116:
439:
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817:: "The Treaty of Friendship of 8 August 1949 between Bhutan and India is an example of the creation of a protected State, Bhutan, with a quite loose relationship to the protecting State, India. By the terms of this Treaty of Friendship, Bhutan agreed to follow the guidance given by India in so far as external relations were concerned. India was not granted the power to exercise diplomatic rights on behalf of Bhutan and this way Bhutan remained in charge of its foreign policy."
1336:
426:.45 billion (about $ 635 million) for the 12th five-year plan in his first overseas visit to India in November 2018. During this meeting the tariff rate for the Mangdechhu Hydropower Project plant was also brought under discussion where Lotay Tshering tried to raise the rate to Nu.4.27 but it ended more towards the Indian Government's negotiation price of Nu.4.1. The revised tariff rate for the plant was then settled at Nu.4.12. The government of
581:: "Crawford (2006) distinguishes three different types of protectorates: protected states, international protectorates, and colonial protectorates. First, protected states are entities which still have substantial authority in their internal affairs, retain some control over their foreign policy, and establish their relation to the protecting state on a treaty or another legal instrument. Protected states still have qualifications of statehood."
1302:
59:
1510:
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48:
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India re-negotiated the 1949 treaty with Bhutan and signed a new treaty of friendship in 2007. The new treaty replaced the provision requiring Bhutan to take India's guidance on foreign policy with broader sovereignty and not require Bhutan to obtain India's permission over arms imports. In 2008,
465:
building. While talking about the visit, Modi said that Bhutan was a "natural choice" for his first foreign destination because of the "unique and special relationship" the two countries shared. He added that he was looking forward to nurture and further strengthen India's special relations with
280:
The period saw a major increase in India's economic, military and development aid to Bhutan, which had also embarked on a programme of modernisation to bolster its security. While India repeatedly reiterated its military support to Bhutan, the latter expressed concerns about India's ability to
231:
On 9 August 1949, Bhutan and India signed the Treaty of
Friendship, calling for peace between the two nations and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. However, Bhutan agreed to let India "guide" its foreign policy and both countries would consult each other closely on foreign and
411:
in August 2013. Five-sixths of this amount (INR 45 billion) has been earmarked for Bhutan's 11th Five-Year plan. INR 4 billion was for the pending projects of the previous plan period. The remaining INR 5 billion was part of India's "Economic stimulus package" for Bhutan's slowing economy.
460:
and Tobgay. The visit was called by the media as a "charm offensive" that would also seek to check Bhutan-China relations that had recently been formalized. He also sought to build business ties, including a hydro-electric deal, and inaugurated the India-funded
350:
with India has been the subject of great political controversy and nationalist resentment because of Nepali immigrants in India, the nature of Bhutan's relationship with India has not been affected by concerns over the treaty provisions. From 2003 to 2004, the
317:
Although relations remained close and friendly, the
Bhutanese government expressed a need to renegotiate parts of the treaty to enhance Bhutan's sovereignty. Bhutan began to slowly assert an independent attitude in foreign affairs by joining the
545:
206:
and China's border claims on both Bhutan and India. India shares a 605 kilometres (376 mi) border with Bhutan and is its largest trading partner, accounting for 98 percent of its exports and 90 percent of its imports.
2652:
115:
453:
Indian Prime
Minister Narendra Modi chose Bhutan as his first foreign destination. Modi inaugurated the Supreme Court Complex in Bhutan and also promised help to Bhutan on the IT and digital sectors.
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of their mutual border in the period between 1973 and 1984. Border demarcation talks with India generally resolved disagreements except for several small sectors, including the middle zone between
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888:
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in India to "guide" its foreign affairs and defence. Bhutan was one of the first to recognize India's independence in 1947 and both nations fostered close relations, signing a
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and signing a new trade agreement in 1972 that provided an exemption from export duties for goods from Bhutan to third countries. Bhutan exerted its independent stance at the
1194:
834:
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30 billion). It steadily rose over the years to reach US$ 985 million (₹61.60 billion) in 2015–16 making Bhutan the largest beneficiary of India's foreign aid.
1290:
2897:
1969:
1598:
1498:
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2522:
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166:, of India. India remains influential over Bhutan's foreign policy, defence and commerce. Bhutan is the largest beneficiary of India's foreign aid.
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885:
505:
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In 2024, the King of Bhutan conferred Prime
Minister Modi with Bhutan's highest civilian award. It was the first such award to a non-Bhutanese.
