103:? (No; or you wouldn't have put the question mark in.) Does This Map Provide the Key for Peace? (Probably not.) A headline with a question mark at the end means, in the vast majority of cases, that the story is tendentious or over-sold. It is often a scare story, or an attempt to elevate some run-of-the-mill piece of reporting into a national controversy and, preferably, a national panic. To a busy journalist hunting for real information a question mark means 'don't bother reading this bit'.
123:
In 2015, a study of 26,000 articles from 13 news sites on the World Wide Web, conducted by a data scientist and published on his blog, found that the majority (54 percent) were yes/no questions, which divided into 20 percent "yes" answers, 17 percent "no" answers and 16 percent whose answers he could
112:
A 2016 study of a sample of academic journals (not news publications) that set out to test
Betteridge's law and Hinchliffe's rule (see below) found that few titles were posed as questions and of those, few were yes/no questions and they were more often answered "yes" in the body of the article rather
82:
This story is a great demonstration of my maxim that any headline which ends in a question mark can be answered by the word "no." The reason why journalists use that style of headline is that they know the story is probably bullshit, and don't actually have the sources and facts to back it up, but
299:
Advertisers and marketers prefer yes/no question headlines that are answered "yes", as a reader that immediately answers "no" to a question headline on an advertisement is likely to skip over the advertisement entirely. The most famous example of such a question headline in advertising is "Do you
206:, "Was It Peppermint Mary?" The story, about a jewellery store that had tried to prevent its female employees from flirting with people outside the store, only mentioned "Peppermint" Mary at the end of the piece as an employee who might possibly have caused this and did not answer the question.
192:, that "A man cannot libel another by the publication of language the meaning and damaging effect of which is clear to all men, and where the identity of the person meant cannot be doubted, and then escape liability through the use of a question mark." The use of question headlines as a form of
311:) attempting to look at it scientifically and using ten years' worth of revenue and customer enquiry data for both it and a statement headline that Cody had also used. He noted amongst other things that working in its favour was the question addressing the reader using the
304:'s English-language course and used from 1919 to 1959, which (with readers answering "yes" they did make the mistakes that the advertisement proceeded to outline) was measured as more successful than non-yes/no-question alternatives.
1035:
Berthon, Pierre R.; Fedorenko, Ivan; Pitt, Leyland F.; Ferguson, Sarah Lord (2019). "Can Brand
Custodians Cope with Fake News? Marketing Assets in the Age of Truthiness and Post-fact". In Parvatiyar, Atul; Sisodia, Rajendra (eds.).
30:." It is named after Ian Betteridge, a British technology journalist who wrote about it in 2009, although the principle is much older. It is based on the assumption that if the publishers were confident that the answer was
49:
variants called it "Davis's law", a name that also appears online without any explanation of who Davis was. It has also been referred to as the "journalistic principle" and in 2007 was referred to in commentary as "an old
327:
increased click-through rates in comparison to statement headlines and that questions that address or reference the reader have statistically significant higher click-through rates than rhetorical or general questions.
276:
might not in fact win, persuaded
Charles M. Lincoln, the managing editor of the paper, to reset the headline in between editions, inserting a question mark. Confusingly, below the question headline the
34:, they would have presented it as an assertion; by presenting it as a question, they are not accountable for whether it is correct or not. The adage does not apply to questions that are more
1079:
116:
A 2018 study of 2,585 articles in four academic journals in the field of ecology similarly found that very few titles were posed as questions at all, with 1.82 percent being
2190:
2200:
2195:
160:
on his way out?" Because this implication is known to readers, guides giving advice to newspaper editors state that so-called "question heads" should be used sparingly.
348:, who stated that if a research paper's title is in the form of a yes–no question, the answer to that question will be "no". The adage led into a humorous attempt at a
163:
Freelance writer R. Thomas Berner calls them "gimmickry". Grant Milnor Hyde observed that they give the impression of uncertainty in a newspaper's content. When
120:
and 2.15 percent being yes/no questions. Of the yes/no questions, 44 percent were answered "yes", 34 percent "maybe", and only 22 percent were answered "no".
152:
to
Endorse Gay Marriage Between Corporations?" as hypothetical examples of such a practice. Many question headlines were used, for example, in reporting of
1279:
Lai, Linda; Farbrot, Audun (25 October 2013). "What makes you click? The effect of question headlines on readership in computer-mediated communication".
1015:
1689:
1089:
99:
If the headline asks a question, try answering 'no'. Is This the True Face of
Britain's Young? (Sensible reader: No.) Have We Found the Cure for
957:
1223:
2233:
2180:
178:
1647: (1991-08-26) ("Nor is it determinative here that the sting of the headline concludes with a question mark — 'Is it Mafia?'").
