving What We Can 17588:Fistula Foundation 17371:Charity assessment 17352:Effective altruism 17164:Pushkar Camel Fair 17023:Cruelty to animals 17008:Animal sanctuaries 16948:D. G. M. Wood-Gush 16903:Siobhan O'Sullivan 16568:Christopher Wathes 16538:Elisabeth Svendsen 16513:Catherine Smithies 16373:Colesworthey Grant 16087:Michael C. Appleby 15921:People for Animals 15670:Pain in amphibians 15617:Ethical omnivorism 15163:Unlocking the Cage 14984:Wild Animal Ethics 14808:The Ethics of Diet 14685:Animalist Movement 14661:Animal Politics EU 14573:Sentience Politics 14199:That Vegan Teacher 13817:Siobhan O'Sullivan 13802:José Ferrater Mora 13611:Steve F. Sapontzis 13104:Commercial fishing 13056:Pain in amphibians 13046:Cruelty to animals 13018:Operation Backfire 12857:Animal agriculture 12765:Emotion in animals 12476:Steve F. Sapontzis 12461:Holmes Rolston III 12371:J. Baird Callicott 12297:Wild Animal Ethics 12084:Pablo's miscellany 11782:10.1002/evan.20255 11445:10.17615/GS6K-8B69 11378:Unseen Academicals 10749:on October 9, 2019 10557:10.1111/japp.12538 9909:. November 3, 2020 9436:10.1111/jopp.12068 9383:Ethics and Animals 8466:10.3390/ani9121054 7913:Rethink Priorities 7887:Rethink Priorities 7834:. January 19, 2019 7738:. January 21, 2021 7712:. 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Baird Callicott 1423: 1287: 1238:Histoire Naturelle 1070:, the philosopher 1057: 973: 858: 781: 723: 710:Weather conditions 668:Unlike parasites, 660:Ribeiroia ondatrae 646: 642:Tongue-eating lice 554: 465:weather conditions 394:Animals portal 34: 19086: 19085: 19053:Social philosophy 19038:Population ethics 19028:Philosophy of law 19008:History of ethics 18491:Political freedom 18168:Euthyphro dilemma 17959:Suffering-focused 17879: 17878: 17791:Doing Good Better 17663:Open Philanthropy 17643:Mercy for Animals 17638:The Humane League 17512:Eliezer Yudkowsky 17477:William MacAskill 17452:Sam Bankman-Fried 17366:Aid effectiveness 17318: 17317: 17149:Dog Meat Festival 17124:Gadhimai festival 16971: 16970: 16913:Francis H. Rowley 16908:Charles Reinhardt 16838:Stephen Coleridge 16697:Alistair Lawrence 16632:Jonathan Balcombe 16606: 16605: 16548:Ralph Waldo Trine 16533:Christine Stevens 16468:Lady Mount Temple 16398:Rachel Hirschfeld 16268:H. Baillie-Weaver 16005:Animal Protection 15881:Marine Connection 15546:Foam depopulation 15471:Cormorant culling 15408: 15407: 15401: 15382: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15349:Onward to Freedom 15317:Animal Liberation 15302: 15301: 15123:Forks Over Knives 15075:Peaceable Kingdom 15035:Shores of Silence 15027:A Cow at My Table 14912:Eternal Treblinka 14864:Animal Liberation 14756: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14643: 14642: 14578:Uncaged Campaigns 14553:Mercy for Animals 14518:Great Ape Project 14433:Animal Liberation 14379:(groups, parties) 14366: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14265:Elizabeth Farians 14174:Christine Townend 14114:Heather Nicholson 14044:Brigitte Gothière 14034:Antoine Goetschel 13920: 13919: 13581:Charles Patterson 13486:Gary L. Francione 13461:Josephine Donovan 13451:Daniel Dombrowski 13431:Alasdair Cochrane 13347: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13226: 13225: 13157:Predation problem 13041:Animal euthanasia 12950:Foam depopulation 12785:Insects in ethics 12549: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12441:William MacAskill 12361:Jacy Reese Anthis 12187:Predation problem 11894:"The Bloody Sire" 11836:The Light of Asia 11815:Maud: A Monodrama 11595:978-1-107-50342-7 11542:Voltaire (1883). 11415:978-1-78527-711-5 11388:978-1-4070-4729-4 11308:978-1-4391-7612-2 11270:978-0-7953-0292-3 10910:978-1-315-10584-0 10737:Norcross, Desli. 10366:978-1-315-10584-0 10309:978-0-19-090535-4 9685:978-0-19-879716-6 9598:on March 21, 2021 9476:10.7202/1029059ar 9329:10.7202/1055118ar 9216:978-1-6669-0136-8 9140:978-1-4051-8641-4 9000:10.7202/1055119ar 8781:978-1-902683-21-8 8666:978-0-674-04157-8 8521:978-0-19-515495-5 8425:10.7202/1055117ar 8356:"Policing Nature" 8210:978-1-62273-975-2 7710:New Books Network 7581:978-0-8070-1945-0 6993:978-0-14-196200-9 6791:Swadharam Journal 6771:978-1-57062-412-4 6680:978-1-351-95431-0 6501:978-1-108-76743-9 6439:978-0-19-993185-9 6404:978-0-19-923727-2 6123:978-0-86101-036-3 6096:978-0-297-81540-2 5878:(25): 6506–6511. 5844:on April 13, 2021 5633:"Ecology of fear" 5462:"The Meat Eaters" 5435:978-0-08-093116-6 4853:(22): 8083–8088. 4327:978-0-520-27609-3 4286:978-1-119-03670-8 4214:Veterinary Record 4099:. 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M. S. Russell 16898:George Nicholson 16798:George T. Angell 16742:Susan J. Pearson 16642:Geoffrey Barstow 16617: 16616: 16583:Emily Williamson 16443:Victoria Lidiard 16393:Edward Hemingway 16378:George Greenwood 16318:Marjorie Doggett 16242:Tina M. Widowski 16217:Adolfo Sansolini 16092:Cynthia Bathurst 16077: 16076: 16047:Our Dumb Animals 15658:nonhuman animals 15536:Wildlife farming 15435: 15428: 15421: 15412: 15411: 15399: 15394: 15393: 15205:Animal Sentience 15194: 15193: 15059:Legally Blonde 2 15019:The Animals Film 14773: 14772: 14762: 14761: 14568:Rise for Animals 14393: 14392: 14386: 14385: 14372: 14371: 14235:Edith Carrington 14139:Craig Rosebraugh 14104:Virginia McKenna 14094:Jo-Anne McArthur 14024:Juliet Gellatley 13929: 13928: 13887:Mary Anne Warren 13827:Humphrey Primatt 13812:Edward Nicholson 13782:Charles R. Magel 13747:Thomas G. Gentry 13606:Richard D. Ryder 13546:Thomas Lepeltier 13376: 13375: 13367: 13366: 13353: 13352: 13320:World Animal Day 13278:Unnecessary Fuss 13238:Brown Dog affair 13208:Animals in sport 13198:Animal slaughter 13193:Animal sacrifice 13132:Culling wildlife 12935:Wildlife farming 12853: 12852: 12698:Animal cognition 12667:Total liberation 12602: 12601: 12591: 12590: 12576: 12569: 12562: 12553: 12552: 12537:Alexander Skutch 12491:Peter Vallentyne 12416:Thomas Lepeltier 12346: 12345: 12156: 12149: 12142: 12133: 12132: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12074: 12064: 12039: 12037: 12035: 12030:. April 30, 2018 12019: 12017: 12015: 12010:. August 2, 2018 11999: 11997: 11995: 11990:. 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Archived from 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10135: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10063: 10036: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9962:. Archived from 9951: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9806: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9652:The Better India 9643: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9629: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9594:. Archived from 9583: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9553: 9544: 9543: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9504: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9478: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9398: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9357:Practical Ethics 9348: 9342: 9341: 9331: 9307: 9301: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9262: 9247:Animal Sentience 9235: 9229: 9228: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9183: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9120: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9012: 9002: 8978: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8957: 8939: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8915:. Archived from 8890: 8881: 8870: 8869: 8844:(8): 1047–1060. 8833: 8827: 8826: 8816: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8773: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8740:Verchot, Manon. 8737: 8731: 8730: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8652: 8643: 8642: 8632: 8617:Animal Sentience 8608: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8588:The Conversation 8579: 8573: 8572: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8486: 8468: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8427: 8409: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8385:. Archived from 8360: 8351: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8328:. Archived from 8317: 8311: 8310: 8300: 8291: 8290: 8259: 8250: 8249: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8150: 8144:. Archived from 8129: 8117: 8108: 8107: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8042: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8016: 8006: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7661:. March 19, 2016 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7625: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7574:. Beacon Press. 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7513: 7502: 7501: 7491: 7473: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7230: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7205:(1–4): 171–188. 7190: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7162: 7153: 7152: 7142: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6892: 6881: 6880: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6847: 6838: 6837: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6656: 6647: 6646: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6371: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6327: 6316: 6315: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6204: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6176:. Archived from 6151: 6139: 6128: 6127: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6037: 6027: 6012:Animal Sentience 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5895: 5869: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5840:. Archived from 5829: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5802: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5761: 5743: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5652: 5643:(9): R309–R313. 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5601: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5532: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5268:10.1136/vr.k2413 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5198: 5189:: news070101–5. 