438:
415:
India operates three hydro power projects, of 1,416 MW in Bhutan and three more of 2,129 MW are under construction. The third Prime
Minister of
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worth INR 54 billion (US$ 819 million, as per the exchange rates at the time of signing the deal) for his nation during his visit to
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1979:
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that the defence of the territorial uprightness and frontiers of Bhutan was the responsibility of the
Government of India.
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also in 1979, by voting with China and some
Southeast Asian countries rather than with India on the issue of allowing
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1984:
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to maintain the existing relations and a treaty of friendship in 1949. Their importance was augmented by the 1950
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1974:
1949:
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1573:
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1414:
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971:"Narendra Modi to address Bhutanese parliament in first foreign visit India and Bhutan have good relations"
376:. India allows 16 entry and exit points for Bhutanese trade with other countries (the only exception being
195:
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2403:
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2015:
1989:
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1419:
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380:) and has agreed to develop and import a minimum of 10,000 megawatts of electricity from Bhutan by 2021.
359:(ULFA) that were operating bases in Bhutan and using its territory to carry out attacks on Indian soil.
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1608:
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740:
388:
In 2012–13 fiscal, India's budgetary support to the
Kingdom country stood at US$ 600 million (around
2877:
2637:
2542:
2507:
2162:
2122:
2087:
2082:
1954:
1879:
1783:
1693:
1583:
593:"The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa"
446:
being conferred with the 'Order of the Druk Gyalpo' - Bhutan's highest civilian decoration by the
258:
visited Bhutan and reiterated India's support for Bhutan's independence and later declared in the
2687:
462:
252:
251:
The annexation of Tibet by
Communist China brought both countries even closer. In 1958, the then-
567:
Peacebuilding and
International Administration: The Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo
801:
643:
565:
1335:
2854:
2682:
1248:
Political Changes in Nepal and Bhutan Emerging Trends in Foreign Policy in Post 2008 Period
904:
701:
327:
241:
159:
8:
2717:
1246:
744:
259:
831:
563:
2850:
1440:
867:
799:
780:
626:
423:
1217:"Why PM Modi became the first foreign head of govt to get Bhutan's top civilian award"
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1255:
1126:
807:
758:
748:
571:
352:
298:
220:
187:
2927:
2922:
2692:
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265:
In August 1959, there reports in Indian media that China was seeking to "liberate"
255:
286:
2859:
2759:
1094:
892:
874:
856:
838:
673:
549:
531:
430:
also received Nu.4Billion for trade facilitation and boosting economic linkages.
400:
309:
128:
124:
248:, because Bhutan continues to have the power to conduct its own foreign policy.
447:
419:
369:
319:
262:
that any aggression against Bhutan would be seen as aggression against India.
3020:
941:"India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses"
772:
467:
443:
240:
protocols. Scholars regard the effect of the treaty is to make Bhutan into a
120:
762:
3010:
1090:"India, Bhutan to enhance economic ties as PM Modi pitches for 'B2B' links"
490:
389:
245:
179:
163:
616:
343:
237:
191:
183:
630:
2707:
474:
and Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh. He was further set to discuss the
471:
323:
294:
233:
849:
617:
Levi, Werner (December 1959), "Bhutan and Sikkim: Two Buffer States",
372:
visited Bhutan and expressed strong support for Bhutan's move towards
281:
protect Bhutan against China while fighting a two-front war involving
1189:
1032:
734:
688:
408:
373:
274:
144:
132:
80:
223:, while other units regularly cooperate with the Royal Bhutan Army.
339:
282:
1154:"Bhutan Rolls Out the Red Carpet for Prime Minister Narendra Modi"
771:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
290:
86:
543:
Narendra Modi leaves for Bhutan on his first foreign visit as PM
1301:
1254:. Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
427:
416:
331:
270:
266:
147:
106:
63:
667:
Singh Visits Bhutan to Show India Backs Its Democratic Changes
644:"India-China Competition: Perspectives from the Neighbourhood"
2662:
1509:
404:
377:
219:(IMTRAT) is permanently based in western Bhutan to train the
203:
151:
99:
52:
2657:
1185:"NE terror, China: What's on PM Modi's Bhutan trip agenda?"
