2338:
12634:
546:
407:
2373:
853:
1916:
76:
848:
122:
2848:
843:
3756:
3764:
66:
2225:
13863:
96:
12616:
944:
13827:
12091:
106:
2354:
948:
12625:
3180:
13851:
13839:
1155:
947:
949:
2700:
3868:
Membranes can also be used to separate ethanol and water. Membrane-based separations are not subject to the limitations of the water-ethanol azeotrope because the separations are not based on vapor-liquid equilibria. Membranes are often used in the so-called hybrid membrane distillation process. This
3778:
plants employ two methods for measuring ethanol concentration. Infrared ethanol sensors measure the vibrational frequency of dissolved ethanol using the C−H band at 2900 cm. This method uses a relatively inexpensive solid-state sensor that compares the C−H band with a reference band to calculate
2707:
Ethanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor. It burns with a smokeless blue flame that is not always visible in normal light. The physical properties of ethanol stem primarily from the presence of its hydroxyl group and the shortness of its carbon chain. Ethanol's hydroxyl group is
2313:
engines. Flex-fuel engines in Brazil are able to work with all ethanol, all gasoline or any mixture of both. In the United States, flex-fuel vehicles can run on 0% to 85% ethanol (15% gasoline) since higher ethanol blends are not yet allowed or efficient. Brazil supports this fleet of ethanol-burning
2220:
The US and many other countries primarily use E10 (10% ethanol, sometimes known as gasohol) and E85 (85% ethanol) ethanol/gasoline mixtures. Over time, it is believed that a material portion of the ≈150-billion-US-gallon (570,000,000 m) per year market for gasoline will begin to be replaced with
1673:
A solution of 70% ethanol is more effective than pure ethanol because ethanol relies on water molecules for optimal antimicrobial activity. Absolute ethanol may inactivate microbes without destroying them because the alcohol is unable to fully permeate the microbe's membrane. Ethanol can also be used
4906:
Ethanol intended for industrial use is often produced from ethylene. Ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both a solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other
3986:
is used to remove water, it will contain trace amounts of the material separation agent (e.g. benzene). Absolute alcohol is not intended for human consumption. Absolute ethanol is used as a solvent for laboratory and industrial applications, where water will react with other chemicals, and as fuel
1847:
The resulting intermediate, acetaldehyde, is a known carcinogen, and poses significantly greater toxicity in humans than ethanol itself. Many of the symptoms typically associated with alcohol intoxication—as well as many of the health hazards typically associated with the long-term consumption of
2922:
and an ignition source is then applied to it. For 20% alcohol by mass (about 25% by volume), this will occur at about 25 °C (77 °F). The flash point of pure ethanol is 13 °C (55 °F), but may be influenced very slightly by atmospheric composition such as pressure and humidity.
3666:
Fermentation is the process of culturing yeast under favorable thermal conditions to produce alcohol. This process is carried out at around 35–40 °C (95–104 °F). Toxicity of ethanol to yeast limits the ethanol concentration obtainable by brewing; higher concentrations, therefore, are
9644:
In a footnote on page 448, Faraday notes the action of sulfuric acid on coal gas and coal-gas distillate; specifically, "The acid combines directly with carbon and hydrogen; and I find when united with bases forms a peculiar class of salts, somewhat resembling the sulphovinates , but still
2910:" phenomenon. When wine is swirled in a glass, ethanol evaporates quickly from the thin film of wine on the wall of the glass. As the wine's ethanol content decreases, its surface tension increases and the thin film "beads up" and runs down the glass in channels rather than as a smooth sheet.
3869:
process uses a pre-concentration distillation column as the first separating step. The further separation is then accomplished with a membrane operated either in vapor permeation or pervaporation mode. Vapor permeation uses a vapor membrane feed and pervaporation uses a liquid membrane feed.
3885:
to exploit its insolubility will cause a phase separation with ethanol and water. This offers a very small potassium carbonate impurity to the alcohol that can be removed by distillation. This method is very useful in purification of ethanol by distillation, as ethanol forms an
4010:
Rectified spirit, an azeotropic composition of 96% ethanol containing 4% water, is used instead of anhydrous ethanol for various purposes. Spirits of wine are about 94% ethanol (188 proof). The impurities are different from those in 95% (190 proof) laboratory ethanol.
2274:
64%, compared with pure gasoline. Ethanol has a much greater research octane number (RON) than gasoline, meaning it is less prone to pre-ignition, allowing for better ignition advance which means more torque, and efficiency in addition to the lower carbon emissions.
1900:
properties, it is readily available and legal for sale in most countries. There are laws regulating the sale, exportation/importation, taxation, manufacturing, consumption, and possession of alcoholic beverages. The most common regulation is prohibition for minors.
10012:
4076:
This reaction, which is conducted on large scale industrially, requires the removal of the water from the reaction mixture as it is formed. Esters react in the presence of an acid or base to give back the alcohol and a salt. This reaction is known as
3954:
as psychoactive drugs, but ethanol has many uses that do not involve its consumption. To relieve the tax burden on these uses, most jurisdictions waive the tax when an agent has been added to the ethanol to render it unfit to drink. These include
3219:
10 US gal), with 69% of the world supply coming from Brazil and the U.S. Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugarcane, which has relatively high yields (830% more fuel than the fossil fuels used to produce it) compared to some other
2464:, auto-thermal reforming systems and thermally integrated systems. The majority of work is being conducted at a research level although there are a number of organizations at the beginning of the commercialization of ethanol fuel cells.
3264:. Sweet sorghum has one-third the water requirement of sugarcane over the same time period. It also requires about 22% less water than corn. The world's first sweet sorghum ethanol distillery began commercial production in 2007 in
1859:
that can cause temporary reddening of the skin as well as a number of related, and often unpleasant, symptoms of acetaldehyde toxicity. This mutation is typically accompanied by another mutation in the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme
2808:
Ethanol's miscibility with water contrasts with the immiscibility of longer-chain alcohols (five or more carbon atoms), whose water miscibility decreases sharply as the number of carbons increases. The miscibility of ethanol with
7643:
Pemberton RC, Mash CJ (1978). "Thermodynamic properties of aqueous non-electrolyte mixtures II. Vapour pressures and excess Gibbs energies for water + ethanol at 303.15 to 363.15 K determined by an accurate static method".
4772:("burning water", i.e., ethanol) by distilling wine with salt started to appear in a number of Latin works, and by the end of the thirteenth century it had become a widely known substance among Western European chemists.
2828:
Ethanol-water mixtures have less volume than the sum of their individual components at the given fractions. Mixing equal volumes of ethanol and water results in only 1.92 volumes of mixture. Mixing ethanol and water is
7797:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping names: Ethanol or Ethyl alcohol or
Ethanol solutions or Ethyl alcohol solutions; Hazard class or Division: 3; Identification Numbers: UN1170; PG: II; Label Codes:
3245: US gal (26,000,000 m) of ethanol per year. An additional 72 construction projects underway (in the U.S.) can add 6.4 billion US gallons (24,000,000 m) of new capacity in the next 18 months.
3124:
Ethanol is a byproduct of the metabolic process of yeast. As such, ethanol will be present in any yeast habitat. Ethanol can commonly be found in overripe fruit. Ethanol produced by symbiotic yeast can be found in
2294:. This data has been assembled into The Clean Fuels Report comparison of fuel emissions and show that ethanol exhaust generates 2.14 times as much ozone as gasoline exhaust. When this is added into the custom
4025:
Ethanol is classified as a primary alcohol, meaning that the carbon that its hydroxyl group attaches to has at least two hydrogen atoms attached to it as well. Many ethanol reactions occur at its hydroxyl group.
9453:
The earliest possible period seems to be the
Eastern Han dynasty... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties
7520:
Dahlmann U, Schneider GM (1989). "(Liquid + liquid) phase equilibria and critical curves of (ethanol + dodecane or tetradecane or hexadecane or 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane) from 0.1 MPa to 120.0 MPa".
861:
4879:
independently discovered that sulphovinic acid could be decomposed into ethanol. Thus, in 1825 Faraday had unwittingly discovered that ethanol could be produced from ethylene (a component of coal gas) by
3349:
in 1947. The reaction is carried out in the presence of high pressure steam at 300 °C (572 °F) where a 5:3 ethylene to steam ratio is maintained. This process was used on an industrial scale by
6738:
Malaquias, Augusto César
Teixeira; Netto, Nilton Antonio Diniz; Filho, Fernando Antonio Rodrigues; da Costa, Roberto Berlini Rodrigues; Langeani, Marcos; Baêta, José Guilherme Coelho (18 November 2019).
1550:. The use of 'alcohol' for ethanol (in full, "alcohol of wine") is modern and was first recorded in 1753. Before the late 18th century the term "alcohol" generally referred to any sublimated substance.
9782:(Note: The chemical formulas in Berthelot's paper are wrong because chemists at that time used the wrong atomic masses for the elements; e.g., carbon (6 instead of 12), oxygen (8 instead of 16), etc.)
9002:
2460:
or methanol. Ethanol is an attractive alternative due to its wide availability, low cost, high purity and low toxicity. There is a wide range of fuel cell concepts that have entered trials including
1855:(ALDH) enzymes. A mutation in the ALDH2 gene that encodes for an inactive or dysfunctional form of this enzyme affects roughly 50 % of east Asian populations, contributing to the characteristic
3824:, allows a new ternary azeotrope comprising the ethanol, water, and the entraining agent to be formed. This lower-boiling ternary azeotrope is removed preferentially, leading to water-free ethanol.
8976:
8421:
3133:, exhibit ethanol-seeking behaviors, most show no interest or avoidance of food sources containing ethanol. Ethanol is also produced during the germination of many plants as a result of natural
9685:
On page 248, Hennell mentions that
Faraday gave him some sulfuric acid in which coal gas had dissolved and that he (Hennell) found that it contained "sulphovinic acid" (ethyl hydrogen sulfate).
4662:, and intoxication are symptoms of ingestion. Long-term use by ingestion can result in serious liver damage. Atmospheric concentrations above one part per thousand are above the European Union
823:
965:
2923:
Ethanol mixtures can ignite below average room temperature. Ethanol is considered a flammable liquid (Class 3 Hazardous
Material) in concentrations above 2.35% by mass (3.0% by volume; 6
1674:
as a disinfectant and antiseptic by inducing cell dehydration through disruption of the osmotic balance across the cell membrane, causing water to leave the cell, leading to cell death.
4844:
obtained pure ethanol by mixing partially purified ethanol (the alcohol-water azeotrope) with an excess of anhydrous alkali and then distilling the mixture over low heat. French chemist
3357:
In an older process, first practiced on the industrial scale in 1930 by Union
Carbide but now almost entirely obsolete, ethylene was hydrated indirectly by reacting it with concentrated
1355:, an important chemical feedstock. As of 2023, world production of ethanol fuel was 29,590,000,000 US gallons (112.0 gigalitres), coming mostly from the U.S. (51%) and Brazil (26%).
6741:"The misleading total replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors and a study of the Brazilian ethanol importance for the sustainable future of mobility: a review"
2298:
of The Clean Fuels Report, the local pollution of ethanol (pollution that contributes to smog) is rated 1.7, where gasoline is 1.0 and higher numbers signify greater pollution. The
3982:
Absolute or anhydrous alcohol refers to ethanol with a low water content. There are various grades with maximum water contents ranging from 1% to a few parts per million (ppm). If
2844:) at normal pressure, which boils at 351 K (78 °C). This azeotropic composition is strongly temperature- and pressure-dependent and vanishes at temperatures below 303 K.
8033:
Turner C, Spanel P, Smith D (2006). "A longitudinal study of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the exhaled breath of healthy volunteers using selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry".
3253:
8284:
4688:
or aqua vita. The intoxicating effects of its consumption have been known since ancient times. Ethanol has been used by humans since prehistory as the intoxicating ingredient of
4718:(23/24–79 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of ethanol, despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century
2825:
below a certain temperature (about 13 °C for dodecane). The miscibility gap tends to get wider with higher alkanes, and the temperature for complete miscibility increases.
7573:
Costigan MJ, Hodges LJ, Marsh KN, Stokes RH, Tuxford CW (1980). "The
Isothermal Displacement Calorimeter: Design Modifications for Measuring Exothermic Enthalpies of Mixing".
6341:
Heit, C.; Dong, H.; Chen, Y.; Thompson, D.C.; Dietrich, R.A.; Vasiliou, V.K. (2013). "The Role of CYP2E1 in
Alcohol Metabolism and Sensitivity in the Central Nervous System".
3860:, effectively sequester water molecules while excluding ethanol molecules. Heating the wet sieves drives out the water, allowing regeneration of their desiccant capability.
3228:
generated by the process is not discarded, but burned by power plants to produce electricity. Bagasse burning accounts for around 9% of the electricity produced in Brazil.
3787:, the change in specific gravity during fermentation indicates the alcohol content. This inexpensive and indirect method has a long history in the beer brewing industry.
13176:
12946:
12906:
12398:
7774:
923:
8246:
5188:
950:
13107:
13082:
13072:
9739:
Sérullas GS (1828). Guyton de
Morveau LB, Gay-Lussac JL, Arago F, Michel Eugène Chevreul, Marcellin Berthelot, Éleuthère Élie Nicolas Mascart, Albin Haller (eds.).
5411:
4614:, depending on the reagents and conditions. This oxidation is of no importance industrially, but in the human body, these oxidation reactions are catalyzed by the
10063:
6494:
Eyidogan M, Ozsezen AN, Canakci M, Turkcan A (2010). "Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine".
958:
13478:
12806:
12747:
12655:
10754:
10744:
10739:
8621:
9171:
13567:
13383:
13318:
13258:
13186:
13092:
12986:
12856:
12811:
12482:
11453:
10996:
10764:
10759:
10749:
10682:
10672:
10666:
5221:
4164:
Ethylene produced from sugar-derived ethanol (primarily in Brazil) competes with ethylene produced from petrochemical feedstocks such as naphtha and ethane.
1037:
13647:
8717:
Jeong JS, Jeon H, Ko Km, Chung B, Choi GW (2012). "Production of anhydrous ethanol using various PSA (Pressure Swing
Adsorption) processes in pilot plant".
2708:
able to participate in hydrogen bonding, rendering it more viscous and less volatile than less polar organic compounds of similar molecular weight, such as
13112:
12956:
12926:
11011:
11001:
10734:
10724:
10692:
10687:
10677:
4917:
2239:
waste to 10 % in automobiles. Older cars (and vintage cars designed to use a slower burning fuel) should have the engine valves upgraded or replaced.
9235:
6712:
2859:
to the extent that it readily absorbs water from the air. The polar nature of the hydroxyl group causes ethanol to dissolve many ionic compounds, notably
13042:
13022:
12695:
11438:
10889:
10729:
10661:
10650:
7986:
Schriver A, Schriver-Mazzuoli L, Ehrenfreund P, d'Hendecourt L (2007). "One possible origin of ethanol in interstellar medium: Photochemistry of mixed CO
7221:
8432:
8077:
13067:
6945:
4637:
such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in that it provides calories. When consumed and metabolized, it contributes 7 kilocalories per gram via
1531:
now refers to a wider class of substances in chemistry nomenclature, but in common parlance it remains the name of ethanol. It is a medieval loan from
1168:
9561:
In his 1807 paper, Saussure determined ethanol's composition only roughly; a more accurate analysis of ethanol appears on page 300 of his 1814 paper:
10719:
1374:
2209:
in particular relies heavily upon the use of ethanol as an engine fuel, due in part to its role as one of the world's leading producers of ethanol.
12705:
12407:
11692:
11433:
10595:
1730:, and mouth washes, for example, may contain up to 25% ethanol and may need to be avoided in individuals with adverse reactions to ethanol such as
9509:
See pp. 197–198: Lowitz dehydrated the azeotrope by mixing it with a 2:1 excess of anhydrous alkali and then distilling the mixture over low heat.
3235:. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, as of 30 October 2007, 131 grain ethanol bio-refineries in the U.S. have the capacity to produce 7
13062:
12391:
2895:
are slightly soluble in ethanol. Because the ethanol molecule also has a nonpolar end, it will also dissolve nonpolar substances, including most
972:
2534:, it is easy to remove from a solution that has been used to dissolve other compounds, making it a popular extracting agent for botanical oils.
2217:
ethanol. Hydrous ethanol (about 95% ethanol and 5% water) can be used as fuel in more than 90% of new gasoline-fueled cars sold in the country.
12732:
11697:
11687:
10584:
8752:
6835:
6533:
2789:. Its main use as a solvent is in making tincture of iodine, cough syrups, etc. It is also miscible with light aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as
13278:
12675:
8399:
7384:
6685:
5071:
Ballinger P, Long FA (1960). "Acid Ionization Constants of Alcohols. II. Acidities of Some Substituted Methanols and Related Compounds1,2".
12826:
6141:
2302:
formalized this issue in 2008 by recognizing control standards for formaldehydes as an emissions control group, much like the conventional
595:
12737:
9325:
9302:
4833:, dating to the 12th century. In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and was in wide use in the
3894:
9532:
6963:
1273:
taste. In nature, grape-sugar breaks up by the action of fermentation into alcohol or carbonic acid, without anything being added. As a
12384:
8281:
6782:"Definition of a Low Emission Motor Vehicle in Compliance with the Mandates of Health and Safety Code Section 39037.05, second release"
6781:
6000:
Beauchamp, GA; Valento, M (September 2016). "Toxic Alcohol Ingestion: Prompt Recognition And Management In The Emergency Department".
5765:
5692:
The alcohols and the phenols will be called after the name of the hydrocarbon from which they are derived, terminated with the suffix
13605:
12921:
8147:
Rossi, Liane M.; Gallo, Jean Marcel R.; Mattoso, Luiz H. C.; Buckeridge, Marcos S.; Licence, Peter; Allen, David T. (29 March 2021).
9987:
7157:
5912:
9995:
9816:
9657:"On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and alcohol, with observations on the composition and properties of the resulting compound"
6392:
1392:
The "eth-" prefix and the qualifier "ethyl" in "ethyl alcohol" originally came from the name "ethyl" assigned in 1834 to the group
5887:
3800:
Ethylene hydration or brewing produces an ethanol–water mixture. For most industrial and fuel uses, the ethanol must be purified.
3231:
In the 1970s most industrial ethanol in the U.S. was made as a petrochemical, but in the 1980s the U.S. introduced subsidies for
1370:
2538:
extraction methods often use ethanol as an extraction solvent, and also as a post-processing solvent to remove oils, waxes, and
13137:
12896:
12816:
5418:. Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology. Vol. 11 (1 ed.). Amsterdam: Taylor & Francis. pp. 96–124.
