447:(AAF) stated that the Technical Code was not being enforced and that many bears were still spending their entire lives in small extraction cages without free access to food or water. The report also noted that the free-dripping technique promoted in the Technical Code was unsanitary as the fistula was an open portal through which bacteria could infiltrate the abdomen. The report also stated that surgeries to create free-dripping fistulae caused bears great suffering as they were performed without appropriate antibiotics or pain management and the bears were repeatedly exposed to this process as the fistulae often healed over. The free-dripping method still requires the bears to be prodded with a metal rod when the wound heals over and under veterinary examination, some bears with free-dripping fistulae were actually found to have clear perspex catheters permanently implanted into their gallbladders. In addition to the suffering caused by infection and pain at the incision site, 28% of fistulated bears also experience abdominal hernias and more than one-third eventually succumb to liver cancer, believed to be associated with the bile-extraction process.
742:
914:
948:
161:
295:, in the bear's abdomen and gallbladder, from which bile freely drips out. The wound is vulnerable to infection, and bile can leak back into the abdomen, causing high mortality rates. Sometimes, the hole is kept open with a perspex catheter, which HSUS writes causes severe pain. An AAF Vet Report states that surgeries to create free-dripping fistulae caused bears great suffering as they were performed without appropriate antibiotics or pain management and the bears were repeatedly exposed to this process as the fistulae often healed over.
314:
926:
709:
6741:
175:
189:
720:
738:. It is purchased and consumed to treat hemorrhoids, sore throats, sores, bruising, muscle ailments, sprains, epilepsy, reduce fever, improve eyesight, break down gallstones, act as an anti-inflammatory, reduce the effects of overconsumption of alcohol, and to 'clear' the liver. It is currently found in various forms for sale including whole gallbladders, raw bile, pills, powder, flakes, and ointment.
20:
674:, the first farm was established in 2000. The number of farmed bears tripled from 2008 to 2012. In 2012, there were 121 Asiatic black bears and one sun bear on 11 commercial facilities. It is possible that all the bears were wild-caught domestically, or illegally imported internationally. This is in violation of both National and International law.
635:
are farmed in China. According to
Chinese officials, 10,000 wild bears would need to be killed each year to produce as much bile. The government sees farming as a reasonable answer to the loss of wild bears from poaching. However, the government's agreement to allow the rescue of 500 bears may represent a softening of this stance.
514:
Nonetheless, bears continue to be hunted in the wild to supply the bile farms. A survey in 2000 reported that almost all of the farms in the study supplemented their captive population of bile bears with wild-caught bears. This is claimed to be necessary because of difficulties with captive breeding.
455:
In South Korea, bear farming was declared illegal in 1992. However, it was reported in 2008 that over 1,300 bears were still on 108 farms where farmers were hoping that legal farming would resume. As of 2008, wild bears over the age of ten could still be legally killed for their gallbladders in South
442:
In 2006, the
Chinese State Council Information Office said that it was enforcing a "Technical Code of Practice for Raising Black Bears", which "requires hygienic, painless practice for gall extraction and make strict regulations on the techniques and conditions for nursing, exercise and propagation."
365:
International concern about the welfare of bile bears began in 1993. Many bile bear farms have little or no veterinary supervision and the animal husbandry is often conducted by non-skilled attendants. In combination with the impacts of small cage sizes, their spacing and lack of internal structures,
876:
and proposed to triple the company's stock of captive bears, from 400 to 1,200. This provoked a large backlash from activists, internet users and protesters. It was followed by a number of controversies along with public interviews. The company responded with demonstrations of the extraction process
694:
of 206 older
Northern Vietnamese locals found that roughly 44% of respondents knew at least one other person who had used bear products from farms in the past year, compared to 55.33% of those who did not. 8.72% of respondents listed protecting bears as one of the reasons a person would not use such
835:
A report published in 2013 stated that a poacher in North
America can usually get US$ 100 to $ 150 for a gallbladder, but the organs can fetch $ 5,000 to $ 10,000 in the end-market once they are processed into a powder. The report also stated that the HSUS indicated a bear gallbladder can cost more
823:
In 1970, 1 kg of bear gallbladder cost approximately US$ 200, but by 1990 the price had risen to between US$ 3,000 and US$ 5,000 per kg. In 2009, the market price for legally sold gallbladders in Hong Kong had risen to between US$ 30,000 and US$ 50,000 per kg. It was reported in 1991 that bear
438:
In 1994, Chinese authorities announced that no new bear farms would be licensed and in 1996, issued a special notice stating that no foreign object was allowed to be inserted into a bear body. No bears younger than 3 years of age and lighter than 100 kg were to be used for bile extraction, and
749:
Because only minute amounts of bile are used in TCM, a total of 500 kg of bear bile is used by practitioners every year, but according to WSPA, more than 7,000 kg are being produced. The surplus has reportedly been used as ingredients in beauty products and non-traditional health tonics.
657:
According to the South Korean
Environment Ministry, 1,374 bears were raised at 74 farms across South Korea as of 2009. In South Korea, it is legal to keep bears for bile and bears older than 10 years old can be harvested for their paws and organs. In 2022, the number of bears on South Korean farms
634:
conducted a study in 1999 and 2000, and estimated that 247 bear bile farms in China were holding 7,002 bears, though the
Chinese government called the figures "pure speculation." The Chinese consider bear farms a way to reduce the demand on the wild bear population. Officially, 7,600 captive bears
610:
The world population of
Asiatic black bears decreased from 30% to 49% between 1980 and 2010. Although their reliability is unclear, range-wide estimates of 5–6,000 bears have been presented by Russian biologists. Rough density estimates without corroborating methods or data have been made in India
337:
To facilitate the bile extraction process, mature bears are usually kept in small cages measuring approximately 130 x 70 x 60 cm. These cages are so small they prevent the bears from being able to sit upright, stand or turn around. Some bears are kept in crush cages, the sides of which can be
488:
Officially, 7,600 captive bears are farmed in China. According to
Chinese officials, 10,000 wild bears would need to be killed each year to produce as much bile. Government officials see farming as a reasonable answer to the loss of wild bears from poaching and are insouciant about animal welfare
645:
In 2013, estimates of bears kept in cages in China for bile production range from 9,000 to 20,000 bears on nearly 100 domestic bear farms. One company (Fujian
Guizhen Tang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) alone has more than 400 black bears to supply bile using the free drip method. The bile is harvested
495:
reported in 1994 that demand for bear parts from South Korea and Taiwan was one of the greatest threats to bear populations worldwide. Due to partnerships between some South Korean travel companies and South Korean bear farmers, 'bear bile tourism' from the country has reportedly helped fuel the
389:
One survey of 165 bears removed from a farm showed that (out of 181 free-drip bears), 163 (90%) had cholecystitis, 109 (66%) had gallbladder polyps, 56 (34%) had abdominal herniation, 46 (28%) had internal abscessation, 36 (22%) had gallstones, and 7 (4%) had peritonitis. Many of the bears had a
234:
Initially, bile was collected from wild bears which were killed and the gall and its contents cut from the body. In the early 1980s, methods of extracting bile from live bears were developed in North Korea and farming of bile bears began. This rapidly spread to China and other regions. Bile bear
143:
Farmed bile bears are housed continuously in small cages which often prevent them from standing or sitting upright, or from turning around. These highly restrictive cage systems and the low level of skilled husbandry can lead to a wide range of welfare concerns including physical injuries, pain,
378:
concentrations are a widely acknowledged indicator of physiological stress. Corticosteroid concentrations in the hair of
Asiatic black bears relocated from a bile farm to a bear rescue centre fell between 12 and 88% over 163 days. Other physiological indicators of stress and potentially reduced
611:
and Pakistan, resulting in estimates of 7–9,000 in India and 1,000 in Pakistan. Unsubstantiated estimates from China give varying estimates between 15,000 and 46,000, with a government estimate of 28,000. Some estimates put the current (2015) total Asian worldwide population as low as 25,000.
526:
In the late 1980s, U.S. park rangers began finding bear carcasses missing only gallbladders and paws. Initially, it was considered that occasional hunters were the cause, but investigations uncovered evidence that large commercial organizations were dealing in poaching and smuggling. During a
583:. It was estimated in 2008 that 100,000 kg of synthetic UDCA was already being used each year in China, Japan and South Korea, and that the total world consumption may be double this figure. However, many traditional doctors still consider natural (but farmed) UDCA a superior product.
506:
A 2015 report indicated that the illegal trade in bear bile and gallbladder for traditional medicine is open and widespread across Malaysia and is potentially a serious threat to wild bears. In a survey of 365 traditional medicine shops across Malaysia, 175 (48%) claimed to be selling bear
836:
than $ 3,000 in Asia. A TRAFFIC report estimated that prices for whole gallbladders were as low as $ 51.11 (Myanmar) and as high as $ 2,000 (Hong Kong SAR). For gallbladder by the gram, the least expensive was $ 0.11 per gram (Thailand) and the highest was $ 109.70 per gram (Japan).
