337:-DOPA) by 3-hydroxylation by a cytochrome P450 enzyme. For dopa, the biosynthesis branches: a) on the one hand, its oxidation occurs by a CYP enzyme to cyclo-dopa; (b) on the other hand, the aromatic ring of dopa is activated by a dopa-4,5-dioxygenase opened to seco-dopa, from which betalamic acid is formed by spantane recyclization. This then reacts spontaneously with cyclo-dopa to form betanidine on the one hand, or on the other hand after its prior glucosylation by a cyclo-dopa glucosyltransferase to red-purple betanin, the simplest betacyan. In addition, betalamic acid reacts spontaneously with various amino acids or amines to form yellow-orange colored betaxanthins (see figure). The diversity of betacyans results from different
146:
183:
161:
322:
354:
31:
1297:
205:
215:
Betalains (betacyanins) were first isolated and its chemical structure discovered in 1960 at the
University of Zurich by Dr. Tom Mabry. It was once thought that betalains were related to anthocyanins, the reddish pigments found in most plants. Both betalains and anthocyanins are water-soluble
138:
The physiological function of betalains in plants is uncertain, but there is some evidence that they may have fungicidal properties. Additionally, betalains have been found in fluorescent flowers, though their role in these plants is also uncertain.
265:. It is used as a food coloring agent, and the color is sensitive to pH. Other betalains known to occur in beets are isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin. The color and antioxidant capacity of betanin and indicaxanthin (betaxanthin derived of
57:
pigments. Betalains also occur in some higher order fungi. They are most often noticeable in the petals of flowers, but may color the fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of plants that contain them. They include pigments such as those found in
1307:
369:
betalaine. The betanin was hydrolyzed to betalamic acid, and this was coupled to 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. The resulting betalain was applied as a fluorescent probe for the live-cell imaging of
145:
220:
of plant cells. However, betalains are structurally and chemically unlike anthocyanins and the two have never been found in the same plant together. For example, betalains contain
182:
90:
results from the presence of betalain pigments. The particular shades of red to purple are distinctive and unlike that of anthocyanin pigments found in most plants.
3367:
436:(red urine) and red feces in some people who are unable to break it down. The interest of the food industry in betalains has grown since they were identified by
300:
304:
127:
3188:
1426:
785:
Bartoloni FH, Gonçalves LC, Rodrigues AC, et al. (2013). "Photophysics and hydrolytic stability of betalains in aqueous trifluoroethanol".
2909:
1228:
113:
109:
105:
262:
914:"Characterization and Functional Identification of a Novel Plant 4,5-Extradiol Dioxygenase Involved in Betalain Pigment Biosynthesis in
1173:
881:"Elucidation of the first committed step in betalain biosynthesis enables the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in plants"
160:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
4085:
1812:
1334:
1244:"Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans"
2996:
1104:
736:
676:
547:
3042:
1858:
1581:
1211:
Escribano J, Pedreño MA, GarcĂa-Carmona F, Muñoz R (1998). "Characterization of the antiradical activity of betalains from
4321:
2837:
639:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
3664:
2902:
1121:
4152:
276:) is reported to improve the hydrolytic stability of some betalains in aqueous solution. Furthermore, a betanin-
4863:
4268:
3479:
122:
are those betalain pigments which appear yellow to orange. Among the betaxanthins present in plants include
4078:
2314:
1805:
1327:
1344:
2895:
2864:
1836:
960:
822:"Beetroot-pigment-derived colorimetric sensor for detection of calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores"
333:
In the first step of the biosynthetic pathway, L-tyrosine is converted to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (
4892:
3804:
1301:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
2989:
2858:
253:, also called beetroot red after the fact that it may be extracted from red beet roots. Betanin is a
17:
4645:
4620:
4567:
3767:
3035:
1851:
1574:
480:
416:
produce anthocyanins instead of betalains. The limited distribution of betalains among plants is a
4111:
4071:
1798:
1320:
447:
100:
include the reddish to violet betalain pigments. Among the betacyanins present in plants include
1096:
1090:
692:
Stafford HA (1994). "Anthocyanins and betalains: evolution of the mutually exclusive pathways".