1157:
590:
346:
to be seated at the conference. Unlike in Nepal, where its
335:
355:
conducted operations against anti-India insurgents of the
154:
have been traditionally close and both countries share a "
2712:
304:
2994:
1122:"Modi inaugurates Bhutan's Supreme Court building"
297:and the eastern frontier with the Indian state of
3018:
1060:"India's Modi heads to Bhutan to woo neighbours"
506:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
466:Bhutan. His entourage included Foreign Minister
1028:"In Bhutan Narendra Modi vows to nurture ties"
1492:
1284:
806:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 51–,
803:International Law: Achievements and Prospects
232:defence affairs. The treaty also established
2703:Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation
403:, requested an additional aid package from
2622:
1499:
1485:
1291:
1277:
559:
557:
456:This visit followed an invitation by King
1182:
1002:"India-Bhutan relations strengthened: PM"
2953:State visits by prime ministers of India
793:
437:
308:
285:. India and Bhutan completed a detailed
114:
1526:
886:Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies
554:
210:
3019:
999:
732:
694:
678:
123:meeting the Prime Minister of Bhutan,
2791:
2621:
1525:
1480:
1272:
1244:
827:
825:
823:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
879:
662:
660:
525:Handle with care, Bhutan is a friend
2839:Ambassadors and High Commissioners
1000:Palden, Tshering (1 January 2019).
951:from the original on 15 August 2017
733:Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1993).
305:Indo-Bhutanese relations since 1972
13:
1334:
1245:Nayak, Nihar R. (September 2021).
1238:
861:
820:
739:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
707:
685:"Power games at the tri-junction."
433:
14:
3048:
2770:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
1197:from the original on 15 June 2014
1164:from the original on 15 June 2014
1134:from the original on 19 June 2014
1040:from the original on 20 June 2014
981:from the original on 17 June 2014
736:Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies
657:
3004:
1970:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1599:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1508:
1300:
905:"INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY"
850:Visit of Nehru and Indira Gandhi
766:
422:secured an aid package of about
368:India's then Prime Minister Dr.
357:United Liberation Front of Assam
57:
46:
27:
2755:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
1209:
1176:
1146:
1114:
1082:
1052:
1020:
993:
963:
933:
921:from the original on 9 May 2016
897:
843:
636:
610:
584:
536:
518:
458:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
362:
313:Bhutanese embassy in New Delhi
226:
1:
3032:Bilateral relations of Bhutan
2883:Pan-African e-Network project
2792:
1462:Diplomatic missions of Bhutan
1066:. 4 June 2014. Archived from
512:
476:insurgency in Northeast India
217:Indian Military Training Team
169:
3037:Bilateral relations of India
2808:Ministry of External Affairs
2728:Indian Ocean Rim Association
2723:Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
564:Willigen, Niels van (2013),
470:, National Security Adviser
7:
1457:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1307:Foreign relations of Bhutan
800:Bedjaoui, Mohammed (1991),
591:Onley, James (March 2009),
570:, Routledge, pp. 16–,
496:Foreign relations of Bhutan
484:
330:(NAM) summit conference in
176:Chinese expedition to Tibet
10:
3053:
1515:Foreign relations of India
785:: CS1 maint: postscript (
501:Foreign relations of India
383:
204:People's Republic of China
2798:
2787:
2628:
2617:
2588:
2495:
2261:
2003:
1812:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1449:
1433:
1397:
1346:
1332:
1313:
741:Federal Research Division
178:in 1910, Bhutan became a
97:
92:
79:Royal Bhutanese Embassy,
78:
73:
69:
56:
45:
35:
26:
2893:Narendra Modi government
2888:Indira Gandhi government
2738:Mekong–Ganga Cooperation
2633:2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
1579:Central African Republic
977:. news.biharprabha.com.
548:15 February 2017 at the
530:15 February 2017 at the
98:Bhutanese Ambassador to
2933:Conflicts with Pakistan
2688:Commonwealth of Nations
463:Supreme Court of Bhutan
3027:Bhutan–India relations
2623:Multilateral relations
2294:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1340:
855:26 August 2011 at the
700:Sudha Ramachandran, ,
450:
314:
273:. Nehru stated in the
136:
22:Bhutan-India relations
2948:State visits to India
1960:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1739:São Tomé and Príncipe
1594:Republic of the Congo
1338:
873:20 April 2017 at the
704:, Volume 17, Issue: 6
441:
322:in 1971, recognizing
312:
253:Indian Prime Minister
118:
105:Indian Ambassador to
2968:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
2824:Diplomatic missions
2743:Non-Aligned Movement
2238:United Arab Emirates
837:15 June 2014 at the
747:. pp. 330–331.
