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31:
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631:
305:
600:
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273:
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432:, where procedure indicates a qualified majority vote, requires a double majority of at least 55% of EU member states and 65% of EU population to adopt Commission proposals. This increases to 72% of EU member states and 65% of EU population when the proposal originates from a member state.
488:
Since 1945, France and Great
Britain have often acted alone in defence policy matters while Germany and Italy have preferred to act within the framework of international organisations. For example, France, Germany, Italy and the UK were the EU countries represented in the
103:, which enables any one of them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support. The United Kingdom is the only country of the Big Four which is not a member state of the
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465:(1939–1945) saw the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France and China fighting against Germany, Italy and Japan. The defeat of the
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to begin the process to leave the EU, which concluded on 31 January 2020. The G4 now consists of the UK and the new
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211:
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Acknowledging the Existence of a Big Four-US Directoire at the Heart of the European Union
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Handbook on the European Union and International Institutions: Performance, Policy, Power
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in Syria, while
Germany and Italy prefer to give military aid and to send training troops.
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614:
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McCain-Nelson, Colleen; Meichtry, Stacy; Thomas, Andrea (25 April 2014).
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along with France, the United
Kingdom and the United States in 1975.
182:), or with other leaders, on international issues. With US President
1008:"Obama discusses further Syrian intervention with European leaders"
951:. The Milwaukee Sentinel. International News Service. pp. 1–2.
736:
569:
131:. They have been referred to as the "Big Four of Europe" since the
811:
Jørgensen, Knud Erik; Laatikainen, Katie Verlin (1 January 2013).
1031:"Obama, Europe Leaders to Impose More Russia Sanctions -- Update"
776:
636:
630:
310:
170:
The leaders of the four countries usually have a series of joint
80:
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Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide
1230:
Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century
605:
599:
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115:. France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom are considered
108:
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1335:. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 27 June 2016
1118:"British PM Cameron joins Ebola talks with US President Obama"
138:
The term G4 was used for the first time when French President
963:"RFI - Rescue of German bank falls through, G4 summit closes"
667:
661:
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342:
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461:, were involved in a policy of appeasement towards Germany.
154:
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142:
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123:
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Refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom
160:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
576:
that have retaken a leading role in Europe following
162:
describes them as the "Four Big European Countries".
810:
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1142:Stewart, Heather; Wintour, Patrick (4 March 2016).
804:"EU's 'big four' speak as one ahead of G7 in Tokyo"
1061:"Renzi calls for ceasefire as Italians flee Libya"
493:, but only France and the UK are directly bombing
1005:
548:of various entities such as NATO and the G7/G20.
1351:
942:
912:
445:(1919–1939), when the four countries signed the
366:
1282:"EU divided on answer to Brexit 'wake up call'"
868:
453:. Britain and France, permanent members of the
1141:
188:Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
1303:"Meet the (divided) committee to save Europe"
583:
473:, where the five victorious countries of the
91:. France and the United Kingdom are official
938:
936:
574:founding members of the European Communities
913:Kirchner, Emil J.; Sperling, James (2007).
566:Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
1253:
933:
833:"Leading indicators and tendency surveys"
801:
457:' executive council along with Italy and
301:
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1380:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
847:
802:Mallinder, Lorraine (30 January 2008).
572:(Germany, France and Italy), the large
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943:Hillman, William (30 September 1938).
578:the decision of the UK to leave the EU
1226:
945:"Big Four of Europe Sign Munich Pact"
1183:. General Secretariat of the Council
1116:Woodcock, Andrew (15 October 2014).
558:European Union membership referendum
423:
226:, they discussed, for example, the
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1006:Martinez, Michael (16 June 2013).
869:Lichfield, John (3 October 2008).
216:2014 American intervention in Iraq
186:, for example, they discussed the
14:
1391:
848:Debaere, Peter (11 August 2015).
469:resulted in the formation of the
1227:Nolan, Janne (1 December 2010).
762:Germany–United Kingdom relations
721:
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629:
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598:
590:
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208:post-civil war violence in Libya
29:
1360:Geography of the European Union
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1233:. Brookings Institution Press.
1220:
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1177:"Voting calculator - Consilium"
1169:
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1063:. M.thelocal.it. Archived from
752:France–United Kingdom relations
1053:
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977:
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871:"EU 'Big Four' in bailout row"
793:
767:Italy–United Kingdom relations
117:major European economic powers
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1254:Goldstein, Joshua S. (2011).
787:
233:
1370:Foreign relations of Germany
228:Vienna peace talks for Syria
212:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
200:Russian annexation of Crimea
7:
1365:Foreign relations of France
714:
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1375:Foreign relations of Italy
919:. Routledge. p. 265.
584:Current government leaders
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222:. With Russian President
198:during the conflict, the
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747:France–Germany relations
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1181:www.consilium.europa.eu
1035:The Wall Street Journal
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252:Share of EU population
204:international sanctions
113:referendum held in 2016
111:in 2020, pursuant to a
742:France–Italy relations
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172:video conference calls
150:and German Chancellor
729:European Union portal
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481:and took part in the
93:nuclear-weapon states
900:20 June 2012 at the
430:Council of EU voting
259:(2014-2020) (€ mil)
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109:ended its membership
220:Ebola virus disease
1097:on 19 October 2014
1067:on 28 January 2015
562:British government
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1333:mobile.abc.net.au
1091:Europa Quotidiano
526:2014 Wales summit
508:with EU4 leaders
491:Syria peace talks
455:League of Nations
433:
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1095:the original
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1260:. Penguin.
1203:"EU budget"
1122:Independent
1045:26 December
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772:Great power
642:Olaf Scholz
524:during the
467:Axis powers
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348:60,782,668
316:80,716,000
284:66,616,416
249:Population
1354:Categories
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1071:13 October
1014:13 October
991:13 October
969:13 October
880:13 October
839:13 October
835:. Oecd.org
788:References
646:Chancellor
564:triggered
538:NATO Quint
234:Statistics
180:NATO Quint
1339:7 October
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777:G6 (EU)
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413:64.24%
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391:15.95%
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351:13.58%
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178:(see
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1262:ISBN
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