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5028: 5015: 5014: 4997:(7): 2054–2058. 4982: 4973: 4972: 4954: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4870: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4678: 4667: 4666: 4649:(8): 1273–1280. 4634: 4628: 4627: 4617: 4599: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4540: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4427: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4189:on June 12, 2021 4185:. Archived from 4174: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4063: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4032: 4021: 4019: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3944:(5): 1075–1088. 3935: 3926: 3915: 3914: 3882: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3833: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3777: 3768: 3765: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3574: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3506: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3434: 3428:. Archived from 3403: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3374:. Archived from 3359: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3325: 3319:. Archived from 3304: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3273: 3260: 3241: 3217: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3170: 3159: 3158: 3148: 3139: 3114: 3113: 3095: 3084: 3083: 3067: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3002: 2991: 2990: 2980: 2956: 2845:Robinson Jeffers 2764:, the character 2334:consequentialist 2083:Thomas Lepeltier 1877:Peter Vallentyne 1596:", published by 1592:’s 2010 essay, " 1510:principles, and 1460:Alexander Skutch 1454:Alexander Skutch 1373:John Stuart Mill 1359:John Stuart Mill 1337:Giacomo Leopardi 1198:Tibetan Buddhist 1157:Aṅguttara Nikāya 1081:Natural Theology 1047:referred to the 824:stress responses 735:animals' needs. 678:Parasitoid wasps 598:chytridiomycosis 550:chytridiomycosis 422: 415: 408: 392: 391: 352:Environmentalism 79:Around the world 61: 51: 36: 35: 19114: 19113: 19109: 19108: 19107: 19105: 19104: 19103: 19089: 19088: 19087: 19082: 19064: 18971: 18966: 18958: 18950: 18942: 18934: 18926: 18918: 18910: 18902: 18894: 18886: 18878: 18870: 18862: 18854: 18846: 18838: 18830: 18816: 18589: 18582: 18506:Self-discipline 18466:Moral hierarchy 18414:Problem of evil 18359:Double standard 18349:Culture of life 18307: 18236: 18183:Non-cognitivism 18098: 17973: 17915: 17910: 17880: 17875: 17859: 17778: 17744:Land use reform 17687: 17603:Founders Pledge 17578:Evidence Action 17516: 17440: 17396:Earning to give 17354: 17349: 17319: 17314: 17296: 17280: 17193: 17091: 17085: 17053: 17047: 16967: 16943:Ernst von Weber 16878:E. Douglas Hume 16803:Patrick Bateson 16786: 16782:Peter Wohlleben 16727:Virginia Morell 16707:Jeremy Marchant 16702:David Macdonald 16692:Barbara J. King 16612: 16602: 16588:H. Fergie Woods 16463:Shirley McGreal 16358:Basil Goldstone 16328:Alice Drakoules 16258:Gertrude Ansell 16246: 16182:Christine Nicol 16072: 16066: 15985: 15941:RSPCA Australia 15771:Cats Protection 15726:American Humane 15699: 15665:Pain in animals 15657: 15651: 15647:Welfare biology 15560: 15511:Poultry farming 15444: 15439: 15409: 15404: 15374: 15355: 15298: 15279:Muutoksen kevät 15252: 15185: 15091:Behind the Mask 15006: 14816:Animals' Rights 14767: 14748: 14732: 14639: 14607: 14380: 14354: 14215:Cleveland Amory 14203: 14169:Darren Thurston 14164:Marianne Thieme 14019:Bruce Friedrich 13984:Joey Carbstrong 13969:Brigitte Bardot 13916: 13907:Jon Wynne-Tyson 13797:J. Howard Moore 13742:John Galsworthy 13722:Wilhelm Dietler 13665: 13661:Corey Lee Wrenn 13571:Martha Nussbaum 13481:Lawrence Finsen 13421:Paola Cavalieri 13396:Kristin Andrews 13371: 13361: 13339: 13308: 13287: 13222: 13176: 13118: 13090: 13051:Pain in animals 13027: 12959: 12925:Poultry farming 12844: 12676: 12596: 12585: 12580: 12550: 12541: 12527:J. Howard Moore 12495: 12446:Martha Nussbaum 12421:Ole Martin Moen 12411:Tobias Leenaert 12376:Richard Dawkins 12337: 12311: 12282:The Meat Eaters 12237: 12211: 12202:Welfare biology 12182:Ecology of fear 12165: 12160: 12118:– Animal Ethics 12112:– Animal Ethics 12101: 12088: 12086: 12033: 12031: 12022: 12013: 12011: 12002: 11993: 11991: 11982: 11975: 11969: 11960: 11958: 11946: 11944:Further reading 11941: 11931: 11929: 11919: 11918: 11914: 11904: 11902: 11892: 11891: 11887: 11852: 11848: 11831: 11827: 11810: 11806: 11761: 11757: 11722: 11718: 11701: 11697: 11684: 11680: 11670: 11668: 11658: 11654: 11641: 11632: 11615: 11611: 11596: 11580: 11576: 11559: 11555: 11540: 11536: 11519: 11515: 11498: 11494: 11477: 11473: 11464: 11456: 11452: 11427: 11423: 11416: 11400: 11396: 11389: 11373: 11369: 11359: 11357: 11347: 11343: 11333: 11331: 11320: 11316: 11309: 11293: 11286: 11271: 11257: 11253: 11226:10.2307/3983677 11206: 11202: 11171:10.2307/3983677 11154: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11132: 11122: 11118: 11095: 11091: 11081: 11079: 11069: 11065: 11030: 11026: 11016: 11014: 10991: 10984: 10974: 10972: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10936: 10932: 10923: 10921: 10911: 10885: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10859: 10852: 10842: 10840: 10829: 10825: 10812: 10810: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10776: 10766: 10762: 10752: 10750: 10735: 10731: 10694: 10685: 10678: 10667: 10659: 10655: 10610: 10606: 10596: 10594: 10584: 10580: 10537: 10533: 10516: 10512: 10469: 10465: 10455: 10453: 10443: 10439: 10429: 10427: 10417: 10413: 10403: 10401: 10386: 10382: 10367: 10343: 10339: 10323: 10322: 10310: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10256: 10252: 10237:(10): 163–187. 10221: 10217: 10207: 10205: 10195: 10191: 10181: 10179: 10169: 10165: 10133: 10127: 10123: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10037: 10030: 10020: 10018: 10010: 10009: 10005: 9995: 9993: 9983: 9979: 9969: 9967: 9952: 9948: 9938: 9936: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9901: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9827: 9825: 9807: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9770: 9766: 9756: 9754: 9744: 9740: 9697: 9693: 9686: 9670: 9666: 9656: 9654: 9644: 9640: 9627: 9625: 9624:. July 20, 2014 9616: 9615: 9611: 9601: 9599: 9584: 9577: 9567: 9565: 9554: 9547: 9526: 9522: 9502: 9496: 9492: 9455: 9451: 9416: 9412: 9375: 9371: 9361: 9359: 9349: 9345: 9308: 9304: 9280: 9276: 9236: 9232: 9217: 9201: 9197: 9181: 9175: 9171: 9158: 9154: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9118: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9030: 9026: 8979: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8919: 8888: 8882: 8873: 8834: 8830: 8793: 8789: 8782: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8738: 8734: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8686: 8682: 8667: 8653: 8646: 8609: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8580: 8576: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8508: 8504: 8445: 8441: 8407: 8401: 8397: 8389: 8358: 8352: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8318: 8314: 8301: 8294: 8260: 8253: 8222: 8218: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8127: 8118: 8111: 8068: 8064: 8040: 8034: 8030: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7863: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7755: 7751: 7741: 7739: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7638: 7636: 7626: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7514: 7505: 7471: 7465: 7461: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7268:. July 25, 2017 7260: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7228: 7222: 7218: 7191: 7187: 7177: 7175: 7163: 7156: 7140: 7134: 7130: 7117: 7110: 7089: 7085: 7072: 7065: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7009: 7005: 6994: 6978: 6974: 6939:Italian Culture 6935: 6931: 6910: 6906: 6893: 6884: 6865: 6861: 6848: 6841: 6806: 6802: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6733: 6729: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6657: 6650: 6623: 6619: 6604: 6600: 6563: 6559: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6521: 6517: 6502: 6474: 6470: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6424: 6420: 6405: 6389: 6385: 6348: 6341: 6328: 6319: 6302: 6298: 6285: 6281: 6238: 6234: 6205: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6124: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6058:Darwin, Charles 6055: 6051: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5978: 5974: 5931: 5927: 5867: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5830: 5826: 5779: 5775: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5686: 5682: 5637:Current Biology 5629: 5625: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5458: 5451: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5303: 5299: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5153: 5149: 5126:10.2307/3797388 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5088:The Independent 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5030: 5029: 5018: 4983: 4976: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4768: 4764: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4679: 4670: 4635: 4631: 4576: 4572: 4509: 4505: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4396: 4392: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4287: 4261: 4257: 4220:(25): 776–782. 