4734:, the flammability of the resulting vapors may be enhanced. The distillation of wine is attested in Arabic works attributed to
2592:
to keep vessels at temperatures below the freezing point of water. For the same reason, it is also used as the active fluid in
3759:
Infrared reflection spectra of liquid ethanol, showing the −OH band centered near 3300 cm and C−H bands near 2950 cm
3224:. Sugarcane not only has a greater concentration of sucrose than corn (by about 30%), but is also much easier to extract. The
2486:
Ethanol is an important industrial ingredient. It has widespread use as a precursor for other organic compounds such as ethyl
9859:
9479:
9439:
9403:
9374:
9191:
9096:
8960:
8878:
8851:
8818:
8650:
8594:
8529:
8484:
8363:
8323:
8257:
8207:
7504:
7470:
7412:
7091:
7004:
6358:
5423:
5042:
4992:
1731:
437:
13518:
9753:
On page 158, Sérullas mentions the production of alcohol from "sulfate acid d'hydrogène carboné" (hydrocarbon acid sulfate).
6253:"Alcohol dehydrogenase of class IV (sigma sigma-ADH) from human stomach. cDNA sequence and structure/function relationships"
2441:. Alcohols fell into general disuse as more energy-dense rocket fuels were developed, although ethanol is currently used in
903:
12127:
9983:
8788:
4907:
products. It has a long history as a fuel for heat and light, and more recently as a fuel for internal combustion engines.
3354:
Corporation and others. It is no longer practiced in the US as fermentation ethanol produced from corn is more economical.
2564:
from aqueous solution in the presence of alcohol, and ethanol precipitation is used for this reason in the purification of
6920:
4422:
Ethanol is not used industrially as a precursor to ethyl halides, but the reactions are illustrative. Ethanol reacts with
1516:
was coined as a result of a resolution on naming alcohols and phenols that was adopted at the International Conference on
9622:"On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat"
8127:
7211:
6850:
13770:
10039:
9991:
6608:
4154:
2472:
Ethanol fireplaces can be used for home heating or for decoration. Ethanol can also be used as stove fuel for cooking.
8684:"High-Selectivity Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol using a Copper Nanoparticle/N-Doped Graphene Electrode"
7691:
6208:
Zuccotti GV, Fabiano V (July 2011). "Safety issues with ethanol as an excipient in drugs intended for pediatric use".
1864:
in roughly 80 % of east Asians, which improves the catalytic efficiency of converting ethanol into acetaldehyde.
13933:
13670:
12042:
11842:
6883:
5888:"Chemical Disinfectants | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC"
5722:
5055:
560:
8625:
7183:
4157:. Intramolecular dehydration of an alcohol requires a high temperature and the presence of an acid catalyst such as
13903:
9770:"Sur la formation de l'alcool au moyen du bicarbure d'hydrogène (On the formation of alcohol by means of ethylene)"
4684:
employed by humans. Ethanol has historically been identified variously as spirit of wine or ardent spirits, and as
3992:
1734:. Ethanol is present mainly as an antimicrobial preservative in over 700 liquid preparations of medicine including
1163:
9168:
8753:"U-M Program to Reduce the Consumption of Tax-free Alcohol; Denatured Alcohol a Safer, Less Expensive Alternative"
7951:
Leblová S, Sinecká E, Vaníčková V (1974). "Pyruvate metabolism in germinating seeds during natural anaerobiosis".
7359:
3852:
can be used to selectively absorb the water from the 95.6% ethanol solution. Molecular sieves of pore-size 3
2429:. Under such nomenclature, the ethanol was mixed with 25% water to reduce the combustion chamber temperature. The
1175:
13795:
12251:
12071:
7050:
4891:
made this use uneconomical. The tax was repealed in 1906. Use as an automotive fuel dates back to 1908, with the
2290:
and related species such as acetaldehyde. This leads to a significantly larger photochemical reactivity and more
8682:
Song Y, Peng R, Hensley DK, Bonnesen PV, Liang L, Wu Z, Meyer HM, Chi M, Ma C, Sumpter BG, Rondinone AJ (2016).
4849:
3256:
is investigating the possibility of growing sorghum as a source of fuel, food, and animal feed in arid parts of
1486:
9243:
7827:"The Measurement of Flash Point of Water-Methanol and Water-Ethanol Systems Using Seta Flash Closed Cup Tester"
6851:"The Clean Fuels Report: A Quantitative Comparison Of Motor (engine) Fuels, Related Pollution and Technologies"
6724:
4117:
In the presence of acid catalysts, alcohols can be converted to alkenes such as ethanol to ethylene. Typically
2299:
9697:"On the mutual action of sulfuric acid and alcohol, and on the nature of the process by which ether is formed"
6946:"Adoption of the Airborne Toxic Control Measure to Reduce Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Wood Products"
4887:
Ethanol was used as lamp fuel in the U.S. as early as 1840, but a tax levied on industrial alcohol during the
3727:. Deployment of this technology could turn a number of cellulose-containing agricultural by-products, such as
2309:
More than 20% of Brazilian cars are able to use 100% ethanol as fuel, which includes ethanol-only engines and
2286:
yields many of the products of incomplete combustion produced by gasoline and significantly larger amounts of
13720:
11937:
11031:
10974:
8450:
7926:
7428:
7196:
2325:
like liquid hydrocarbons. Mechanics have seen increased cases of damage to small engines (in particular, the
1759:
65:
10001:
6949:
4699:
The inflammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as
13923:
13908:
13755:
12322:
12256:
9947:
4787:, by which an ethanol purity of 90% could be obtained. The medicinal properties of ethanol were studied by
3905:
3783:. Alternatively, by measuring the density of the starting material and the density of the product, using a
1722:
Ethanol is used to dissolve many water-insoluble medications and related compounds. Liquid preparations of
897:
493:
402:
95:
5506:
5458:
75:
12951:
11985:
10337:
10209:
9884:
5606:
4822:
4663:
4618:
2716:
2255:
1643:
1591:
524:
17:
7285:
6251:
Farrés J, Moreno A, Crosas B, Peralba JM, Allali-Hassani A, Hjelmqvist L, et al. (September 1994).
4802:–1366), the latter of whom regarded it as a life-preserving substance able to prevent all diseases (the
2314:
automobiles with large national infrastructure that produces ethanol from domestically grown sugarcane.
852:
105:
13958:
13928:
12246:
12218:
12047:
11346:
10277:
10272:
9501:
Chemische Annalen für die Freunde der Naturlehre, Aerznengelartheit, Haushaltungskunde und Manufakturen
9178:. Technical Committee on Classification and Properties of Hazardous Chemical Data (12–13 January 2010).
9054:
Calculated from heats of formation from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 49th Edition, 1968–1969.
8309:
7608:
Lei Z, Wang H, Zhou R, Duan Z (2002). "Influence of salt added to solvent on extractive distillation".
6948:. Chicago & Washington, DC: Window and Door Manufacturers Association. 30 July 2008. Archived from
4976:
4810:
4382:
2283:
1065:
1048:
847:
741:
12173:
7311:
4490:
catalyst. Ethyl halides can, in principle, also be produced by treating ethanol with more specialized
344:
13943:
13893:
13710:
13705:
12886:
12066:
12057:
12037:
10267:
6720:
3927:
2515:
1687:
1477:
1332:
8759:
7336:
7034:
6905:
6828:
6689:
6558:
3804:
at atmospheric pressure can concentrate ethanol to 95.6% by weight (89.5 mole%). This mixture is an
1832:
When present in significant concentrations, this metabolism of ethanol is additionally aided by the
689:−114.14 ± 0.03 °C (−173.45 ± 0.05 °F; 159.01 ± 0.03 K)
13750:
12231:
12120:
11391:
9497:"Anzeige eines, zur volkommen Entwasserung des Weingeistes nothwendig zu beobachtenden, Handgriffs"
8868:
8229:
Vidyabharti District Co-operative Bank recruitment examination guide (Bank clerk grade examination)
6540:
4973:
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book)
4952:
4727:
3524:
2840:
at about 89 mole-% ethanol and 11 mole-% water or a mixture of 95.6% ethanol by mass (or about 97%
2461:
2434:
541:
9970:
9079:
Reinhard J, Kopp E, McKusick BC, Röderer G, Bosch A, Fleischmann G (2007). "Chloroacetaldehydes".
8396:
7192:
Mercury Project Summary Including Results of the Fourth Manned Orbital Flight: May 15 and 16, 1963
6659:
4650:
4081:
because it is used in the preparation of soap. Ethanol can also form esters with inorganic acids.
2433:
design team helped develop U.S. rockets following World War II, including the ethanol-fueled
1498:
13830:
12337:
12281:
12261:
11922:
11288:
8097:
4780:
4299:
of a solution of ethanol in water is nearly 7.00. Ethanol can be quantitatively converted to its
3983:
3801:
3675:. The most ethanol-tolerant yeast strains can survive up to approximately 18% ethanol by volume.
3152:) of endogenous ethanol and acetaldehyde were found in the exhaled breath of healthy volunteers.
2584:
of −114 °C (−173 °F) and low toxicity, ethanol is sometimes used in laboratories (with
2258:
analyzed greenhouse gas emissions of many different engine and fuel combinations, and found that
2076:
764:
699:
78.23 ± 0.09 °C (172.81 ± 0.16 °F; 351.38 ± 0.09 K)
9793:
8843:
8835:
7740:
a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more than 60 °C (140 °F)
6148:
5106:
Arnett EM, Venkatasubramaniam KG (1983). "Thermochemical acidities in three superbase systems".
4621:. The oxidation product of ethanol, acetic acid, is a nutrient for humans, being a precursor to
3532:), producing ethanol and carbon dioxide. The chemical equations below summarize the conversion:
842:
292:
13913:
13685:
12650:
12560:
12437:
12432:
12188:
11927:
10312:
10262:
10257:
10032:
7331:
6294:"Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review"
5528:
4876:
4856:
published the structural formula of ethanol, one of the first structural formulas determined.
4853:
3767:
3252:
is another potential source of ethanol, and is suitable for growing in dryland conditions. The
2438:
1883:
1856:
1852:
1258:
9849:
9769:
9740:
9696:
9564:
9548:
9427:
9322:
9299:
8808:
8346:
Kosaric N, Duvnjak Z, Farkas A, Sahm H, Bringer-Meyer S, Goebel O, Mayer D (2011). "Ethanol".
8197:
7886:"Ethanol, fruit ripening, and the historical origins of human alcoholism in primate frugivory"
7245:"Direct ethanol fuel cells for transport and stationary applications – A comprehensive review"
7083:
5661:
13948:
13918:
13740:
13715:
13353:
12971:
12518:
11962:
11351:
9499:[Report of a task that must be done for the complete dehydration of wine spirits )].
9469:
7859:
6873:
6583:
5625:
5300:
4826:
4499:
4172:
3739:, into renewable energy resources. Other agricultural residues such as sugarcane bagasse and
3153:
2798:
2561:
2057:
1797:
1710:. Though it has more side effects, ethanol is less expensive and more readily available than
1707:
1695:
1517:
915:
875:
835:
718:
6785:
5134:
2421:), which is credited as having begun the space age, used ethanol as the main constituent of
13801:
13785:
13410:
12781:
12752:
12633:
12457:
12052:
10349:
10322:
9391:
8726:
8042:
8007:
7653:
7617:
7582:
7530:
7323:
7256:
6984:
6503:
6173:
Adams KE, Rans TS (December 2013). "Adverse reactions to alcohol and alcoholic beverages".
6027:
Sasanami, Misa; Yamada, Taihei; Obara, Takafumi; Nakao, Atsunori; Naito, Hiromichi (2020).
5673:
5637:
5559:
5353:
4841:
4821:, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the
4168:
4090:
3921:
3780:
3720:
3507:
3157:
2762:
2543:
1603:
1599:
1351:
for lamps, stoves, and internal combustion engines. Ethanol also can be dehydrated to make
502:
172:
9621:
8475:
Lodgsdon JE (1991). "Ethanol". In Howe-Grant M, Kirk RE, Othmer DF, Kroschwitz JI (eds.).
7718:
NFPA 325: Guide to Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids
6636:
8:
13953:
13938:
13745:
13725:
13538:
13228:
12716:
12580:
12555:
12523:
12442:
12113:
12076:
11428:
11371:
11333:
11006:
10991:
10969:
10317:
10229:
10129:
10048:
9954:
9763:
8509:
8132:
7716:
7493:
7165:
5746:
5584:, ..." (Let us designate the hydrocarbon compound 4C + 10H as the radical of ether with E
5578:
Bezeichnen wir die Kohlenwasserstoffverbindung 4C + 10H als das Radikal des Aethers mit E
4788:
4731:
4020:
3960:
3917:
3898:
3882:
3513:
3130:
2864:
2802:
2616:
2605:
2593:
2378:
2337:
1965:
1226:
1137:
364:
240:
35:
9823:
8730:
8111:
8092:
8046:
8011:
7657:
7621:
7586:
7534:
7327:
7260:
6988:
6507:
6400:
5677:
5641:
5563:
5384:
5357:
5341:
324:
250:
13843:
13765:
13735:
13680:
13557:
13533:
13032:
12966:
12831:
12791:
12642:
12605:
12565:
12544:
12487:
12462:
12241:
11990:
11971:
11847:
11463:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11048:
10914:
10380:
10219:
10111:
10078:
9716:
9676:
9526:
9362:
9292:(2009). "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources from the 8th Century".
9289:
9146:
9113:
8571:
8547:"Metabolic engineering of Clostridium autoethanogenum for selective alcohol production"
8546:
8178:
7968:
7076:
7022:
7010:
6893:
6816:
6443:
6426:
6369:
6318:
6293:
6233:
6123:
6063:
6028:
5710:
4942:
4888:
4792:
4689:
4638:
4086:
3714:
3519:
3342:
3292:
3232:
3145:
2892:
2868:
2322:
2291:
2271:
2251:
2247:
1897:
1691:
1579:
1564:
1340:
1328:
1312:
304:
9960:
9942:
8920:
8895:
8667:
8313:
7629:
7345:
5474:
4534:
Upon treatment with halogens in the presence of base, ethanol gives the corresponding
3920:
is also used to concentrate fermented alcoholic solutions, such as traditionally made
2667:–), which is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (−OH). It is a constitutional
1385:(prefix "eth-"), having a single bond between them (infix "-an-") and an attached −OH
274:
13898:
13790:
13373:
13273:
13243:
13161:
12901:
12786:
12742:
12690:
12497:
12492:
12424:
12296:
12276:
12236:
12094:
12025:
11946:
11458:
11061:
11040:
11016:
10964:
10959:
10862:
10842:
10832:
10822:
10817:
10302:
10234:
10170:
10103:
10098:
10025:
9855:
9475:
9435:
9399:
9370:
9151:
9133:
9092:
8956:
8925:
8874:
8847:
8814:
8646:
8576:
8525:
8518:
8513:
8480:
8359:
8319:
8203:
8182:
8170:
8058:
7907:
7826:
7721:. Quincy, Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 1 January 1994.
7665:
7542:
7500:
7466:
7408:
7087:
7014:
7000:
6879:
6762:
6448:
6374:
6354:
6323:
6274:
6269:
6252:
6225:
6190:
6115:
6107:
6068:
6050:
6009:
5975:
5869:
5864:
5839:
5820:
5816:
5718:
5478:
5429:
5419:
5389:
5371:
5167:
5088:
5051:
4988:
4845:
4829:(1127–1279) dynasties. A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong,
4543:
4459:
4094:
3945:
3346:
3149:
2876:
2841:
2620:
2102:
1890:
1667:
1414:
1094:
545:
406:
12376:
11966:
10013:
Industrial ethanol production process flow diagram using ethylene and sulphuric acid
9720:
9680:
9587:
8911:
8149:"Ethanol from Sugarcane and the Brazilian Biomass-Based Energy and Chemicals Sector"
7985:
7972:
6237:
6127:
5278:
5008:
2557:, markers, and personal care products such as mouthwashes, perfumes and deodorants.
13888:
13867:
13855:
13775:
13675:
13580:
13528:
12961:
12836:
12801:
12722:
12710:
12670:
12575:
12508:
12360:
12178:
11495:
11443:
11386:
11213:
11160:
11056:
10954:
10857:
10827:
10807:
10797:
10655:
10307:
10007:
9708:
9668:
9633:
9141:
9125:
9084:
9037:
8948:
8915:
8907:
8734:
8697:
8566:
8558:
8351:
8160:
8106:
8050:
8019:
8015:
7960:
7897:
7838:
7661:
7625:
7590:
7538:
7341:
7269:
7264:
7244:
7179:
7108:
7071:
6992:
6858:
6752:
6511:
6438:
6364:
6346:
6313:
6305:
6264:
6217:
6182:
6099:
6088:"Methanol poisoning: the duality between 'fast and cheap' and 'slow and expensive'"
6058:
6040:
5859:
5851:
5812:
5681:
5645:
5567:
5470:
5379:
5361:
5115:
5080:
4980:
4776:
4723:
4495:
4386:
3837:
3168:
2918:
An ethanol–water solution will catch fire if heated above a temperature called its
2880:
2872:
2860:
2723:
2445:
1763:
1537:
1468:
1386:
1344:
1211:
1207:
777:
705:
618:
139:
9741:"De l'action de l'acide sulfurique sur l'alcool, et des produits qui en résultent"
9195:
9088:
8952:
8355:
8165:
8148:
7792:
7735:
6466:
3690:, this has traditionally been accomplished by allowing the grain to germinate, or
13463:
13438:
12976:
12916:
12700:
12600:
12585:
12570:
12477:
12467:
12365:
12347:
12271:
12030:
11999:
11932:
11899:
11852:
11837:
11505:
11199:
11194:
11155:
10879:
10847:
10812:
10362:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10224:
10189:
10088:
9925:
9656:
9496:
9329:
9306:
9218:
9175:
8792:
8738:
8688:
8640:
8403:
8305:
8288:
7054:
6978:
6221:
6103:
5620:
For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see:
5366:
5151:
4937:
4860:
4834:
4715:
4555:
4423:
4082:
4046:
4035:
3999:
3849:
3453:
3330:
2903:
2888:
2822:
2660:
2558:
2372:
2263:
2228:
1877:
1833:
1739:
1703:
1418:
1367:
1281:
807:
415:
9565:"Nouvelles observations sur la composition de l'alcool et de l'éther sulfurique"
8785:
8562:
7842:
6809:
A Method for Evaluating the Atmospheric Ozone Impact of Actual Vehicle emissions
6350:
4984:
3156:, also known as gut fermentation syndrome, is a rare medical condition in which
2679:, using the common organic chemistry notation of representing the ethyl group (C
2329:) and attribute the damage to the increased water retention by ethanol in fuel.