71:
1535:
214:
307:
Victor Schwab, a partner in the advertising agency that worked for Cody, published an analysis of the aspects of the headline (as
2158:
62:
Betteridge's name became associated with the concept after he discussed it in a
February 2009 article, which examined a previous
1449:
213:
also famously used a question headline for hedging when editors were unsure of their facts, when it reported the outcome of the
1511:
2275:
1682:
282:
2250:
132:
Phrasing headlines as questions is a tactic employed by newspapers that do not "have the facts required to buttress the
1369:
527:
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1959:
1615:
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1438:
1415:
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985:
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1954:
1675:
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316:
286:
1019:
416:
2285:
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1996:
1835:
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2131:
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1469:
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185:
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137:
1312:
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1723:
241:
229:
223:
156:
in-fighting in 2004, because no politicians went on record to confirm or deny facts, such as "Is
1038:
Handbook of
Advances in Marketing in an Era of Disruptions: Essays in Honour of Jagdish N. Sheth
2260:
2123:
2051:
2016:
1733:
375:
153:
140:
characterized the practice as justifying "virtually anything, no matter how unlikely", giving "
1334:
2223:
2103:
1991:
1981:
1964:
1920:
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1738:
1698:
2353:
2240:
2143:
2046:
1986:
1895:
1890:
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1728:
1713:
482:
273:
269:
978:
Do You Make These
Mistakes in English?: The Story of Sherwin Cody's Famous Language School
8:
2358:
2153:
2083:
1580:
1215:
Newspaper
Editing: A Manual for Editors, Copyreaders, and Students of Newspaper Desk Work
235:
39:
181:
was to avoid question headlines, unless the question itself reflected a national issue.
2228:
1971:
1949:
1944:
1862:
1857:
1813:
1644:
1427:
1296:
1239:
1139:
1106:
356:
under the pseudonym "Boris Peon", which bore the title: "Is
Hinchliffe's Rule True?" (
2148:
2108:
2061:
1885:
1867:
1755:
1611:
1496:
1453:
1434:
1411:
1354:
1256:
1178:
1171:
1131:
1107:"Do scholars follow Betteridge's Law? The use of questions in journal article titles"
1084:
1064:
1057:
1041:
1000:
981:
253:
1300:
1243:
1143:
45:
The maxim has been cited by other names since 1991, when a published compilation of
26:
that states: "Any headline that ends in a question mark can be answered by the word
2170:
2066:
2056:
1828:
1745:
1390:
1288:
1231:
1123:
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247:
184:
Question headlines are not legally sound when it comes to avoiding defamation. The
221:
newspapers ran statement headlines on 8 November 1916 saying "Hughes Is Elected" (
2343:
2088:
1915:
1661:
1630:
1292:
1235:
381:
197:
141:
95:, among Marr's suggestions for how a reader should interpret newspaper articles:
46:
2118:
2033:
2023:
2011:
1927:
1900:
1845:
1791:
1479:
1114:
944:
345:
289:
202:
193:
164:
157:
1525:
Schwab, Victor O. (September 1939). "An Advertisement That Is Never Changed".
1408:
A Thousand Deadlines: The New York City Press and American Neutrality, 1914–17
1127:
2332:
2218:
2165:
2093:
1939:
1750:
1382:
1308:
1135:
218:
285:" but the question headline did indeed turn out to have the answer "no", as
2312:
2300:
2001:
1781:
1317:
612:
353:
349:
301:
1667:
2076:
2006:
1840:
1718:
1346:
227:, final edition the night before), "Hughes Is Elected by Narrow Margin" (
174:
149:
88:
1224:"Are you more likely to click headlines that are phrased as a question?"
319:
came to a similar conclusion, finding that question headlines posted to
2290:
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2038:
1823:
1808:
1801:
1702:
1516:
169:
63:
35:
1976:
1910:
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1197:
508:
369:
261:
ran one with a question headline, "Hughes Elected in Close Contest?"
145:
133:
2305:
1932:
1850:
1429:
We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program
1406:
O'Keefe, Kevin (2013). "The press and the politics of neutrality".
421:
848:
846:
2265:
2071:
1905:
320:
117:
67:
1063:(revised ed.). Los Angeles, California: Price Stern Sloan.
1162:
Echoes of distant thunder: life in the United States, 1914–1918
843:
372: – Web content intended to entice users to click on a link
51:
1512:"Did Last.fm Just Hand Over User Listening Data To the RIAA?"