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4175: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4142: 4138: 4119: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4064: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4033: 4024: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3980: 3973: 3933: 3927: 3918: 3883: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3778: 3771: 3750: 3748: 3716: 3714: 3682: 3680: 3645: 3643: 3611: 3609: 3577: 3575: 3543: 3541: 3509: 3507: 3486: 3472: 3470: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3401: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3357: 3345: 3341: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3302: 3285: 3283: 3276:Natural History 3271: 3257: 3238: 3214: 3200:Darwin, Charles 3194: 3190: 3171: 3162: 3146: 3140: 3117: 3110: 3096: 3087: 3068: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3037: 3030: 3003: 2994: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2930:Suffering risks 2883:Pain in animals 2853: 2841: 2811:Alfred Tennyson 2775: 2735: 2717: 2692: 2676: 2651: 2637:Terry Pratchett 2629: 2560: 2527:Herman Melville 2524: 2507: 2498: 2446: 2433:African buffalo 2425: 2420: 2384: 2379: 2366: 2353: 2351:Welfare biology 2347: 2345:Welfare biology 2330: 2310: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2236: 2184: 2163: 2147: 2131: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2072: 2036: 2003: 1997: 1967: 1951: 1943:anthropocentric 1910: 1901:deep ecologists 1892: 1886: 1843: 1838: 1820:Martha Nussbaum 1816: 1807: 1795: 1762: 1757: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1693: 1594:The Meat Eaters 1575:such suffering. 1565: 1560: 1552:natural balance 1487: 1481: 1456: 1441:sentient beings 1433:J. Howard Moore 1419:J. Howard Moore 1412: 1410:J. Howard Moore 1407: 1387: 1361: 1346:Operette morali 1333: 1327: 1276: 1271: 1256: 1233: 1228: 1220:Day of Judgment 1215: 1207: 1194:Patrul Rinpoche 1191: 1188: 1142: 1133:Ole Martin Moen 1129: 1053:problem of evil 1038: 1028: 1026:Problem of evil 1023: 1021:Religious views 1018: 1012: 954: 907:Richard Dawkins 887: 846: 832:ecology of fear 816: 767: 758: 728:Extreme weather 712: 703: 693:may experience 686: 674:Superparasitism 635: 614: 538: 533: 531:Sources of harm 528: 496:problem of evil 426: 386: 379: 378: 342: 334: 333: 299: 291: 290: 166: 158: 157: 131: 121: 120: 69: 49: 31:California vole 27:red-tailed hawk 17: 12: 11: 5: 19112: 19102: 19101: 19084: 19083: 19081: 19080: 19069: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19062: 19055: 19050: 19048:Secular ethics 19045: 19043:Rehabilitation 19040: 19035: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18979: 18977: 18973: 18972: 18970: 18969: 18961: 18953: 18945: 18937: 18929: 18921: 18913: 18908:Utilitarianism 18905: 18897: 18889: 18881: 18873: 18865: 18857: 18849: 18841: 18833: 18824: 18822: 18818: 18817: 18815: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18769: 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18593: 18591: 18584: 18583: 18581: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18559: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18315: 18313: 18309: 18308: 18306: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18268:Existentialist 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18244: 18242: 18238: 18237: 18235: 18234: 18233: 18232: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18206: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18163:Constructivism 18160: 18159: 18158: 18157: 18156: 18151: 18141: 18140: 18139: 18137:Non-naturalism 18134: 18119: 18114: 18108: 18106: 18100: 18099: 18097: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18030: 18029: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17983: 17981: 17975: 17974: 17972: 17971: 17966: 17964:Utilitarianism 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17925: 17923: 17917: 17916: 17909: 17908: 17901: 17894: 17886: 17877: 17876: 17874: 17873: 17867: 17865: 17861: 17860: 17858: 17857: 17850: 17843: 17836: 17829: 17822: 17815: 17808: 17801: 17794: 17786: 17784: 17780: 17779: 17777: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17759:Mass deworming 17756: 17751: 17749:Life extension 17746: 17741: 17736: 17734:Global poverty 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17704:Climate change 17701: 17695: 17693: 17689: 17688: 17686: 17685: 17680: 17678:Unlimit Health 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17623:Good Food Fund 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17524: 17522: 17518: 17517: 17515: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17484: 17479: 17474: 17469: 17467:Hilary Greaves 17464: 17459: 17454: 17448: 17446: 17442: 17441: 17439: 17438: 17433: 17431:Utilitarianism 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17386:Disease burden 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17362: 17360: 17356: 17355: 17348: 17347: 17340: 17333: 17325: 17316: 17315: 17313: 17312: 17301: 17298: 17297: 17295: 17294: 17288: 17286: 17282: 17281: 17279: 17278: 17272: 17267: 17261: 17255: 17249: 17243: 17237: 17231: 17225: 17219: 17213: 17207: 17201: 17199: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17104:Bous al carrer 17101: 17095: 17093: 17087: 17086: 17084: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17057: 17055: 17054:considerations 17049: 17048: 17046: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17013:Animal testing 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16988:Animal killing 16985: 16979: 16977: 16973: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16966: 16965: 16963:William Youatt 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16928:Colin Spedding 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16883:James Macaulay 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16863:Ralph Fletcher 16860: 16858:George Fleming 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16794: 16792: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16784: 16779: 16777:Jennifer Skiff 16774: 16769: 16767:Matthew Scully 16764: 16759: 16754: 16752:Jessica Pierce 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16672:Temple Grandin 16669: 16664: 16659: 16657:Marian Dawkins 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16623: 16621: 16614: 16608: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16601: 16600: 16598:Gretchen Wyler 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16498:Wilfred Risdon 16495: 16490: 16485: 16483:Eliza Phillips 16480: 16475: 16473:Harriet Nevins 16470: 16465: 16460: 16458:Richard Martin 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16408:Clive Hollands 16405: 16403:Sjoerd Hofstra 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16323:Muriel Dowding 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16293:Roger A. Caras 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16263:Emily Appleton 16260: 16254: 16252: 16248: 16247: 16245: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16197:Ilka Reinhardt 16194: 16192:Sharon Pincott 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16172:Philip Lymbery 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16122:Kendra Coulter 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16102:Christa Blanke 16099: 16094: 16089: 16083: 16081: 16074: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16061:The Zoophilist 16057: 16050: 16043: 16036: 16033:Human Advocate 16029: 16022: 16015: 16012:Animal Welfare 16008: 16001: 15993: 15991: 15987: 15986: 15984: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15786:Cinnamon Trust 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15707: 15705: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15661: 15659: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15582:Animal shelter 15579: 15574: 15568: 15566: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15456:Abandoned pets 15452: 15450: 15446: 15445: 15442:Animal welfare 15438: 15437: 15430: 15423: 15415: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15402: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15363: 15361: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15353: 15345: 15337: 15329: 15321: 15312: 15310: 15304: 15303: 15300: 15299: 15297: 15296: 15289: 15282: 15275: 15268: 15260: 15258: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15243: 15236: 15229: 15222: 15215: 15208: 15200: 15198: 15191: 15187: 15186: 15184: 15183: 15175: 15167: 15159: 15151: 15143: 15135: 15127: 15119: 15111: 15103: 15095: 15087: 15079: 15071: 15063: 15055: 15051:Meet Your Meat 15047: 15039: 15031: 15023: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15004: 14996: 14988: 14980: 14972: 14964: 14956: 14948: 14940: 14932: 14924: 14916: 14908: 14900: 14892: 14884: 14876: 14868: 14860: 14852: 14848:The New Ethics 14844: 14836: 14828: 14820: 14812: 14804: 14796: 14788: 14779: 14777: 14769: 14768: 14758: 14757: 14754: 14753: 14750: 14749: 14747: 14746: 14740: 14738: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14730: 14724: 14718: 14712: 14706: 14700: 14694: 14688: 14682: 14679:Animals' Party 14676: 14670: 14664: 14658: 14651: 14649: 14645: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14637: 14632: 14626: 14621: 14615: 14613: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14448:AnimaNaturalis 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14418:Animal Justice 14415: 14410: 14405: 14399: 14397: 14390: 14382: 14381: 14368: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14352: 14350:Gretchen Wyler 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14280:Lewis Gompertz 14277: 14272: 14270:Emarel Freshel 14267: 14262: 14260:Muriel Dowding 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14201: 14196: 14194:Gary Yourofsky 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14109:Ingrid Newkirk 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14054:Charlotte Laws 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13979:Yves Bonnardel 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13954:Martin Balluch 13951: 13946: 13941: 13935: 13933: 13926: 13922: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13902:Steven M. Wise 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13847:Bernard Rollin 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13807:Leonard Nelson 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13712:Herman Daggett 13709: 13704: 13702:Priscilla Cohn 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13677:Jeremy Bentham 13673: 13671: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13591:Jessica Pierce 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13521:Kyle Johannsen 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13446:David