4225:
3931:
3529:
3489:
3484:
2269:
1122:"Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)"
273:
1752:
1029:"A nature-inspired betalainic probe for live-cell imaging of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes"
4887:
4195:
4166:
4131:
4126:
3867:
2116:
913:
880:
4635:
4562:
4313:
3900:
3799:
3794:
3657:
3574:
3344:
2982:
2142:
1737:
1431:
1040:
833:
595:
1762:
1715:
8:
4409:
4376:
4215:
3682:
3028:
1844:
1757:
1747:
1567:
754:"Effect of dielectric microwave heating on the color and antiradical capacity of betanin"
190:
154:, showing one plant expressing yellow betaxanthins and another expressing red betacyanins
1044:
961:"Detection of UDP-glucose:cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity in four o'clocks (
837:
599:
478:
Strack D, Vogt T, Schliemann W (February 2003). "Recent advances in betalain research".
4882:
3256:
2927:
1538:
1436:
1154:
1063:
1028:
856:
821:
802:
621:
459:
286:
246:, and consists of a sugar and a colored portion. Their synthesis is promoted by light.
46:
944:
493:
4615:
4601:
4205:
3964:
3949:
3941:
3762:
3739:
3438:
2919:
2881:
1774:
1720:
1275:
1193:
1189:
1158:
1146:
1120:
Lodge, D. Jean; Padamsee, Mahajabeen; Matheny, P. Brandon; et al. (2013-10-06).
1100:
1068:
861:
732:
709:
705:
672:
613:
543:
497:
1779:
1243:
806:
4341:
3862:
3832:
3789:
3781:
3268:
3159:
2456:
2232:
2172:
1479:
1265:
1255:
1224:
1185:
1174:"Anthocyanins and betalains: evolution of the mutually exclusive pathways (Review)"
1136:
1058:
1048:
1012:
1007:
995:
976:
939:
929:
892:
851:
841:
794:
770:
765:
753:
701:
625:
603:
489:
405:
281:
980:
4537:
4477:
4346:
4210:
4014:
3986:
3910:
3837:
3650:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3449:
2575:
2490:
2448:
1956:
1598:
1523:
1053:
846:
409:
404:
Caryophyllales, most members produce betalains and lack anthocyanins. Of all the
401:
665:
4805:
4788:
4750:
4552:
4527:
4441:
4428:
4366:
4136:
4008:
3992:
3936:
3509:
3379:
3335:
2841:
2795:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2670:
2632:
2622:
2203:
420:
for the
Caryophyllales, though their production has been lost in two families.
71:
50:
2887:
1141:
798:
4876:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4745:
4707:
4682:
4586:
4542:
4518:
4384:
4351:
4336:
4331:
4273:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4200:
4102:
4094:
4059:
3959:
3915:
3887:
3604:
3541:
3264:
3216:
2786:
2752:
2747:
2698:
1928:
1822:
1742:
1725:
1533:
1464:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1197:
1150:
713:
542:(4th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. pp. 325–326.
413:
382:
362:
338:
131:
79:
1260:
1229:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199805/06)9:3<124::AID-PCA401>3.0.CO;2-0
4780:
4717:
4687:
4557:
4501:
4361:
4326:
4299:
3954:
3872:
3852:
3819:
3691:
3569:
3375:
3320:
3151:
3069:
2940:
2800:
2718:
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2627:
2570:
2553:
2538:
2507:
2467:
2437:
2363:
2042:
2022:
1469:
1365:
1279:
1072:
865:
617:
563:
Kimler LM (1975). "Betanin, the red beet pigment, as an antifungal agent".
501:
417:
390:
123:
78:), from which betalains were first extracted. The deep red color of beets,
1866:
1790:
1312:
1027:
Gonçalves LC, Tonelli RR, Bagnaresi P, et al. (2013). Sauer M (ed.).