833:
831:
782:
780:
23:
1034:
740:
738:
618:
324:
196:
has a long history, including the 9 June 1883, headline in
100:
87:
A similar observation was made by British newspaper editor
997:
Fundamentals of Journalism: Reporting, Writing and Editing
828:
777:
264:
This was the result of a last-minute intervention by then
858:
735:
1484:
Sack on defamation: libel, slander, and related problems
399:
397:
272:, who, having received a tip from gambling friends that
1486:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Practising Law Institute.
792:
713:
711:
648:
624:
576:
300:
make these mistakes in English?", written to advertise
911:
909:
882:
755:
753:
696:
1080:"Guest Blogger: Joe Polchinski on the String Debates"
816:
672:
394:
384: – Question containing an unjustified assumption
1536:"Is This Article Consistent with Hinchliffe's Rule?"
1391:"Can You Really Tell an Entire Story in a Headline?"
804:
723:
708:
660:
600:
442:
440:
906:
894:
870:
750:
684:
564:
496:
452:
1426:
1170:
1059:The Complete Murphy's Law: A Definitive Collection
1056:
765:
588:
636:
437:
2330:
1379:. Vol. 4. Ecology Graduate Group, UC Davis.
921:
296:finally announced in a headline two days later.
1608:Skyscrapers, Hemlines and the Eddie Murphy Rule
1351:My Trade: a short history of British journalism
1213:Hyde, Grant Milnor (1931). "Headline Writing".
378: – Adages and sayings named after a person
1105:Cook, James M.; Plourde, Dawn (25 June 2016).
1683:
281:still had a picture of Hughes captioned "The
1634:. Vol. 69, no. 5. 4 February 1957.
1491:Saxena, Sunil (2006). "Question Headlines".
16:Journalistic adage on questions in headlines
2181:Political polarization in the United States
1697:
1471:Spencer v. Minnick Okla. opinion 613, P.130
1405:
1335:"is betteridge's law of headlines correct?"
1251:Juergens, George (2015). "Sensationalism".
1104:
975:
864:
852:
786:
582:
528:""It's an old truism among journalists...""
1690:
1676:
1278:
1013:
888:
417:"The Macalope Weekly: Pointless Exercises"
403:
233:), "Hughes Is Elected by Majority of 40" (
70:Just Hand Over User Listening Data to the
2234:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
1509:
1313:"Rhetorical questions: threat or menace?"
75:
1610:(1st ed.). Bloomsbury Information.
1468:
1424:
1332:
1307:
1250:
744:
729:
630:
606:
502:
215:1916 United States presidential election
1564:"comment on 'A Second Higgs Particle?'"
1533:
1389:Murtha, Jack (September–October 2015).
1221:
1194:"The Complete Edition of Murphy's Laws"
1077:
943:
915:
900:
876:
702:
550:"The Vitamin B scam. Don't trust Boots"
66:article that carried the headline "Did
2331:
1640:Locricchio v. Evening News Association
1605:
1588:
1524:
1490:
1388:
1253:Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World
1222:Jarrett, Christian (4 November 2013).
1150:
1016:"TechCrunch: Irresponsible journalism"
994:
955:
837:
822:
678:
666:
654:
470:
446:
352:by a 1988 paper, written by physicist
308:
2276:Psychological effects of Internet use
1671:
1591:Advertising Techniques and Management
1570:
1510:Schonfeld, Erick (20 February 2009).
1159:
1054:
810:
642:
458:
127:
1626:"The Press: Question Mark Magazines"
1561:
1534:Shieber, Stuart M. (May–June 2015).
1478:
1447:
1425:Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (2015).
1367:
1345:
1269:
1212:
1191:
1168:
1014:Betteridge, Ian (23 February 2009).
927:
798:
771:
759:
717:
690:
594:
570:
514:
357:
331:
2251:Digital media use and mental health
530:. MeatRobot.org.uk. 4 December 2007
13:
1599:
1287:(4). Taylor and Francis: 289–299.
1164:. Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan.
483:"List of variants of Murphy's Law"
14:
2370:
2256:Effects of violence in mass media
1960:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
1651:
1474:. Vol. 41. 20 December 1913.
1230:. British Psychological Society.
1196:. MurphysLaws.net. Archived from
1078:Carroll, Sean (7 December 2006).
1018:. Technovia.co.uk. Archived from
949:The Autobiography of a Journalist
251:) and "Nation Swept by Hughes!" (
188:held in 1913, in its decision in
2229:2021 Facebook company files leak
1955:Mobile phones and driving safety
1333:Linander, Mats (19 March 2015).