911:
482:
13700:
13665:
13448:
13338:
13303:
13288:
13223:
13218:
13117:
13017:
12936:
12911:
12876:
12821:
12796:
12665:
12513:
12291:
12208:
12061:
11976:
11832:
11381:
11341:
11026:
10802:
10792:
10787:
10777:
10644:
10606:
10589:
10573:
10529:
10518:
10512:
10357:
10252:
10142:
9912:
9423:
9294:
Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry
6515:
6186:
5963:
5734:
4881:
4634:
4431:
4351:
4300:
4102:
4078:
3987:
alcohol. Spectroscopic ethanol is an absolute ethanol with a low absorbance in
3668:
3529:
3449:
3265:
2884:
2672:
2648:
2581:
2442:
2243:
1961:
1873:
1766:
1631:
1146:
731:
31:
9965:
9129:
7190:
6757:
6740:
5803:
Pohorecky, Larissa A.; Brick, John (January 1988). "Pharmacology of ethanol".
5766:"3 Natural, Ancient Anesthetics No One Talks About: Opium, Alcohol, Marijuana"
5235:
5217:
4381:
The acidities of water and ethanol are nearly the same, as indicated by their
3812:
be further purified by distillation. Addition of an entraining agent, such as
2699:
1915:
1008:
13882:
13730:
13585:
13468:
13443:
13424:
13368:
13248:
13206:
13201:
12941:
12931:
12891:
12766:
12660:
12615:
12590:
12472:
12452:
12136:
12015:
11914:
11473:
11448:
11420:
11363:
11186:
11134:
11021:
10949:
10944:
10782:
10617:
10611:
10600:
10540:
10534:
10523:
10214:
10162:
10137:
9894:
9726:
9521:
9137:
8174:
7775:"Flash Point Determination of Binary Mixtures of Alcohols, Ketones and Water"
6766:
6111:
6054:
5571:
5433:
5375:
5092:
4872:
4871:, a British chemist, who found in 1826 that it contained "sulphovinic acid" (
4868:
4848:
described ethanol as a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and in 1807
4722:. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to
4681:
4487:
4479:
4435:
4176:
4158:
4098:
3911:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3281:
3249:
3188:
2938:
2924:
2907:
2896:
2847:
2770:
2531:
2364:
2202:
1982:
1910:
1755:
1735:
1727:
1639:
1635:
1615:
1472:
1304:
694:
684:
395:
121:
9976:
9536:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 525–527.
6087:
5256:
5139:(92 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis. pp. 6–232.
3877:
A variety of other techniques have been discussed, including the following:
3755:
13806:
13660:
13513:
13453:
13433:
13405:
13333:
13213:
13196:
13151:
13102:
13007:
12727:
12680:
12528:
12286:
12226:
12203:
11904:
11280:
10939:
10507:
10332:
9893:
Onuki S, Koziel JA, van Leeuwen J, Jenks WS, Grewell D, Cai L (June 2008).
9712:
9672:
9638:
9155:
8702:
8683:
8580:
8545:
Liew F, Henstra AM, Köpke M, Winzer K, Simpson SD, Minton NP (March 2017).
8062:
7911:
7902:
7885:
7699:
6452:
6378:
6327:
6229:
6194:
6119:
6072:
6013:
5979:
5482:
5393:
4947:
4900:
4892:
4779:(1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating ethanol involving repeated
4704:
4607:
4491:
4439:
4316:
3763:
3672:
3164:
3134:
2902:
The addition of even a few percent of ethanol to water sharply reduces the
2778:
2727:
2652:
2589:
2535:
2412:
2401:
2287:
2120:
2023:
1955:
1935:
1805:
1595:
1547:
1348:
1320:
1292:
1274:
9336:, vol. I, pp. 141, 143. Sometimes, sulfur was also added to the wine (see
8929:
8842:. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p.
6278:
5873:
5824:
4625:, where the acetyl group can be spent as energy or used for biosynthesis.
2344:
2224:
971:
13780:
13690:
13655:
13622:
13548:
13523:
13363:
13268:
13238:
13122:
13037:
13027:
12757:
12685:
12327:
12168:
12158:
12020:
11994:
11884:
11731:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11104:
10578:
10501:
10495:
9465:
6045:
5855:
5601:
4719:
4611:
4251:= 1371 kJ/mol = 29.8 kJ/g = 327 kcal/mol = 7.1 kcal/g
3988:
3817:
3744:
3740:
3345:. This catalyst was first used for large-scale ethanol production by the
3221:
3141:
2919:
2856:
2750:
2644:
2539:
2527:
2519:
2360:
2318:
2164:
1785:
1587:
1583:
1378:
1254:
984:
711:
9041:
5937:
5119:
5084:
4655:
Ethanol is very flammable and should not be used around an open flame.
4153:
Since water is removed from the same molecule, the reaction is known as
3853:
2726:
of 1.36242 (at λ=589.3 nm and 18.35 °C or 65.03 °F). The
957:
384:
13695:
13637:
13600:
13575:
13473:
13283:
13146:
12317:
11981:
11894:
11889:
11794:
11595:
11525:
11401:
11223:
11124:
10934:
10929:
10899:
10894:
10852:
10567:
10450:
10440:
10430:
10385:
10119:
10093:
10073:
9766:
confirmed Faraday's discovery by preparing ethanol from pure ethylene.
7964:
6745:
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering
6309:
4932:
4927:
4804:
4757:
4692:. Dried residue on 9,000-year-old pottery found in China suggests that
4685:
4622:
4427:
4283:= 1236 kJ/mol = 26.8 kJ/g = 295.4 kcal/mol = 6.41 kcal/g
4118:
3784:
3366:
3338:
3334:
3161:
2830:
2766:
2326:
2279:
1886:
1747:
1743:
1723:
1711:
1627:
1316:
1277:
964:
643:
427:
355:
7793:"49 CFR § 172.101 – Purpose and use of hazardous materials table"
7594:
7132:
7047:
6996:
6980:
Earth: The Sequel: The Race to Reinvent Energy and Stop Global Warming
6340:
4884:
hydration, a process similar to current industrial ethanol synthesis.
3522:
and fuel is produced by fermentation. Certain species of yeast (e.g.,
1851:
The subsequent oxidation of acetaldehyde into acetate is performed by
13627:
13492:
13328:
13132:
13012:
12866:
12841:
12355:
12312:
12163:
11789:
11779:
11761:
11615:
11406:
11261:
11114:
10924:
10919:
10909:
10904:
10884:
10489:
10461:
10455:
10445:
10435:
10390:
9028:
Rossini FD (1937). "Heats of Formation of Simple Organic Molecules".
8054:
7216:
6539:. Livermore, California: Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from
5686:
5650:
5412:"9: Wine and the vine in ancient Mesopotamia: the cuneiform evidence"
5047:
4746:
4700:
4693:
4483:
3956:
3887:
3841:
3833:
3805:
3724:
3289:
3204:
3126:
2837:
2511:
2386:
2310:
2259:
2236:
2214:
1993:
1801:
1663:
1503:
1491:
1262:
796:
513:
5658:
Armstrong's report is reprinted with the resolutions in English in:
5547:
3113:
1145:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
13595:
13507:
13308:
13171:
13156:
13127:
12996:
12771:
12595:
12539:
12533:
12502:
12447:
12415:
12332:
12193:
12183:
12153:
11868:
11784:
11756:
11741:
11736:
11677:
11672:
11656:
11585:
11575:
11545:
11535:
11515:
11251:
11247:
11227:
11209:
11176:
11084:
10420:
10201:
10175:
9896:
Ethanol production, purification, and analysis techniques: a review
5913:"Why is 70% ethanol used for wiping microbiological working areas?"
4922:
4864:
4735:
4659:
4547:
4535:
4304:
4106:
3968:
3845:
3296:
3203:. Which process is more economical depends on prevailing prices of
3192:
2818:
2814:
2782:
2774:
2746:
2554:
2523:
2457:
2408:
2210:
2180:
2007:
1841:
1773:
1751:
1699:
1683:
1651:
1611:
1575:
1543:
1352:
1324:
1308:
1285:
1122:
930:
457:
375:
9549:"Mémoire sur la composition de l'alcohol et de l'éther sulfurique"
8078:"Auto-Brewery Syndrome: Apparently, You Can Make Beer In Your Gut"
7385:"Flame Temperature Analysis and NOx Emissions for Different Fuels"
6427:"ALDH2, ADH1B, and ADH1C genotypes in Asians: a literature review"
5215:
3179:
1634:
gels for its bactericidal and anti-fungal effects. Ethanol kills
1606:
and vomit, which led to use of alternatives in antiquity, such as
273:
13760:
13590:
13543:
13502:
13458:
13400:
13395:
13358:
13348:
13298:
13293:
13233:
13166:
13057:
13052:
13002:
12881:
12871:
12624:
12266:
11746:
11726:
11682:
11638:
11565:
11555:
11396:
11376:
11237:
10372:
8292:
6921:"Want to Reduce Air Pollution? Don't Rely on Ethanol Necessarily"
6467:"Alcohol use and safe drinking: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
5840:"Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance"
5306:. Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. New Jersey Department of Health
4551:
4122:
3964:
3951:
3857:
3821:
3813:
3775:
3736:
3728:
3702:
3698:
3594:
3535:
3225:
2790:
2786:
2758:
2754:
2709:
2585:
2507:
2424:
2082:
2072:
1793:
1647:
1546:
used since antiquity as a cosmetic, and retained that meaning in
1336:
1270:
674:
469:
46:
42:
9553:
Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts
9220:
A dictionary of chemistry and of mineralogy as connected with it
8225:विद्याभराती जिल्हा मध्यवर्ती सहकारी बँक भारती परीक्षा मार्गदर्शक
6637:"First Commercial U.S. Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery Announced"
4167:
At a lower temperature than that of intramolecular dehydration,
3254:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
881:
13811:
13632:
13614:
13077:
13047:
12549:
11812:
11605:
10837:
9880:
6166:
4896:
4675:
4615:
4320:
4220:
Complete combustion of ethanol forms carbon dioxide and water:
3832:
Apart from distillation, ethanol may be dried by addition of a
3695:
3683:
3679:
3261:
2810:
2794:
2733:
2668:
2487:
2404:
2206:
2086:
1925:
1837:
1532:
1521:
1117:
335:
12105:
9725:
On page 368, Hennell produces ethanol from "sulfovinic acid" (
9525:
7082:. Foreword by Isaac Asimov. Rutgers University Press. p.
6875:
Electro-rheological Fluids and Magneto-rheological Suspensions
6779:
6086:
Anseeuw, Kurt; Sabbe, Marc B.; Legrand, Annemie (April 2008).
5535:. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
4680:
The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest
4093:
respectively. Diethyl sulfate is a useful ethylating agent in
2353:
1848:
ethanol—can be attributed to acetaldehyde toxicity in humans.
12846:
12776:
11751:
8232:
7184:"Mercury-Redstone Launch-Vehicle development and performance"
6493:
4830:
4818:
4784:
4058:
4039:
4002:
in the US, equivalent to 175 degrees proof in the UK system.
3732:
3269:
3200:
3196:
3112:
Dishes using burning alcohol for culinary effects are called
2550:
2495:
2491:
1861:
1789:
1659:
1655:
1607:
1300:
1296:
315:
263:
9966:
CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Ethyl Alcohol
9851:
The 100 most important chemical compounds: a reference guide
8595:"Solar-to-Fuel System Recycles CO2 for Ethanol and Ethylene"
8479:. Vol. 9 (4th ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 817.
7825:
Ha, Dong-Myeong; Park, Sang Hun; Lee, Sungjin (April 2015).
7243:
Badwal SP, Giddey S, Kulkarni A, Goel J, Basu S (May 2015).
6345:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 67. pp. 235–237.
6343:
Cytochrome P450 2E1: Its Role in Disease and Drug Metabolism
5548:"Ueber die Constitution des Aethers und seiner Verbindungen"
4863:. He found that sulfuric acid could absorb large volumes of
907:
529:
148:
12139:
10017:
9892:
9078:
8235:, Maharashtra, India: Vidyabharti Publication. p. 119.
8146:
6737:
6489:
6487:
3705:, the amylase converts the remaining starches into sugars.
3691:
3687:
3285:
3257:
2321:
with water makes it unsuitable for shipping through modern
2198:
1825:
1598:
at 0.4%. However, this use carried the high risk of deadly
1382:
1266:
1082:
885:
664:
448:
151:
145:
7312:"Low-concentration ethanol stove for rural areas in India"
7078:
Ignition! an informal history of liquid rocket propellants
6663:
6147:. Medical Society of the State of New York. Archived from
5550:[On the constitution of ether and its compounds].
4852:
determined ethanol's chemical formula. Fifty years later,
4089:
are prepared by treating ethanol with sulfur trioxide and
3808:
with a boiling point of 78.1 °C (172.6 °F), and
3448:
Ethanol has been produced in the laboratory by converting
3215:
World production of ethanol in 2006 was 51 gigalitres (1.3
2833:, with up to 777 J/mol being released at 298 K.
2411:
such as liquid oxygen. The German A-4 ballistic rocket of
919:
889:
157:
9899:. 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence, RI
9701:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
9661:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
9626:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
8645:. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Incorporated.
7572:
6250:
6029:"Oral Ethanol Treatment for Ethylene Glycol Intoxication"
5730:
4768:). In the twelfth century, recipes for the production of
2722:
Ethanol is slightly more refractive than water, having a
2569:
2565:
2417:
2382:
2303:
2267:
2039:
8896:"Sugar and alcohol stabilization of yeast in sweet wine"
8345:
7779:
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias
7242:
6484:
6026:
5753:. Vol. I. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. p. 136.
5156:(89 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 9–55.
5105:
3183:
94% denatured ethanol sold in a bottle for household use
2899:
and numerous flavoring, coloring, and medicinal agents.
8681:
7950:
7463:
The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals and drugs
7387:. Mississippi State Department of Chemical Engineering.
5662:"The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature"
5626:"The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature"
4546:. An intermediate in the reaction with chlorine is the
4385:
of 15.7 and 16 respectively. Thus, sodium ethoxide and
4296:
4034:
In the presence of acid catalysts, ethanol reacts with
2456:
Commercial fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas,
1840:
in humans, while trace amounts are also metabolized by
801:
1.2 mPa·s (at 20 °C), 1.074 mPa·s (at 25 °C)
8544:
8422:"Catalysis Web Pages for Pre-University Students V1_0"
7309:
6559:"Overview of Storage Development DOE Hydrogen Program"
6534:"Overview of Storage Development DOE Hydrogen Program"
4658:
Pure ethanol will irritate the skin and eyes. Nausea,
4542:, where X = Cl, Br, I). This conversion is called the
3779:
the ethanol content. The calculation makes use of the
1772:
Some medicinal solutions of ethanol are also known as
12406:
9924:
Lange, Norbert Adolph (1967). John Aurie Dean (ed.).
8508:
8195:
5222:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2749:
with water and with many organic solvents, including
154:
9822:. United States Department of Energy. Archived from
9236:"9,000-Year-Old Beer Re-Created From Chinese Recipe"
8943:
Zimmermann, Heinz; Walz, Roland (2008). "Ethylene".
5459:"Alcohol Given Intravenously for General Anesthesia"
4918:
Ethanol-induced non-lamellar phases in phospholipids
4859:
Ethanol was first prepared synthetically in 1825 by
3129:
blossoms. Although some animal species, such as the
2407:(liquid-propelled) vehicles, in conjunction with an
1509:, "wood, raw material", hence "matter, substance").
1284:, and the second most consumed drug globally behind
160:
9817:"Outlook for Biomass Ethanol Production and Demand"
9768:Berthelot M (1855). Arago F, Gay-Lussac JL (eds.).
8189:
7795:. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University.
6710:
6085:
5509:. Ellisville, Missouri: Renewable Fuels Association
5342:"Sleep, alcohol, and caffeine in financial traders"
5340:Song, Frank; Walker, Matthew P. (8 November 2023).
4171:may occur producing a symmetrical ether. This is a
3369:to yield ethanol and regenerate the sulfuric acid:
2235:Australian law limits the use of pure ethanol from
436:
142:
9913:"Explanation of US denatured alcohol designations"
9296:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 283–298.
9194:. University of Oxford. 9 May 2008. Archived from
8517:
7768:
7492:
7405:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition
7075:
6291:
4389:exist in an equilibrium that is closely balanced:
3827:
3678:To produce ethanol from starchy materials such as
2197:The largest single use of ethanol is as an engine
9961:National Pollutant Inventory – Ethanol Fact Sheet
8639:Chemists, American Association of Cereal (1986).
8032:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7730:
7728:
7519:
7310:Rajvanshi AK, Patil SM, Mendonca B (March 2007).
7212:"Rocket Racing League Unveils New Flying Hot Rod"
5329:. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. p. 470.
3950:Pure ethanol and alcoholic beverages are heavily
2851:Hydrogen bonding in solid ethanol at −186 °C
1375:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
291:
13880:
8936:
8813:. New Age International Limited. pp. 402–.
8716:
8282:"Developing a sweet sorghum ethanol value chain"
8093:"Alcohols as Components of Transportation Fuels"
6688:. American Coalition for Ethanol. Archived from
5999:
5837:
5789:Grattan, N. "Treatment of Uterine Haemorrhage".
3863:
3686:must first be converted into sugars. In brewing
3299:. It is often referred to as synthetic ethanol.
2906:of water. This property partially explains the "
2631:OH. The structure of the molecule of ethanol is
2467:
1919:Corn vs ethanol production in the United States
481:
9337:
9333:
9276:
9264:
8806:
7860:"Flash points of ethanol-based water solutions"
7736:"49 CFR § 173.120 – Class 3 – Definitions"
7607:
7178:
6780:California Air Resources Board (October 1989).
6639:. Renewable Fuels Association. 20 November 2006
6207:
5745:
5666:The Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
5160:
3991:and visible light, fit for use as a solvent in
3144:, forming an icy coating around dust grains in
1896:Despite alcohol's psychoactive, addictive, and
1889:, ethanol is one of the most commonly consumed
1662:. However, it is ineffective against bacterial
946:
249:
9971:National Institute of Standards and Technology
9854:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 122.
9081:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
9064:Chakrabartty SK (1978). Trahanovsky WS (ed.).
8945:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
8942:
8348:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
8304:
7785:
7772:
7745:
7725:
7048:"Mechanics see ethanol damaging small engines"
6399:. National Institute of Health. Archived from
6298:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
5802:
5414:. In McGovern PE, Fleming SJ, Katz SH (eds.).
1944: Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)
12392:
12121:
10033:
9471:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
9068:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 343–370.
8893:
8873:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 268–.