934:
361:
Betanin extracted from the red beet was used as starting material for the
4810:
4740:
4733:
4728:
4699:
4677:
4596:
4579:
4446:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4030:
4003:
3847:
3754:
3744:
3719:
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3599:
3579:
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3297:
3227:
3198:
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2414:
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1966:
1730:
1687:
1677:
1528:
1507:
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1418:
1375:
878:
443:
171:
151:
54:
4755:
4665:
4451:
4389:
4278:
4047:
4020:
3997:
3709:
3704:
3614:
3589:
3514:
3407:
3402:
3307:
3292:
3287:
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3113:
3006:
2970:
2960:
2757:
2675:
2601:
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2429:
2419:
2213:
2208:
2161:
1692:
1672:
1548:
1489:
1270:
342:
309:
238:. They are not related chemically to the anthocyanins and are not even
897:
4467:
4404:
4394:
3882:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3547:
3457:
3417:
3315:
3279:
3136:
3109:
3101:
3060:
3052:
3014:
2955:
2384:
2293:
2246:
2177:
2017:
1872:
1830:
1682:
1664:
1590:
1451:
581:
394:
292:
266:
254:
243:
239:
608:
583:
4820:
4640:
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4294:
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3809:
3714:
3630:
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3352:
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3232:
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3086:
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2728:
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2614:
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2379:
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2152:
2126:
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2052:
2012:
1937:
1876:
1707:
1697:
1502:
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1441:
1210:
438:
433:
429:
366:
321:
277:
235:
228:
221:
83:
42:
731:(7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 465.
30:
4827:
4798:
4670:
4625:
4591:
4574:
4436:
3857:
3842:
3394:
3090:
3078:
2606:
2596:
2517:
2338:
2333:
2261:
2256:
2198:
2193:
2147:
2121:
2057:
1996:
1991:
1917:
1908:
1868:
1769:
1543:
1408:
386:
353:
272:) are affected by dielectric microwave heating. Addition of TFE (
258:
250:
217:
209:
101:
1026:
4844:
4839:
4832:
4815:
4793:
4630:
4610:
4496:
4414:
3674:
3638:
3555:
3434:
3173:
3140:
2945:
2767:
2309:
2167:
2101:
2067:
2038:
1951:
1631:
1474:
1296:
784:
640:"Tom J. MABRY Obituary (1932 - 2015) Austin American-Statesman"
231:
167:
87:
3827:
1559:
194:(love-lies-bleeding) contain large quantities of betacyanins.
59:
4864:
List of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent
1242:
Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Butera D, Livrea MA (October 2004).
1241:
381:
329:-dopa. 3. amine or amino acid. 4. betanidin. 5. betaxanthin.
819:
751:
389:). Where they occur in plants, they sometimes coexist with
1092:
An
Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
820:
Gonçalves LC, Da Silva SM, DeRose PC, et al. (2013).
204:
911:
752:
Gonçalves LC, Di Genova BM, Dörr FA, et al. (2013).
1119:
993:
582:
GandĂa-Herrero F, GarcĂa-Carmona F, Escribano J (2005).
280:
complex has been used to detect calcium dipicolinate in
4110:
994:
Gonçalves LC, Trassi MA, Lopes NB, et al. (2012).
879:
Polturak G, Breitel D, Grossman N, et al. (2016).
397:), but never occur in plant species with anthocyanins.
912:
Christinet L, Burdet FX, Zaiko M, et al. (2004).
958:
2836:
Terpene synthase enzymes (many), having in common a
996:"A comparative study of the purification of betanin"
477:
34:
The red color of beets comes from betalain pigments.
726:
664:
1084:
1082:
565:Botanical Society of America, Abstracts of Papers
4874:
1095:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.
533:
531:
2917:
1427:1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
524:. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing. p. 292.
515:
513:
511:
1914:Iridoid glycosides (iridoids bound to a sugar)
1235:
1079:
345:with aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids.
4079:
3658:
3036:
2990:
2903:
1852:
1806:
1575:
1328:
537:
528:
325:Betalain biosynthesis: 1. betalamic acid. 2.
3672:
959:Sasaki N, Adachi T, Koda T, Ozeki Y (2004).