702:Jamestown Foundation
672:15 June 2014 at the
328:Non-Aligned Movement
211:Military cooperation
196:standstill agreement
156:special relationship
119:The Prime Minister,
2943:Disputes with Nepal
2938:Disputes with China
1980:Trinidad and Tobago
1820:Antigua and Barbuda
1527:Bilateral relations
891:29 May 2008 at the
745:Library of Congress
200:annexation of Tibet
158:", making Bhutan a
141:bilateral relations
125:Mr. Tshering Tobgay
23:
18:Bilateral relations
1890:Dominican Republic
1441:Bhutanese refugees
1341:
1008:. Kuensel. Kuensel
451:
315:
137:
121:Shri Narendra Modi
85:Embassy of India,
74:Diplomatic mission
21:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2865:Overseas citizens
2818:Foreign Secretary
2783:
2782:
2751:
2679:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
1629:Equatorial Guinea
1474:
1473:
1261:978-81-953957-1-2
1127:Business Standard
832:Asia Times Online
577:978-1-134-11718-5
353:Royal Bhutan Army
299:Arunachal Pradesh
260:Indian Parliament
221:Royal Bhutan Army
152:Republic of India
148:Kingdom of Bhutan
135:on July 06, 2018
113:
112:
3044:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2958:Jawaharlal Nehru
2928:Siachen conflict
2923:Kashmir conflict
2878:Look East policy
2789:
2788:
2745:
2693:East Asia Summit
2665:
2619:
2618:
2555:Papua New Guinea
2518:Marshall Islands
1534:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1339:Emblem of Bhutan
1305:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1253:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1098:. Archived from
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1064:Channel NewsAsia
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
920:
914:. 2 March 2007.
909:
901:
895:
883:
877:
865:
859:
847:
841:
829:
818:
816:
797:
791:
790:
784:
776:
770:
769:
730:
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698:
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682:
676:
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654:
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633:
614:
608:
607:
597:
588:
582:
580:
561:
552:
540:
534:
522:
256:Jawaharlal Nehru
61:
60:
50:
49:
31:
24:
20:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2869:Foreign policy
2860:Indian diaspora
2794:
2779:
2624:
2605:
2584:
2565:Solomon Islands
2491:
2422:North Macedonia
2257:
1999:
1808:
1528:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1475:
1470:
1445:
1429:
1393:
1342:
1330:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1262:
1251:
1241:
1239:Further reading
1236:
1226:
1224:
1223:. 22 March 2024
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1183:Rajeev Sharma.
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1102:on 15 June 2014
1095:Hindustan Times
1088:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1070:on 16 June 2014
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
998:
994:
984:
982:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
939:
938:
934:
924:
922:
918:
907:
903:
902:
898:
893:Wayback Machine
884:
880:
875:Wayback Machine
866:
862:
857:Wayback Machine
848:
844:
839:Wayback Machine
830:
821:
814:
798:
794:
778:
777:
767:
755:
731:
708:
699:
695:
691:, 10 July 2017.
683:
679:
674:Wayback Machine
665:
658:
648:
646:
642:
641:
637:
625:(12): 492–500,
619:The World Today
615:
611:
595:
589:
585:
578:
562:
555:
550:Wayback Machine
541:
537:
532:Wayback Machine
523:
519:
515:
487:
442:Prime Minister
436:
434:In 21st century
401:Tshering Tobgay
386:
365:
307:
242:protected state
229:
215:A 2,000 strong
213:
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129:Hyderabad House
109:Sudhakar Dalela
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813:92-3-102716-6
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754:0-8444-0777-1
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468:Sushma Swaraj
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190:allowing the
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2849:Foreign aid
2683:Central Asia
2596:Soviet Union
2538:Cook Islands
2233:Turkmenistan
2188:Saudi Arabia
2035:
1764:South Africa
1754:Sierra Leone
1564:Burkina Faso
1363:
1247:
1225:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1188:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1093:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1063:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1005:
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983:. Retrieved
974:
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944:
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923:. Retrieved
911:
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647:. Retrieved
638:
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520:
491:Bhutan House
480:
455:
452:
414:
394:
387:
366:
316:
279:
264:
250:
246:protectorate
244:, but not a
230:
214:
186:, signing a
173:
164:protectorate
162:, but not a
143:between the
140:
138:
15:
2908:South Asian
2676:13th summit
2533:New Zealand
2477:Switzerland
2417:Netherlands
2198:South Korea
2178:Philippines
2158:North Korea
2011:Afghanistan
1965:Saint Lucia
1900:El Salvador
1769:South Sudan
1659:Ivory Coast
1012:12 February
363:2007 treaty
348:1950 treaty
344:Khmer Rouge
287:demarcation
238:extradition
227:1949 treaty
192:British Raj
3021:Categories
2834:in Chennai
2748:7th Summit
2601:Yugoslavia
2523:Micronesia
2413:Montenegro
2394:Luxembourg
2243:Uzbekistan
2218:Tajikistan
2118:Kyrgyzstan
2108:Kazakhstan
2068:East Timor
2031:Bangladesh
2021:Azerbaijan
1875:Costa Rica
1749:Seychelles
1714:Mozambique
1699:Mauritania
1684:Madagascar
1354:Bangladesh
1006:Journalism
912:mea.gov.in
513:References
472:Ajit Doval
324:Bangladesh
295:Geylegphug
234:free trade
170:Background
2793:Diplomacy
2760:Sanctions
2503:Australia
2389:Lithuania
2203:Sri Lanka
2193:Singapore
2173:Palestine
2078:Indonesia
2056:Hong Kong
1995:Venezuela
1940:Nicaragua
1910:Guatemala
1825:Argentina
1704:Mauritius
1466:in Bhutan
1221:Firstpost
1190:Firstpost
1044:10 August
1033:The Hindu
955:15 August
925:13 August
781:cite book
689:The Hindu
409:New Delhi
395:Bhutan's
374:democracy
275:Lok Sabha
145:Himalayan
133:New Delhi
81:New Delhi
2913:Act East
2855:to India
2851:by India
2845:to India
2841:of India
2830:in India
2826:of India
2813:Minister
2513:Kiribati
2462:Slovenia
2457:Slovakia
2437:Portugal
2354:Holy See
2289:Bulgaria
2223:Thailand
2168:Pakistan
2143:Mongolia
2138:Maldives
2133:Malaysia
2046:Cambodia
1975:Suriname
1950:Paraguay
1925:Honduras
1885:Dominica
1870:Colombia
1835:Barbados
1813:Americas
1804:Zimbabwe
1779:Tanzania
1624:Ethiopia
1619:Eswatini
1604:Djibouti
1574:Cameroon
1559:Botswana
1434:Disputes
1389:Thailand
1384:Pakistan
1314:Americas
1227:24 March
1195:Archived
1162:Archived
1132:Archived
1038:Archived
979:Archived
949:Archived
916:Archived
889:Archived
871:Archived
853:Archived
835:Archived
763:27429416
670:Archived
649:23 March
631:40393115
546:Archived
528:Archived
485:See also
340:Cambodia
283:Pakistan
150:and the
2803:History
2653:BIMSTEC
2580:Vanuatu
2496:Oceania
2482:Ukraine
2442:Romania
2404:Moldova
2364:Ireland
2359:Iceland
2349:Hungary
2339:Germany
2334:Georgia
2324:Finland
2319:Estonia
2314:Denmark
2299:Croatia
2284:Belgium
2279:Belarus
2274:Austria
2269:Albania
2248:Vietnam
2148:Myanmar
2128:Lebanon
2073:Georgia
2026:Bahrain
2016:Armenia
1990:Uruguay
1930:Jamaica
1905:Grenada
1895:Ecuador
1845:Bolivia
1830:Bahamas
1789:Tunisia
1759:Somalia
1744:Senegal
1729:Nigeria
1719:Namibia
1709:Morocco
1674:Liberia
1669:Lesotho
1614:Eritrea
1589:Comoros
1569:Burundi
1544:Algeria
1450:Related
1415:Germany
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1405:Austria
1201:15 June
1168:15 June
1138:15 June
1106:15 June
1074:15 June
985:13 June
945:idsa.in
508:(SAARC)
384:Support
291:Sarpang
202:by the
87:Thimphu
2997:Portal
2647:Summit
2643:Africa
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2329:France
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2103:Jordan
2093:Israel
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2036:Bhutan
1945:Panama
1935:Mexico
1915:Guyana
1855:Canada
1850:Brazil
1840:Belize
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1734:Rwanda
1689:Malawi
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3011:India
2898:Asian
2765:SAARC
2663:BRICS
2638:ASEAN
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2560:Samoa
2550:Palau
2528:Nauru
2467:Spain
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2253:Yemen
2208:Syria
2183:Qatar
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2051:China
1920:Haiti
1865:Chile
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1374:Japan
1364:India
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908:(PDF)
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2718:IBSA
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2088:Iraq
2083:Iran
2004:Asia
1955:Peru
1880:Cuba
1784:Togo
1694:Mali
1584:Chad
1347:Asia
1256:ISBN
1229:2024
1203:2014
1170:2014
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1108:2014
1076:2014
1046:2014
1014:2019
987:2014
975:IANS
957:2017
927:2017
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787:link
759:OCLC
749:ISBN
651:2024
572:ISBN
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