239:), "Hughes the Next President" (
2201:2020 U.S. presidential election
2196:2016 U.S. presidential election
1606:Gooden, Philip (2015). "Arts".
1589:Zacher, Robert Vincent (1961).
1482:(1999). "The Cause of Action".
1274:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
542:
317:computer-mediated communication
1255:. Princeton University Press.
520:
475:
464:
409:
1:
1772:Betteridge's law of headlines
1543:Annals of Improbable Research
1448:Peon, Boris (4 August 1988).
1433:. University of Texas Press.
1370:"Betteridge's Law in Ecology"
976:Battistella, Edwin L (2009).
388:
20:Betteridge's law of headlines
2286:Social aspects of television
2186:Social media use in politics
1836:Missing white woman syndrome
1450:"Is Hinchliffe's Rule True?"
1293:10.1080/15534510.2013.847859
1236:10.1080/15534510.2013.847859
1217:(2nd ed.). D. Appleton.
7:
1797:Least objectionable program
1368:Mola, John (4 April 2017).
1160:Ellis, Edward Robb (1975).
1040:. SAGE Publications India.
980:. Oxford University Press.
363:
10:
2375:
2132:Algorithmic radicalization
1664: (archived 2016-01-10)
1562:Sher, Marc (4 July 2013).
1395:Columbia Journalism Review
1270:Kahn, Ely Jacques (1965).
1153:Effective advertising copy
995:Berner, R. Thomas (2007).
936:
340:, the concept is known as
292:was re-elected, which the
245:), "Hughes Sweeps State" (
177:, one of the rules set by
107:
57:
2246:Cultural impact of TikTok
2211:
2117:
2032:
1876:
1764:
1709:
1576:"Empty seats haunt Obama"
1128:10.1007/s11192-016-2030-2
517:, Journalistic Principle.
186:Supreme Court of Oklahoma
2318:Violence and video games
2296:Social impact of YouTube
2176:Knowledge gap hypothesis
2099:Social-desirability bias
1997:Information–action ratio
1151:De Voe, Merrill (1956).
2349:Criticism of journalism
2271:Mass shooting contagion
1724:Evolutionary psychology
583:Cook & Plourde 2016
242:The Journal of Commerce
2261:Fascination with death
2124:Political polarization
2052:Availability heuristic
2017:Television consumption
1192:Götz, Andreas (1997).
1173:The Colonel of Chicago
1055:Bloch, Arthur (1991).
956:Anvari, Ahmad (2006).
889:Lai & Farbrot 2013
376:List of eponymous laws
154:Bharatiya Janata Party
105:
85:
2224:Criticism of Facebook
2104:Social influence bias
1992:Information pollution
1982:Information explosion
1965:Texting while driving
1921:Low information voter
1819:Pink-slime journalism
1527:Printers' Ink Monthly
1353:. London: Macmillan.
1311:(17 September 2006).
1169:Gies, Joseph (1979).
97:
83:still want to run it.
80:
2241:Criticism of Netflix
2047:Availability cascade
1987:Information overload
1896:Attention management
1891:Attention inequality
1787:Human-interest story
1729:Behavioral modernity
1714:Cognitive psychology
1645:438 Mich. 84
855:, pp. 6, 39–40.
840:, pp. 198, 262.
631:Paul & Moss 2015
315:. A 2013 study into
274:Charles Evans Hughes
270:Herbert Bayard Swope
54:among journalists".
2154:Post-truth politics
2084:Mean world syndrome
1377:The Aggie Brickyard
1339:calmer than you are
1022:on 26 February 2009
999:. Marquette Books.
801:, pp. 52, 181.
619:Berthon et al. 2019
236:The New York Herald
2339:2009 introductions
1972:Influence-for-hire
1950:Media multitasking
1945:Human multitasking
1863:Tabloid television
1814:Media manipulation
1272:The world of Swope
1200:on 17 October 2018
552:. 22 November 2007
344:, after physicist
190:Spencer v. Minnick
128:Question headlines
2326:
2325:
2149:Fake news website
2109:Spiral of silence
2062:Confirmation bias
1886:Attention economy
1868:Yellow journalism
1756:Social psychology
1085:Discover Magazine
747:, pp. 63–64.
657:, pp. 95–96.