508:
348:
1820:
1342:
575:
4086:
4072:
3665:
3651:
3043:
3029:
2997:
2983:
2910:
2896:
1859:
1845:
1813:
1799:
1582:
1568:
1335:
1321:
1248:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
428:Betanin is commercially used as a natural
385:(mushrooms), for instance Hygrophoraceae (
1269:
1259:
1140:
1088:
1062:
1052:
1011:
943:
933:
896:
855:
845:
787:Monatshefte fĂĽr Chemie - Chemical Monthly
769:
607:
522:The Organic Constituents of Higher Plants
446:, which may protect against oxidation of
376:
3004:
1171:
1165:
727:Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2004).
691:
519:
352:
320:
203:
29:
3050:
662:
93:There are two categories of betalains:
14:
4875:
562:
4067:
3646:
3024:
2978:
2891:
1840:
1794:
1563:
1316:
249:The most heavily studied betalain is
584:"Botany: floral fluorescence effect"
227:It is now known that betalains are
70:The name "betalain" comes from the
24:
4093:
2838:terpene synthase N terminal domain
25:
4904:
1289:
341:of betanidine and its subsequent
1295:
423:
408:in the Caryophyllales, only the
299:Other important betacyanins are
257:, and hydrolyzes into the sugar
181:
159:
144:
4153:p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside
1204:
1113:
1020:
987:
952:
905:
872:
813:
778:
745:
316:
4322:α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
4269:Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid
3480:List of phytochemicals in food
1589:
1013:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.067
771:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.03.022
720:
685:
656:
632:
556:
538:Salisbury FB, Ross CW (1991).
471:
65:
41:are a class of red and yellow
13:
1:
981:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.097
494:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00564-2
465:
234:derivatives synthesized from
224:whereas anthocyanins do not.
49:found in plants of the order
2315:Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
1190:10.1016/0168-9452(94)90244-5
1054:10.1371/journal.pone.0053874
847:10.1371/journal.pone.0073701
706:10.1016/0168-9452(94)90244-5
199:
7:
3805:Pyrocatecollic type tannins
2865:Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
1172:Stafford, Helen A. (1994).
758:Journal of Food Engineering
453:
307:, isolated from species of
27:Class of chemical compounds
10:
4909:
1308:Betalain synthesis diagram
400:Among the flowering plant
4855:
4779:
4716:
4698:
4656:
4517:
4486:
4460:
4427:
4375:
4312:
4287:
4224:
4191:3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
4186:2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
4181:2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
4175:2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
4165:
4145:
4119:
4101:
4058:
4039:
3979:
3924:
3899:
3818:
3780:
3753:
3690:
3681:
3637:
3623:
3588:
3554:
3540:
3527:
3470:
3448:
3425:
3416:
3393:
3366:
3343:
3334:
3306:
3278:
3255:
3226:
3197:
3181:
3172:
3150:
3123:
3100:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3013:
2969:
2926:
2880:
2859:Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
2851:
2829:
2813:Norisoprenoids (modified)
2812:
2785:
2737:
2684:
2669:
2652:
2589:
2516:
2506:
2489:
2428:
2402:
2372:
2347:
2326:
2302:
2292:
2231:
2186:
2135:
2089:
2080:
2031:
2005:
1984:
1965:
1927:
1884:
1829:
1706:
1663:
1630:
1597:
1516:
1488:
1450:
1417:
1374:
1351:
1142:10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0
799:10.1007/s00706-012-0883-5
349:Semisynthetic derivatives
74:name of the common beet (
4646:Syn-propanethial-S-oxide
4568:Phenethyl Isothiocyanate
4112:Monohydroxybenzoic acids
3768:1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose
2852:Activated isoprene forms
2653:Sesquarterpenes/oids (7)
1902:Monocyclic (single ring)
448:low-density lipoproteins
373:-infected erythrocytes.