439:
bears could be confined in cages only during the time of bile extraction. The authorities required the adoption of the free-drip method which necessitates the creation of an artificial fistula between the gallbladder and the abdominal wall by opening a cut into the gallbladder.
2042:
Malcolm, K.D.; McShea, W.J.; Van Deelen, T.R.; Bacon, H.J.; Liu, F.; Putman, S.; Brown, J.L. (2013). "Analyses of fecal and hair glucocorticoids to evaluate short-and long-term stress and recovery of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) removed from bile farms in China".
353:
to prevent the bears from self-mutilating or harming the farm workers. They may also have their hind teeth removed for the same reasons. These procedures are often conducted by unskilled farm staff and may result in the bears experiencing constant pain thereafter.
847:
There is huge profitability in the trade of bile powder. In 2007, while the wholesale price of bile powder was approximately US$ 410 per kg in China, the retail price increased from 25 to 50 fold in South Korea, and to 80 fold in Japan, i.e. US$ 33,000 per kg.
502:
reported in 2002 that Japan's demand for bear bile remained at a level of at least 200 kg per year which in theory would require 10,000 bears killed to be satisfied. Legislation and enforcement for bear products in the country has also been lacking.
510:
Some supporters of bile bear farms argue, "Wildlife farming offers, at first glance, an intuitively satisfying solution: a legal trade can in principle be created by farming animals to assuage demand for wild animals which thus need not be harvested."
515:
Consumers of bear bile have a strong preference for bile produced from wild bears; bile from farms may, therefore, not be a perfect substitute for bile from wild bears. Bear farming in Laos may be increasing the incentive to poach wild bears.
828:"for 10 times their price in China", with prices for one ranging from US$ 700 to US$ 3,292. In 2002, the pricier bear galls in Japan were reported to be selling for as much as US$ 83 per gram, and were either sourced domestically, or from
325:
Bile extraction begins at three years-of-age and continues for a minimum of five to ten years. Some bears may be kept in cages for bile extraction for 20 years or more. A bear can produce 2.2 kg of bile over a 5-year production life.
681:
found that although attitudes towards bears and conservation were generally positive, awareness of cruelty in the bear farms was lacking, with 43.7% of respondents regarding bile consumption sourced from bear farms as acceptable.
806:
have been working on synthetic forms of bile products, so that scientists need not use animal sources for bile. In this way, it is hoped that in the future, bile can be created in methods that do not involve animal cruelty.
238:
The demand for bile and gallbladders exists in Asian communities throughout the world, including the European Union and the United States. This demand has led to bears being hunted in the US specifically for this purpose.
329:
When the bears outlive their productive bile-producing years (around 10 years old), they are often slaughtered and harvested for their other body parts such as meat, fur, paws and gallbladders; bear paws are considered a
235:
farms started to reduce hunting of wild bears, with the hope that if bear farms raised a self-sustaining population of productive animals, poachers would have little motivation to capture or kill bears in the wild.
639:
2676:
321:
Cubs are sometimes caught in the wild and used to supplement numbers held captive in farms. In 2008, it was reported that bear farms were paying the equivalent of US$ 280 to US$ 400 for a wild bear cub.
386:
A 2000 survey revealed that bile bears suffered from sores, skin conditions, ectoparasites, hair loss, bone deformities, injuries, swollen limbs, dental and breathing problems, diarrhoea and scarring.
662:
has been campaigning to end bear farming in the country. In 2022, the South Korean government, associations of bear farmers, and NGOs announced a joint declaration to end bear farming by 2026.
3245:
Tint, G. S.; Salen, G.; Colalillo, A.; Graber, D.; Verga, D.; Speck, J.; Shefer, S. (September 1982). "Ursodeoxycholic acid: a safe and effective agent for dissolving cholesterol gallstones".
338:
moved inwards to restrain the bear. The HSUS reports that some bears are moved to a crush cage for milking, but the remainder of the time live in a cage large enough to stand and turn around.
856:
Pill prices ranged from as low as $ 0.38 per pill (Malaysia) to $ 3.83 per pill (Thailand). and in the U.S., approximately $ 1 per pill, which is an average price between the two countries.
638:
China has been found to be the main source of bear bile products on sale throughout South-East Asia; this international trade in their parts and derivatives is strictly prohibited by the
147:
The value of the bear products trade is estimated as high as $ 2 billion. The practice of factory farming bears for bile has been extensively condemned, including by Chinese physicians.
642:. In 2010, there were approximately 97 establishments in China keeping bile bears. This was a decrease from the mid-1990s, where Xinhua reported of 480 bear farms in the country.
784:
The active ingredient in bear bile is ursodeoxycholic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and protective effects in human epithelial cells of the
464:
The Vietnamese government in 2005 made it illegal to extract bear bile and made a commitment to phase out bear farming. In 2008, there were still 3,410 bears on farms in Vietnam.
649:
Before the existence of bear farms (i.e. pre-1980) the demand for bear bile in China was about 500 kilos annually. In 2008, the demand had risen to about 4,000 kilos annually.
6799:
761:. Some South Korean bear bile farmers in the same year advertised that their products could also help with the coronavirus, drawing criticism from local animal rights groups.
2772:
802:
Due to controversy around the use of bear farming to obtain bile, synthetic sources for ursodeoxycholic acid are currently being worked on and investigated. Scientists in
3161:
Mroz MS, Lajczak NK, Goggins BJ, Keely S, Keely SJ (March 2018). "The bile acids, deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, regulate colonic epithelial wound healing".
2680:
413:
The Chinese media reported a story in which a mother bear, having escaped her cage, strangled her own cub and then killed herself by intentionally running into a wall.
796:, and take an active part in increased restitution of wound in the colon. Moreover, UDCA's effects has been shown to have exert actions outside the epithelial cells.
425:
Farmed bile bears live to an average age of five years old whereas healthy captive bears can live up to 35 years of age and wild bears for between 25 and 30 years.
4616:
1651:
594:
3775:
2695:
2151:
1673:
1235:
6140:
1994:
2879:
2263:
2720:
539:
charges against an organisation that poached an estimated 50 to 100 bears per year for a decade. It was estimated in 2008 that in North America, 40,000
518:
A review of multiple types of wildlife tourist attractions concluded that bile bear farms had negative impacts on both animal welfare and conservation.
3288:
2183:
1038:
623:
has been reported in 2011 as saying that more than 12,000 bears are currently estimated to be housed in both illegal and legal bear farms across Asia.
2586:
1266:
597:, which supplies approximately half of the bear bile consumed in China, stated it is developing another synthetic source derived from poultry bile.
3995:
734:
The monetary value of the bile comes from the traditional prescription of bear bile by doctors practicing traditional medicine. Bear bile contains
6292:
3688:
3079:
Ward JB, Lajczak NK, Kelly OB, O'Dwyer AM, Giddam AK, Ní Gabhann J, Franco P, Tambuwala MM, Jefferies CA, Keely S, Roda A, Keely SJ (June 2017).
1164:
677:
In Laos in 2011, bear bile was selling for 120,000 kip (US$ 15) per ml, half the average monthly wage of 240,000 kip. A 2019 survey of locals in
2932:
212:
130:
3122:"Bile acids deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid differentially regulate human β-defensin-1 and -2 secretion by colonic epithelial cells"
140:
or inserted catheter. A significant proportion of the bears die because of the stress of unskilled surgery or the infections which may occur.
757:
drew criticism in 2020 after reportedly recommending 'Tan Re Qing', a traditional medicine which contains the bile, to treat severe cases of
2427:
4000:
2449:
6784:
5967:
5911:
2135:
620:
1956:
357:
Pathology reports have shown that bile from sick bears is often contaminated with blood, pus, faeces, urine, bacteria and cancer cells.
5638:
284:
method uses a permanent catheter tube to extract the bile which is then collected in a plastic bag set in a metal box worn by the bear.
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580:
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2355:
1205:
741:
6407:
6172:
4424:
3975:
3585:
1311:
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264:(HSUS), the bile is usually extracted twice a day through such implanted tubes, producing 10–20 ml of bile during each extraction.
4015:
3917:
3859:
3610:
1740:
261:
341:
Bile bears are often subjected to other procedures which have their own concomitant ethical and welfare concerns. These include
305:
It has been estimated that 50–60 per cent of bears die from complications caused by the surgery or improper post-surgical care.
4092:
3535:
2857:
399:
144:
severe mental stress and muscle atrophy. Some bears are caught as cubs and may be kept in these conditions for up to 30 years.