342:Hinchliffe's rule
332:Hinchliffe's rule
254:New York American
148:on Ticket?" and "
91:in his 2004 book
2366:
2171:Knowledge divide
2067:Crowd psychology
2057:Bandwagon effect
1829:Public relations
1746:Media psychology
1692:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1594:
1585:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1540:
1530:
1521:
1506:
1493:Headline Writing
1487:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1456:on 10 April 2016
1452:. Archived from
1444:
1432:
1421:
1402:
1383:archived by Mola
1380:
1374:
1364:
1342:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1304:
1281:Social Influence
1275:
1266:
1247:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1188:
1176:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1122:(3): 1119–1128.
1111:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1088:. Archived from
1074:
1062:
1051:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1010:
991:
972:
970:
968:
952:
931:
925:
919:
913:
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898:
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886:
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874:
868:
865:Battistella 2009
862:
856:
853:Battistella 2009
850:
841:
835:
826:
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808:
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796:
790:
784:
775:
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742:
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727:
721:
720:, pp. 2–48.
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468:
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456:
450:
444:
435:
434:
432:
430:
425:. 11 August 2012
413:
407:
401:
338:particle physics
336:In the field of
248:New York Tribune
179:Lord Northcliffe
40:yes–no questions
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2207:
2122:
2113:
2089:Negativity bias
2037:
2028:
1916:Cognitive miser
1872:
1765:Media practices
1760:
1705:
1696:
1662:Wayback Machine
1654:
1638:
1624:
1618:
1602:
1600:Further reading
1597:
1552:
1550:
1538:
1529:: 10–11, 64–65.
1503:
1480:Sack, Robert D.
1459:
1457:
1441:
1418:
1372:
1361:
1323:
1321:
1263:
1228:Research Digest
1203:
1201:
1185:
1109:
1095:
1093:
1092:on 10 July 2014
1071:
1048:
1025:
1023:
1007:
988:
966:
964:
945:Andrews, Linton
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438:
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426:
415:
414:
410:
404:Betteridge 2009
402:
395:
391:
382:Loaded question
366:
334:
283:President-Elect
224:The Evening Sun
198:Joseph Pulitzer
175:First World War
130:
124:not determine.
110:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2301:Technophilia
2144:Echo chamber
2002:Rage farming
1782:Infotainment
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1572:Simon, Roger
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
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1458:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1428:
1410:. Springer.
1407:
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1347:Marr, Andrew
1338:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:Language Log
1316:
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1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1172:
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1155:. Macmillan.
1152:
1119:
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1094:. Retrieved
1090:the original
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1024:. Retrieved
1020:the original
996:
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965:. Retrieved
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916:Shieber 2015
901:Carroll 2006
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354:Boris Kayser
350:liar paradox
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38:than strict
31:
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2354:Paremiology
2077:Moral panic
2007:Screen time
1841:News values
1777:Gatekeeping
1719:Externality
1341:. New York.
838:De Voe 1956
823:Zacher 1961
679:Berner 2007
667:Saxena 2006
655:Saxena 2006
471:Anvari 2006
447:Murtha 2015
309:Schwab 1939
268:journalist
144:to Replace
138:Roger Simon
113:than "no".
89:Andrew Marr
2359:Skepticism
2333:Categories
2291:Social bot
2281:Sealioning
2039:Conformity
1824:Propaganda
1809:Media bias
1802:Soft media
1517:TechCrunch
1177:. Dutton.
962:anvari.org
951:. E. Benn.
811:Ellis 1975
643:Simon 2012
459:Bloch 1991
389:References
173:after the
170:Daily Mail
64:TechCrunch
36:open-ended
1977:Infodemic
1911:Clickbait
1878:Attention
1734:Cognition
1136:0138-9130
928:Sher 2013
799:Kahn 1965
772:Gies 1979
760:Kahn 1965
718:Sack 1999
691:Hyde 1931
595:Mola 2017
571:Marr 2004
515:Götz 1997
370:Clickbait
358:Peon 1988
287:President
134:nut graph
2306:Neophile
1933:Phubbing
1851:Hot take
1739:Mismatch
1581:Politico
1495:. SAGE.
1349:(2004).
1301:55530539
1244:55530539
1144:16494221
947:(1964).
422:Macworld
364:See also
93:My Trade
2266:Griefer
2072:Mobbing
1906:Chumbox
1858:Spiking
1660:at the
937:Sources
321:Twitter
257:), the
230:The Sun
142:Hillary
108:Studies
68:Last.fm
58:History
2344:Adages
1643:,
1614:
1553:12 May
1499:
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150:Romney
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1373:(PDF)
1297:S2CID
1240:S2CID
1140:S2CID
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294:World
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266:World
259:World
146:Biden
24:adage
1701:and
1631:Time
1612:ISBN
1555:2019
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1132:ISSN
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