8451:"Last synthetic ethanol plant in US to close"
8084:
7927:"Fact or Fiction?: Animals Like to Get Drunk"
7642:
6970:
6424:
6420:
6418:
5405:
5403:
5070:
4101:, prepared from the reaction of ethanol with
3195:and, via biological processes, by fermenting
2719:for combustion in air is 2082 °C or 3779 °F.
2437:, which launched the first U.S. astronaut on
9398:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
9063:
8860:
8119:
8090:
7490:
7133:"Basics of Space Flight: Rocket Propellants"
6292:Edenberg HJ, McClintick JN (December 2018).
4808:or "water of life", also called by John the
4730:to boiling wine, which increases the wine's
2514:structure allows for the dissolving of both
1315:, and has modern medical applications as an
9878:
9794:"Ethanol, Once Bypassed, Now Surging Ahead"
9562:
9546:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8335:
8196:Wittcoff HA, Reuben BG, Plotkin JS (2004).
8153:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
7820:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7711:
7709:
7684:
7203:
7127:
7125:
7109:"The Internet Encyclopedia of Science: V-2"
5452:
5450:
4875:). In 1828, Hennell and the French chemist
3901:on a carbon nanospike film as the catalyst;
3895:electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
3160:quantities of ethanol are produced through
2855:Hydrogen bonding causes pure ethanol to be
2400:Ethanol was commonly used as fuel in early
12399:
12385:
12128:
12114:
10040:
10026:
9847:
9186:
9184:
7486:
7484:
7482:
6966:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Agência Estado.
6806:
6415:
6175:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
5400:
5339:
4105:and sulfuric acid, was formerly used as a
3897:to ethanol under ambient conditions using
3848:. The desiccants can be dried and reused.
2703:Ethanol burning with its spectrum depicted
1800:(ADH) enzymes. These enzymes catalyze the
544:
405:
363:
9767:
9637:
9474:. Pearson Education India. pp. 55–.
9318:
9288:
9145:
9111:
8977:"14.4: Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols"
8919:
8833:
8701:
8665:
8642:Advances in Cereal Science and Technology
8570:
8468:
8375:
8164:
8110:
8035:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
7901:
7824:
7773:Martínez, P. J.; Rus, E.; Compaña, J. M.
7672:
7335:
7268:
6976:
6756:
6527:
6525:
6442:
6368:
6317:
6268:
6172:
6062:
6044:
5863:
5685:
5659:
5649:
5623:
5409:
5383:
5365:
3904:Extraction of ethanol from grain mash by
3248:In India ethanol is made from sugarcane.
2575:
2266:) showed a reduction of 8%, conventional
1311:hydration. Historically it was used as a
1265:, colorless liquid with a characteristic
501:
9808:
9738:
9688:
9520:
9390:
9361:
9349:
9112:Cederbaum, Arthur I (16 November 2012).
8758:. University of Michigan. Archived from
8638:
8624:. Popular Science Online. Archived from
8493:
8474:
8419:
8332:
8298:
8202:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 136–.
8075:
7803:
7706:
7549:
7460:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7283:
7122:
7064:
6142:"Alcohol Content in Common Preparations"
5964:"Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning"
5838:McDonnell G, Russell AD (January 1999).
5791:Provincial Medicine and Surgical Journal
5709:
5456:
5447:
5216:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
5073:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4965:
3762:
3754:
3178:
2846:
2698:
2651:), which indicates that the carbon of a
2494:, diethyl ether, acetic acid, and ethyl
2250:of carbon monoxide, particulate matter,
2223:
1914:
9979:news and market data on ethanol futures
9785:
9694:
9654:
9619:
9579:
9418:
9416:
9181:
9027:
8866:
8431:. University of Bristol. Archived from
8247:"Sweet sorghum for food, feed and fuel"
7681:, 9th ed.; monographs 6575 through 6669
7479:
6834:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6631:
6629:
5961:
5793:. Vol. 1, No. 6 (Nov. 7, 1840), p. 107.
5783:
5521:
5416:The Origins and Ancient History of Wine
5281:. PubChem. National Library of Medicine
5211:
5209:
3747:may also be fermentable sugar sources.
3148:. Minute quantity amounts (average 196
2931:Flash points of ethanol–water mixtures
2797:, and with aliphatic chlorides such as
1968:) of some fuels compared with ethanol.
540:
383:
30:For ethanol as a drug or medicine, see
14:
13881:
9841:
9791:
9585:
9494:
9458:
9227:
9216:
9003:"Alkenes from Dehydration of Alcohols"
8786:The Denatured Alcohol Regulations 2005
8619:
8350:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–72.
8128:"Brazil's Road to Energy Independence"
7924:
7883:
7499:(2nd ed.). Allyn and Bacon, inc.
7398:
7396:
7394:
7377:
7284:Immergut, Debra Jo (3 December 2015).
6556:
6531:
6522:
6244:
6092:European Journal of Emergency Medicine
5993:
5545:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
4295:Ethanol is a neutral molecule and the
4290:
3443:
2836:Mixtures of ethanol and water form an
2694:
2675:. Ethanol is sometimes abbreviated as
2254:, and other ozone-forming pollutants.
1485:is a contraction of the Ancient Greek
396:
12380:
12109:
10021:
9923:
9881:"Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings"
9464:
9233:
8448:
8429:Bristol ChemLabs, School of Chemistry
8315:Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
8222:
7447:
7195:. p. 70. NASA-SP-45 – via
7070:
6848:
5501:
5499:
5324:
5153:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
5136:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
5043:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
4899:(gasoline) or ethanol. It fuels some
4696:people consumed alcoholic beverages.
3119:
2740:
2530:compounds. As ethanol also has a low
2415:(better known by its propaganda name
2270:ethanol blend a reduction of 17% and
2213:sold in Brazil contains at least 25%
1732:alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
1291:Ethanol is naturally produced by the
572:Key: LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
343:
323:
11187:Polyhydric alcohols (sugar alcohols)
9413:
9072:
8125:
7402:
7209:
6964:"Tecnologia flex atrai estrangeiros"
6660:"Model T Ford Club Australia (Inc.)"
6626:
5507:"2008 World Fuel Ethanol Production"
5333:
5206:
5149:
5143:
5132:
5126:
4867:. He gave the resulting solution to
4005:
3939:
3934:
2542:from solution in a process known as
2246:, ethanol as a fuel reduces harmful
2106:(high-octane gasoline, not jet fuel)
1717:
1323:, solvent for some medications, and
9814:
9422:
8894:Kunkee RE, Amerine MA (July 1968).
8797:Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 1524.
8477:Encyclopedia of chemical technology
8449:Tullo, Alexander (26 August 2021).
8384:Encyclopedia of chemical technology
8112:10.1146/annurev.eg.12.110187.000403
7890:Integrative and Comparative Biology
7852:
7559:Encyclopedia of chemical technology
7465:(9th ed.). Rahway, NJ: Merck.
7391:
7106:
6871:
6609:"Fuel ethanol production worldwide"
6425:Eng MY, Luczak SE, Wall TL (2007).
5026:
4651:Alcohol (chemistry) § Toxicity
3977:
3971:. Products of this kind are called
3872:
2610:
2306:and reactive organic gases (ROGs).
1229:, with its formula also written as
582:Key: LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYAB
472:
456:
24:
13771:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
10004:A look into the history of ethanol
9871:
8870:Textbook Of Food & Bevrge Mgmt
7679:Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs
7360:"Your Guide to Ethanol Extraction"
7316:Energy for Sustainable Development
6918:
6878:. Philadelphia: World Scientific.
5599:
5496:
4169:intermolecular alcohol dehydration
4029:
2659:−) is attached to the carbon of a
2506:Ethanol is considered a universal
1682:Ethanol may be administered as an
1497:, "upper air") and the Greek word
942:
104:
94:
74:
69:Full structural formula of ethanol
64:
25:
13970:
13671:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
12408:Molecules detected in outer space
11843:2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol
9955:International Labour Organization
9936:
9217:Ottley, William Campbell (1826).
8520:Introduction to Organic Chemistry
7562:. Vol. 9. 1991. p. 813.
7286:"Can Ethanol Fireplaces Be Cozy?"
7224:from the original on 8 March 2014
6977:Horn M, Krupp F (16 March 2009).
6657:
5763:
5463:Surgical Clinics of North America
5457:Schnelle, Norbert (August 1965).
5046:(92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL:
1784:In mammals, ethanol is primarily
1280:, it is the active ingredient in
569:InChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
13861:
13849:
13837:
13826:
13825:
12632:
12623:
12614:
12090:
12089:
9774:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
9756:
9745:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
9732:
9648:
9613:
9569:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
9540:
9514:
9488:
9384:
9369:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
9355:
9343:
9321:(same content also available on
9312:
9298:(same content also available on
9282:
9270:
9258:
9210:
9162:
9105:
9057:
9048:
9021:
8995:
8969:
8887:
8827:
8800:
8777:
8745:
8710:
8675:
8659:
8632:
8613:
8587:
8538:
8442:
8413:
8390:
8386:. Vol. 9. 1991. p. 82.
8275:
8239:
8216:
8140:
8076:Doucleff M (17 September 2013).
7182:; Bertram, Emil (October 1963).
6983:. Vol. 62. pp. 63–65.
6807:Lowi A, Carter WP (March 1990).
6584:"Availability of Sources of E85"
6270:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00549.x
6257:European Journal of Biochemistry
5040:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
4840:In 1796, German-Russian chemist
4764:(later translated into Latin as
4760:'s (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013)
4726:(ninth century CE), was that by
4478:HCl requires a catalyst such as
3993:ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
2745:Ethanol is a versatile solvent,
2371:
2352:
2336:
1650:, and is effective against most
1594:of 0.03-0.05 % and induces
1590:. Mild intoxication starts at a
1377:for a compound consisting of an
1153:
851:
846:
841:
630:
579:InChI=1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
138:
120:
13796:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
12252:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
12135:
12072:Nucleophilic conjugate addition
9434:. Routledge. pp. 147–148.
9192:"Safety data for ethyl alcohol"
8912:10.1128/AEM.16.7.1067-1075.1968
8810:A Textbook of Organic Chemistry
8807:Bansal RK, Bernthsen A (2003).
8069:
8026:
7979:
7944:
7918:
7877:
7738:. Legal Information Institute.
7636:
7601:
7566:
7557:
7513:
7421:
7352:
7303:
7277:
7236:
7172:
7150:
7100:
7041:
6956:
6938:
6912:
6865:
6842:
6800:
6773:
6731:
6704:
6678:
6651:
6601:
6576:
6550:
6459:
6393:"Alcohol Metabolism: An Update"
6385:
6334:
6285:
6201:
6134:
6079:
6020:
5955:
5930:
5905:
5880:
5831:
5805:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
5796:
5757:
5739:
5703:
5614:
5593:
5539:
5327:Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 1
5318:
5293:
5271:
5249:
5228:
4756:–950), and in the 28th book of
4417:
4287:Specific heat = 2.44 kJ/(kg·K)
3998:Pure ethanol is classed as 200
3828:Molecular sieves and desiccants
3795:
3790:
3501:
2913:
1867:
1779:
1520:that was held in April 1892 in
1149:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
99:Ball-and-stick model of ethanol
9563:de Saussure, Théodore (1814).
9066:Oxidation in Organic Chemistry
8256:. January 2008. Archived from
8020:10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.02.018
7998:films at 11 K. A FTIR study".
7433:NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
7270:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.002
6564:. Sandia National Laboratories
5696:(ex. pentanol, pentynol, etc.)
5181:
5099:
5064:
5001:
4350:or a very strong base such as
4112:
3337:onto a porous support such as
3329:The catalyst is most commonly
3284:feed stocks, primarily by the
3187:Ethanol is produced both as a
2481:
2446:rocket-powered racing aircraft
2395:
2300:California Air Resources Board
1949:
1417:. He coined the word from the
636:
624:
109:Space-filling model of ethanol
13:
1:
13721:Extraterrestrial liquid water
12043:Fischer–Speier esterification
10975:Propylene glycol methyl ether
10008:ChemSub Online: Ethyl alcohol
9930:(10th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
9927:Lange's Handbook of Chemistry
9792:Siegel R (15 February 2007).
9089:10.1002/14356007.a06_527.pub2
8953:10.1002/14356007.a10_045.pub3
8356:10.1002/14356007.a09_587.pub2
8166:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01678
8091:Mills GA, Ecklund EE (1987).
7630:10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00211-X
7491:Morrison RT, Boyd RN (1972).
7346:10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60568-2
7158:"A Brief History of Rocketry"
6431:Alcohol Research & Health
6210:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
5844:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
5475:10.1016/S0039-6109(16)37650-2
4959:
4796:
4750:
4739:
4708:
4628:
4215:
3963:and toxins such as methanol,
3864:Membranes and reverse osmosis
3280:Ethanol can be produced from
3174:
3140:Ethanol has been detected in
2468:Household heating and cooking
2451:
1924: Total corn production (
1760:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
1638:by dissolving their membrane
1621:
1569:
1253:or EtOH, where Et stands for
1042:(US health exposure limits):
12323:Automatic transmission fluid
12257:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
12209:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
10047:
9948:The Periodic Table of Videos
9762:In 1855, the French chemist
8739:10.1016/j.renene.2011.09.027
8199:Industrial Organic Chemicals
7831:Fire Science and Engineering
7692:"Flash Point and Fire Point"
7666:10.1016/0021-9614(78)90160-X
7543:10.1016/0021-9614(89)90160-2
6222:10.1517/14740338.2011.565328
6104:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3282f3c13b
5962:Scalley R (September 2002).
5817:10.1016/0163-7258(88)90109-X
5749:; Houdas, Octave V. (1893).
5529:"Ethanol – Compound Summary"
5367:10.1371/journal.pone.0291675
4850:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure
4664:occupational exposure limits
4601:
4175:. In the following example,
4014:
3906:supercritical carbon dioxide
3708:
3275:
2813:is limited to alkanes up to
2599:
2475:
2124:(90% gasoline + 10% ethanol)
1694:. It does so by acting as a
1666:, which can be treated with
1574:Ethanol is the oldest known
1504:
1492:
1471:, more specifically called "
1467:(commonly called "ether" in
7:
12952:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
10210:4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol
9885:Centers for Disease Control
9879:Boyce JM, Pittet D (2003).
9848:Myers RL, Myers RL (2007).
9338:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
9334:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
9277:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
9265:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
8867:Andrews S (1 August 2007).
8836:"Solvents for Spectrometry"
8669:Molecular Sieve Information
8563:10.1016/j.ymben.2017.01.007
8408:Essential Chemical Industry
7843:10.7731/KIFSE.2015.29.2.039
6872:Tao R (16–20 August 2010).
6811:. Warrendale, Pennsylvania.
6351:10.1007/978-94-007-5881-0_8
6002:Emergency Medicine Practice
5607:Online Etymology Dictionary
4985:10.1039/9781849733069-00001
4910:
4619:liver alcohol dehydrogenase
4606:Ethanol can be oxidized to
3701:. When the malted grain is
3528:) metabolize sugar (namely
3191:, through the hydration of
2717:adiabatic flame temperature
2256:Argonne National Laboratory
2043:(85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)
1677:
1592:blood alcohol concentration
1335:. It is used as a chemical
997:or concentration (LD, LC):
90:
79:Skeletal formula of ethanol
60:
27:Organic compound (CH₃CH₂OH)
10:
13975:
12247:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
12048:Williamson ether synthesis
11347:2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol
10278:2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol
10273:2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol
9957:ethanol safety information
9951:(University of Nottingham)
9588:"On a new chemical theory"
8420:Harrison, Tim (May 2014).
6516:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.032
6187:10.1016/j.anai.2013.09.016
4977:Royal Society of Chemistry
4673:
4669:
4648:
4558:upon reaction with water:
4179:is produced from ethanol:
4155:intramolecular dehydration
4018:
3943:
3750:
3712:
3511:
3505:
3210:
2821:and higher alkanes show a
2603:
2501:
2479:
2284:internal combustion engine
2231:ethanol for laboratory use
1953:
1908:
1871:
1582:during surgery in ancient
1562:
1558:
40:
29:
13820:
13711:Earliest known life forms
13706:Diffuse interstellar band
13646:
13566:
13491:
13382:
13317:
13257:
13185:
13177:Protonated cyanoacetylene
13091:
12985:
12947:Protonated carbon dioxide
12907:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
12855:
12641:
12612:
12423:
12414:
12346:
12305:
12217:
12146:
12085:
12067:Friedel-Crafts alkylation
12058:Nucleophilic substitution
12038:Nucleophilic substitution
12008:
11955:
11913:
11877:
11861:
11825:
11803:
11770:
11717:
11710:
11665:
11647:
11629:
11481:
11472:
11415:
11360:
11332:
11279:
11185:
11169:
11148:
11077:
11070:
10982:
10871:
10701:
10626:
10549:
10471:
10402:
10371:
10268:2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol
10243:
10200:
10188:
10161:
10128:
10062:
10055:
9130:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.002
8126:Reel M (19 August 2006).
7053:23 September 2020 at the
6758:10.1007/s40430-019-2076-1
6721:United Nations Foundation
6711:Energy Future Coalition.
5968:American Family Physician
4644:
3928:Pressure swing adsorption
2943:
2935:
2462:direct-ethanol fuel cells
2296:Localized Pollution Index
2242:According to an industry
1688:ethylene glycol poisoning
1478:Oxford English Dictionary
1333:ethylene glycol poisoning
1143:
1136:
1131:
1103:
1036:
993:
822:
817:
736:5.95 kPa (at 20 °C)
611:
591:
556:
233:
183:
171:
128:
119:
89:
59:
13934:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
13756:Iron–sulfur world theory
13751:Photodissociation region
13454:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
12232:Butylated hydroxytoluene
11289:2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol
10345:-Diisopropylaminoethanol
9992:dynamic liquid viscosity
9973:chemical data on ethanol
9428:"Wine, women and poison"
9328:29 December 2015 at the
9305:29 December 2015 at the
9240:National Geographic News
9234:Roach J (18 July 2005).
9118:Clinics in Liver Disease
8287:23 February 2014 at the
8224:
7884:Dudley R (August 2004).
7210:Chow D (26 April 2010).
6717:The Biofuels Source Book
5715:The Origins of Chemistry
5572:10.1002/andp.18341072202
4953:Timeline of alcohol fuel
4610:and further oxidized to
4315:O), by reaction with an
3525:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2588:or other coolants) as a
2343:Ethanol pump station in
1728:cough and cold medicines
1132:Supplementary data page
898:Precautionary statements
679:0.78945 g/cm (at 20 °C)
41:Not to be confused with
13904:Anatomical preservation
13831:Category:Astrochemistry
13421:, fullerene, buckyball)
13108:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
13083:Silicon-carbide cluster
13073:Protonated formaldehyde
12338:Windshield washer fluid
12282:Methyl tert-butyl ether
12262:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
12174:Lead Replacement Petrol
11923:1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol
9533:Encyclopædia Britannica
9083:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
8947:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
8791:9 December 2009 at the
8696:(Preprint): 6055–6061.