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1015:
6804:
6308:
5896:
5821:
4228:
4005:
3960:
3615:
3519:
3055:
2225:
2045:
1935:"The Humane Society of the United States and Born Free USA Praise Hawaii Governor for Signing Bear Bile Prohibition into Law"
1822:
1082:
2638:
Kikuchi, R. (2012). "Captive bears in human–animal welfare conflict: A case study of bile extraction on Asia's bear farms".
2505:"The customer isn't always right—conservation and animal welfare implications of the increasing demand for wildlife tourism"
6039:
5578:
4321:
3559:
3452:"Bile Acid Synthesis: From Nature to the Chemical Modification and Synthesis and Their Applications as Drugs and Nutrients"
136:
The bile can be harvested using several techniques, all of which require some degree of surgery, and may leave a permanent
6463:
4668:
489:
concerns. However, the government's agreement to allow the rescue of 500 bears may represent a softening of this stance.
3505:
6769:
6588:
5931:
5841:
3865:
3809:
2618:
1646:
865:
877:
where the bears seemed unconcerned by the procedure, in an attempt to counter the allegations its business was cruel.
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6132:
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6015:
5972:
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5751:
5225:
3980:
3970:
2705:
2369:
991:
969:
2747:
2161:
1619:
962:
133:. They were previously hunted for bile but factory farming has become common since hunting was banned in the 1980s.
6300:
5951:
5781:
5608:
4678:
4673:
4103:
3788:, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland, January 12, 2006
2754:
2453:
1340:
3825:
3034:
Appiah, S (2017). "Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoproective Medicinal Herbs as Potential Substitutes for Bear Bile".
2566:
Animal Investigators: How the World's First Wildlife Forensics Lab is Solving Crimes and Saving Endangered Species
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6021:
5906:
5115:
4701:
4596:
3799:
2011:
815:
In 2011, the overall worldwide trade in bear parts, including bile, was estimated to be a $ 2 billion industry.
6244:
4606:
4316:
3985:
3205:
2267:
1776:
126:
1520:
Feng, Yibin; Siu, Kayu; Wang, Ning; Ng, Kwan-Ming; Tsao, Sai-Wah; Nagamatsu, Tadashi; Tong, Yao (2009-01-12).
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5766:
4586:
4118:
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1286:
799:
Bear bile has been shown in studies to be able to get rid of gallstones or dissolve them in the gallbladder.
659:
527:
three-year operation (Operation SOUP) ending in 1999, 52 people were arrested and 300 gallbladders seized in
3296:
227:, Tang dynasty, 659 CE). The pharmacologically active ingredient contained in bear bile and gallbladders is
6789:
5983:
5941:
5761:
5155:
4086:
4031:
2590:
207:
2858:"Can't bear it! Employing Culturally Sensitive Initiatives to Reduce Bear Bile Demand in Northern Vietnam"
2211:
1072:
301:
of the whole gallbladder is sometimes used. This method is used when wild bears are killed for their bile.
6794:
6439:
6228:
5856:
5806:
4490:
3965:
3910:
3759:
3319:"Substitutes for Bear Bile for the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Research Progress and Future Perspective"
1332:
3370:"Preparation of ursodeoxycholic acid from 7-ketone lithocholic acid by stereoselective electroreduction"
1798:
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55:
3886:
6665:
6503:
6340:
5776:
5070:
4989:
4849:
4429:
3501:
472:
There are two alternative sources for bile from farmed bears, i.e. wild bears and synthetic sources.
3120:
Lajczak NK, Saint-Criq V, O'Dwyer AM, Perino A, Adorini L, Schoonjans K, Keely SJ (September 2017).
1498:
1410:
254:
uses an ultrasound imager to locate the gallbladder, which is then punctured and the bile extracted.
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6634:
6595:
6581:
6447:
6423:
6212:
5836:
5240:
5185:
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4361:
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4331:
4288:
4253:
3990:
3543:
2799:"Community attitudes towards bears, bear bile use, and bear conservation in Luang Prabang, Lao PDR"
2242:"Press Conference on Animal Welfare, Sponsored by the State Council Information Office(12/01/2006)"
956:
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products, compared to roughly 21% who listed quality or preferring different medicine as reasons.
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217:
1435:
Scotson, L.; Fredriksson, G.; Augeri, D.; Cheah, C.; Ngoprasert, D. & Wai-Ming, W. (2018) .
555:(UDCA). This can be synthesized using cow or pig bile, or even using no animal ingredients. The
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5725:
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1934:
1888:
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552:
417:
attempted to verify the story after it went viral, and concluded it likely did not happen.
228:
118:
5387:
3770:
Chinese government attends official opening of Animals Asia's Moon bear rescue centre ..."
868:
was one of the most successful bile extraction companies in China, paying some 10 million
8:
6613:
6560:
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5200:
5195:
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3507:
Tiger Bone & Rhino Horn: The Destruction of Wildlife for Traditional Chinese Medicine
2725:
2569:
1875:"A stated preference investigation into the Chinese demand for farmed vs. wild bear bile"
1678:
1210:
891:
540:
78:. Demand for the bile has been found in those nations as well as in some others, such as
3589:
3081:"Ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid exert anti-inflammatory actions in the colon"
2522:
2400:
1892:
1301:
247:
Several methods can be used to extract the bile. These all require surgery and include:
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3427:
3403:"Latest development in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA): a critical review"
3402:
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3011:
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2541:
2504:
2241:
2114:
1911:
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1850:
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1521:
1240:
1133:
1106:
691:
122:
90:
6627:
2880:"Chinese government reportedly recommending bear bile injections to treat coronavirus"
1475:
1387:
113:) and every other East Asian bear species are also used (the only exception being the
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2003:
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2503:
Moorhouse, T.P.; Dahlsjö, C.A.; Baker, S.E.; D'Cruze, N.C.; Macdonald, D.W. (2015).
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407:
160:
4994:
4839:
844:
Raw bile can sell for as much as US$ 24,000 per kg, about half the price of gold.
788:. It has been linked to regulation of immunoregulatory responses by regulation of
6455:
5563:
5517:
5512:
5362:
5327:
5312:
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5140:
5085:
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1901:
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728:
Bear bile products come in forms, including pill (top) and liquid (bottom) forms.
3873:
Asian bear farming: breaking the cycle of exploitation (warning: graphic images)
3772:
Animals Asia Foundation press release, December 2002, retrieved October 18, 2005
3563:
2450:"Hard to bear: An assessment of trade in bear bile and gall bladder in Malaysia"
2058:
1838:
480:
Bile from farmed bears is considered inferior to bile and gall from wild bears.
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4248:
4208:
4163:
4071:
3258:
3047:
2905:
2293:"The challenges and conservation implications of bear bile farming in Viet Nam"
2101:
2084:
930:
774:
646:
twice a day to collect a total of approximately 130 ml from each bear per day.
640:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
375:
3386:
3369:
3204:
O'Dwyer AM, Lajczak NK, Keyes JA, Ward JB, Greene CM, Keely SJ (August 2016).
2815:
2651:
2488:
2471:
2428:"Japan's illegal trade in bear products: A threat to bears worldwide (page 3)"
2311:
2292:
1033:
6763:
6673:
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3174:
3097:
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2700:
2336:
2320:
2007:
1484:
1445:
1434:
1396:
1057:
678:
587:
313:
5442:
1996:
The veterinary, behavioural and welfare implications of bear farming in Asia
5851:
5693:
5683:
5532:
5507:
5412:
5407:
5392:
5352:
5342:
5215:
5135:
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5095:
5035:
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4899:
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4734:
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4452:
4414:
4233:
4213:
4133:
3511:
3487:
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3354:
3335:
3231:
3182:
3147:
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3020:
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2550:
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2110:
2066:
1920:
1846:
1557:
1360:
1169:
1142:
925:
918:
869:
658:
had declined to 322 animals in 20 farms. Project Moon Bear, a South Korean
586:
In Japan, UDCA has been synthesised from cow galls, as a by-product of the
556:
536:
346:
260:
uses a tube entered into the gallbladder through the abdomen. According to
231:(UDCA); bears are the only mammals to produce significant amounts of UDCA.