DeGrazia 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13386:Carol J. Adams 13382: 13380: 13373: 13363: 13362: 13349: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13316: 13314: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13306: 13301: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13258:Pit of despair 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13188:Abandoned pets 13184: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13128: 13126: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13100: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13037: 13035: 13033:Animal welfare 13029: 13028: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13008:Model organism 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12969: 12967: 12965:Animal testing 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12940:Working animal 12937: 12932: 12930:Slaughterhouse 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12905:Insect farming 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12865:Animal product 12861: 12859: 12850: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12820:Sentiocentrism 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12728:Animal welfare 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12684: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12608: 12606: 12598: 12597: 12587: 12586: 12579: 12578: 12571: 12564: 12556: 12547: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12517:Lewis Gompertz 12514: 12512:Erasmus Darwin 12509: 12507:Charles Darwin 12503: 12501: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12396:Kyle Johannsen 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12366:Yves Bonnardel 12363: 12358: 12352: 12350: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12319: 12317: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12309: 12301: 12293: 12285: 12278: 12270: 12262: 12254: 12245: 12243: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12228:Rehabilitation 12225: 12219: 12217: 12213: 12212: 12210: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12173: 12171: 12167: 12166: 12159: 12158: 12151: 12144: 12136: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12113: 12107: 12100: 12099:External links 12097: 12096: 12095: 12075: 12055:(2): 219–238. 12040: 12020: 12000: 11980: 11967: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11912: 11885: 11866:(3): 387–405. 11846: 11825: 11804: 11755: 11736:(2): 254–284. 11716: 11695: 11678: 11652: 11630: 11609: 11594: 11574: 11553: 11534: 11513: 11492: 11471: 11450: 11421: 11414: 11394: 11387: 11367: 11341: 11314: 11307: 11298:Watership Down 11284: 11269: 11251: 11220:(4): 160–171. 11200: 11165:(4): 160–171. 11142: 11116: 11089: 11063: 11044:(4): 417–429. 11024: 10982: 10956: 10930: 10909: 10879: 10850: 10823: 10786: 10760: 10729: 10683: 10677:979-8624910911 10676: 10653: 10624:(2): 178–194. 10604: 10578: 10531: 10510: 10463: 10437: 10411: 10380: 10365: 10337: 10308: 10281: 10250: 10215: 10189: 10163: 10144:(3): 355–379. 10121: 10094:(2): 333–345. 10074: 10054:(2): 153–164. 10028: 10003: 9977: 9946: 9920: 9894: 9868: 9835: 9798: 9764: 9738: 9711:(2): 407–422. 9691: 9684: 9664: 9638: 9609: 9575: 9545: 9520: 9490: 9449: 9430:(3): 282–301. 9410: 9369: 9343: 9302: 9298:10.1086/660788 9274: 9230: 9215: 9195: 9169: 9152: 9139: 9106: 9092:Usbek&Rica 9078: 9067:(4): 391–404. 9051: 9044: 9024: 8968: 8925: 8871: 8828: 8807:(2): 165–178. 8787: 8780: 8758: 8732: 8721:(3): 261–279. 8705: 8699:978-0199603695 8698: 8680: 8665: 8644: 8600: 8574: 8547:(3): 957–975. 8527: 8520: 8502: 8439: 8395: 8369:(2): 169–182. 8343: 8312: 8292: 8263:Aaltola, Elisa 8251: 8216: 8209: 8189: 8178:(2): 146–159. 8162: 8141:978-0415806831 8140: 8109: 8082:(5): 527–542. 8062: 8051:(4): 417–434. 8028: 7997:(5): 813–834. 7977: 7951: 7925: 7899: 7873: 7845: 7817: 7792: 7779: 7749: 7723: 7697: 7672: 7646: 7613: 7587: 7580: 7560: 7534: 7503: 7459: 7428: 7397: 7366: 7340: 7313: 7279: 7253: 7216: 7185: 7154: 7128: 7108: 7083: 7063: 7030: 7023: 7003: 6992: 6972: 6929: 6904: 6882: 6859: 6839: 6800: 6777: 6770: 6752: 6746:978-1590303887 6745: 6727: 6686: 6679: 6648: 6617: 6598: 6557: 6538: 6515: 6500: 6468: 6445: 6438: 6418: 6403: 6383: 6362:(4): 602–611. 6339: 6317: 6296: 6279: 6232: 6219:(2): 297–307. 6194: 6160:(3): 255–285. 6129: 6122: 6102: 6095: 6077: 6071:978-0393310696 6070: 6049: 5998: 5972: 5945:(6): 579–594. 5925: 5855: 5824: 5773: 5706: 5680: 5623: 5610:(4): 589–652. 5587: 5562: 5503: 5478: 5449: 5434: 5414: 5402:Sentient Media 5388: 5360: 5317:(4): 566–576. 5297: 5243: 5218: 5173: 5147: 5120:(3): 368–374. 5100: 5074: 5048: 5016: 4974: 4925: 4900: 4833: 4813: 4788: 4762: 4723: 4698: 4668: 4629: 4570: 4503: 4464: 4439: 4390: 4333: 4326: 4306: 4285: 4255: 4200: 4162: 4136: 4110: 4084: 4053: 4022: 4001: 3994: 3971: 3916: 3872: 3819: 3792:(2): 239–260. 3769: 3767: 3766: 3757: 3738:(2): 179–193. 3723: 3704:(2): 165–178. 3689: 3670:(2): 153–164. 3652: 3633:(2): 133–152. 3618: 3584: 3550: 3516: 3479: 3460:(2): 219–238. 3445: 3412:(3): 255–285. 3391: 3371:978-0415806831 3370: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3316:978-0415806831 3315: 3292: 3265:Gould, Stephen 3261: 3256:978-0199596324 3255: 3242: 3236: 3218: 3213:978-0393310696 3212: 3188: 3160: 3115: 3108: 3085: 3057: 3028: 2992: 2971:(2): 133–152. 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2843:American poet 2840: 2837: 2833:Gautama Buddha 2795:Isaac Gompertz 2774: 2771: 2739:Jonathan Swift 2734: 2731: 2716: 2713: 2691: 2688: 2683:Isaac Gompertz 2675: 2672: 2668:nature writing 2650: 2649:In non-fiction 2647: 2631:The character 2628: 2625: 2603:Watership Down 2559: 2556: 2523: 2520: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2445: 2442: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2412:suffering risk 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2365: 2362: 2357:research field 2349:Main article: 2346: 2343: 2329: 2326: 2309: 2306: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2256:American bison 2235: 2232: 2224:Cape cormorant 2190:to free three 2183: 2180: 2162: 2159: 2146: 2143: 2130: 2127: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2071: 2068: 2035: 2032: 1996: 1991: 1966: 1963: 1950: 1947: 1920:Yves Bonnardel 1909: 1906: 1885: 1882: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1794: 1791: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1738:Main article: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1692: 1689: 1665:’s 2020 book, 1663:Kyle Johannsen 1661:. Philosopher 1624:Dylan Matthews 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1480: 1477: 1455: 1452: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1386: 1383: 1360: 1357: 1326: 1323: 1291:Lewis Gompertz 1283:Lewis Gompertz 1275: 1274:Lewis Gompertz 1272: 1270: 1267: 1255: 1252: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1185: 1164:Buddhist sutra 1141: 1138: 1128: 1125: 1098:Erasmus Darwin 1045:Charles Darwin 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1011: 1008: 953: 950: 936: 935: 929: 923: 895:Charles Darwin 886: 883: 854:Northern krill 845: 842: 815: 812: 766: 763: 757: 754: 749:Mass mortality 741:Climate change 711: 708: 702: 699: 685: 682: 634: 631: 613: 610: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 428: 427: 425: 424: 417: 410: 402: 399: 398: 397: 396: 381: 380: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 360: 359: 349: 343: 341:Related topics 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 324:Sentiocentrism 321: 316: 311: 306: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 287: 286: 281: 271: 270: 269: 264: 259: 249: 248: 247: 240:Animal testing 237: 236: 235: 230: 225: 215: 214: 213: 208: 203: 198: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 150: 149: 148: 143: 132: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 117: 116: 109:Primate rights 106: 101: 96: 94:Animal cruelty 91: 86: 81: 76: 74:Animal welfare 70: 67: 66: 63: 62: 54: 53: 45: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19111: 19100: 19097: 19096: 19094: 19079: 19071: 19070: 19067: 19061: 19060: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18980: 18978: 18974: 18965: 18962: 18957: 18954: 18949: 18946: 18941: 18938: 18933: 18930: 18925: 18922: 18917: 18914: 18909: 18906: 18901: 18898: 18893: 18890: 18885: 18882: 18877: 18874: 18869: 18866: 18861: 18858: 18853: 18850: 18845: 18842: 18837: 18834: 18829: 18826: 18825: 18823: 18819: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18594: 18592: 18590: 18585: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18543: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18461:Moral courage 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18401: 18400: 18399:Good and evil 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18384:Family values 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18316: 18314: 18310: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18245: 18243: 18239: 18231: 18228: 18227: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18198:Quasi-realism 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18185: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18146: 18145: 18142: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18129: 18128: 18125: 18124: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18109: 18107: 18105: 18101: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18028: 18025: 18024: 18023: 18022:Environmental 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17984: 17982: 17980: 17976: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17944:Particularism 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17926: 17924: 17922: 17918: 17914: 17907: 17902: 17900: 17895: 17893: 17888: 17887: 17884: 17872: 17869: 17868: 17866: 17862: 17856: 17855: 17851: 17849: 17848: 17844: 17842: 17841: 17840:The Precipice 17837: 17835: 17834: 17830: 17828: 17827: 17823: 17821: 17820: 17816: 17814: 17813: 17809: 17807: 17806: 17802: 17800: 17799: 17795: 17793: 17792: 17788: 17787: 17785: 17781: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17729:Global health 