4725:Saturated cyclic acids
4226:Trihydroxybenzoic acids
3490:O-methylated flavonoids
3485:C-methylated flavonoids
2475:Secodehydroabietic acid
1753:Anthraquinone glycoside
412:(carnation family) and
4167:Dihydroxybenzoic acids
3530:Flavonoid biosynthesis
3368:3-hydroxyanthocyanidin
2270:Farnesyl pyrophosphate
377:Taxonomic significance
358:
330:
274:2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
216:pigments found in the
212:
208:Chemical structure of
35:
4621:3,3'-Diindolylmethane
4549:Aglycone derivatives
4314:Hydroxycinnamic acids
4196:Ethyl protocatechuate
4132:4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4127:3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
3901:Flavono-ellagitannins
3892:Phlorofucofuroeckol B
3868:Phlorofucofuroeckol A
3800:Catechol-type tannins
3795:Polyflavonoid tannins
3345:3-deoxyanthocyanidins
2472:Sandaracopimaric acid
2117:Geranyl pyrophosphate
1261:10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941
935:10.1104/pp.103.031914
916:Portulaca grandiflora
356:
324:
242:. Each betalain is a
207:
53:, where they replace
33:
4636:Allyl isothiocyanate
4563:Allyl isothiocyanate
4377:Aromatic amino acids
4288:Other phenolic acids
3683:Hydrolysable tannins
3575:Secoisolariciresinol
2662:Tetraprenylcurcumene
2143:Grapefruit mercaptan
1738:Cyanogenic glycoside
1432:Bisdemethoxycurcumin
1304:at Wikimedia Commons
1089:Cronquist A (1981).
4410:5-hydroxytryptophan
4216:Protocatechuic acid
3925:Other Miscellaneous
2928:Natural monophenols
2445:Dehydroabietic acid
1911:(cyclopentane ring)
1763:Flavonoid glycoside
1716:Alcoholic glycoside
1045:2013PLoSO...853874G
838:2013PLoSO...873701G
600:2005Natur.437..334G
520:Robinson T (1963).
191:Amaranthus caudatus
4497:Phenolic compounds
3740:Tellimagrandin IIs
2920:phenolic compounds
2882:Phenolic compounds
1905:Bicyclic (2 rings)
1758:Coumarin glycoside
1748:Phenolic glycoside
1539:Phycoerythrocyanin
1437:Desmethoxycurcumin
663:Francis F (1999).
460:Biological pigment
393:(yellow to orange
359:
357:(S)-Betalamic acid
331:
287:Bacillus anthracis
213:
188:Inflorescences of
176:contain betalains.
36:
4893:Food antioxidants
4870:
4869:
4616:Indole-3-carbinol
4602:Diallyl disulfide
4511:
4510:
4423:
4422:
4308:
4307:
4206:Homogentisic acid
4177:(Hypogallic acid)
4161:
4160:
4054:
4053:
3975:
3974:
3942:Synthetic tannins
3904:(complex tannins)
3790:Proanthocyanidins
3782:Condensed tannins
3776:
3775:
3763:Digalloyl glucose
3673:Types of natural
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3466:
3465:
3439:Isoliquiritigenin
3389:
3388:
3330:
3329:
3168:
3167:
2874:
2873:
2822:7,8-dihydroionone
2781:
2780:
2648:
2647:
2485:
2484:
2453:Lambertianic acid
2227:
2226:
2076:
2075:
1891:Acyclic (linear,
1788:
1787:
1775:Steviol glycoside
1721:Cardiac glycoside
1622:C-glycosidic bond
1617:S-glycosidic bond
1612:N-glycosidic bond
1607:O-glycosidic bond
1557:
1556:
1480:Condensed tannins
1300:Media related to
1106:978-0-231-03880-5
898:10.1111/nph.13796
738:978-0-7167-1007-3
729:Biology of Plants
678:978-1-891127-00-7
549:978-0-534-15162-1
365:of an artificial
16:(Redirected from
4900:
4478:Alkylresorcinols
4342:Chlorogenic acid
4117:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4015:Phenylpropanoids
3987:Diarylheptanoids
3863:Fucophlorethol A
3688:
3687:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3505:Prenylflavonoids
3500:Pyranoflavonoids
3495:Furanoflavonoids
3423:
3422:
3341:
3340:
3269:Leucodelphinidin
3257:Flavan-3,4-diols
3179:
3178:
3160:Dalbergichromene
3075:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3021:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2682:
2681:
2514:
2513:
2491:Sesterterpenoids
2457:Levopimaric acid
2319:Geranyl-linalool
2300:
2299:
2233:Sesquiterpenoids
2173:Perillyl alcohol
2087:
2086:
1982:
1981:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1129:Fungal Diversity
1126:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
991:
985:
984:
975:(1–3): 159–162.