8402:13 January 2015 at the
8371:(subscription required)
8098:Annual Review of Energy
7364:Cannabis Business Times
7290:The Wall Street Journal
7162:NASA Historical Archive
6532:Thomas, George (2000).
5672:(1177): 390–400 (398).
5588:and name it ethyl ...).
4783:through a water-cooled
4781:fractional distillation
3984:azeotropic distillation
3802:Fractional distillation
3207:and grain feed stocks.
2152:Premium gasoline/petrol
2138:Regular gasoline/petrol
1994:Dry wood (20% moisture)
1904:
1618:starting in the 1840s.
1553:
1358:
765:Magnetic susceptibility
13844:Outer space portal
13686:Circumstellar envelope
12651:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
12561:Phosphorus mononitride
12438:Aluminium monofluoride
12433:Aluminium monochloride
12189:Compressed natural gas
11928:2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
10313:Aminoethylethanolamine
10263:2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
10258:2,2,2-Trichloroethanol
9977:Chicago Board of Trade
9727:ethyl hydrogen sulfate
9713:10.1098/rstl.1828.0021
9673:10.1098/rstl.1826.0021
9639:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022
9595:Philosophical Magazine
9547:de Saussure T (1807).
9396:The Secrets of Alchemy
9279:, vol. I, pp. 138-139.
8783:Great Britain (2005).
8703:10.1002/slct.201601169
8620:Clines T (July 2006).
8223:Swami, V. N. (2020).
7864:Engineeringtoolbox.com
6855:researchandmarkets.com
5751:La Chimie au Moyen Âge
4877:Georges-Simon Serullas
4873:ethyl hydrogen sulfate
4854:Archibald Scott Couper
4633:Ethanol is similar to
3771:
3768:Near-infrared spectrum
3760:
3184:
2852:
2704:
2615:Ethanol is a 2-carbon
2576:Low-temperature liquid
2439:suborbital spaceflight
2232:
1946:
1884:central nervous system
1857:alcohol flush reaction
1853:aldehyde dehydrogenase
1626:Ethanol is used as an
953:
110:
100:
80:
70:
13741:Interplanetary medium
13716:Extraterrestrial life
13354:Octatetraynyl radical
12972:Tricarbon monosulfide
12519:Magnesium monohydride
11352:3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol
9645:different from them."
9392:Principe, Lawrence M.
9174:16 April 2021 at the
8834:Christian GD (2004).
8622:"Brew Better Ethanol"
8551:Metabolic Engineering
7403:Lide DR, ed. (2000).
5770:Dr. Anthony Kaveh, MD
5717:. London: Oldbourne.
5552:Annalen der Pharmacie
5150:Lide DR, ed. (2008).
5133:Lide DR, ed. (2012).
4975:. Cambridge, UK: The
4837:by the 14th century.
4674:Further information:
4500:phosphorus tribromide
4173:condensation reaction
4019:Further information:
3766:
3758:
3723:can be obtained from
3694:, which produces the
3182:
3154:Auto-brewery syndrome
2850:
2702:
2604:Further information:
2480:Further information:
2363:fueled by ethanol in
2227:
2058:Liquefied natural gas
1918:
1798:alcohol dehydrogenase
1708:alcohol dehydrogenase
1696:competitive inhibitor
1630:in medical wipes and
1518:Chemical Nomenclature
1475:"). According to the
952:
108:
98:
78:
68:
13868:Chemistry portal
13856:Astronomy portal
13802:RNA world hypothesis
13786:PAH world hypothesis
13479:Heptatrienyl radical
13411:Buckminsterfullerene
13299:Methylcyanoacetylene
12807:Silicon carbonitride
12782:Methylidynephosphane
12748:Magnesium isocyanide
12656:Aluminium isocyanide
12458:Carbon monophosphide
12053:Elimination reaction
10755:1-Heptatetracontanol
10745:1-Pentatetracontanol
10740:1-Tetratetracontanol
10647:(melissyl / myricyl)
10614:(cluytyl / montanyl)
10323:Dimethylethanolamine
9829:on 24 September 2015
9323:the author's website
9300:the author's website
9114:"Alcohol Metabolism"
9007:Chemistry LibreTexts
8981:Chemistry LibreTexts
8900:Applied Microbiology
8840:Analytical chemistry
8231:] (in Marathi).
7903:10.1093/icb/44.4.315
7702:on 14 December 2010.
7180:Kuettner, Joachim P.
6861:on 9 September 2012.
6727:on 19 February 2011.
6546:on 21 February 2007.
6046:10.7759/cureus.12268
5856:10.1128/CMR.12.1.147
5747:Berthelot, Marcellin
5660:Armstrong H (1892).
5624:Armstrong H (1892).
5193:webwiser.nlm.nih.gov
4979:. 2014. p. 30.
4842:Johann Tobias Lowitz
4091:phosphorus pentoxide
3922:Applejack (beverage)
3899:copper nanoparticles
3721:ethanol fermentation
3508:Ethanol fermentation
2865:potassium hydroxides
2763:carbon tetrachloride
2594:alcohol thermometers
2549:Ethanol is found in
2262:/petrodiesel blend (
2115:100/130 (lean/rich)
1934: Corn used for
1604:pulmonary aspiration
1600:alcohol intoxication
1542:, a powdered ore of
935:(fire diamond)
173:Preferred IUPAC name
13924:Household chemicals
13909:Commodity chemicals
13746:Interstellar medium
13726:Forbidden mechanism
13539:Hydrogen isocyanide
13229:Hexatriynyl radical
12812:c-Silicon dicarbide
12717:Hydrogen isocyanide
12581:Silicon monosulfide
12556:Phosphorus monoxide
12524:Methylidyne radical
12483:Fluoromethylidynium
12443:Aluminium(II) oxide
12077:Transesterification
11454:Palmitoleyl alcohol
11429:3-Methyl-3-pentanol
11372:Cetostearyl alcohol
11309:3-Methylbutan-2-ol
11304:3-Methylbutan-1-ol
11299:2-Methylbutan-2-ol
11294:2-Methylbutan-1-ol
11078:Monohydric alcohols
11007:3-Methyl-3-pentanol
10997:2-Methylheptan-2-ol
10992:2-Methyl-2-pentanol
10765:1-Nonatetracontanol
10760:1-Octatetracontanol
10750:1-Hexatetracontanol
10683:1-Heptatriacontanol
10673:1-Pentatriacontanol
10667:1-Tetratriacontanol
10353:-Methylethanolamine
10318:Diethylethanolamine
10230:Methylazoxymethanol
10147:Methanol poisoning
9764:Marcellin Berthelot
9432:Marco Polo in China
9363:Holmyard, Eric John
9352:, pp. 204–206.
9290:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
9042:10.1021/ie50336a024
8765:on 27 November 2007
8731:2012REne...42...41J
8628:on 3 November 2007.
8601:. 18 September 2017
8263:on 4 September 2015
8254:New Agriculturalist
8133:The Washington Post
8047:2006RCMS...20...61T
8012:2007CP....334..128S
7931:Scientific American
7658:1978JChTh..10..867P
7622:2002ChEnJ..87..149L
7587:1982AuJCh..35.1971I
7535:1989JChTh..21..997D
7461:Windholz M (1976).
7328:2007ESusD..11...94R
7261:2015ApEn..145...80B
6989:2009PhT....62d..63K
6925:Scientific American
6788:on 18 February 2018
6713:"The Biofuels FAQs"
6692:on 14 November 2020
6508:2010Fuel...89.2713E
6403:on 28 February 2021
5711:Multhauf, Robert P.
5678:1892Natur..46...56A
5642:1892Natur..46...56A
5582:und nennen es Ethyl
5564:1834AnP...107..337L
5533:The PubChem Project
5358:2023PLoSO..1891675S
5120:10.1021/jo00158a001
5085:10.1021/ja01489a008
4791:(1240–1311 CE) and
4789:Arnald of Villanova
4732:relative volatility
4690:alcoholic beverages
4492:halogenating agents
4291:Acid-base chemistry
4021:Alcohol (chemistry)
3961:denatonium benzoate
3918:Fractional freezing
3883:potassium carbonate
3520:alcoholic beverages
3514:Yeast in winemaking
3452:via biological and
3444:From carbon dioxide
3146:interstellar clouds
3131:pentailed treeshrew
2932:
2893:potassium chlorides
2803:tetrachloroethylene
2773:, ethylene glycol,
2695:Physical properties
2606:Ethanol (data page)
2580:Because of its low
2379:U.S. Postal Service
1969:
1966:lower heating value
1138:Ethanol (data page)
706:Solubility in water
669:wine-like, pungent
651: g·mol
305:Beilstein Reference
56:
36:Alcohols (medicine)
13766:Molecules in stars
13736:Intergalactic dust
13681:Circumstellar dust
13623:Naphthalene cation
13558:Trihydrogen cation
13534:Hydrogen deuteride
13459:Methyltriacetylene
13294:Hexapentaenylidene
13113:E-Cyanomethanimine
13033:Cyclopropenylidene
12967:Tricarbon monoxide
12957:Silicon tricarbide
12927:Methylene amidogen
12917:Isothiocyanic acid
12832:Thioxoethenylidene
12792:Trihydrogen cation
12606:Titanium(II) oxide
12566:Potassium chloride
12545:Sulfur mononitride
12488:Helium hydride ion
12463:Carbon monosulfide
12242:1,2-Dichloroethane
11972:Carbonyl reduction
11848:Diethylpropanediol
11464:tert-Butyl alcohol
11170:Trihydric alcohols
11012:3-Methyloctan-3-ol
11002:2-Methylhexan-2-ol
10915:3-Methyl-2-butanol
10735:1-Tritetracontanol
10725:1-Hentetracontanol
10693:1-Nonatriacontanol
10688:1-Octatriacontanol
10678:1-Hexatriacontanol
10526:(cetyl / palmityl)
10381:2-Methyl-1-butanol
10220:Cyclohexylmethanol
10079:2-Methyl-1-butanol
9695:Hennell H (1828).
9655:Hennell H (1826).
9620:Faraday M (1825).
9586:Couper AS (1858).
9340:, vol. I, p. 143).
9169:Minutes of Meeting
8318:. W. A. Benjamin.
7965:10.1007/BF02922229
7953:Biologia Plantarum
6666:on 14 January 2014
6310:10.1111/acer.13904
5410:Powell MA (2004).
4943:tert-Butyl alcohol
4793:John of Rupescissa
4639:ethanol metabolism
4087:triethyl phosphate
3973:denatured alcohol.
3772:
3761:
3715:Cellulosic ethanol
3343:diatomaceous earth
3233:corn-based ethanol
3185:
3120:Natural occurrence
2930:
2869:magnesium chloride
2853:
2741:Solvent properties
2705:
2292:ground level ozone
2272:cellulosic ethanol
2252:oxides of nitrogen
2248:tailpipe emissions
2233:
1960:
1947:
1891:psychoactive drugs
1692:methanol poisoning
1580:general anesthetic
1578:, used as an oral
1565:Alcohol (medicine)
1329:methanol poisoning
1313:general anesthetic
1307:processes such as
1176:Infobox references
1104:Related compounds
1085:(Immediate danger)
1072:TWA 1000 ppm (1900
1055:TWA 1000 ppm (1900
954:
659:Colourless liquid
111:
101:
81:
71:
54:
13959:Alcohol chemistry
13929:Human metabolites
13876:
13875:
13791:Pseudo-panspermia
13487:
13486:
13434:Cyanodecapentayne
13374:N-Methylformamide
13349:Methyldiacetylene
13274:Aminoacetonitrile
13244:Methyl isocyanate
13162:Methyl isocyanide
13043:Isocyanoacetylene
13023:Cyanoformaldehyde
12902:Hydrogen peroxide
12787:Potassium cyanide
12743:Magnesium cyanide
12696:Disilicon carbide
12691:Dicarbon monoxide
12498:Hydrogen fluoride
12493:Hydrogen chloride
12374:
12373:
12297:Tetranitromethane
12277:Metal deactivator
12237:1,2-Dibromoethane
12103:
12102:
12026:Alcohol oxidation
11947:Trifluoromethanol
11821:
11820:
11706:
11705:
11459:tert-Amyl alcohol
11439:Linolenyl alcohol
11334:Aromatic alcohols
11275:
11274:
11149:Dihydric alcohols
11062:Triphenylmethanol
11017:Diacetone alcohol
10965:Pinacolyl alcohol
10890:2-Deoxyerythritol
10863:Veratrole alcohol
10843:Propargyl alcohol
10833:Phenethyl alcohol
10823:Nicotinyl alcohol
10818:Neopentyl alcohol
10773:
10772:
10730:1-Dotetracontanol
10662:1-Tritriacontanol
10651:1-Hentriacontanol
10303:2-Mercaptoethanol
10235:Trifluoromethanol
10184:
10183:
10171:Isopropyl alcohol
10099:Phenethyl alcohol
10064:Alcohols found in
9943:Alcohol (Ethanol)
9861:978-0-313-33758-1
9495:Lowitz T (1796).
9481:978-81-317-2791-1
9441:978-1-134-27542-7
9405:978-0-226-10379-2
9376:978-0-486-26298-7
9267:, vol. I, p. 137.
9098:978-3-527-30673-2
9036:(12): 1424–1430.
8983:. 9 February 2016
8962:978-3-527-30673-2
8880:978-0-07-065573-7
8853:978-0-471-21472-4
8820:978-81-224-1459-2
8652:978-0-913250-45-7
8531:978-0-02-418010-0
8486:978-0-471-52669-8
8365:978-3-527-30673-2
8325:978-0-8053-8329-4
8209:978-0-471-44385-8
8159:(12): 4293–4295.
7925:Graber C (2008).
7595:10.1071/CH9802103
7506:978-0-205-08452-4
7495:Organic Chemistry
7472:978-0-911910-26-1
7414:978-0-8493-0481-1
7168:on 5 August 2006.
7093:978-0-8135-0725-5
7006:978-0-393-06810-8
6997:10.1063/1.3120901
6849:Jones TT (2008).
6557:Thomas G (2000).
6502:(10): 2713–2720.
6397:NIAA Publications
6360:978-94-007-5880-3
6304:(12): 2281–2297.
5600:Harper, Douglas.
5546:Liebig J (1834).
5425:978-0-203-39283-6
5259:. 2 November 2018
5114:(10): 1569–1578.
5050:. p. 3.246.
4994:978-0-85404-182-4
4846:Antoine Lavoisier
4544:haloform reaction
4095:organic synthesis
4038:to produce ethyl
4006:Rectified spirits
3946:Denatured alcohol
3940:Denatured alcohol
3935:Grades of ethanol
3770:of liquid ethanol
3498:H + side products
3347:Shell Oil Company
3110:
3109:
2877:ammonium chloride
2842:alcohol by volume
2621:molecular formula
2413:World War II
2381:truck running on
2195:
2194:
2103:Aviation gasoline
1718:Medicinal solvent
1668:hydrogen peroxide
1345:organic compounds
1184:Chemical compound
1182:
1181:
1110:Related compounds
1095:Safety data sheet
1022:mg/kg (oral, rat)
989:14 °C (Absolute)
876:Hazard statements
771:−33.60·10 cm/mol
525:CompTox Dashboard
275:Interactive image
115:
114:
85:
84:
16:(Redirected from
13966:
13944:Primary alcohols
13894:Alcohol solvents
13866:
13865:
13864:
13854:
13853:
13852:
13842:
13841:
13840:
13829:
13828:
13776:Organic compound
13676:Chemical formula
13581:Dihydroxyacetone
13529:Hydrogen cyanide
13214:Cyanodiacetylene
13068:Propadienylidene
12962:Thioformaldehyde
12837:Titanium dioxide
12802:Sodium hydroxide
12723:Hydrogen sulfide
12711:Hydrogen cyanide
12671:Carbonyl sulfide
12636:
12627:
12618:
12576:Silicon monoxide
12509:Hydroxyl radical
12421:
12420:
12401:
12394:
12387:
12378:
12377:
12361:MTBE controversy
12130:
12123:
12116:
12107:
12106:
12093:
12092:
11715:
11714:
11711:Terpene alcohols
11496:Methylene glycol
11479:
11478:
11444:Linoleyl alcohol
11387:Myristyl alcohol
11214:Propylene glycol
11161:Propylene glycol
11075:
11074:
11057:Triphenylethanol
10970:Pirkle's alcohol
10955:Diphenylmethanol
10858:Vanillyl alcohol
10828:Perillyl alcohol
10808:Furfuryl alcohol
10798:Cinnamyl alcohol
10656:1-Dotriacontanol
10308:2-Methoxyethanol
10198:
10197:
10066:alcoholic drinks
10060:
10059:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10019:
10018:
9931:
9920:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9888:
9866:
9865:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9828:
9821:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9789:
9783:
9781:
9760:
9754:
9752:
9736:
9730:
9724:
9692:
9686:
9684:
9652:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9592:
9591:(online reprint)
9583:
9577:
9576:
9560:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9529:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9492:
9486:
9485:
9462:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9448:
9420:
9411:
9409:
9388:
9382:
9380:
9359:
9353:
9347:
9341:
9316:
9310:
9297:
9286:
9280:
9274:
9268:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9251:
9242:. Archived from
9231:
9225:
9224:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9188:
9179:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9149:
9109:
9103:
9102:
9076:
9070:
9069:
9061:
9055:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9025:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9009:. 2 October 2013
8999:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8923:
8906:(7): 1067–1075.
8891:
8885:
8884:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8804:
8798:
8781:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8764:
8757:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8719:Renewable Energy
8714:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8617:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8574:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8523:
8506:
8491:
8490:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8438:on 5 March 2021.
8437:
8426:
8417:
8411:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8343:
8330:
8329:
8302:
8296:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8262:
8251:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8168:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8088:
8082:
8081:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8055:10.1002/rcm.2275
8030:
8024:
8023:
8006:(1–3): 128–137.
8000:Chemical Physics
7983:
7977:
7976:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7905:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7822:
7801:
7800:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7781:. p. 3, Table 4.
7770:
7743:
7742:
7732:
7723:
7722:
7713:
7704:
7703:
7698:. Archived from
7696:Nttworldwide.com
7688:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7646:J Chem Thermodyn
7640:
7634:
7633:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7523:J Chem Thermodyn
7517:
7511:
7510:
7498:
7488:
7477:
7476:
7458:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7400:
7389:
7388:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7339:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7188:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7164:. Archived from
7154:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7129:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7081:
7068:
7062:
7061:, 8 January 2008
7045:
7039:
7038:
7032:
7028:
7026:
7018:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6952:on 9 March 2010.