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17709:Cultured meat 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17690: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17633:Good Ventures 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17548:Animal Ethics 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17525: 17523: 17521:Organizations 17519: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17488: 17485: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17475: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17449: 17447: 17443: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17363: 17361: 17357: 17353: 17346: 17341: 17339: 17334: 17332: 17327: 17326: 17323: 17311: 17303: 17302: 17299: 17293: 17290: 17289: 17287: 17283: 17277:(Philippines) 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17265: 17262: 17259: 17256: 17253: 17250: 17247: 17244: 17241: 17238: 17235: 17232: 17229: 17226: 17223: 17220: 17217: 17214: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17202: 17200: 17196: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17184:Toro embolado 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17159:October Horse 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17134:Goose pulling 17132: 17130: 17129:Goat throwing 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17109:Cock throwing 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17088: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17050: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16993:Animal rights 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16980: 16978: 16974: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16953:Frans de Waal 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16923:Chris Sherwin 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16868:Ruth Harrison 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16833:Gerald Carson 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16823:Arthur Broome 16821: 16819: 16818:Edward Berdoe 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16795: 16793: 16789: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16747:Dale Peterson 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16722:Sy Montgomery 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16637:Michael Balls 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16627:Arnold Arluke 16625: 16624: 16622: 16618: 16615: 16609: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16503:Peter Roberts 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16363:Julia Goddard 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16333:Sarah J. Eddy 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16283:Mary Brancker 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16255: 16253: 16249: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16227:Karen Stockin 16225: 16223: 16222:Rakesh Shukla 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16212:Sepehr Salimi 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16202:Jill Robinson 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16187:Wayne Pacelle 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16177:Damien Mander 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16162:Kathrin Glock 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16152:Alison Hanlon 16150: 16148: 16147:Celia Hammond 16145: 16143: 16142:Robin Ganzert 16140: 16138: 16137:Alanna Devine 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16084: 16082: 16078: 16075: 16069: 16063: 16062: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16051: 16049: 16048: 16044: 16042: 16041: 16037: 16035: 16034: 16030: 16028: 16027: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16019:AWI Quarterly 16016: 16014: 16013: 16009: 16007: 16006: 16002: 16000: 15999: 15995: 15994: 15992: 15988: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15831:Humane Canada 15829: 15827: 15826:Hedgehog Care 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15751:Band of Mercy 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15704:Organisations 15702: 15696: 15695:Grimace scale 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15654: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15622:Five freedoms 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15592:Anthrozoology 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15569: 15567: 15563: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15506:Dairy farming 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15466:Chick culling 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15436: 15431: 15429: 15424: 15422: 15417: 15416: 15413: 15397: 15389: 15388: 15385: 15370: 15369: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15358: 15351: 15350: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15338: 15335: 15334: 15330: 15327: 15326: 15325:Tame Yourself 15322: 15319: 15318: 15314: 15313: 15311: 15309: 15305: 15295: 15294: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15286:No Compromise 15283: 15281: 15280: 15276: 15274: 15273: 15269: 15267: 15266: 15262: 15261: 15259: 15255: 15249: 15248: 15244: 15242: 15241: 15237: 15235: 15234: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15223: 15221: 15220: 15216: 15214: 15213: 15209: 15207: 15206: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15195: 15192: 15188: 15181: 15180: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15144: 15141: 15140: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15128: 15125: 15124: 15120: 15117: 15116: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15104: 15101: 15100: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15080: 15077: 15076: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15064: 15061: 15060: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15040: 15037: 15036: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15024: 15021: 15020: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15002: 15001: 14997: 14994: 14993: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14981: 14978: 14977: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14937: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14925: 14922: 14921: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14901: 14898: 14897: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14877: 14874: 14873: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14857: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14841: 14837: 14834: 14833: 14829: 14826: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14817: 14813: 14810: 14809: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14789: 14787:(3rd century) 14786: 14785: 14781: 14780: 14778: 14774: 14770: 14763: 14759: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14739: 14735: 14728: 14725: 14722: 14719: 14717:(Netherlands) 14716: 14713: 14710: 14707: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14689: 14686: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14665: 14662: 14659: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14646: 14636: 14633: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14443:Animal Rising 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14413:Animal Ethics 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14394: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14369: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14310:Jessie Mackay 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14285:James Granger 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14220:Henry B. Amos 14218: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14189:Louise Wallis 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14154:Kim Stallwood 14152: 14150: 14149:Jasmin Singer 14147: 14145: 14144:Nathan Runkle 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14129:David Olivier 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14014:John Feldmann 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13989:Aymeric Caron 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13959:Carole Baskin 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13930: 13927: 13923: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13862:Laurids Smith 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13832:James Rachels 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13777:John Lawrence 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13687:Brigid Brophy 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13651:Tatjana Višak 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13641:David Sztybel 13639: 13637: 13636:Cass Sunstein 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13601:Mark Rowlands 13599: 13597: 13596:Evelyn Pluhar 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13551:Andrew Linzey 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13536:Will Kymlicka 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13516:Dale Jamieson 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13496:Valéry Giroux 13494: 13492: 13491:Robert Garner 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13456:Sue Donaldson 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13436:J. M. Coetzee 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13401:Tom Beauchamp 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13368: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13350: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13311: 13305: 13304:Hunt sabotage 13302: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13292:Methodologies 13290: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13179: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13137:Hare coursing 13135: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13125: 13121: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13097: 13093: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13030: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12880:Chick culling 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12854: 12851: 12847: 12841: 12840:Vegetarianism 