963:Mirabilis jalapa
956:
950:
949:
947:
937:
922:Plant Physiology
909:
903:
902:
900:
876:
870:
869:
859:
849:
817:
811:
810:
782:
776:
775:
773:
749:
743:
742:
724:
718:
717:
689:
683:
682:
670:
660:
654:
653:
651:
650:
636:
630:
629:
611:
579:
573:
572:
560:
554:
553:
540:Plant Physiology
535:
526:
525:
517:
506:
505:
475:
336:
282:bacterial spores
269:
185:
163:
148:
21:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4851:
4806:Polysaccharides
4789:Monosaccharides
4775:
4712:
4694:
4652:
4553:Isothiocyanates
4538:Gluconasturtiin
4528:isothiocyanates
4513:
4512:
4507:
4482:
4456:
4429:Phenylethanoids
4419:
4371:
4347:Diferulic acids
4304:
4283:
4220:
4211:Orsellinic acid
4157:
4141:
4097:
4092:
4050:
4035:
4009:Naphthoquinones
3971:
3920:
3911:Epicutissimin A
3903:
3895:
3814:
3772:
3749:
3677:
3671:
3633:
3619:
3592:
3584:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3532:
3519:
3462:
3450:Dihydrochalcone
3444:
3412:
3385:
3362:
3326:
3302:
3274:
3251:
3230:
3222:
3201:
3193:
3164:
3146:
3119:
3096:
3055:
3049:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2965:
2922:
2916:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2847:
2825:
2808:
2777:
2733:
2673:
2671:Tetraterpenoids
2665:
2644:
2585:
2576:Cholecalciferol
2502:
2499:Geranylfarnesol
2481:
2464:Neoabietic acid
2449:Isopimaric acid
2424:
2398:
2368:
2343:
2322:
2288:
2223:
2182:
2131:
2082:
2081:Monoterpenoids
2072:
2027:
2001:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:Isovaleric acid
1947:
1943:
1923:
1880:
1865:
1825:
1819:
1789:
1784:
1702:
1659:
1626:
1593:
1588:
1558:
1553:
1524:Allophycocyanin
1512:
1484:
1446:
1413:
1370:
1347:
1341:
1292:
1287:
1240:
1236:
1217:Phytochem. Anal
1209:
1205:
1170:
1166:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1087:
1080:
1025:
1021:
992:
988:
957:
953:
910:
906:
877:
873:
818:
814:
783:
779:
750:
746:
739:
725:
721:
690:
686:
679:
661:
657:
648:
646:
638:
637:
633:
609:10.1038/437334a
580:
576:
561:
557:
550:
536:
529:
518:
509:
476:
472:
468:
456:
432:. It can cause
426:
410:Caryophyllaceae
379:
351:
334:
319:
267:
202:
195:
186:
177:
166:Flowers of the
164:
155:
149:
126:, miraxanthin,
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:Anacardic acid
4748:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4587:Organosulfides
4584:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4523:
4521:
4519:Glucosinolates
4515:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:Hydroxytyrosol
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4367:Sinapinic acid
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4137:Salicylic acid
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4105:
4103:Phenolic acids
4099:
4098:
4095:Aromatic acids
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4062:
4060:Aromatic acids
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:Anthraquinones
3990:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3937:Pseudo tannins
3934:
3932:Tannin sources
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3542:Flavonolignans
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:Methylenedioxy
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3380:Guibourtinidin
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3336:Anthocyanidins
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2842:protein domain
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2796:Natural rubber
2792:
2790:
2787:Polyterpenoids
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Delta-Carotene
2706:
2704:Gamma-Carotene
2701:
2696:
2694:Alpha-Carotene
2690:
2688:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:Betulinic acid
2630:
2625:
2623:Oleanolic acid
2617:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:Citrostadienol
2533:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2478:Palustric acid
2476:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Bornyl acetate
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1929:Hemiterpenoids
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:phytochemicals
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Anthocyanidins
1462:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:plant pigments
1340:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1291:
1290:External links
1288:
1286:
1285:
1234:
1203:
1164:
1112:
1105:
1078:
1019:
986:
951:
928:(1): 265–274.