3274:
3138:
3121:
3001:
1538:
1473:
1123:
6415:
5861:
5688:
5678:
5663:
5603:
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5337:
5307:
5282:
5220:
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4999:
4884:
4869:
4854:
4819:
4814:
4784:
4754:
4749:
4561:
4495:
4366:
4341:
4238:
4143:
4138:
1623:
114:
63:
51:
3206:"Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits TNFα-induced IL-8 release from monocytes"
2933:"Endangered Moon Bears Are Being Farmed in South Korea for a COVID Cure"
2677:"Laos: Authorities shut down bear farm that extracted the animal's bile"
2472:"Bear farms in Lao PDR expand illegally and fail to conserve wild bears"
1048:
58:
practitioners. It is estimated that 12,000 bears are farmed for bile in
6527:
6045:
5756:
5648:
5593:
5573:
5422:
5417:
5402:
5372:
5347:
5287:
5165:
5080:
5040:
4874:
4844:
4178:
4168:
4061:
3418:
2985:"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection"
2937:
2374:
1522:"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection"
1107:"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection"
896:
708:
492:
350:
106:
6620:
6479:
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5452:
5317:
5292:
5180:
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4904:
4556:
4356:
4263:
4243:
4153:
3210:
American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
3163:
American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
3085:
American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
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Gong, J. & Harris, R. B. (2006). "The status of bears in China".
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1879:
1741:"Detailed discussion of bears used in traditional Chinese medicine"
1306:
1105:
Feng Y, Siu K, Wang N, Ng KM, Tsao SW, Nagamatsu T, Tong Y (2009).
793:
789:
769:
Scientific studies have found components of bear bile to have some
758:
572:
564:
560:
528:
331:
274:
174:
98:
79:
3119:
551:
The pharmacologically active ingredient contained in bear bile is
188:
4485:
4439:
4098:
2401:"Couple seeks to end bear bile trade in Korea, build sanctuaries"
2156:
1188:. Japan Bear Network (compiler), Ibaraki, Japan. pp. 96–101.
745:
Examples of Bear Bile Products Seized by the Hong Kong Government
543:
are illegally poached for their gallbladders and paws each year.
292:
271:
206:
Bear bile and gallbladders, which store bile, are ingredients in
137:
71:
39:
24:
3895:
2773:"Bear Farms in South Korea: An End to Policy Deadlock in Sight?"
2502:
4036:
3938:
2693:
1333:"Pills, Powders, Vials and Flakes: the bear bile trade in Asia"
1236:"Folk remedy extracted from captive bears stirs furor in China"
1165:"Is the end of 'house of horror' bear bile factories in sight?"
719:
532:
3883:
3837:
2619:"Asian bear bile remedies: Traditional medicine or barbarism?"
1647:"Asian Bear Bile Remedies: Traditional Medicine or Barbarism?"
563:
and it is now being widely produced under brand names such as
121:). Both the Asiatic black bear and the sun bear are listed as
6114:
4700:
2721:"Vile: Illegal Trade in Bear Bile Flourishes throughout Asia"
2469:
2085:"Current status of animal welfare and animal rights in China"
1674:"Chinese doctors to call for 'cruel' bear farms to be closed"
829:
825:
803:
590:, since 1955. It is also produced in the U.S. by Ciba-Geigy.
380:
83:
75:
59:
47:
2244:. Embassy of the People's Republic of China. 1 December 2006
2184:"Suicide bear story likely false - but bile farming is real"
19:
5886:
3878:
3731:"Animal Rights Group to Turn Bear-Bile Farm into Sanctuary"
3203:
3078:
2906:"Covid-19: China pushes traditional remedies amid outbreak"
2297:
671:
568:
67:
43:
2855:
2704:. Vol. 157, no. 2115. p. 26. Archived from
1474:
McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D. & Michel, S.
1385:
507:
gallbladders and medicinal products containing bear bile.
3826:"New home for bile bears at the Bear Sanctuary Ninh Binh"
872:
in taxes. In 2012, the company tried to go public in the
4617:
University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
3862:
website which has video of conditions on bile bear farms
3661:
3611:"Thousands cry out online against bear farming in China"
3244:
1777:"Asian bear farming: breaking the cycle of exploitation"
3160:
2748:
An update on the bear bile trade in Peninsular Malaysia
398:
Academic sources have reported that bile bears exhibit
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Crudge, Brian; Nguyen, Trang; Cao, Tien Trung (2018).
1872:
1622:. Guinness Entertainment Pty Ltd. 2013. Archived from
89:
The bear species most commonly farmed for bile is the
6800:
Ethically disputed business practices towards animals
6141:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
3323:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
2694:
Parry-Jones, Rob; Vincent, Amanda (January 3, 1998).
1267:"Vietnamese urge Koreans not to travel for bear bile"
1183:
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SAHA, GOUTAM KUMAR; MAZUMDAR, SUBHENDU (2017-07-01).
902:
3703:"China bear bile farms stir anger among campaigners"
2959:"[현장K] "코로나엔 갓 뽑은 웅담"…반달곰 불법 도축·번식에 고기 섭취까지"
2797:
Sukanan, Darunee; Anthony, Brandon P. (2019-02-26).
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
277:
through the bear's abdomen and into the gallbladder.
1873:Dutton, A.J.; Hepburn, C.; Macdonald, D.W. (2011).
443:However, a 2007 veterinary report published by the
2333:
1218:
6761:
3996:List of international animal welfare conventions
2640:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
1186:Understanding Asian Bears to Secure Their Future
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483:
6293:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
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1260:
1258:
23:A bile bear in a "crush cage" on Huizhou Farm,
5724:
3766:, October 11, 2005, retrieved October 18, 2005
2796:
2465:
2463:
2448:Ling, L.S.; Burgess, E.A.; Chng, S.C. (2015).
1823:"China's bear farming and long-term solutions"
366:there are several indicators of poor welfare.
131:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3911:
3500:
2903:
2671:
2669:
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2470:Livingstone, E. & Shepherd, C.R. (2016).
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1264:
1104:
242:
16:Bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile
4001:Moral status of animals in the ancient world
2616:
2370:"Bear Farming and Trade in China and Taiwan"
1255:
1070:
317:Bears are commonly kept in extraction cages.
291:method involves making a permanent hole, or
5968:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
5912:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
3939:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)
3687:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2637:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2460:
2082:
1614:
1612:
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1199:
1197:
1195:
839:
621:World Society for the Protection of Animals
369:
3918:
3904:
3655:
3640:. News.163.com. 2012-02-23. Archived from
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2666:
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1377:
1233:
1039:Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte
420:
210:(TCM). Its first recorded use is found in
6115:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)
6052:Human Environment Animal Protection Party
3477:
3467:
3426:
3385:
3344:
3334:
3221:
3137:
3096:
3010:
3000:
2989:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
2832:
2814:
2803:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
2766:
2764:
2745:
2540:
2530:
2496:
2487:
2310:
2266:. World Animal Protection. Archived from
2100:
1910:
1900:
1827:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1666:
1570:
1547:
1537:
1526:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
1497:
1458:
1409:
1203:
1162:
1132:
1122:
1111:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
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992:Learn how and when to remove this message
393:
6173:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
4425:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
3630:
3578:
3557:
2605:
1820:
1738:
1734:
1609:
1564:
1192:
1034:"The use of insects in Tibetan medicine"
955:This article includes a list of general
824:gallbladders and the like could sell in
740:
312:
308:
18:
4016:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
3449:
2631:
2144:
2028:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1467:
1425:
1374:
1302:"BBC Test kit targets cruel bear trade"
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1074:WILDLIFE BIOLOGY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
496:farming industry in China and Vietnam.
379:welfare include growth retardation and
262:the Humane Society of the United States
153:Bear species farmed for collecting bile
6762:
4093:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
3033:
2770:
2761:
2581:
2579:
2213:The No-nonsense Guide to Animal Rights
1755:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
467:
252:Repeated percutaneous biliary drainage
6309:Political Animals and Animal Politics
6113:
5897:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
5822:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
5723:
4699:
4229:Concentrated animal feeding operation
4006:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
3961:Animal rights by country or territory
3937:
3899:
3728:
3616:International Fund for Animal Welfare
3400:
3367:
2856:Alicia Ngo; Shannon Randolph (2019).
2718:
2687:
2286:
2284:
2209:
2078:
2076:
2046:General and Comparative Endocrinology
1927:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1299:
1031:
6040:Animalist Party with the Environment
4322:Animal testing on non-human primates
3036:International Review of Neurobiology
2982:
2557:
1992:
1975:
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1149:
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614:
546:
46:, a digestive fluid produced by the
6464:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
4669:World Day for the End of Speciesism
2753:(Report). Petaling Jaya, Malaysia:
2576:
2435:Japan Wildlife Conservation Society
2256:
2152:"Mother bear kills cub then itself"
1638:
1573:"Implications of bear bile farming"
1485:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1446:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1397:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1293:
1091:
360:
42:kept in captivity to harvest their
13:
6785:Animal welfare and rights in China
6589:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
5932:United Activists for Animal Rights
5842:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
3976:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
3800:"Freeing China's Caged Bile Bears"
3792:
3786:Press Conference on Animal Welfare
3782:, 2000, retrieved October 18, 2005
3316:
2281:
2089:Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
2073:
1805:
961:it lacks sufficient corresponding
899:, a rice wine made with snake bile
866:Guizhentang Pharmaceutical company
660:nongovernmental organization (NGO)
605:
14:
6816:
6133:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
6093:Animal Rights National Conference
6016:Animal Protection Party of Canada
5973:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
5827:Chinese Animal Protection Network
5752:American Anti-Vivisection Society
5226:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
3981:Animal rights in Indian religions
3971:Animal rights and punk subculture
3925:
3818:
3588:. News.jinghua.cn. Archived from
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1206:"Inside a bear bile farm in Laos"
390:combination of these conditions.