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12750: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12738:Anthrozoology 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12708:Animal ethics 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12679: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12583:Animal rights 12577: 12572: 12570: 12565: 12563: 12558: 12557: 12554: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12522:William Paley 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12498: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12471:Steven Nadler 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12436:David Olivier 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12406:Will Kymlicka 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12381:Sue Donaldson 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12356:Elisa Aaltola 12354: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12323:Animal Ethics 12321: 12320: 12318: 12316:Organizations 12314: 12307: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12240: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12223:Contraception 12221: 12220: 12218: 12216:Interventions 12214: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12177:Animal ethics 12175: 12174: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12157: 12152: 12150: 12145: 12143: 12138: 12137: 12134: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12117: 12114: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12085: 12081: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12041: 12029: 12028:Animal Ethics 12025: 12021: 12009: 12008:Animal Ethics 12005: 12001: 11989: 11988:Animal Ethics 11985: 11981: 11974: 11973: 11968: 11957: 11953: 11948: 11947: 11932:September 19, 11928: 11927: 11922: 11916: 11905:September 19, 11901: 11900: 11895: 11889: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11850: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11829: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11808: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11759: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11720: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11699: 11691: 11690: 11682: 11667: 11663: 11656: 11648: 11647: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11626: 11622: 11621: 11613: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11585:English Blake 11578: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11557: 11549: 11545: 11538: 11530: 11526: 11525: 11517: 11509: 11505: 11504: 11496: 11488: 11484: 11483: 11475: 11463: 11462: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11425: 11417: 11411: 11407: 11406: 11398: 11390: 11384: 11380: 11379: 11371: 11356: 11352: 11345: 11329: 11325: 11318: 11310: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11291: 11289: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11262: 11255: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11112: 11108: 11105:(20): 59–84. 11104: 11100: 11093: 11078: 11074: 11067: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11028: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10999:The Telegraph 10996: 10989: 10987: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10945: 10941: 10934: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10883: 10868: 10864: 10857: 10855: 10838: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10790: 10775: 10771: 10764: 10748: 10744: 10743:Nature Ethics 10740: 10733: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10679: 10673: 10666: 10665: 10657: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10608: 10593: 10589: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10525:(transcript: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10452: 10448: 10441: 10426: 10422: 10415: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10384: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10341: 10333: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10292: 10285: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10245: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10219: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10178: 10174: 10167: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10132: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10078: 10062: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10040:Pearce, David 10035: 10033: 10017: 10013: 10007: 9992: 9988: 9981: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9950: 9935: 9931: 9924: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9805: 9803: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9687: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9668: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9580: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9550: 9541: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9468: 9465:(in French). 9464: 9460: 9453: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9165: 9164: 9156: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9055: 9047: 9045:9780877225010 9041: 9037: 9036: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8993:(1): 85–100. 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8956: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8783: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8762: 8747: 8743: 8736: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8649: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8605: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8523: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8348: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8307: 8299: 8297: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8193: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8121:McMahan, Jeff 8116: 8114: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7944:September 10, 7940: 7936: 7929: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7861: 7860: 7859:Animal Ethics 7855: 7849: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7782: 7780:9781003285922 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7753: 7742:September 30, 7737: 7733: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7564: 7548: 7541: 7539: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7421:September 26, 7416: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7267: 7266:Animal Ethics 7263: 7257: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7161: 7159: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7124: 7123: 7115: 7113: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7078: 7070: 7068: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7024:9780199242214 7020: 7016: 7015: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6908: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6844: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6655: 6653: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6577:(1): 91–104. 6576: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6526: 6525:"To Asa Gray" 6519: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6300: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6236: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6143:Ng, Yew-Kwang 6138: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5991:September 26, 5987: 5986:New Scientist 5983: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5793:(1): coz029. 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5576: 5575:Animal Ethics 5572: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5492: 5491:Animal Ethics 5488: 5482: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5418: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5377: 5376:Animal Ethics 5373: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5037: 5036:Animal Ethics 5033: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4914: 4913:Animal Ethics 4910: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4712: 4708: 4707:"Parasitoids" 4702: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4523:(5): e20193. 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4453: 4452:Animal Ethics 4449: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410:(6): 150251. 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4098: 4097:Animal Ethics 4094: 4088: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4017: 4016: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3976: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3763: 3758: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656:Pearce, David 3653: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3395:Ng, Yew-Kwang 3392: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3352: 3351:McMahan, Jeff 3348: 3347: 3343: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3297: 3296:McMahan, Jeff 3293: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3237:9780060652968 3233: 3230:. HarperOne. 