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6897:
6889:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6857:. Archived from
6846:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6826:
6822:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6784:. Archived from
6777:
6771:
6770:
6760:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6723:. Archived from
6708:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6662:. Archived from
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6633:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6563:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6538:
6529:
6520:
6519:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6422:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6372:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6321:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6272:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6154:on 29 April 2021
6153:
6146:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6066:
6048:
6024:
6018:
6017:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5867:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5811:(2–3): 335–427.
5800:
5794:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5764:Kaveh, Anthony.
5761:
5755:
5754:
5743:
5737:
5728:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5689:
5687:10.1038/046056c0
5655:
5653:
5651:10.1038/046056c0
5618:
5612:
5611:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5469:(4): 1041–1049.
5454:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5369:
5352:(11): e0291675.
5337:
5331:
5330:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5037:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4969:
4801:
4798:
4777:Taddeo Alderotti
4766:Liber servatoris
4755:
4752:
4745:–873 CE) and to
4744:
4741:
4724:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān
4713:
4710:
4496:thionyl chloride
4424:hydrogen halides
4387:sodium hydroxide
4335:OH + 2 Na → 2 CH
4036:carboxylic acids
3978:Absolute alcohol
3957:bittering agents
3873:Other techniques
3850:Molecular sieves
3838:molecular sieves
3781:Beer–Lambert law
3659:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3439:
3402:
3325:
3241:
3240:
3218:
3169:digestive system
2933:
2929:
2881:ammonium bromide
2873:calcium chloride
2817:: mixtures with
2736:
2724:refractive index
2642:
2611:Chemical formula
2482:§ Reactions
2432:
2428:
2420:
2375:
2356:
2340:
1970:
1959:
1943:
1938:(bushels) (left)
1933:
1923:
1804:of ethanol into
1764:over-the-counter
1740:iron supplements
1724:pain medications
1541:
1507:
1495:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1425:of the compound
1412:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1389:(suffix "-ol").
1387:functional group
1381:with two carbon
1282:alcoholic drinks
1252:
1240:
1224:
1212:chemical formula
1208:organic compound
1200:drinking alcohol
1166:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1075:
1058:
1028:
1021:
974:
967:
960:
945:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
891:
887:
883:
855:
850:
845:
778:Refractive index
758:O), 29.8 (DMSO)
650:
638:
632:
626:
619:Chemical formula
549:
548:
533:
531:
505:
485:
474:
460:
440:
416:Gmelin Reference
409:
398:
387:
367:
347:
327:
295:
277:
253:
213:Ethylene hydrate
198:Drinking alcohol
189:Absolute alcohol
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
124:
91:
61:
57:
53:
21:
13974:
13973:
13969:
13968:
13967:
13965:
13964:
13963:
13879:
13878:
13877:
13872:
13862:
13860:
13850:
13848:
13838:
13836:
13816:
13642:
13618:
13609:
13562:
13552:
13495:
13483:
13464:Propionaldehyde
13439:Ethylene glycol
13428:
13420:
13416:
13387:
13385:
13378:
13334:Cyanohexatriyne
13320:
13313:
13260:
13253:
13188:
13181:
13141:
13094:
13087:
13058:Methoxy radical
12988:
12981:
12977:Thiocyanic acid
12858:
12851:
12761:
12701:Ethynyl radical
12637:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12622:
12621:
12620:
12619:
12610:
12601:Sulfur monoxide
12586:Sodium chloride
12571:Silicon carbide
12478:Diatomic carbon
12468:Carbon monoxide
12410:
12405:
12375:
12370:
12366:Pay at the pump
12342:
12301:
12272:Ethylenediamine
12213:
12154:Gasoline/petrol
12142:
12134:
12104:
12099:
12081:
12031:Glycol cleavage
12004:
12000:Ziegler process
11951:
11933:2-Fluoroethanol
11909:
11873:
11857:
11853:Ethylene glycol
11838:1,5-Pentanediol
11817:
11805:
11799:
11772:
11766:
11719:
11702:
11666:Glycylglycitols
11661:
11649:
11643:
11631:
11625:
11621:
11611:
11601:
11591:
11581:
11571:
11561:
11551:
11541:
11531:
11521:
11511:
11506:Ethylene glycol
11501:
11489:
11485:
11468:
11419:
11417:
11411:
11362:
11356:
11328:
11271:
11267:
11257:
11243:
11233:
11219:
11205:
11200:Ethylene glycol
11195:Pentaerythritol
11181:
11165:
11156:Ethylene glycol
11144:
11140:
11130:
11120:
11110:
11100:
11090:
11071:Hydric alcohols
11066:
10984:
10978:
10880:1-Phenylethanol
10873:
10867:
10848:Salicyl alcohol
10813:Isoamyl alcohol
10769:
10720:1-Tetracontanol
10713:
10709:
10705:
10703:
10697:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10628:
10622:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10551:
10545:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10473:
10467:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10404:
10398:
10367:
10363:Tribromoethanol
10298:2-Fluoroethanol
10293:2-Ethoxyethanol
10288:2-Chloroethanol
10283:2-Butoxyethanol
10239:
10225:Methoxymethanol
10191:
10180:
10157:
10130:Medical alcohol
10124:
10089:Isoamyl alcohol
10065:
10051:
10046:
10002:Ethanol History
9996:surface tension
9982:Calculation of
9939:
9934:
9911:
9902:
9900:
9883:. Atlanta, GA:
9874:
9872:Further reading
9869:
9862:
9846:
9842:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9819:
9813:
9809:
9799:
9797:
9790:
9786:
9761:
9757:
9737:
9733:
9693:
9689:
9653:
9649:
9618:
9614:
9604:
9602:
9590:
9584:
9580:
9545:
9541:
9527:"Alcohol"
9519:
9515:
9493:
9489:
9482:
9463:
9459:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9421:
9414:
9406:
9389:
9385:
9377:
9360:
9356:
9348:
9344:
9330:Wayback Machine
9317:
9313:
9307:Wayback Machine
9287:
9283:
9275:
9271:
9263:
9259:
9249:
9247:
9246:on 22 July 2005
9232:
9228:
9215:
9211:
9201:
9199:
9198:on 14 July 2011
9190:
9189:
9182:
9176:Wayback Machine
9167:
9163:
9110:
9106:
9099:
9077:
9073:
9062:
9058:
9053:
9049:
9026:
9022:
9012:
9010:
9001:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8984:
8975:
8974:
8970:
8963:
8941:
8937:
8892:
8888:
8881:
8865:
8861:
8854:
8832:
8828:
8821:
8805:
8801:
8793:Wayback Machine
8782:
8778:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8755:
8751:
8750:
8746:
8715:
8711:
8689:ChemistrySelect
8680:
8676:
8666:Dale Callaham,
8664:
8660:
8653:
8637:
8633:
8618:
8614:
8604:
8602:
8593:
8592:
8588:
8543:
8539:
8532:
8507:
8494:
8487:
8473:
8469:
8459:
8457:
8447:
8443:
8435:
8424:
8418:
8414:
8404:Wayback Machine
8395:
8391:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8370:
8366:
8344:
8333:
8326:
8303:
8299:
8289:Wayback Machine
8280:
8276:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8249:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8226:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8194:
8190:
8145:
8141:
8124:
8120:
8089:
8085:
8074:
8070:
8031:
8027:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7984:
7980:
7949:
7945:
7935:
7933:
7923:
7919:
7882:
7878:
7868:
7866:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7847:Page 4, Table 3
7823:
7804:
7791:
7790:
7786:
7771:
7746:
7734:
7733:
7726:
7715:
7714:
7707:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7677:
7673:
7641:
7637:
7606:
7602:
7571:
7567:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7529:(9): 997–1004.
7518:
7514:
7507:
7489:
7480:
7473:
7459:
7448:
7438:
7436:
7427:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7401:
7392:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7337:10.1.1.142.5846
7308:
7304:
7294:
7292:
7282:
7278:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7208:
7204:
7186:
7177:
7173:
7156:
7155:
7151:
7141:
7139:
7131:
7130:
7123:
7113:
7111:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7072:Clark, John. D.
7069:
7065:
7055:Wayback Machine
7046:
7042:
7030:
7029:
7020:
7019:
7007:
6975:
6971:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6917:
6913:
6901:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6870:
6866:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6824:
6823:
6814:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6778:
6774:
6736:
6732:
6709:
6705:
6695:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6667:
6656:
6652:
6642:
6640:
6635:
6634:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6588:Clean Air Trust
6582:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6543:
6536:
6530:
6523:
6492:
6485:
6475:
6473:
6471:medlineplus.gov
6465:
6464:
6460:
6423:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6361:
6339:
6335:
6290:
6286:
6249:
6245:
6206:
6202:
6171:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6084:
6080:
6025:
6021:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5942:www.drugbank.ca
5936:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5896:
5894:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5836:
5832:
5801:
5797:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5762:
5758:
5744:
5740:
5725:
5708:
5704:
5636:(1177): 56–59.
5619:
5615:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5576:From page 18: "
5544:
5540:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5455:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5426:
5408:
5401:
5338:
5334:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5301:"Ethyl Alcohol"
5299:
5298:
5294:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5257:"Ethyl Alcohol"
5255:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5236:"Ethyl Alcohol"
5234:
5233:
5229:
5214:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5148:
5144:
5131:
5127:
5104:
5100:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5038:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4938:Rubbing alcohol
4913:
4895:able to run on
4861:Michael Faraday
4835:Delhi Sultanate
4825:(1115–1234) or
4799:
4762:Kitāb al-Taṣrīf
4753:
4742:
4716:Pliny the Elder
4714:–287 BCE), and
4711:
4703:(384–322 BCE),
4682:biotechnologies
4678:
4672:
4653:
4647:
4631:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4556:chloral hydrate
4541:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4482:. HBr requires
4473:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4314:
4310:
4293:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4115:
4083:Diethyl sulfate
4071:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4032:
4030:Ester formation
4023:
4017:
4008:
3980:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3875:
3866:
3830:
3798:
3793:
3753:
3717:
3711:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3530:polysaccharides
3516:
3510:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3454:electrochemical
3446:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3331:phosphoric acid
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3278:
3238:
3236:
3216:
3213:
3177:
3122:
2937:
2916:
2904:surface tension
2823:miscibility gap
2799:trichloroethane
2743:
2731:
2730:for ethanol is
2697:
2686:
2682:
2666:
2661:methylene group
2658:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2578:
2559:Polysaccharides
2504:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2454:
2435:Redstone rocket
2430:
2422:
2416:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2317:Ethanol's high
2123:
2105:
2080:
2042:
1986:
1984:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1880:
1878:Alcoholic drink
1872:Main articles:
1870:
1834:cytochrome P450
1823:
1819:
1815:
1782:
1720:
1704:ethylene glycol
1680:
1624:
1596:anesthetic coma
1572:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1535:
1524:, Switzerland.
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1368:systematic name
1361:
1269:-like odor and
1257:. Ethanol is a
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171: ?)
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1127:
1111:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1056:
1052:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1006:
979:
978:
977:
976:
969:
962:
955:
951:
943:
900:
878:
864:
838:
810:
788:
786:
768:
757:
750:
708:
648:
635:
629:
621:
607:
604:
599:
598:
587:
584:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
564:
563:
552:
534:
527:
508:
488:
475:
463:
443:
430:
418:
390:
370:
350:
330:
307:
298:
280:
267:
256:
243:
229:
228:
210:Ethyl hydroxide
201:Ethylic alcohol
179:
178:
141:
137:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13972:
13962:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13870:
13858:
13846:
13834:
13821:
13818:
13817:
13815:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13701:Cosmochemistry
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13666:Astrochemistry
13663:
13658:
13652:
13650:
13644:
13643:
13641:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13616:
13612:
13607:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13572:
13570:
13564:
13563:
13561:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13546:
13541:
13536:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13519:Formyl radical
13516:
13511:
13505:
13499:
13497:
13489:
13488:
13485:
13484:
13482:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13449:Methyl acetate
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13422:
13418:
13414:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13392:
13390:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13339:Dimethyl ether
13336:
13331:
13325:
13323:
13315:
13314:
13312:
13311:
13306:
13304:Methyl formate
13301:
13296:
13291:
13289:Glycolaldehyde
13286:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13265:
13263:
13255:
13254:
13252:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13224:Glycolonitrile
13221:
13219:Ethylene oxide
13216:
13211:
13210:
13209:
13199:
13193:
13191:
13183:
13182:
13180:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13118:Cyclopropenone
13115:
13110:
13105:
13099:
13097:
13089:
13088:
13086:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13018:Cyanoacetylene
13015:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12993:
12991:
12983:
12982:
12980:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12937:Methyl radical
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12912:Isocyanic acid
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12877:Isocyanic acid
12874:
12869:
12863:
12861:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12822:Sulfur dioxide
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12797:Sodium cyanide
12794:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12714:
12708:
12706:Formyl radical
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12666:Carbon dioxide
12663:
12658:
12653:
12647:
12645:
12639:
12638:
12613:
12611:
12609:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12514:Iron(II) oxide
12511:
12506:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12429:
12427:
12418:
12412:
12411:
12404:
12403:
12396:
12389:
12381:
12372:
12371:
12369:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12352:
12350:
12344:
12343:
12341:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12309:
12307:
12303:
12302:
12300:
12299:
12294:
12292:Tetraethyllead
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12223:
12221:
12219:Fuel additives
12215:
12214:
12212:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12150:
12148:
12144:
12143:
12133:
12132:
12125:
12118:
12110:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12097:
12086:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12062:carbonyl group
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12034:
12033:
12023:
12018:
12012:
12010:
12006:
12005:
12003:
12002:
11997:
11988:
11979:
11977:Ether cleavage
11974:
11969:
11959:
11957:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11949:
11944:
11942:-butyl alcohol
11935:
11930:
11925:
11919:
11917:
11915:Fluoroalcohols
11911:
11910:
11908:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11881:
11879:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11871:
11865:
11863:
11859:
11858:
11856:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11833:1,4-Butanediol
11829:
11827:
11823:
11822:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11815:
11809:
11807:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11776:
11774:
11768:
11767:
11765:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11723:
11721:
11712:
11708:
11707:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11700:
11695:
11693:Maltotetraitol
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11669:
11667:
11663:
11662:
11660:
11659:
11653:
11651:
11645:
11644:
11642:
11641:
11635:
11633:
11627:
11626:
11624:
11623:
11619:
11613:
11609:
11603:
11599:
11593:
11589:
11583:
11579:
11573:
11569:
11563:
11559:
11553:
11549:
11543:
11539:
11533:
11529:
11523:
11519:
11513:
11509:
11503:
11499:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11483:
11476:
11474:Sugar alcohols
11470:
11469:
11467:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11434:Erucyl alcohol
11431:
11425:
11423:
11421:fatty alcohols
11413:
11412:
11410:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11382:Lauryl alcohol
11379:
11374:
11368:
11366:
11364:fatty alcohols
11358:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11342:Benzyl alcohol
11338:
11336:
11330:
11329:
11327:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11285:
11283:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11265:
11259:
11255:
11245:
11241:
11235:
11231:
11221:
11217:
11207:
11203:
11197:
11191:
11189:
11183:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11173:
11171:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11142:
11138:
11132:
11128:
11122:
11118:
11112:
11108:
11102:
11098:
11092:
11088:
11081:
11079:
11072:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11052:-Butyl alcohol
11046:
11038:
11036:-butyl alcohol
11029:
11027:Methylpentynol
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10988:
10986:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10875:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10803:Crotyl alcohol
10800:
10795:
10793:Benzyl alcohol
10790:
10788:Anisyl alcohol
10785:
10780:
10778:2-Ethylhexanol
10774:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10707:
10702:Straight-chain
10699:
10698:
10696:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10664:
10659:
10653:
10648:
10645:1-Triacontanol
10641:
10639:
10636:
10632:
10627:Straight-chain
10624:
10623:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10609:
10607:1-Heptacosanol
10604:
10598:
10596:1-Pentacosanol
10593:
10590:1-Tetracosanol
10587:
10582:
10576:
10574:1-Heneicosanol
10571:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10555:
10550:Straight-chain
10547:
10546:
10544:
10543:
10538:
10532:
10530:1-Heptadecanol
10527:
10521:
10519:1-Pentadecanol
10516:
10513:1-Tetradecanol
10510:
10505:
10499:
10493:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10477:
10472:Straight-chain
10469:
10468:
10466:
10465:
10459:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10408:
10403:Straight-chain
10400:
10399:
10397:
10396:
10388:
10383:
10377:
10375:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10365:
10360:
10358:Phenoxyethanol
10355:
10347:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10253:1-Aminoethanol
10249:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10206:
10204:
10195:
10186:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10178:
10173:
10167:
10165:
10163:Toxic alcohols
10159:
10158:
10156:
10155:
10154:
10153:
10145:
10143:Methylpentynol
10140:
10134:
10132:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10115:-Butyl alcohol
10109:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10070:
10068:
10057:
10056:By consumption
10053:
10052:
10045:
10044:
10037:
10030:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10010:
10005:
9999:
9988:liquid density
9984:vapor pressure
9980:
9974:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9952:
9938:
9937:External links
9935:
9933:
9932:
9921:
9909:
9890:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9867:
9860:
9840:
9807:
9784:
9755:
9731:
9687:
9647:
9612:
9578:
9539:
9524:, ed. (1911).
9522:Chisholm, Hugh
9513:
9487:
9480:
9457:
9440:
9412:
9404:
9383:
9375:
9354:
9342:
9319:al-Hassan 2009
9311:
9281:
9269:
9257:
9226:
9209:
9180:
9161:
9124:(4): 667–685.
9104:
9097:
9071:
9056:
9047:
9030:Ind. Eng. Chem
9020:
8994:
8968:
8961:
8935:
8886:
8879:
8859:
8852:
8826:
8819:
8799:
8776:
8744:
8709:
8674:
8658:
8651:
8631:
8612:
8586:
8537:
8530:
8510:Streitwieser A
8492:
8485:
8467:
8441:
8412:
8389:
8374:
8364:
8331:
8324:
8297:
8274:
8238:
8215:
8208:
8188:
8139:
8118:
8083:
8068:
8025:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7978:
7959:(6): 406–411.
7943:
7917:
7896:(4): 315–323.
7876:
7851:
7802:
7784:
7744:
7724:
7705:
7683:
7671:
7652:(9): 867–888.
7635:
7616:(2): 149–156.