6740:
6739:
6301:Animal Rights Without Liberation
5952:Voice for Animals Humane Society
4679:World Day for the End of Fishing
4674:World Day for Laboratory Animals
4104:Equal consideration of interests
3666:. Money.ycwb.com. Archived from
3638:"归真堂深圳门店遭"围观" 志愿者扮熊模仿被取胆_网易新闻中心"
1645:Kavoussi, Ben (March 24, 2011).
946:
924:
912:
718:
707:
698:
652:
187:
173:
159:
6022:Animal Justice Party of Finland
5907:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
5116:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
4704:(academics, writers, activists)
4597:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
3810:"Ending the bear bile industry"
3722:
3695:
3664:"归真堂创始人哭诉被陷害:早知道这样就不搞上市_理财_金羊网"
3603:
3551:
3528:
3494:
3443:
3394:
3361:
3310:
3281:
3238:
3197:
3154:
3113:
3072:
3027:
2976:
2951:
2924:
2897:
2872:
2849:
2790:
2757:Southeast Asia Regional Office.
2739:
2712:
2441:
2420:
2393:
2362:
2348:
2327:
2234:
2203:
2176:
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2125:
1949:
1791:
1694:
1583:
1513:
1348:
1325:
1314:from the original on 2009-01-15
1013:Asian Animal Protection Network
690:A 2019 survey published by the
6245:Animals, Property, and the Law
4317:Alternatives to animal testing
3986:Christianity and animal rights
3662:来源:新华网 发表时间:2012-02-28 11:13.
3374:Bioresources and Bioprocessing
2083:Lu J, Bayne K, Wang J (2013).
1177:
1064:
1025:
1006:
818:
450:
428:
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1:
5882:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
4587:Cambridge University primates
4119:Ethics of uncertain sentience
3729:HUANG, SHAOJIE (2014-04-16).
2931:Min Ji Koo (August 4, 2020).
937:
859:
600:
522:Poaching in the United States
484:Implications for conservation
475:
6805:Traditional Chinese medicine
5942:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
4087:Argument from marginal cases
3586:"业内人士称受舆论影响归真堂上市前景再生变数 _京华网"
3295:. 2019-02-25. Archived from
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2696:"Can we tame wild medicine?"
2532:10.1371/journal.pone.0138939
1902:10.1371/journal.pone.0021243
685:
270:involves pushing a steel or
225:Newly Revised Materia Medica
208:traditional Chinese medicine
7:
6229:Morals, Reason, and Animals
5857:Farm Animal Rights Movement
5807:Anonymous for the Voiceless
4491:International primate trade
3966:Anarchism and animal rights
3760:"Torment of the moon bears"
3247:Annals of Internal Medicine
2587:"Alternatives to bear bile"
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6349:Making a Stand for Animals
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5832:Cruelty Free International
5802:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
4327:Animal testing regulations
3259:10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-351
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755:National Health Commission
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459:
243:Methods of bile extraction
201:
56:traditional Asian medicine
6770:Animal glandular products
6735:
6708:
6655:
6605:
6545:
6538:
6504:The Ghosts in Our Machine
6359:
6341:Animal Ethics in the Wild
6124:
6120:
6109:
6085:
5996:
5960:
5777:Animal Legal Defense Fund
5744:
5737:
5733:
5719:
5556:
5275:
5268:
5071:William Hamilton Drummond
5013:
4722:
4713:
4709:
4695:
4656:
4635:
4574:
4524:
4466:
4438:
4430:Welfare of farmed insects
4375:
4307:
4199:
4192:
4057:Animal–industrial complex
4024:
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3944:
3933:
3838:"Animals Asia Foundation"
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3387:10.1186/s40643-015-0058-4
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6582:Journal of Animal Ethics
6448:Your Mommy Kills Animals
5837:Direct Action Everywhere
5241:Johann Heinrich Winckler
5186:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
4643:Direct Action Everywhere
4347:Huntingdon Life Sciences
4332:Labcorp Drug Development
4289:Feedback (pork industry)
4254:Intensive animal farming
3991:History of animal rights
3798:McLaughlin, Kathleen E.
3776:"The Trade in Bear Bile"
3544:Animal Welfare Institute
3536:"AWI Quarterly (page 5)"
3469:10.3389/fphar.2018.00939
3223:10.1152/ajpgi.00406.2015
3175:10.1152/ajpgi.00435.2016
3098:10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2016
851:
840:Raw bile and bile powder
433:
370:Physiological indicators
54:, which is used by some
6717:Holocaust on your Plate
6488:An Apology to Elephants
6269:Do Animals Have Rights?
6205:Animals, Men and Morals
6181:Better-World Philosophy
6058:Italian Animalist Party
5937:United Poultry Concerns
5892:Last Chance for Animals
5787:Animal Liberation Front
5674:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
4159:Replaceability argument
4077:Animal-free agriculture
3843:Animals Asia Foundation
3813:World Animal Protection
3804:San Francisco Chronicle
3780:World Animal Protection
3368:Huang, Xiaomei (2015).
2780:International Bear News
2189:Animals Asia Foundation
2131:U.S. Embassy of China:
1962:Animals Asia Foundation
1596:Animals Asia Foundation
1591:"End Bear Bile Farming"
976:more precise citations.
887:Animals Asia Foundation
874:Shenzhen stock exchange
810:
665:
632:World Animal Protection
500:World Animal Protection
445:Animals Asia Foundation
421:Longevity and mortality
349:of each front digit is
117:which does not produce
6690:Salvation of Innocents
6237:Zoos and Animal Rights
5812:Beauty Without Cruelty
5772:Animal Justice Project
5106:John Zephaniah Holwell
4760:Stephen St. C. Bostock
4337:Great ape research ban
3956:Animal rights movement
3289:"Bear bile, explained"
2624:Science-Based Medicine
2378:. 1994. Archived from
2138:June 17, 2008, at the
1993:Maas, Barbara (2000).
1775:Isaccs, J. R. (2013).
1652:Science Based medicine
1492:: e.T41688A121229971.
1404:: e.T22824A166528664.
1265:Gwang-lip, M. (2009).
1204:MacGregor, F. (2010).
1018:July 22, 2012, at the
786:gastrointestinal tract
746:
595:Kaibao Pharmaceuticals
394:Behavioural indicators
318:
258:Permanent implantation
28:
6709:Fairs and exhibitions
6596:The Animals' Defender
6568:Cahiers antispécistes
6496:Speciesism: The Movie
6317:Animal (De)liberation
6277:Striking at the Roots
6189:The Universal Kinship
6149:The Rights of Animals
6070:People Animals Nature
6064:Party for the Animals
5877:In Defense of Animals
5639:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
5026:David Renaud Boullier
4612:Silver Spring monkeys
4511:Wild animal suffering
4420:Pain in invertebrates
4259:Intensive pig farming
4149:Opposition to hunting
4114:Ethics of eating meat
3401:Tonin, Fabio (2018).
3139:10.1096/fj.201601365R
3002:10.1186/1746-4269-5-2
2771:Powell, J.; Choi, T.
2617:Kavoussi, B. (2001).
1539:10.1186/1746-4269-5-2
1453:: e.T9760A123798233.
1124:10.1186/1746-4269-5-2
744:
316:
309:Housing and husbandry
22:
6325:Sentientist Politics
6253:The Lives of Animals
6004:Animal Justice Party
5817:Born Free Foundation
5654:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
5528:Wendy Turner-Webster
5236:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
4458:Recreational fishing
4299:Ventilation shutdown
4067:Animal protectionism
4047:Animal consciousness
3871:mongobay.com :
3407:Beilstein J Org Chem
3336:10.1155/2016/4305074
2983:Feng, Yibin (2009).
2719:Platt, John (2011).
2708:on October 15, 2007.