3229: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3033: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756:William Blake 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2664:Holy the Firm 2661: 2660: 2655: 2654:Annie Dillard 2646: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2633:Lord Vetinari 2624: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2608:Richard Adams 2605: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2516: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2490:laissez-faire 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2468:transhumanist 2465: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2374: 2371: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2322:feral animals 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298:biotechnology 2295: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2276:Technological 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2145:Providing aid 2139: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2123:contraception 2119: 2111: 2108:Rescued baby 2106: 2101: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2044:Will Kymlicka 2041: 2040:Sue Donaldson 2031: 2028: 2027:laissez-faire 2022: 2020: 2019:laissez-faire 2016: 2012: 2011:Elisa Aaltola 2008: 2007:laissez-faire 2002: 1995: 1994:Laissez-faire 1990: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1851: 1847: 1833: 1830: 1829:Steven Nadler 1824: 1821: 1811: 1802: 1800: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1774: 1773:nonspeciesist 1770: 1766: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1726: 1724: 1723:Arthur Caplan 1719: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1702:Animal Ethics 1699: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1647:defended her 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1634:Steven Nadler 1631: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1569: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1548:David Olivier 1545: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1476: 1474: 1473:laissez-faire 1469: 1465: 1464:laissez-faire 1461: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1435:examined the 1434: 1430: 1429: 1420: 1416: 1402: 1399: 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Hoyt 16383:Peter Gurney 16368:Robert Gower 16313:Maria Dickin 16303:Brian Davies 16232:Patti Strand 16207:Naomi Sagara 16132:Petra Deimer 16080:Contemporary 16059: 16052: 16045: 16038: 16031: 16026:Cruel Sports 16024: 16017: 16010: 16003: 15996: 15990:Publications 15956:Tiggywinkles 15896:MSPCA-Angell 15746:Badger Trust 15685:Pain in fish 15637:Rescue group 15530: 15461:Blood sports 15366: 15347: 15339: 15331: 15323: 15315: 15291: 15284: 15277: 15270: 15263: 15245: 15238: 15231: 15224: 15217: 15210: 15203: 15177: 15169: 15161: 15153: 15145: 15137: 15129: 15121: 15113: 15105: 15097: 15089: 15081: 15073: 15065: 15057: 15049: 15041: 15033: 15025: 15017: 14998: 14990: 14982: 14974: 14966: 14958: 14950: 14942: 14934: 14926: 14918: 14910: 14902: 14894: 14886: 14878: 14870: 14862: 14854: 14846: 14838: 14830: 14822: 14814: 14806: 14798: 14790: 14782: 14635:Oxford Group 14503:Every Animal 14396:Contemporary 14345:Andrew Tyler 14335:Nell Shipman 14275:André Géraud 14184:Jerry Vlasak 14159:Lynda Stoner 14134:Alex Pacheco 14069:Evanna Lynch 14064:Howard Lyman 14049:Wayne Hsiung 14009:Chris DeRose 13999:Rod Coronado 13932:Contemporary 13872:Thomas Tryon 13792:Mary Midgley 13787:Jean Meslier 13767:Soame Jenyns 13757:John Hildrop 13752:Arthur Helps 13717:Richard Dean 13692:Peter Buchan 13631:Gary Steiner 13626:Peter Singer 13621:Jérôme Segal 13586:David Pearce 13576:Clare Palmer 13566:David Nibert 13556:Clair Linzey 13466:Joan Dunayer 13391:Aysha Akhtar 13379:Contemporary 13248:McLibel case 13203:Animal trial 13166: 13162:Seal hunting 13124:Wild animals 13109:Fishing bait 13071:Pain in fish 12890:Fish farming 12870:Battery cage 12790:Meat paradox 12747: 12688:Abolitionism 12486:Peter Singer 12456:David Pearce 12451:Clare Palmer 12431:Yew-Kwang Ng 12401:Jeff McMahan 12349:Contemporary 12303: 12295: 12287: 12272: 12264: 12256: 12248: 12162: 12089:February 18, 12087:. 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W. Hume 16791:Historical 16687:Erich Hoyt 16682:Jane Hurst 16508:Jan Salter 16438:Etta Lemon 16433:Carla Lane 16298:Jim Cronin 16251:Historical 16157:Brian Hare 15791:Dogs Trust 15761:Blue Cross 15516:Puppy mill 15179:Seaspiracy 15083:Earthlings 14723:(Portugal) 14697:DierAnimal 14612:Historical 14408:Animal Aid 14300:Marie Huot 14245:Joan Court 14225:Bob Barker 14208:Historical 14099:Luísa Mell 14079:Keith Mann 14074:Bill Maher 14059:Ronnie Lee 14029:Tal Gilboa 14004:Karen Dawn 13944:Greg Avery 13822:Rod Preece 13737:T. Forster 13697:Mona Caird 13670:Historical 13531:Hilda Kean 13501:Lori Gruen 12835:Vegaphobia 12825:Speciesism 12718:Animal law 12500:Historical 12197:Speciesism 10970:The Herald 10779:October 9, 10753:October 9, 10597:October 8, 10551:: 87–102. 10483:: 102638. 10318:1154100861 9225:1330426290 8746:TreeHugger 7359:October 8, 7151:: 382–386. 7145:Aryan Path 6922:. p. 6920:W. Horsell 6918:. London: 6706:(6): 363. 4103:August 17, 4046:August 17, 3282:(2): 19–26 3185:: 181–195. 2942:References 2920:Speciesism 2799:John Keats 2726:Luzūmiyyāt 2720:Al-Ma'arri 2544:Thumbelina 2505:In fiction 2098:See also: 2056:amensalism 1999:See also: 1934:Wilderness 1888:See also: 1859:ecosystems 1799:speciesism 1516:land ethic 1508:Benthamite 1483:See also: 1329:See also: 1175:Shantideva 1072:David Hume 1030:See also: 1014:See also: 969:-selection 875:cnidarians 863:arthropods 794:disputes, 732:hailstorms 633:Parasitism 558:epizootics 520:speciesism 453:starvation 449:parasitism 329:Speciesism 181:Mutilation 18988:Casuistry 18900:Either/Or 18807:Korsgaard 18802:Azurmendi 18767:MacIntyre 18707:Nietzsche 18637:Augustine 18632:Confucius 18612:Aristotle 18588:Ethicists 18546:Intrinsic 18511:Suffering 18421:Happiness 18394:Free will 18374:Etiquette 18319:Authority 18263:Epicurean 18258:Confucian 18253:Christian 18188:Emotivism 18012:Discourse 17949:Pragmatic 17921:Normative 17507:Cari Tuna 17092:festivals 17052:Religious 17033:Fur trade 16071:Activists 15816:Four Paws 15756:Battersea 15556:Barn fire 15333:Manifesto 15272:Bite Back 15257:Magazines 15131:Vegucated 14729:(Germany) 14727:V-Partei³ 14705:(Germany) 14699:(Belgium) 14675:(Finland) 14498:Equanimal 14084:Jim Mason 14039:Mark Gold 13974:Gene Baur 13949:Matt Ball 13925:Activists 13837:Tom Regan 13616:Jeff Sebo 13561:Dan Lyons 13370:Academics 13358:Advocates 13213:Live food 13013:Nafovanny 12920:Livestock 12900:Fur trade 12875:Bile bear 12810:Personism 12605:Overviews 12532:Tom Regan 12481:Jeff Sebo 12426:Arne Næss 12071:2280-9643 11880:159914010 11791:1520-6505 11750:1613-0642 11671:March 20, 11604:914164179 11469:pp. 72–73 11360:March 20, 11242:191482526 11195:191482526 11179:1046-7009 11111:0213-2028 11082:March 25, 11050:0038-1861 11017:March 25, 11007:0307-1235 10975:March 25, 10949:March 25, 10924:March 21, 10919:212772160 10872:March 21, 10843:March 25, 10813:April 19, 10808:0261-3077 10774:The Verge 10724:2377-7478 10648:246519996 10640:0953-8208 10573:237774241 10565:1468-5930 10519:EA Global 10505:230597480 10497:0016-3287 10375:241043958 10326:cite book 10274:March 28, 10203:The Verge 10182:April 17, 10158:1363-5247 10116:151950095 10108:1386-2820 9913:March 16, 9887:March 21, 9856:0261-3077 9823:0261-3077 9786:0040-781X 9725:0176-1714 9568:March 12, 9515:2341-1465 9485:1718-9977 9444:1467-9760 9405:0197-9094 9362:March 13, 9338:1718-9977 9269:2377-7478 9019:1718-9977 8866:150854523 8858:0002-7642 8823:2280-9643 8675:434003841 8639:2377-7478 8569:226346638 8561:0048-3893 8475:2076-2615 8434:1718-9977 8287:144779771 8238:1085-6633 8104:158949810 8096:1187-7863 8023:1573-322X 7970:April 23, 7639:March 15, 7553:April 17, 7498:2283-3196 7476:Relations 7454:2280-9643 7442:Relations 7333:April 11, 7246:March 25, 6967:159793645 6959:0161-4622 6834:1689-8311 6722:2077-1444 6700:Religions 6593:1890-4009 6510:238121342 6413:209815655 6378:1936-6434 6274:196683974 6266:1572-8404 6252:(4): 40. 6044:2377-7478 5967:154198751 5959:1187-7863 5902:0027-8424 5848:March 10, 5750:2045-2322 5699:August 1, 5694:Yale E360 5675:145049061 5659:0960-9822 5580:March 28, 5539:0022-3050 5496:March 28, 5471:March 12, 5444:527382954 5407:March 28, 5381:March 28, 5339:0029-8549 5311:Oecologia 5276:2042-7670 5231:Yale E360 5213:129050854 5205:0028-0836 5134:0022-541X 5041:March 27, 5011:0006-3207 4961:0022-0949 4918:March 26, 4877:0027-8424 4806:March 25, 4781:March 24, 4776:BBC Earth 4757:0022-0493 4716:March 24, 4691:March 24, 4663:1600-0706 4606:1664-1078 4547:1932-6203 4498:1523-1739 4457:March 24, 4367:0962-8452 4300:March 24, 4295:208578632 4234:2042-7670 4193:March 24, 4077:March 15, 3966:143964923 3958:1572-8447 3865:March 21, 3814:158886418 3806:1573-322X 3473:April 21, 3023:2280-9643 2987:2280-9643 2809:In 1850, 2697:, in the 2674:In poetry 2532:Moby-Dick 2208:flamingos 2172:buffaloes 1853:practice. 1782:Tom Regan 1638:Jeff Sebo 1537:Arne Næss 1289:In 1824, 980:-selected 837:PTSD-like 808:siblicide 655:phenotype 572:in bats, 562:epidemics 437:suffering 374:Welfarism 319:Personism 252:Captivity 136:Advocates 29:eating a 25:Juvenile 19093:Category 19078:Category 19018:Ideology 18983:Axiology 18812:Nussbaum 18762:Frankena 18757:Anscombe 18747:Williams 18702:Sidgwick 18622:Valluvar 18617:Diogenes 18602:Socrates 18526:Theodicy 18521:Sympathy 18486:Pacifism 18476:Morality 18389:Fidelity 18369:Equality 18324:Autonomy 18312:Concepts 18273:Feminist 18248:Buddhist 18178:Nihilism 18117:Axiology 18074:Research 18007:Computer 18002:Business 17613:GiveWell 17492:Toby Ord 17359:Concepts 17310:Category 17144:Kapparot 17076:Shechita 17061:Dhabihah 16611:Scholars 15565:Concepts 15396:Category 15265:Arkangel 15197:Journals 15171:Dominion 15107:The Cove 14737:Activism 14681:(Sweden) 14669:(Canada) 14663:(Europe) 14377:Movement 13912:Voltaire 12830:Veganism 12780:Ethology 12681:Concepts 12284:" (2010) 12170:Concepts 11799:32999483 11351:"Golden" 11279:50737644 11058:41178134 11011:Archived 10618:Utilitas 10042:(2015). 9934:BBC News 9791:April 6, 9757:March 7, 9733:15023392 9657:March 7, 9622:BBC News 9562:L'Amorce 9146:July 16, 9099:July 26, 8948:: 1–14. 8913:18428255 8593:April 2, 8493:31805715 8383:16279915 8336:March 9, 8246:40339003 8123:(2013). 7918:June 18, 7892:June 18, 7810:July 10, 7786:July 10, 7690:June 13, 7606:June 18, 7390:June 18, 7040:"Nature" 6797:: 32–45. 6531:March 7, 6174:59407458 6145:(1995). 5920:29784790 5819:31217976 5768:31391473 5667:31063718 5557:15316044 5355:40720075 5347:15309616 5292:49335517 5284:29858315 5236:April 5, 5166:April 5, 5161:NBC News 5093:April 7, 5067:April 5, 5062:BBC News 4969:29752415 4895:24843180 4624:29765342 4565:21633498 4517:PLOS ONE 4434:27358291 4385:18448414 4242:12135072 3911:89542818 3856:Archived 3852:41646945 3658:(2015). 3497:: 1–14. 3426:59407458 3397:(1995). 3353:(2013). 3298:(2013). 3224:(2015). 2935:Veganism 2851:See also 2785:botflies 2748:Voltaire 2715:Medieval 2620:uplifted 2611:winter. 