7600:
7565:
7548:
7512:
7505:
7478:
7471:
7446:
7420:
7413:
7390:
7376:
7351:
7302:
7276:
7249:Applied Energy
7235:
7202:
7171:
7149:
7121:
7099:
7092:
7063:
7040:
7031:|journal=
7005:
6969:
6955:
6937:
6911:
6884:
6864:
6841:
6799:
6772:
6730:
6703:
6677:
6650:
6625:
6600:
6575:
6549:
6521:
6483:
6458:
6414:
6384:
6359:
6333:
6284:
6263:(2): 549–557.
6243:
6216:(4): 499–502.
6200:
6181:(6): 439–445.
6165:
6133:
6098:(2): 107–109.
6078:
6039:(12): e12268.
6019:
5992:
5974:(5): 807–813.
5954:
5929:
5904:
5879:
5850:(1): 147–179.
5830:
5795:
5782:
5756:
5738:
5735:etymonline.com
5723:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5656:
5613:
5592:
5585:
5579:
5538:
5520:
5495:
5446:
5424:
5399:
5332:
5325:Black (1875).
5317:
5292:
5270:
5248:
5227:
5205:
5180:
5168:"MSDS Ethanol"
5159:
5142:
5125:
5098:
5079:(4): 795–798.
5063:
5056:
5025:
5000:
4993:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4882:acid-catalyzed
4671:
4668:
4646:
4643:
4635:macronutrients
4630:
4627:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4554:, which forms
4539:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4432:ethyl chloride
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4401:OH + NaOH ⇌ CH
4398:
4394:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:sodium hydride
4348:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4301:conjugate base
4292:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4114:
4111:
4103:sodium nitrite
4079:saponification
4074:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4031:
4028:
4016:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3979:
3976:
3944:Main article:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3891:
3881:Salting using
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3829:
3826:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3774:Breweries and
3752:
3749:
3713:Main article:
3710:
3707:
3661:
3653:
3644:
3631:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3572:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3534:
3506:Main article:
3503:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3450:carbon dioxide
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3277:
3274:
3266:Andhra Pradesh
3212:
3209:
3176:
3173:
3121:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2915:
2912:
2897:essential oils
2885:sodium bromide
2742:
2739:
2696:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2673:dimethyl ether
2664:
2656:
2649:hydroxyl group
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2612:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2582:freezing point
2577:
2574:
2503:
2500:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2453:
2450:
2397:
2394:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2244:advocacy group
2221:fuel ethanol.
2193:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1962:Energy content
1954:Main article:
1951:
1948:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1906:
1903:
1874:Alcohol (drug)
1869:
1866:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1781:
1778:
1767:cough medicine
1719:
1716:
1679:
1676:
1636:microorganisms
1632:hand sanitizer
1623:
1620:
1588:medieval times
1571:
1568:
1563:Main article:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1461:
1452:
1440:
1431:
1407:
1398:
1360:
1357:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1152:
1151:
1147:standard state
1144:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
991:
990:
987:
981:
980:
970:
963:
956:
941:
940:
939:
938:
936:
927:
926:
924:P305+P351+P338
901:
896:
893:
892:
879:
874:
871:
870:
865:
860:
857:
856:
839:
834:
831:
830:
820:
819:
815:
814:
811:
806:
803:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
784:
776:
773:
772:
769:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
748:
738:
737:
734:
732:Vapor pressure
728:
727:
724:
715:
714:
709:
704:
701:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
681:
680:
677:
671:
670:
667:
661:
660:
657:
653:
652:
646:
640:
639:
633:
627:
622:
617:
614:
613:
609:
608:
606:
605:
602:
594:
593:
592:
589:
588:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
575:
571:
568:
567:
559:
558:
557:
554:
553:
551:
550:
537:
535:
523:
520:
519:
516:
510:
509:
507:
506:
498:
496:
490:
489:
487:
486:
478:
476:
468:
465:
464:
462:
461:
453:
451:
445:
444:
442:
441:
433:
431:
426:
423:
422:
419:
414:
411:
410:
400:
392:
391:
389:
388:
380:
378:
372:
371:
369:
368:
360:
358:
352:
351:
349:
348:
340:
338:
332:
331:
329:
328:
320:
318:
312:
311:
308:
303:
300:
299:
297:
296:
288:
286:
282:
281:
279:
278:
270:
268:
261:
258:
257:
255:
254:
246:
244:
239:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
226:
225:Methylcarbinol
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:Cologne spirit
193:
190:
186:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
169:
168:
135:
134:Pronunciation
131:
130:
126:
125:
117:
116:
113:
112:
102:
87:
86:
83:
82:
72:
32:Alcohol (drug)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13971:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13914:Disinfectants
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13886:
13884:
13869:
13859:
13857:
13847:
13845:
13835:
13833:
13832:
13823:
13822:
13819:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13731:Homochirality
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13649:
13645:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13613:
13611:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13586:Methoxyethane
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13573:
13571:
13569:
13565:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13500:
13498:
13494:
13490:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13469:Butyronitrile
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13444:Ethyl formate
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13423:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13381:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13369:Propionitrile
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13326:
13324:
13322:
13316:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13266:
13264:
13262:
13256:
13250:
13249:Vinyl alcohol
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13208:
13207:Vinyl cyanide
13205:
13204:
13203:
13202:Acrylonitrile
13200:
13198:
13195:
13194:
13192:
13190:
13184:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13167:Pentynylidyne
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13098:
13096:
13090:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13063:Methylenimine
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12984:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12942:Propynylidyne
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12932:Methyl cation
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12892:Fulminic acid
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12864:
12862:
12860:
12854:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12767:Nitrous oxide
12765:
12763:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12718:
12715:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12661:Amino radical
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12640:
12635:
12626:
12617:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12591:Sodium iodide
12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12473:Cyano radical
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12453:Carbon cation
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12430:
12428:
12426:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12402:
12397:
12395:
12390:
12388:
12383:
12382:
12379:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12353:
12351:
12349:
12345:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12304:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12220:
12216:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12145:
12141:
12138:
12131:
12126:
12124:
12119:
12117:
12112:
12111:
12108:
12096:
12088:
12087:
12084:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12016:Deprotonation
12014:
12013:
12011:
12007:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11964:
11961:
11960:
11958:
11954:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11941:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11912:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11882:
11880:
11876:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11814:
11811:
11810:
11808:
11802:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11777:
11775:
11771:Sesquiterpene
11769:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11724:
11722:
11716:
11713:
11709:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11664:
11658:
11655:
11654:
11652:
11646:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11628:
11617:
11614:
11607:
11604:
11597:
11594:
11587:
11584:
11577:
11574:
11567:
11564:
11557:
11554:
11547:
11544:
11537:
11534:
11527:
11524:
11517:
11514:
11507:
11504:
11497:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11471:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11449:Oleyl alcohol
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11414:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11369:
11367:
11365:
11359:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11335:
11331:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11281:Amyl alcohols
11278:
11263:
11260:
11253:
11249:
11246:
11239:
11236:
11229:
11225:
11222:
11215:
11211:
11208:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11184:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11168:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11136:
11135:Cetyl alcohol
11133:
11126:
11123:
11116:
11113:
11106:
11103:
11096:
11093:
11086:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11076:
11073:
11069:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11051:
11047:
11045:
11044:-Amyl alcohol
11043:
11039:
11037:
11035:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11022:Ethchlorvynol
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10985:alcohols (3°)
10981:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10950:Cyclopropanol
10948:
10946:
10945:Cyclopentanol
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10874:alcohols (2°)
10870:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10783:Allyl alcohol
10781:
10779:
10776:
10775:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10700:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10625:
10619:
10618:1-Nonacosanol
10616:
10613:
10612:1-Octacosanol
10610:
10608:
10605:
10602:
10601:1-Hexacosanol
10599:
10597:
10594:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10569:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10548:
10542:
10541:1-Nonadecanol
10539:
10536:
10535:1-Octadecanol
10533:
10531:
10528:
10525:
10524:1-Hexadecanol
10522:
10520:
10517:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10503:
10500:
10497:
10494:
10491:
10488:
10487:
10485:
10470:
10463:
10460:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10418:
10416:
10401:
10395:
10393:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10374:
10370:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10352:
10348:
10346:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10242:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10215:Aminomethanol
10213:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10187:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10160:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10138:Ethchlorvynol
10136:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10110:
10108:
10107:-Amyl alcohol
10106:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10067:
10061:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10043:
10038:
10036:
10031:
10029:
10024:
10023:
10020:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10003:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9978:
9975:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9941:
9940:
9929:
9928:
9922:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9898:
9897:
9891:
9886:
9882:
9877:
9876:
9863:
9857:
9853:
9852:
9844:
9825:
9818:
9811:
9795:
9788:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9765:
9759:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9735:
9728:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9691:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9651:
9640:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9616:
9600:
9596:
9589:
9582:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9543:
9535:
9534:
9528:
9523:
9517:
9510:
9506:
9503:(in German).
9502:
9498:
9491:
9483:
9477:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9461:
9454:
9443:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9419:
9417:
9407:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9387:
9378:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9358:
9351:
9350:Multhauf 1966
9346:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9324:
9320:
9315:
9308:
9304:
9301:
9295:
9291:
9285:
9278:
9273:
9266:
9261:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9230:
9222:
9221:
9213:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9185:
9177:
9173:
9170:
9165:
9157:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9108:
9100:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9075:
9067:
9060:
9051:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9024:
9008:
9004:
8998:
8982:
8978:
8972:
8964:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8931:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8890:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8863:
8855:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8830:
8822:
8816:
8812:
8811:
8803:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8787:
8780:
8761:
8754:
8748:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8713:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8678:
8671:
8670:
8662:
8654:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8635:
8627:
8623:
8616:
8600:
8596:
8590:
8582:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8541:
8533:
8527:
8524:. MacMillan.
8522:
8521:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8488:
8482:
8478:
8471:
8456:
8452:
8445:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8416:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8398:
8393:
8385:
8378:
8367:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8307:
8301:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8283:
8278:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8242:
8234:
8230:
8219:
8211:
8205:
8201:
8200:
8192:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8143:
8135:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8087:
8079:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7982:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7880:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7729:
7720:
7719:
7712:
7710:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7575:Aust. J. Chem
7569:
7561:
7560:
7552:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7502:
7497:
7496:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7474:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7416:
7410:
7407:. CRC press.
7406:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7386:
7380:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7175:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7110:
7103:
7095:
7089:
7085:
7080:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7044:
7036:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6959:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6926:
6922:
6915:
6907:
6895:
6887:
6885:9789814340229
6881:
6877:
6876:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6845:
6837:
6830:
6818:
6810:
6803:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6734:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6707:
6691:
6687:
6686:"Ethanol 101"
6681:
6665:
6661:
6654:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6560:
6553:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6526:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6490:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6419:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6150:
6143:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5786:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5724:9782881245947
5720:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5697:
5695:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5583:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5554:(in German).
5553:
5549:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5451:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5404:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5321:
5302:
5296:
5280:
5274:
5258:
5252:
5237:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5210:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5169:
5163:
5155:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5059:
5057:1-4398-5511-0
5053:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5014:
5010:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4869:Henry Hennell
4866:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:Southern Song
4824:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:The works of
4773:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4748:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4580:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4488:sulfuric acid
4485:
4481:
4480:zinc chloride
4461:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:ethyl bromide
4433:
4429:
4428:ethyl halides
4425:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4366:OH + NaH → CH
4357:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4282:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:diethyl ether
4174:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:sulfuric acid
4156:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:Ethyl nitrite
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4067:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3912:Pervaporation
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3870:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:fortification
3624:
3565:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3404:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:ethyl sulfate
3360:
3359:sulfuric acid
3355:
3353:
3352:Union Carbide
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:petrochemical
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:Sweet sorghum
3246:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:petrochemical
3181:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2939:mole fraction
2934:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2908:tears of wine
2905:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:diethyl ether
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2622:
2618:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2544:winterization
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:boiling point
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2473:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2365:New York City
2362:
2355:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:fuel additive
2200:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1912:
1911:Food vs. fuel
1902:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1820:OH + NAD → CH
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:phenobarbital
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:acetaminophen
1733:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1714:in the role.
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:lipid bilayer
1637:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1616:diethyl ether
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1566:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:diethyl ether
1470:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Justus Liebig
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:petrochemical
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1228:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:grain alcohol
1193:
1192:ethyl alcohol
1190:(also called
1189:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1068:(Recommended)
1067:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1051:(Permissible)
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1029:mg/kg (mouse)
1024:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
986:
983:
982:
975:
968:
961:
937:
934:
933:
929:
928:
902:
899:
895:
894:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
837:
833:
832:
828:
826:
821:
816:
812:
809:
808:Dipole moment
805:
804:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
783:
779:
775:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
753:
747:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
717:
716:
713:
710:
707:
703:
702:
698:
696:
695:Boiling point
693:
692:
688:
686:
685:Melting point
683:
682:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
647:
645:
642:
641:
623:
620:
616:
615:
610:
601:
600:
597:
590:
576:
566:
565:
562:
555:
547:
543:
542:DTXSID9020584
539:
538:
536:
526:
522:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
504:
500:
499:
497:
495:
492:
491:
484:
480:
479:
477:
471:
467:
466:
459:
455:
454:
452:
450:
447:
446:
439:
435:
434:
432:
429:
425:
424:
420:
417:
413:
412:
408:
404:
401:
399:
397:ECHA InfoCard
394:
393:
386:
382:
381:
379:
377:
374:
373:
366:
362:
361:
359:
357:
354:
353:
346:
342:
341:
339:
337:
334:
333:
326:
322:
321:
319:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
302:
301:
294:
290:
289:
287:
284:
283:
276:
272:
271:
269:
265:
260:
259:
252:
248:
247:
245:
242:
238:
237:
232:
224:
222:Hydroxyethane
221:
219:Grain alcohol
218:
215:
212:
209:
207:Ethyl alcohol
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
182:
174:
170:
165:
136:
133:
132:
127:
123:
118:
107:
103:
97:
93:
92:
88:
77:
73:
67:
63:
62:
58:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
13949:Rocket fuels
13919:Hepatotoxins
13824:
13807:Spectroscopy
13661:Astrobiology
13514:Formaldehyde
13406:Benzonitrile
13343:
13197:Acetaldehyde
13152:Methanethiol
13103:Acetonitrile
13008:Carbodiimide
12887:Formaldehyde
12882:Cyanoethynyl
12733:Iron cyanide
12728:Hydroperoxyl
12529:Nitric oxide
12287:Nitromethane
12227:Butyl rubber
12204:Butanol fuel
12198:
11963:Substitution
11956:Preparations
11939:
11905:Stigmasterol
11900:β-Sitosterol
11698:Polyglycitol
11688:Maltotriitol
11648:Cyclic sugar
11416:Branched and
11324:Pentan-3-ol
11319:Pentan-2-ol
11314:Pentan-1-ol
11094:
11049:
11041:
11033:
10940:Cyclohexanol
10592:(lignoceryl)
10585:1-Tricosanol
10508:1-Tridecanol
10464:(pelargonic)
10425:
10391:
10350:
10342:
10338:
10333:Ethanolamine
10327:
10244:
10150:
10112:
10104:
10083:
9946:
9926:
9916:
9901:. Retrieved
9895:
9850:
9843:
9833:22 September
9831:. Retrieved
9824:the original
9810:
9800:22 September
9798:. Retrieved
9787:
9777:
9773:
9758:
9748:
9744:
9734:
9704:
9700:
9690:
9664:
9660:
9650:
9629:
9625:
9615:
9603:. Retrieved
9598:
9594:
9581:
9572:
9568:
9556:
9552:
9542:
9531:
9516:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9490:
9470:
9466:Habib, Irfan
9460:
9452:
9445:. Retrieved
9431:
9395:
9386:
9366:
9357:
9345:
9314:
9293:
9284:
9272:
9260:
9248:. Retrieved
9244:the original
9239:
9229:
9219:
9212:
9200:. Retrieved
9196:the original
9164:
9121:
9117:
9107:
9080:
9074:
9065:
9059:
9050:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9011:. Retrieved
9006:
8997:
8985:. Retrieved
8980:
8971:
8944:
8938:
8903:
8899:
8889:
8869:
8862:
8839:
8829:
8809:
8802:
8784:
8779:
8769:29 September
8767:. Retrieved
8760:the original
8747:
8722:
8718:
8712:
8693:
8687:
8677:
8668:
8661:
8641:
8634:
8626:the original
8615:
8605:19 September
8603:. Retrieved
8598:
8589:
8554:
8550:
8540:
8519:
8514:Heathcock CH
8476:
8470:
8458:. Retrieved
8454:
8444:
8433:the original
8428:
8415:
8407:
8392:
8383:
8377:
8347:
8314:
8300:
8277:
8265:. Retrieved
8258:the original
8253:
8241:
8228:
8218:
8198:
8191:
8156:
8152:
8142:
8131:
8121:
8102:
8096:
8086:
8071:
8041:(1): 61–68.
8038:
8034:
8028:
8003:
7999:
7981:
7956:
7952:
7946:
7934:. Retrieved
7930:
7920:
7893:
7889:
7879:
7867:. Retrieved
7863:
7854:
7846:
7837:(2): 39–43.
7834:
7830:
7796:
7787:
7778:
7739:
7717:
7700:the original
7695:
7686:
7678:
7674:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7613:
7610:Chem. Eng. J
7609:
7603:
7581:(10): 2103.
7578:
7574:
7568:
7558:
7551:
7526:
7522:
7515:
7494:
7462:
7437:. Retrieved
7432:
7423:
7404:
7379:
7367:. Retrieved
7363:
7354:
7322:(1): 94–99.
7319:
7315:
7305:
7293:. Retrieved
7289:
7279:
7252:
7248:
7238:
7226:. Retrieved
7215:
7205:
7191:
7174:
7166:the original
7161:
7152:
7140:. Retrieved
7136:
7112:. Retrieved
7102:
7077:
7066:
7058:
7043:
6979:
6972:
6958:
6950:the original
6940:
6928:. Retrieved
6924:
6914:
6874:
6867:
6859:the original
6854:
6844:
6808:
6802:
6790:. Retrieved
6786:the original
6775:
6748:
6744:
6733:
6725:the original
6716:
6706:
6694:. Retrieved
6690:the original
6680:
6668:. Retrieved
6664:the original
6653:
6641:. Retrieved
6616:. Retrieved
6612:
6603:
6591:. Retrieved
6587:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6552:
6541:the original
6499:
6495:
6474:. Retrieved
6470:
6461:
6437:(1): 22–27.