2570:Simon & Schuster
2264:"Bear bile industry"
2218:New Internationalist
1272:Korea JoongAng Daily
736:ursodeoxycholic acid
553:ursodeoxycholic acid
541:American black bears
535:led police to bring
229:ursodeoxycholic acid
6790:Asiatic black bears
6749:( 139 )
6575:Etica & Animali
6561:Between the Species
6285:An American Trilogy
5978:Humanitarian League
5589:Frances Power Cobbe
5201:Arthur Schopenhauer
5196:Henry Stephens Salt
5076:Edward Payson Evans
4770:Stephen R. L. Clark
4627:War of the currents
4516:Wildlife management
4410:Pain in crustaceans
4405:Pain in cephalopods
3560:"Bear gall bladder"
3299:on November 1, 2019
2726:Scientific American
2593:on December 7, 2021
2564:Neme, L.A. (2009).
2523:2015PLoSO..1038939M
2133:"Bile Bear Report."
1893:2011PLoSO...621243D
1679:The Daily Telegraph
1439:Helarctos malayanus
1356:"Bear Bile Farming"
1234:Jacobs, A. (2013).
1211:The Daily Telegraph
1049:10.4000/emscat.3994
892:Free the Bears Fund
468:Alternative sources
400:abnormal behaviours
345:in which the third
103:Helarctos malayanus
34:, sometimes called
6795:Cruelty to animals
6512:Unlocking the Cage
6333:Wild Animal Ethics
6157:The Ethics of Diet
6034:Animalist Movement
6010:Animal Politics EU
5922:Sentience Politics
5548:That Vegan Teacher
5161:Siobhan O'Sullivan
5146:José Ferrater Mora
4955:Steve F. Sapontzis
4448:Commercial fishing
4400:Pain in amphibians
4390:Cruelty to animals
4362:Operation Backfire
4201:Animal agriculture
4109:Emotion in animals
3889:2021-06-10 at the
3736:The New York Times
3419:10.3762/bjoc.14.33
2746:Gomez, L. (2019).
2164:on August 13, 2011
1571:Bacon, H. (2008).
1300:Black, R. (2007).
1241:The New York Times
1163:Hance, J. (2015).
747:
692:Claremont Colleges
319:
166:Asiatic black bear
91:Asiatic black bear
50:and stored in the
29:
6757:
6756:
6750:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6698:Onward to Freedom
6666:Animal Liberation
6651:
6650:
6472:Forks Over Knives
6424:Peaceable Kingdom
6384:Shores of Silence
6376:A Cow at My Table
6261:Eternal Treblinka
6213:Animal Liberation
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
5992:
5991:
5927:Uncaged Campaigns
5902:Mercy for Animals
5867:Great Ape Project
5782:Animal Liberation
5728:(groups, parties)
5715:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5614:Elizabeth Farians
5523:Christine Townend
5463:Heather Nicholson
5388:Brigitte Gothière
5378:Antoine Goetschel
5264:
5263:
4925:Charles Patterson
4830:Gary L. Francione
4805:Josephine Donovan
4795:Daniel Dombrowski
4775:Alasdair Cochrane
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4570:
4569:
4501:Predation problem
4385:Animal euthanasia
4294:Foam depopulation
4129:Insects in ethics
3762:by Pat Sinclair,
3558:Zhao, D. (2013).
3521:978-1-59726-953-7
3057:978-0-12-811779-8
2227:978-1-904456-40-7
1821:Li, P.J. (2004).
1739:Tsai, L. (2008).
1084:978-81-203-5313-8
1002:
1001:
994:
771:anti-inflammatory
615:Farmed population
547:Synthetic sources
129:published by the
6812:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6554:Animal Sentience
6543:
6542:
6408:Legally Blonde 2
6368:The Animals Film
6122:
6121:
6111:
6110:
5917:Rise for Animals
5742:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5721:
5720:
5584:Edith Carrington
5488:Craig Rosebraugh
5448:Virginia McKenna
5438:Jo-Anne McArthur
5368:Juliet Gellatley
5273:
5272:
5231:Mary Anne Warren
5171:Humphrey Primatt
5156:Edward Nicholson
5126:Charles R. Magel
5091:Thomas G. Gentry
4950:Richard D. Ryder
4890:Thomas Lepeltier
4720:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4697:
4696:
4664:World Animal Day
4622:Unnecessary Fuss
4582:Brown Dog affair
4552:Animals in sport
4542:Animal slaughter
4537:Animal sacrifice
4476:Culling wildlife
4279:Wildlife farming
4197:
4196:
4042:Animal cognition
4011:Total liberation
3946:
3945:
3935:
3934:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3884:TheBearTruth.org
3853:
3851:
3850:
3833:
3806:, April 25, 2005
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3739:. Archived from
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3566:on July 23, 2013
3562:. Archived from
3555:
3549:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3456:Front. Pharmacol
3447:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3338:
3317:Li, Sha (2016).
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3169:(3): G378–G387.
3158:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3132:(9): 3848–3857.
3117:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3091:(6): G550–G558.
3076:
3070:
3069:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2614:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2517:(10): e0138939.
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2406:The Korea Herald
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2148:
2142:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2104:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2010:. Archived from
2001:
1990:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1818:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1772:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1736:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1620:"Cages of shame"
1616:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:Veterinary Times
1568:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1390:Ursus thibetanus
1383:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1231:
1216:
1215:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1029:
1023:
1010:
997:
990:
986:
983:
977:
972:this article by
963:inline citations
950:
949:
942:
929:
928:
917:
916:
915:
908:
779:hepatoprotective
722:
711:
361:Welfare concerns
221:
191:
177:
163:
97:), although the
95:Ursus thibetanus
6820:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6780:Animal products
6760:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6723:
6704:
6647:
6628:Muutoksen kevät
6601:
6534:
6440:Behind the Mask
6355:
6165:Animals' Rights
6116:
6097:
6081:
5988:
5956:
5729:
5703:
5564:Cleveland Amory
5552:
5518:Darren Thurston
5513:Marianne Thieme
5363:Bruce Friedrich
5328:Joey Carbstrong
5313:Brigitte Bardot
5260:
5251:Jon Wynne-Tyson
5141:J. Howard Moore
5086:John Galsworthy
5066:Wilhelm Dietler
5009:
5005:Corey Lee Wrenn
4915:Martha Nussbaum
4825:Lawrence Finsen
4765:Paola Cavalieri
4740:Kristin Andrews
4715:
4705:
4683:
4652:
4631:
4566:
4520:
4462:
4434:
4395:Pain in animals
4371:
4303:
4269:Poultry farming
4188:
4020:
3940:
3929:
3924:
3891:Wayback Machine
3848:
3846:
3836:
3824:
3821:
3795:
3793:Further reading
3756:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3727:
3723:
3714:
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3700:
3696:
3680:
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3647:
3645:
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3631:
3622:
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3609:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3583:
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3569:
3567:
3556:
3552:
3538:
3534:
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3529:
3522:
3499:
3495:
3448:
3444:
3399:
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3366:
3362:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3287:
3286:
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3243:
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3202:
3198:
3159:
3155:
3118:
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3077:
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2349:
2332:
2328:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2140:Wayback Machine
2130:
2126:
2081:
2074:
2040:
2029:
2020:
2018:
2014:
1999:
1991:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1937:. June 19, 2012
1933:
1932:
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1871:
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1773:
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1695:
1685:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1626:on May 24, 2019
1618:
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1193:
1182:
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1161:
1150:
1103:
1092:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1030:
1026:
1020:Wayback Machine
1011:
1007:
998:
987:
981:
978:
968:Please help to
967:
951:
947:
940:
935:
923:
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911:
903:
883:
862:
854:
842:
821:
813:
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731:
730:
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725:
724:
723:
714:
713:
712:
701:
688:
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655:
629:
617:
608:
606:Wild population
603:
549:
524:
486:
478:
470:
462:
453:
436:
431:
423:
408:self-mutilation
396:
372:
363:
311:
268:Catheterization
245:
215:
204:
199:
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197:
196:
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192:
183:
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169:
168:
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155:
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6533:
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6524:
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6492:
6484:
6476:
6468:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6404:
6400:Meet Your Meat
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6356:
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6353:
6345:
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6313:
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6289:
6281:
6273:
6265:
6257:
6249:
6241:
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6225:
6217:
6209:
6201:
6197:The New Ethics
6193:
6185:
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6169:
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6153:
6145:
6137:
6128:
6126:
6118:
6117:
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6096:
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6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6028:Animals' Party
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5970:
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5849:
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5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5797:AnimaNaturalis
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5767:Animal Justice
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5730:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5699:Gretchen Wyler
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5629:Lewis Gompertz
5626:
5621:
5619:Emarel Freshel
5616:
5611:
5609:Muriel Dowding
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5543:Gary Yourofsky
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5458:Ingrid Newkirk
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5398:Charlotte Laws
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5323:Yves Bonnardel
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5298:Martin Balluch
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Steven M. Wise
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5191:Bernard Rollin
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Leonard Nelson
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5056:Herman Daggett
5053:
5048:
5046:Priscilla Cohn
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Jeremy Bentham
5017:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4935:Jessica Pierce
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4865:Kyle Johannsen
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4790:David DeGrazia
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4730:Carol J. Adams
4726:
4724:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Pit of despair
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Abandoned pets
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4377:Animal welfare
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4352:Model organism
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4309:Animal testing
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:Working animal
4281:
4276:
4274:Slaughterhouse
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4249:Insect farming
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Animal product
4205:
4203:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:Sentiocentrism
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Animal welfare
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3854:
3834:
3820:
3819:External links
3817:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3773:
3767:
3754:
3753:
3721:
3694:
3654:
3629:
3602:
3577:
3550:
3527:
3520:
3493:
3442:
3393:
3360:
3309:
3280:
3253:(3): 351–356.