2408:sentient 2392:colonies 2204:penguins 2196:pack ice 2048:Zoopolis 1651:thesis, 1205:Hinduism 1140:Buddhism 1117:Asa Gray 1106:theodicy 903:pleasure 871:molluscs 867:annelids 820:cortisol 590:ringworm 369:Humanism 262:Circuses 245:Cosmetic 129:Movement 99:Veganism 89:Timeline 68:Overview 41:a series 39:Part of 18976:Related 18722:Tillich 18687:Bentham 18662:Spinoza 18657:Aquinas 18642:Mencius 18556:Western 18531:Torture 18496:Precept 18451:Loyalty 18446:Liberty 18441:Justice 18354:Dignity 18344:Consent 18288:Kantian 18278:Islamic 18241:Schools 18127:Realism 18059:Nursing 18054:Medical 18039:Machine 17979:Applied 17285:Related 17043:Whaling 15946:Save Me 15931:RNZSPCA 15911:OneKind 15656:Pain in 14711:(Italy) 14693:(Spain) 14687:(Italy) 14648:Parties 13142:Hunting 13096:Fishing 12755:Carnism 12342:Writers 11961:May 15, 11730:Arcadia 11569:258–259 11234:3983677 11187:3983677 10477:Futures 9996:May 30, 8484:6940905 8453:Animals 7866:July 7, 7838:July 7, 7716:July 7, 7199:Inquiry 6999:fellows 5911:6016768 5880:Bibcode 5810:6572791 5759:6685979 5728:Bibcode 5548:1765666 5319:Bibcode 5142:3797388 4886:4050599 4855:Bibcode 4615:5938628 4590:: 572. 4556:3102088 4525:Bibcode 4425:4929933 4376:2453294 4250:7084943 2705:epigram 2690:Ancient 2548:swallow 2404:evolves 2220:beached 2182:Rescues 2161:Culling 2151:Bishnoi 2140:in bait 1247:rutting 1146:rebirth 889:In his 873:and 10 622:molting 536:Disease 441:disease 435:is the 357:Radical 314:Carnism 233:Fishing 228:Hunting 176:Killing 84:History 18967:(1984) 18959:(1981) 18951:(1979) 18943:(1971) 18935:(1903) 18927:(1887) 18919:(1874) 18911:(1861) 18903:(1843) 18895:(1820) 18887:(1788) 18879:(1785) 18871:(1780) 18863:(1759) 18855:(1740) 18847:(1726) 18839:(1677) 18797:Taylor 18782:Parfit 18777:Singer 18752:Mackie 18627:Cicero 18568:Virtue 18501:Rights 18426:Honour 18283:Jewish 18079:Sexual 17987:Animal 17969:Virtue 17913:Ethics 17864:Events 17066:Jhatka 15449:Issues 15398: 15371:(2003) 15352:(2014) 15344:(2014) 15336:(2008) 15328:(1991) 15320:(1987) 15308:Albums 15182:(2021) 15174:(2018) 15166:(2016) 15158:(2013) 15150:(2013) 15142:(2013) 15134:(2011) 15126:(2011) 15118:(2009) 15110:(2009) 15102:(2007) 15094:(2006) 15086:(2005) 15078:(2004) 15070:(2003) 15062:(2003) 15054:(2002) 15046:(2000) 15038:(2000) 15030:(1998) 15022:(1981) 15003:(2022) 14995:(2022) 14987:(2020) 14979:(2018) 14971:(2016) 14963:(2014) 14955:(2012) 14947:(2010) 14939:(2009) 14931:(2008) 14923:(2005) 14915:(2001) 14907:(1999) 14899:(1995) 14891:(1993) 14883:(1987) 14875:(1983) 14867:(1975) 14859:(1971) 14851:(1907) 14843:(1906) 14835:(1899) 14827:(1897) 14819:(1892) 14811:(1883) 14803:(1838) 14795:(1824) 14389:Groups 12849:Issues 12693:Ahimsa 12308:(2022) 12300:(2020) 12292:(2019) 12277:(2008) 12269:(1987) 12261:(1906) 12253:(1824) 12069: 11878: 11797: 11789: 11748: 11602: 11592: 11412: 11385: 11305: 11277: 11267: 11240: 11232: 11193: 11185: 11177: 11109: 11056: 11048: 11005: 10917: 10907: 10806: 10722: 10708:(25). 10674: 10646: 10638: 10571: 10563: 10503: 10495: 10373: 10363: 10316: 10306: 10177:Quartz 10156: 10114: 10106: 10067:May 8, 9854: 9828:May 1, 9821: 9784: 9731: 9723: 9682: 9513: 9483: 9442: 9403: 9336: 9287:Ethics 9267: 9253:(23). 9223: 9213: 9186:Aporia 9137: 9042: 9017: 8961:May 8, 8911: 8864: 8856: 8821: 8778: 8696: 8673: 8663: 8637: 8567: 8559: 8518: 8491: 8481: 8473: 8432: 8381: 8285: 8244: 8236: 8207: 8138: 8102: 8094: 8021: 7862:. 2017 7777: 7578: 7496: 7452: 7101:–250. 7021: 6990: 6965: 6957: 6879:: 172. 6832: 6768: 6743: 6720: 6677: 6673:-120. 6591: 6508: 6498: 6465:: 646. 6436: 6411: 6401: 6376: 6272: 6264: 6172: 6120: 6093: 6068: 6042: 6018:(27). 5965: 5957: 5918: 5908: 5900: 5817: 5807: 5766: 5756: 5748: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5555: 5545: 5537: 5442: 5432: 5353: 5345: 5337: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5211: 5203: 5187:Nature 5140: 5132: 5009: 4967: 4959: 4893: 4883: 4875: 4755: 4661: 4622: 4612: 4604: 4563: 4553: 4545: 4496: 4432: 4422: 4383: 4373: 4365: 4324: 4293: 4283: 4248: 4240: 4232: 3992: 3964: 3956: 3909: 3850: 3812: 3804: 3751:May 8, 3717:May 8, 3683:May 8, 3646:May 8, 3612:May 8, 3578:May 8, 3544:May 8, 3510:May 8, 3424: 3368: 3313: 3253: 3234: 3210: 3106: 3021: 2985: 2743:Hobbes 2709:Euenus 2287:CRISPR 2258:, and 2240:rabies 2168:hippos 1468:ahimsa 1437:egoism 1365:Nature 1152:dukkha 1034:, and 806:, and 612:Injury 500:hubris 471:, and 445:injury 211:Cattle 201:Horses 153:Groups 141:Vegans 19059:Index 18821:Works 18792:Adams 18787:Nagel 18742:Dewey 18737:Rawls 18717:Barth 18712:Moore 18677:Hegel 18652:Xunzi 18607:Plato 18597:Laozi 18578:Wrong 18551:Japan 18541:Value 18536:Trust 18431:Ideal 18298:Stoic 18049:Media 18034:Legal 17071:Kutha 15951:SSPCA 15936:RSPCA 15866:ISPCA 15821:FRAME 15801:DSPCA 15711:ASPCA 15293:Satya 15011:Films 14776:Books 14598:Viva! 13231:Cases 13181:Other 12242:Media 11976:(PDF) 11876:S2CID 11795:S2CID 11625:10–11 11465:(PDF) 11238:S2CID 11230:JSTOR 11191:S2CID 11183:JSTOR 11155:(PDF) 11054:JSTOR 10915:S2CID 10668:(PDF) 10644:S2CID 10569:S2CID 10501:S2CID 10371:S2CID 10294:(PDF) 10134:(PDF) 10112:S2CID 9729:S2CID 9538:[ 9503:(PDF) 9389:(2). 9182:(PDF) 9119:(PDF) 8938:(PDF) 8920:(PDF) 8909:S2CID 8889:(PDF) 8862:S2CID 8623:(7). 8565:S2CID 8408:(PDF) 8390:(PDF) 8379:S2CID 8359:(PDF) 8283:S2CID 8242:JSTOR 8149:(PDF) 8128:(PDF) 8100:S2CID 8041:(PDF) 7736:APPLE 7549:. Vox 7472:(PDF) 7448:(2). 7302:: 1–5 7292:(PDF) 7229:(PDF) 7141:(PDF) 6963:S2CID 6820:(2). 6506:S2CID 6270:S2CID 6181:(PDF) 6170:S2CID 6150:(PDF) 5963:S2CID 5868:(PDF) 5671:S2CID 5600:(PDF) 5351:S2CID 5288:S2CID 5209:S2CID 5138:JSTOR 4945:(9). 4828:(PDF) 4643:Oikos 4291:S2CID 4246:S2CID 4020:p. 50 3962:S2CID 3934:(PDF) 3907:S2CID 3859:(PDF) 3848:S2CID 3832:(PDF) 3810:S2CID 3487:(PDF) 3433:(PDF) 3422:S2CID 3402:(PDF) 3379:(PDF) 3358:(PDF) 3324:(PDF) 3303:(PDF) 3272:(PDF) 3151:Télos 3147:(PDF) 2766:Enion 2700:Iliad 2695:Homer 2635:, in 2576:Bambi 2529:, in 2406:into 2394:like 2388:Earth 2377:Risks 1649:Ph.D. 1295:vegan 1213:Islam 869:, 10 650:hosts 544:Dead 502:, or 298:Ideas 18772:Hare 18732:Foot 18692:Mill 18672:Kant 18667:Hume 18647:Mozi 18563:Vice 18481:Norm 18409:Evil 18404:Good 18364:Duty 18104:Meta 18027:Land 17954:Role 17939:Care 17266:(UK) 17260:(US) 17254:(EU) 17248:(EU) 17242:(UK) 17236:(UK) 17230:(US) 17224:(UK) 17218:(NZ) 17212:(UK) 15966:UFAW 15856:IFAW 15836:HSUS 15796:DSPA 15781:CAWF 14538:L214 13263:SHAC 12091:2021 12067:ISSN 12036:2021 12016:2021 11996:2021 11963:2021 11934:2024 11907:2024 11843:–26. 11787:ISSN 11746:ISSN 11673:2021 11666:Aeon 11600:OCLC 11590:ISBN 11410:ISBN 11383:ISBN 11362:2021 11336:2021 11303:ISBN 11275:OCLC 11265:ISBN 11175:ISSN 11137:2021 11107:ISSN 11084:2021 11046:ISSN 11019:2021 11003:ISSN 10977:2021 10951:2021 10926:2021 10905:ISBN 10874:2021 10845:2021 10815:2020 10804:ISSN 10781:2019 10755:2019 10720:ISSN 10672:ISBN 10636:ISSN 10599:2021 10561:ISSN 10493:ISSN 10458:2021 10432:2019 10406:2019 10361:ISBN 10332:link 10314:OCLC 10304:ISBN 10276:2021 10210:2019 10184:2016 10154:ISSN 10104:ISSN 10069:2016 10023:2019 9998:2020 9972:2021 9941:2021 9915:2021 9889:2021 9863:2019 9852:ISSN 9830:2020 9819:ISSN 9793:2021 9782:ISSN 9778:Time 9759:2021 9721:ISSN 9680:ISBN 9659:2021 9630:2020 9604:2019 9570:2021 9511:ISSN 9481:ISSN 9440:ISSN 9401:ISSN 9364:2021 9334:ISSN 9265:ISSN 9221:OCLC 9211:ISBN 9192:(1). 9148:2022 9135:ISBN 9101:2020 9040:ISBN 9015:ISSN 8963:2016 8854:ISSN 8819:ISSN 8776:ISBN 8753:2019 8694:ISBN 8671:OCLC 8661:ISBN 8635:ISSN 8595:2021 8557:ISSN 8516:ISBN 8489:PMID 8471:ISSN 8430:ISSN 8338:2021 8234:ISSN 8205:ISBN 8157:2019 8136:ISBN 8092:ISSN 8019:ISSN 7972:2023 7946:2021 7920:2022 7894:2022 7868:2021 7840:2021 7812:2024 7788:2022 7775:ISBN 7744:2021 7718:2021 7692:2022 7667:2021 7641:2021 7634:Aeon 7608:2022 7576:ISBN 7555:2016 7529:2019 7494:ISSN 7450:ISSN 7423:2022 7392:2022 7361:2021 7335:2020 7308:2016 7274:2021 7248:2021 7180:2015 7019:ISBN 6988:ISBN 6955:ISSN 6830:ISSN 6766:ISBN 6741:ISBN 6718:ISSN 6675:ISBN 6589:ISSN 6533:2021 6496:ISBN 6434:ISBN 6409:OCLC 6399:ISBN 6374:ISSN 6262:ISSN 6189:2019 6118:ISBN 6091:ISBN 6066:ISBN 6040:ISSN 5993:2022 5955:ISSN 5916:PMID 5898:ISSN 5850:2021 5815:PMID 5764:PMID 5746:ISSN 5701:2020 5663:PMID 5655:ISSN 5582:2021 5553:PMID 5535:ISSN 5498:2021 5473:2021 5440:OCLC 5430:ISBN 5409:2021 5383:2021 5343:PMID 5335:ISSN 5280:PMID 5272:ISSN 5238:2021 5201:ISSN 5168:2021 5130:ISSN 5095:2021 5069:2021 5043:2021 5007:ISSN 4965:PMID 4957:ISSN 4920:2021 4891:PMID 4873:ISSN 4808:2021 4783:2021 4753:ISSN 4718:2021 4693:2021 4659:ISSN 4620:PMID 4602:ISSN 4561:PMID 4543:ISSN 4494:ISSN 4459:2021 4430:PMID 4381:PMID 4363:ISSN 4322:ISBN 4302:2021 4281:ISBN 4238:PMID 4230:ISSN 4195:2021 4157:2019 4133:(1). 4105:2019 4079:2021 4072:Aeon 4048:2019 3990:ISBN 3954:ISSN 3867:2021 3802:ISSN 3753:2016 3719:2016 3685:2016 3648:2016 3614:2016 3580:2016 3546:2016 3512:2016 3475:2016 3441:2019 3387:2019 3366:ISBN 3332:2019 3311:ISBN 3288:2014 3251:ISBN 3232:ISBN 3208:ISBN 3183:2019 3104:ISBN 3082:(1). 3052:2019 3019:ISSN 2983:ISSN 2819:Maud 2662:and 2513:In " 2466:, a 2285:and 2242:and 2170:and 2149:The 2042:and 1708:The 1629:Aeon 1339:and 1297:and 962:rats 592:and 584:and 455:and 257:Zoos 206:Cats 196:Dogs 18573:Vow 18303:Tao 17997:Bio 12057:doi 11956:Vox 11868:doi 11777:doi 11738:doi 11711:272 11508:202 11487:209 11441:doi 11222:doi 11167:doi 10897:doi 10710:doi 10626:doi 10553:doi 10485:doi 10481:126 10451:Vox 10353:doi 10239:doi 10146:doi 10096:doi 10056:doi 9713:doi 9471:doi 9432:doi 9391:doi 9324:doi 9294:doi 9290:121 9255:doi 9127:doi 9069:doi 9005:hdl 8995:doi 8950:doi 8901:doi 8846:doi 8809:doi 8723:doi 8625:doi 8549:doi 8479:PMC 8461:doi 8420:doi 8371:doi 8275:doi 8180:doi 8084:doi 8053:doi 8009:hdl 7999:doi 7964:NYU 7767:doi 7601:Vox 7484:doi 7417:(2) 7386:(1) 7237:doi 7207:doi 7099:249 6947:doi 6822:doi 6708:doi 6671:119 6639:doi 6579:doi 6488:doi 6364:doi 6312:176 6254:doi 6221:doi 6162:doi 6030:hdl 6020:doi 5947:doi 5906:PMC 5888:doi 5876:115 5805:PMC 5795:doi 5754:PMC 5736:doi 5645:doi 5612:doi 5543:PMC 5525:doi 5327:doi 5315:140 5264:doi 5260:182 5191:doi 5122:doi 4999:doi 4995:144 4947:doi 4943:221 4881:PMC 4863:doi 4851:111 4745:doi 4651:doi 4647:119 4610:PMC 4592:doi 4551:PMC 4533:doi 4486:doi 4420:PMC 4412:doi 4371:PMC 4355:doi 4351:275 4273:doi 4222:doi 4218:150 3946:doi 3899:doi 3840:doi 3794:doi 3740:doi 3706:doi 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