6434:
6430:
6405:. Retrieved
6401:the original
6396:
6387:
6342:
6336:
6301:
6297:
6287:
6260:
6256:
6246:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6156:. Retrieved
6149:the original
6136:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6036:
6032:
6022:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5983:. Retrieved
5971:
5967:
5957:
5945:. Retrieved
5941:
5932:
5920:. Retrieved
5917:ResearchGate
5916:
5907:
5895:. Retrieved
5891:
5882:
5847:
5843:
5833:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5790:
5785:
5773:. Retrieved
5769:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5714:
5705:
5693:
5691:
5669:
5665:
5633:
5629:
5616:
5605:
5595:
5577:
5575:
5558:(22): 1–39.
5555:
5551:
5541:
5532:
5523:
5511:. Retrieved
5486:. Retrieved
5466:
5462:
5439:15 September
5437:. Retrieved
5415:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5326:
5320:
5310:28 September
5308:. Retrieved
5295:
5285:28 September
5283:. Retrieved
5273:
5261:. Retrieved
5251:
5239:. Retrieved
5230:
5196:. Retrieved
5192:
5183:
5171:. Retrieved
5162:
5152:
5145:
5135:
5128:
5111:
5108:J. Org. Chem
5107:
5101:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5041:
5016:. Retrieved
5012:
5003:
4972:
4967:
4948:Butanol fuel
4905:
4901:spirit lamps
4893:Ford Model T
4886:
4858:
4839:
4816:
4811:quintessence
4809:
4803:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4705:Theophrastus
4698:
4679:
4657:
4654:
4632:
4608:acetaldehyde
4605:
4533:
4477:
4421:
4418:Halogenation
4380:
4349:
4317:alkali metal
4294:
4286:
4280:
4264:OH (l) + 3 O
4248:
4232:OH (l) + 3 O
4219:
4166:
4163:
4152:
4116:
4075:
4033:
4024:
4009:
3997:
3981:
3972:
3949:
3876:
3867:
3856:, a type of
3831:
3809:
3799:
3796:Distillation
3791:Purification
3773:
3741:energy crops
3718:
3677:
3673:distillation
3667:obtained by
3665:
3523:
3517:
3502:Fermentation
3447:
3365:, which was
3356:
3328:
3279:
3247:
3242:
3230:
3222:energy crops
3214:
3186:
3165:fermentation
3158:intoxicating
3139:
3135:anaerobiosis
3123:
3111:
2944:Temperature
2917:
2914:Flammability
2901:
2854:
2835:
2827:
2807:
2779:nitromethane
2744:
2728:triple point
2721:
2714:
2706:
2688:
2676:
2653:methyl group
2647:linked to a
2614:
2590:cooling bath
2579:
2548:
2536:Cannabis oil
2505:
2485:
2471:
2455:
2423:
2402:bipropellant
2399:
2316:
2308:
2295:
2288:formaldehyde
2277:
2241:
2234:
2219:
2196:
1956:Ethanol fuel
1936:Ethanol fuel
1898:carcinogenic
1895:
1881:
1868:Recreational
1850:
1846:
1831:
1806:acetaldehyde
1783:
1780:Pharmacology
1771:
1721:
1681:
1672:
1625:
1614:, and later
1573:
1548:Middle Latin
1536:
1528:
1526:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1422:
1391:
1363:
1362:
1321:disinfectant
1293:fermentation
1290:
1275:psychoactive
1203:
1202:, or simply
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1038:
994:
931:
867:
824:
781:
745:
720:
234:Identifiers
184:Other names
51:
13781:Outer space
13691:Cosmic dust
13656:Abiogenesis
13568:Unconfirmed
13524:Heavy water
13364:Ethanethiol
13279:Cyanoallene
13269:Acetic acid
13239:Methylamine
13123:Diacetylene
13038:Formic acid
13028:Cyanomethyl
12686:Diazenylium
12676:CCP radical
12552:(molecular)
12536:(molecular)
12505:(molecular)
12328:Brake fluid
12179:Electricity
12169:Biogasoline
12021:Protonation
11938:Nonafluoro-
11885:Cholesterol
11862:Trialcohols
11732:Citronellol
11718:Monoterpene
11630:Deoxy sugar
11418:unsaturated
11105:Isopropanol
11032:Nonafluoro-
10960:Isopropanol
10579:1-Docosanol
10570:(arachidyl)
10502:1-Dodecanol
10496:1-Undecanol
9903:16 February
9815:DiPardo J.
9707:: 365–371.
9667:: 240–249.
9632:: 440–466.
9605:3 September
9507:: 195–204.
9250:3 September
8599:News Center
8557:: 104–114.
8460:22 November
8455:cen.acs.org
8382:"Ethanol".
7556:"Ethanol".
7439:23 December
7137:braeunig.us
7107:Darling D.
6902:|work=
6825:|work=
6792:18 February
6751:(12): 567.
6008:(9): 1–20.
5892:www.cdc.gov
5775:30 December
5488:30 December
5263:23 December
5241:23 December
5018:29 December
4800: 1310
4770:aqua ardens
4728:adding salt
4720:Roman Egypt
4612:acetic acid
4578:CHO + 5 HCl
4426:to produce
4119:solid acids
4113:Dehydration
4042:and water:
3989:ultraviolet
3890:with water.
3818:cyclohexane
3745:switchgrass
3719:Sugars for
3518:Ethanol in
3456:reactions.
3361:to produce
3167:within the
3142:outer space
3127:bertam palm
2920:flash point
2857:hygroscopic
2751:acetic acid
2645:ethyl group
2562:precipitate
2540:chlorophyll
2528:hydrophobic
2520:hydrophilic
2443:lightweight
2396:Rocket fuel
2361:Ford Taurus
2319:miscibility
1950:Engine fuel
1808:(ethanal):
1786:metabolized
1584:Mesopotamia
1379:alkyl group
1349:fuel source
1347:, and as a
1339:and in the
1295:process of
1225:. It is an
1009:median dose
995:Lethal dose
985:Flash point
862:Signal word
656:Appearance
612:Properties
403:100.000.526
325:CHEBI:16236
18:Bio ethanol
13954:Teratogens
13939:Oxygenates
13883:Categories
13696:Cosmic ray
13638:Silylidyne
13601:Hemolithin
13576:Anthracene
13493:Deuterated
13474:Pyrimidine
13284:Ethanimine
13147:Ketenimine
13003:Butadiynyl
12827:Thioformyl
12681:Chloronium
12318:Antifreeze
12147:Fuel types
11982:Hydrolysis
11967:haloalkane
11895:Lanosterol
11890:Ergosterol
11826:Dialcohols
11795:Patchoulol
11596:Galactitol
11526:Erythritol
11402:Tridecanol
11224:Erythritol
11125:1-Pentanol
10935:3-Pentanol
10930:2-Pentanol
10900:3-Heptanol
10895:2-Heptanol
10853:Tryptophol
10658:(lacceryl)
10568:1-Icosanol
10515:(myristyl)
10498:(hendecyl)
10451:1-Heptanol
10441:1-Pentanol
10431:1-Propanol
10386:Isobutanol
10120:Tryptophol
10094:Isobutanol
10074:1-Propanol
9998:of ethanol
9780:: 385–405.
9751:: 152–186.
9575:: 273–305.
9559:: 316–354.
9410:pp. 69-71.
9381:pp. 51–52.
8310:Caserio MC
8306:Roberts JD
7255:: 80–103.
6919:Biello D.
5985:15 January
5947:28 January
5922:29 January
5897:29 January
5173:12 January
4960:References
4933:2-Propanol
4928:1-Propanol
4814:of wine).
4805:aqua vitae
4758:al-Zahrāwī
4754: 872
4743: 801
4712: 371
4686:aqua vitae
4649:See also:
4629:Metabolism
4623:acetyl CoA
4494:, such as
4444:2 reaction
4268:(g) → 2 CO
4236:(g) → 2 CO
4216:Combustion
4125:are used.
3836:, such as
3785:hydrometer
3512:See also:
3367:hydrolyzed
3339:silica gel
3175:Production
3162:endogenous
2831:exothermic
2767:chloroform
2715:Ethanol's
2452:Fuel cells
2327:carburetor
2280:combustion
2183:, extruded
1909:See also:
1887:depressant
1748:furosemide
1744:ranitidine
1712:fomepizole
1644:denaturing
1628:antiseptic
1622:Antiseptic
1570:Anesthetic
1317:antiseptic
1278:depressant
1089:3300 ppm
836:Pictograms
644:Molar mass
503:3K9958V90M
428:IUPHAR/BPS
356:ChemSpider
262:3D model (
241:CAS Number
13628:Phosphine
13496:molecules
13429:fullerene
13329:Acetamide
13133:Formamide
13013:Cyanamide
12867:Acetylene
12842:Tricarbon
12753:Methylene
12738:Isoformyl
12643:Triatomic
12416:Molecules
12356:Fuel card
12313:Motor oil
12164:Biodiesel
12009:Reactions
11991:Hydration
11804:Diterpene
11790:Nerolidol
11780:Bisabolol
11762:Terpineol
11616:Volemitol
11407:Undecanol
11361:Saturated
11262:Volemitol
11115:1-Butanol
10925:2-Octanol
10920:2-Nonanol
10910:3-Hexanol
10905:2-Hexanol
10885:2-Butanol
10872:Secondary
10704:saturated
10629:saturated
10581:(behenyl)
10552:saturated
10537:(stearyl)
10490:1-Decanol
10474:saturated
10462:1-Nonanol
10456:1-Octanol
10446:1-Hexanol
10436:1-Butanol
10405:saturated
9601:(104–116)
9223:. Murray.
9202:3 January
9138:1089-3261
8725:: 41–45.
8397:"Ethanol"
8183:233676614
8175:2168-0485
8105:: 47–80.
7429:"Ethanol"
7332:CiteSeerX
7217:Space.com
7033:ignored (
7023:cite book
7015:153892198
6904:ignored (
6894:cite book
6827:ignored (
6817:cite book
6767:1806-3691
6658:Green R.
6158:8 October
6112:0969-9546
6055:2168-8184
5938:"Ethanol"
5434:0275-5769
5376:1932-6203
5279:"Ethanol"
5189:"Ethanol"
5093:0002-7863
5048:CRC Press
5009:"Ethanol"
4889:Civil War
4747:al-Fārābī
4701:Aristotle
4694:Neolithic
4602:Oxidation
4514:OH + SOCl
4484:refluxing
4276:O (g); −Δ
4272:(g) + 3 H
4244:O (l); −Δ
4240:(g) + 3 H
4015:Reactions
3888:azeotrope
3842:cellulose
3834:desiccant
3806:azeotrope
3725:cellulose
3709:Cellulose
3293:hydration
3290:catalyzed
3276:Hydration
3205:petroleum
2941:, %
2838:azeotrope
2732:150 ± 20
2600:Chemistry
2555:tinctures
2512:molecular
2510:, as its
2476:Feedstock
2387:Minnesota
2345:São Paulo
2323:pipelines
2311:flex-fuel
2260:biodiesel
2237:sugarcane
2229:USP grade
2215:anhydrous
2159:max. 104
1973:Fuel type
1802:oxidation
1774:tinctures
1527:The term
1512:The name
1341:synthesis
1263:flammable
1210:with the
827:labelling
797:Viscosity
514:UN number
345:ChEMBL545
13899:Alkanols
13615:Linear C
13596:Graphene
13508:Ammonium
13309:Acrolein
13172:Propynal
13157:Methanol
13128:Ethylene
12997:Ammonium
12772:Nitroxyl
12596:Sulfanyl
12540:Imidogen
12534:Nitrogen
12503:Hydrogen
12448:Argonium
12425:Diatomic
12333:Gear oil
12194:Hydrogen
12184:Kerosene
12095:Category
11869:Glycerol
11806:alcohols
11785:Farnesol
11773:alcohols
11757:Rhodinol
11742:Linalool
11737:Geraniol
11720:alcohols
11678:Lactitol
11673:Maltitol
11657:Inositol
11650:alcohols
11632:alcohols
11586:Sorbitol
11576:Mannitol
11546:Arabitol
11536:Threitol
11516:Glycerol
11252:Sorbitol
11248:Mannitol
11228:Threitol
11210:Glycerol
11177:Glycerol
11085:Methanol
10983:Tertiary
10669:(geddyl)
10504:(lauryl)
10492:(capric)
10458:(capryl)
10421:Methanol
10394:-Butanol
10202:Methanol
10192:alcohols
10176:Methanol
10049:Alcohols
9917:Sci-toys
9721:98483646
9681:98278290
9468:(2011).
9426:(2006).
9394:(2013).
9365:(1957).
9326:Archived
9303:Archived
9172:Archived
9156:23101976
8789:Archived
8581:28111249
8516:(1976).
8400:Archived
8312:(1977).
8285:Archived
8267:11 March
8063:16312013
7973:34605254
7912:21676715
7222:Archived
7142:11 March
7074:(1972).
7059:NBC News
7051:Archived
6696:26 March
6613:Statista
6568:1 August
6476:11 March
6453:17718397
6407:10 March
6379:23400924
6328:30320893
6238:41876817
6230:21417862
6195:24267355
6128:23861841
6120:18446077
6073:33510981
6014:27538060
5980:12322772
5729:p. 205;
5713:(1966).
5483:14312998
5394:37939019
5385:10631622
5346:PLOS ONE
5224:(NIOSH).
4923:Methanol
4911:See also
4865:coal gas
4736:al-Kindī
4660:vomiting
4574:OH → CCl
4548:aldehyde
4536:haloform
4430:such as
4319:such as
4305:ethoxide
4121:such as
4107:diuretic
3969:pyridine
3959:such as
3854:Ångstrom
3846:cornmeal
3743:such as
3729:corncobs
3660:H + 4 CO
3588:H + 2 CO
3335:adsorbed
3297:ethylene
3193:ethylene
2819:dodecane
2815:undecane
2783:pyridine
2775:glycerol
2747:miscible
2687:−) with
2524:nonpolar
2490:, ethyl
2458:hydrogen
2409:oxidizer
2347:, Brazil
2278:Ethanol
2211:Gasoline
2181:Charcoal
2147:min. 91
2008:Methanol
1983:Research
1928:) (left)
1842:catalase
1752:mannitol
1700:methanol
1698:against
1684:antidote
1678:Antidote
1652:bacteria
1648:proteins
1612:cannabis
1576:sedative
1544:antimony
1353:ethylene
1325:antidote
1309:ethylene
1286:caffeine
1259:volatile
1206:) is an
1123:Methanol
932:NFPA 704
818:Hazards
767:(χ)
712:Miscible
518:UN 1170
376:DrugBank
310:1718733
55:Ethanol
13889:Ethanol
13761:Kerogen
13648:Related
13591:Glycine
13544:Propyne
13503:Ammonia
13401:Benzene
13396:Acetone
13388:or more
13359:Propene
13344:Ethanol
13234:Propyne
13053:Methane
12922:Ketenyl
12872:Ammonia
12267:Ecalene
12199:Ethanol
11986:epoxide
11878:Sterols
11747:Menthol
11727:Borneol
11683:Isomalt
11639:Fucitol
11566:Xylitol
11556:Ribitol
11397:Octanol
11392:Nonanol
11377:Decanol
11238:Xylitol
11095:Ethanol
10603:(ceryl)
10426:Ethanol
10373:Butanol
10328:Ethanol
10245:Ethanol
10190:Primary
10151:Ethanol
10084:Ethanol
9447:10 July
9367:Alchemy
9332:); cf.
9147:3484320
8930:5664123
8727:Bibcode
8572:5367853
8293:ICRISAT
8043:Bibcode
8008:Bibcode
7936:23 July
7869:23 June
7654:Bibcode
7618:Bibcode
7583:Bibcode
7531:Bibcode
7369:9 April
7324:Bibcode
7295:2 March
7257:Bibcode
7228:27 July
7114:27 July
6985:Bibcode
6930:11 July
6670:24 June
6593:27 July
6504:Bibcode
6444:3860439
6370:4314297
6319:6286250
6279:7925371
6064:7827791
5874:9880479
5825:3279433
5674:Bibcode
5638:Bibcode
5602:"ethyl"
5560:Bibcode
5513:21 June
5354:Bibcode
5218:"#0262"
5198:25 June
5013:PubChem
4670:History
4589:O → CCl
4585:CHO + H
4552:chloral
4550:called
4526:Cl + SO
4486:with a
4438:via an
4409:ONa + H
4374:ONa + H
4343:ONa + H
4307:ion (CH
4191:OH → CH
4123:alumina
3965:naphtha
3893:Direct
3858:zeolite
3822:heptane
3814:benzene
3776:biofuel
3751:Testing
3737:sawdust
3699:amylase
3680:cereals
3422:O → H
3316:O → C
3226:bagasse
3211:Sources
2936:Ethanol
2811:alkanes
2791:pentane
2787:toluene
2759:benzene
2755:acetone
2710:propane
2617:alcohol
2586:dry ice
2508:solvent
2502:Solvent
2488:halides
2425:B-Stoff
2121:Gasohol
2083:propane
2073:Autogas
2024:Ethanol
1926:bushels
1836:enzyme
1794:stomach
1788:in the
1660:viruses
1586:and in
1559:Medical
1538:al-kuḥl
1529:alcohol
1514:ethanol
1469:English
1373:by the
1371:defined
1366:is the
1364:Ethanol
1337:solvent
1303:or via
1271:pungent
1227:alcohol
1204:alcohol
1188:Ethanol
1169:what is
1167: (
813:1.69 D
791:1.3611
754:15.9 (H
742:Acidity
675:Density
470:PubChem
385:DB00898
251:64-17-5
216:Ethylol
192:Alcohol
177:Ethanol
47:Ethynol
43:Ethenol
13812:Tholin
13633:Pyrene
13078:Silane
13048:Ketene
12550:Oxygen
12348:Retail
12306:Fluids
12159:Diesel
11995:alkene
11813:Phytol
11606:Iditol
10838:Prenol
9858:
9719:
9679:
9478:
9438:
9424:Haw SG
9402:
9373:
9154:
9144:
9136:
9095:
8959:
8928:
8921:547590
8918:
8877:
8850:
8817:
8649:
8579:
8569:
8528:
8483:
8362:
8322:
8295:, 2013
8206:
8181:
8173:
8080:. NPR.
8061:
7971:
7910:
7503:
7469:
7435:. 2023
7411:
7334:
7090:
7013:
7003:
6882:
6765:
6643:31 May
6618:2 June
6451:
6441:
6377:
6367:
6357:
6326:
6316:
6277:
6236:
6228:
6193:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6071:
6061:
6053:
6033:Cureus
6012:
5978:
5872:
5862:
5823:
5721:
5630:Nature
5481:
5432:
5422:
5392:
5382:
5374:
5091:
5054:
4991:
4897:petrol
4676:Liquor
4645:Safety
4616:enzyme
4470:Cl + H
4321:sodium
4303:, the
4137:OH → H
4059:RCOOCH
4049:+ HOCH
4040:esters
3967:, and
3810:cannot
3735:, and
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