3237:
3216:(2): G334–41.
3196:
3153:
3112:
3071:
3056:
3026:
2975:
2950:
2923:
2896:
2871:
2862:EnviroLab Asia
2848:
2789:
2760:
2738:
2711:
2686:
2683:on 2013-02-03.
2665:
2630:
2604:
2575:
2556:
2495:
2482:(1): 176–184.
2459:
2440:
2419:
2392:
2361:
2347:
2326:
2305:(2): 252–259.
2280:
2255:
2233:
2226:
2202:
2192:. October 2014
2175:
2143:
2124:
2095:(5): 351–357.
2072:
2027:
1974:
1948:
1926:
1860:
1804:
1790:
1779:. Mongabay.com
1754:
1710:
1693:
1682:. Aug 28, 2011
1665:
1637:
1608:
1582:
1563:
1512:
1466:
1424:
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1324:
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921:
901:
900:
894:
889:
882:
879:
861:
858:
853:
850:
841:
838:
820:
817:
812:
809:
775:anti-microbial
766:
763:
727:
726:
717:
716:
715:
706:
705:
704:
703:
702:
700:
697:
687:
684:
667:
664:
654:
651:
628:
625:
616:
613:
607:
604:
602:
599:
548:
545:
523:
520:
485:
482:
477:
474:
469:
466:
461:
458:
452:
449:
435:
432:
430:
427:
422:
419:
395:
392:
376:corticosteroid
371:
368:
362:
359:
310:
307:
303:
302:
296:
285:
278:
265:
255:
244:
241:
203:
200:
193:
186:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
170:
165:
158:
157:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6817:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6746:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:Tame Yourself
6671:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6635:No Compromise
6632:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6136:(3rd century)
6135:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6108:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6066:(Netherlands)
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Animal Rising
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Animal Ethics
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Jessie Mackay
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:James Granger
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5569:Henry B. Amos
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Louise Wallis
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Kim Stallwood
5501:
5499:
5498:Jasmin Singer
5496:
5494:
5493:Nathan Runkle
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:David Olivier
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:John Feldmann
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:Aymeric Caron
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:Carole Baskin
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Laurids Smith
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:James Rachels
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:John Lawrence
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Brigid Brophy
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Tatjana Višak
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:David Sztybel
4983:
4981:
4980:Cass Sunstein
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Mark Rowlands
4943:
4941:
4940:Evelyn Pluhar
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:Andrew Linzey
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Will Kymlicka
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Dale Jamieson
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Valéry Giroux
4838:
4836:
4835:Robert Garner
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Sue Donaldson
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:J. M. Coetzee
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:Tom Beauchamp
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4648:Hunt sabotage
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:Methodologies
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Hare coursing
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
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4232:
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4227:
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4224:Chick culling
4222:
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4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
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4198:
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4184:Vegetarianism
4182:
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4082:Anthrozoology
4080:
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4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
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4055:
4053:
4052:Animal ethics
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4017:
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3927:Animal rights
3921:
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3888:
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3882:
3880:
3879:MoonBears.org
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3839:
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3831:
3830:Four-paws.org
3827:
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3808:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3743:on 2020-10-27
3742:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3670:on 2012-06-26
3669:
3665:
3658:
3644:on 2012-06-25
3643:
3639:
3633:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3592:on 2015-06-08
3591:
3587:
3581:
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3561:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3531:
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3517:
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3509:
3508:
3503:
3502:Richard Ellis
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3126:FASEB Journal
3123:
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2702:
2701:New Scientist
2697:
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2423:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2382:on 2015-06-25
2381:
2377:
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2371:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2337:New Scientist
2330:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2270:on 2016-02-14
2269:
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2259:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2223:
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2215:
2214:
2206:
2191:
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2185:
2179:
2163:
2159:
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2147:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2128:
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2108:
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2098:
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2079:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2017:on 2015-09-22
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:(7): e21243.
1886:
1882:
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1876:
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909:
906:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
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884:
878:
875:
871:
867:
864:In 2010, the
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
831:
827:
816:
808:
805:
800:
797:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
762:
760:
756:
751:
743:
739:
737:
721:
710:
699:Bile products
696:
693:
683:
680:
679:Luang Prabang
675:
673:
663:
661:
650:
647:
643:
641:
636:
633:
624:
622:
612:
598:
596:
591:
589:
588:meat industry
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
544:
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538:
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530:
519:
516:
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367:
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148:
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108:
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100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:battery bears
33:
26:
21:
6715:
6696:
6688:
6680:
6672:
6664:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6526:
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6510:
6502:
6494:
6486:
6478:
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6462:
6454:
6446:
6438:
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6422:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6267:
6259:
6251:
6243:
6235:
6227:
6219:
6211:
6203:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6147:
6139:
6131:
5984:Oxford Group
5852:Every Animal
5745:Contemporary
5694:Andrew Tyler
5684:Nell Shipman
5624:André Géraud
5533:Jerry Vlasak
5508:Lynda Stoner
5483:Alex Pacheco
5413:Evanna Lynch
5408:Howard Lyman
5393:Wayne Hsiung
5353:Chris DeRose
5343:Rod Coronado
5276:Contemporary
5216:Thomas Tryon
5136:Mary Midgley
5131:Jean Meslier
5111:Soame Jenyns
5101:John Hildrop
5096:Arthur Helps
5061:Richard Dean
5036:Peter Buchan
4975:Gary Steiner
4970:Peter Singer
4965:Jérôme Segal
4930:David Pearce
4920:Clare Palmer
4910:David Nibert
4900:Clair Linzey
4810:Joan Dunayer
4735:Aysha Akhtar
4723:Contemporary
4592:McLibel case
4547:Animal trial
4506:Seal hunting
4468:Wild animals
4453:Fishing bait
4415:Pain in fish
4234:Fish farming
4218:
4214:Battery cage
4134:Meat paradox
4091:
4032:Abolitionism
3872:
3847:. Retrieved
3841:
3829:
3803:
3764:The Guardian
3763:
3745:. Retrieved
3741:the original
3734:
3724:
3713:. Retrieved
3711:. 2012-03-01
3706:
3697:
3672:. Retrieved
3668:the original
3657:
3646:. Retrieved
3642:the original
3632:
3621:. Retrieved
3614:
3605:
3594:. Retrieved
3590:the original
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3564:the original
3553:
3542:
3530:
3512:Island Press
3506:
3496:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3301:. Retrieved
3297:the original
3292:
3283:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3039:
3035:
3029:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2967:. Retrieved
2962:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2936:
2926:
2915:. Retrieved
2909:
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2886:. 2020-03-23
2883:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2783:
2779:
2741:
2730:. Retrieved
2724:
2714:
2706:the original
2699:
2689:
2681:the original
2646:(1): 55–77.
2643:
2639:
2633:
2622:
2597:February 13,
2595:. Retrieved
2591:the original
2565:
2559:
2514:
2508:
2498:
2479:
2475:
2443:
2434:
2422:
2411:. Retrieved
2409:. 2016-07-12
2404:
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2373:
2364:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2302:
2296:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:the original
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2236:
2212:
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2155:
2146:
2127:
2092:
2088:
2050:
2044:
2019:. Retrieved
2012:the original
1995:
1966:. Retrieved
1960:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1929:
1884:
1878:
1833:(1): 71–81.
1830:
1826:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1747:February 12,
1745:. Retrieved
1703:
1696:
1686:February 10,
1684:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1658:February 10,
1656:. Retrieved
1650:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1600:. Retrieved
1594:
1585:
1576:
1566:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1489:
1483:
1478:Ursus arctos
1477:
1469:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1415:. Retrieved
1401:
1395:
1389:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:Animals Asia
1359:
1350:
1339:
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1305:
1295:
1270:
1245:. Retrieved
1239:
1209:
1185:
1179:
1170:The Guardian
1168:
1114:
1110:
1073:
1066:
1037:
1027:
1008:
988:
979:
960:
863:
855:
846:
843:
834:
822:
814:
801:
798:
783:
768:
752:
748:
733:
689:
676:
669:
656:
648:
644:
637:
630:
618:
609:
592:
585:
557:generic drug
550:
537:racketeering
525:
517:
513:
509:
505:
498:
491:
487:
479:
471:
463:
454:
441:
437:
424:
415:Animals Asia
412:
404:stereotypies
397:
388:
385:
373:
364:
356:
340:
336:
328:
324:
320:
304:
298:
288:
281:
267:
257:
251:
246:
237:
233:
224:
213:Tang Ban Cao
211:
205:
146:
142:
135:
111:Ursus arctos
110:
102:
94:
88:
35:
31:
30:
6539:Periodicals
6416:The Meatrix
6392:The Witness
6006:(Australia)
5980:(1891–1919)
5862:Faunalytics
5689:Henry Spira
5679:Hans Ruesch
5669:Jill Phipps
5664:Norm Phelps
5644:Barry Horne
5604:Royal Dixon
5599:Karen Davis
5579:Ernest Bell
5473:Ric O'Barry
5468:Jack Norris
5433:Dan Mathews
5338:Jake Conroy
5308:Barbi Twins
5283:James Aspey
5221:Gary Varner
5211:John Styles
5051:Henry Crowe
5000:Paul Waldau
4990:Michael Tye
4885:Renan Larue
4870:Melanie Joy
4855:Oscar Horta
4850:John Hadley
4820:Catia Faria
4815:Mylan Engel
4785:Alice Crary
4755:Steven Best
4750:Marc Bekoff
4716:and writers
4657:Observances
4562:Live export
4496:Ivory trade
4367:Vivisection
4342:Green Scare
4239:Fur farming
4144:Open rescue
4139:Nonviolence
3413:: 470–483.
3042:: 149–180.
2965:(in Korean)
2786:(3): 28–31.
2344:(2115): 26.
2248:18 December
1505:12 November
1417:12 November
982:August 2011
974:introducing
819:Gallbladder
653:South Korea
451:South Korea
429:Legislation
282:full-jacket
216: [
115:giant panda
64:South Korea
52:gallbladder
6764:Categories
6528:Seaspiracy
6432:Earthlings
6072:(Portugal)
6046:DierAnimal
5961:Historical
5757:Animal Aid
5649:Marie Huot
5594:Joan Court
5574:Bob Barker
5557:Historical
5443:Luísa Mell
5423:Keith Mann
5418:Bill Maher
5403:Ronnie Lee
5373:Tal Gilboa
5348:Karen Dawn
5288:Greg Avery
5166:Rod Preece
5081:T. Forster
5041:Mona Caird
5014:Historical
4875:Hilda Kean
4845:Lori Gruen
4179:Vegaphobia
4169:Speciesism
4062:Animal law
3849:2017-09-29
3747:2020-10-24
3715:2020-10-24
3674:2012-02-28
3648:2012-02-27
3623:2020-10-24
3596:2012-02-27
3570:October 8,
3303:2020-01-09
2969:2021-06-06
2944:2021-06-06
2938:Vice Media
2917:2021-06-06
2890:2021-06-06
2732:2020-10-24
2413:2020-10-24
2386:2020-10-24
2375:Earthtrust
2274:2016-02-13
2196:2020-10-24
2053:: 97–106.
2021:2019-09-07
1968:2017-09-29
1957:"Overview"
1783:October 8,
1630:October 8,
1602:2017-09-29
1367:2020-10-23
1318:2010-01-01
1247:October 8,
957:references
938:References
897:Snake wine
860:Businesses
832:or China.
601:Statistics
493:Earthtrust
476:Wild bears
194:Brown bear
123:Vulnerable
107:brown bear
32:Bile bears
6682:Manifesto
6621:Bite Back
6606:Magazines
6480:Vegucated
6078:(Germany)
6076:V-Partei³
6054:(Germany)
6048:(Belgium)
6024:(Finland)
5847:Equanimal
5453:Morrissey
5428:Jim Mason
5383:Mark Gold
5318:Gene Baur
5293:Matt Ball
5269:Activists
5181:Tom Regan
4960:Jeff Sebo
4905:Dan Lyons
4714:Academics
4702:Advocates
4557:Live food
4357:Nafovanny
4264:Livestock
4244:Fur trade
4219:Bile bear
4154:Personism
3949:Overviews
3267:0003-4819
2868:: 21, 22.
2825:1746-4269
2809:(1): 15.
2660:153660795
2321:0030-6053
2168:10 August
2008:183098084
1214:. London.
1058:0766-5075
794:defensins
790:cytokines
781:effects.
593:In 2014,
374:Elevated
351:amputated
343:declawing
289:free drip
6745:Category
6614:Arkangel
6546:Journals
6520:Dominion
6456:The Cove
6086:Activism
6030:(Sweden)
6018:(Canada)
6012:(Europe)
5726:Movement
5256:Voltaire
4174:Veganism
4124:Ethology
4025:Concepts
3887:Archived
3708:BBC News
3683:cite web
3504:(2005).
3488:30319399
3437:29520309
3355:27087822
3329:: 1–10.
3232:27340129
3183:29351391
3148:28487283
3107:28360029
3066:28807157
3021:19138420
2911:BBC News
2884:Mongabay
2843:30808395
2551:26489092
2510:PLOS One
2136:Archived
2119:27944352
2111:24329743
2067:23416358
1941:July 21,
1921:21799733
1880:PLOS One
1855:11451648
1847:15066772
1558:19138420
1312:Archived
1307:BBC News
1281:cite web
1143:19138420
1117:(1): 2.
1016:Archived
881:See also
765:Efficacy
759:COVID-19
753:China's
573:Ursofalk
565:Actigall
561:Ursodiol
559:name is
529:Virginia
402:such as
332:delicacy
275:catheter
180:Sun bear
99:sun bear
80:Malaysia
6060:(Italy)
6042:(Spain)
6036:(Italy)
5997:Parties
4486:Hunting
4440:Fishing
4099:Carnism
3867:website
3547:. 2002.
3479:6168039
3462:: 939.
3428:5827811
3346:4819118
3293:Animals
3275:7051912
3191:3767047
3012:2630947
2834:6390540
2755:Traffic
2542:4619427
2519:Bibcode
2454:Traffic
2437:. 2002.
2157:AsiaOne
1912:3140486
1889:Bibcode
1549:2630947
1344:. 2011.
1341:Traffic
1134:2630947
970:improve
931:Animals
905:Portals
686:Vietnam
581:Ursotan
577:Ursogal
460:Vietnam
456:Korea.
347:phalanx
299:Removal
293:fistula
272:perspex
202:History
138:fistula
125:on the
76:Myanmar
72:Vietnam
27:, China
25:Huizhou
6747:
6720:(2003)
6701:(2014)
6693:(2014)
6685:(2008)
6677:(1991)
6669:(1987)
6657:Albums
6531:(2021)
6523:(2018)
6515:(2016)
6507:(2013)
6499:(2013)
6491:(2013)
6483:(2011)
6475:(2011)
6467:(2009)
6459:(2009)
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6403:(2002)
6395:(2000)
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6379:(1998)
6371:(1981)
6352:(2022)
6344:(2022)
6336:(2020)
6328:(2018)
6320:(2016)
6312:(2014)
6304:(2012)
6296:(2010)
6288:(2009)
6280:(2008)
6272:(2005)
6264:(2001)
6256:(1999)
6248:(1995)
6240:(1993)
6232:(1987)
6224:(1983)
6216:(1975)
6208:(1971)
6200:(1907)
6192:(1906)
6184:(1899)
6176:(1897)
6168:(1892)
6160:(1883)
6152:(1838)
6144:(1824)
5738:Groups
4193:Issues
4037:Ahimsa
3619:. 2012
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6642:Satya
6360:Films
6125:Books
5947:Viva!
4575:Cases
4525:Other
3860:ESDAW
3539:(PDF)
3187:S2CID
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2751:(PDF)
2656:S2CID
2431:(PDF)
2115:S2CID
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2000:(PDF)
1851:S2CID
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1336:(PDF)
919:China
852:Pills
830:Tibet
826:Seoul
804:China
777:, or
627:China
434:China
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60:China
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40:bears
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3351:PMID
3327:2016
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2170:2011
2107:PMID
2063:PMID
2004:OCLC
1943:2014
1917:PMID
1843:PMID
1785:2013
1749:2016
1704:新修本草
1688:2016
1660:2016
1632:2013
1554:PMID
1507:2021
1490:2017
1451:2017
1419:2021
1402:2020
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1249:2013
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1079:ISBN
1054:ISSN
870:yuan
811:Cost
672:Laos
666:Laos
619:The
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569:Urso
287:The
280:The
119:UDCA
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68:Laos
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