904:
891:(1): 269–283.
871:
812:
793:(4): 567–571.
777:
744:
737:
719:
684:
677:
671:. Egan Press.
655:
631:
574:
555:
548:
527:
507:
481:Phytochemistry
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
455:
452:
425:
422:
378:
375:
350:
347:
318:
315:
305:isoamaranthine
201:
198:
197:
196:
187:
180:
178:
165:
158:
156:
150:
143:
136:
135:
128:portulaxanthin
117:
67:
64:
51:Caryophyllales
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4905:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4781:Carbohydrates
4778:
4772:
4771:Fertaric acid
4769:
4767:
4766:Coutaric acid
4764:
4762:
4761:Caftaric acid
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Tartaric acid
4744:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4718:Organic acids
4715:
4709:
4708:Chlorophyllin
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Indicaxanthin
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:Glucoraphanin
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:Precursor to
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4503:
4502:Phlorotannins
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:phenylalanine
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Coumaric acid
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Cinnamic acid
4335:
4333:
4332:Chicoric acid
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Syringic acid
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Eudesmic acid
4247:
4245:
4244:Ethyl gallate
4242:
4240:
4239:Chebulic acid
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Gentisic acid
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3916:Acutissimin A
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3888:7-Phloroeckol
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3820:Phlorotannins
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3692:Ellagitannins
3689:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Pterostilbene
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3472:Miscellaneous
3469:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3265:Leucocyanidin
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3217:Gallocatechol
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3189:Luteoliflavan
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3152:Neoflavonoids
3149:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Anthoxanthins
3067:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Benzenetriols
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2819:3-oxo-α-ionol
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Cryptoxanthin
2751:
2749:
2748:Canthaxanthin
2746:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Beta-Carotene
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2659:Ferrugicadiol
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:Serratenediol
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:Triterpenoids
2505:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2461:Mercusic acid
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:Communic acid
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1781:
1780:Thioglycoside
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Glycosylamine
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Bufadienolide
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1655:1,6-Glycoside
1653:
1651:
1650:1,4-Glycoside
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Phycoerythrin
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Anthoxanthins
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Chlorophyll f
1402:
1400:
1399:Chlorophyll d
1397:
1395:
1394:Chlorophyll c
1392:
1390:
1389:Chlorophyll b
1387:
1385:
1384:Chlorophyll a
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:Beta vulgaris
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Plant Science
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:(1): e53874.
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
964:
955:
946:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:
908:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
867:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
832:(9): e73701.
831:
827:
823:
816:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
740:
734:
730:
723:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Plant Science
688:
680:
674:
669:
668:
659:
645:
641:
635:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
594:(7057): 334.
593:
589:
585:
578:
570:
566:
559:
551:
545:
541:
534:
532:
523:
516:
514:
512:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:(3): 247–69.
487:
483:
482:
474:
470:
461:
458:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
424:Economic uses
421:
419:
415:
414:Molluginaceae
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:anthoxanthins
388:
384:
383:Basidiomycota
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:semisynthesis
355:
346:
344:
340:
339:glucosylation
328:
323:
314:
312:
311:
306:
302:
297:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
279:
278:europium(III)
275:
271:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
225:
223:
219:
211:
206:
193:
192:
184:
179:
175:
173:
169:
162:
157:
153:
147:
142:
141:
140:
133:
132:indicaxanthin
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
89:
85:
81:
80:bougainvillea
77:
76:Beta vulgaris
73:
63:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
4888:Natural dyes
4856:
4700:Chlorophylls
4688:Vulgaxanthin
4678:Betaxanthins
4657:
4597:Polysulfides
4580:Thiocyanates
4558:Sulforaphane
4487:
4362:Ferulic acid
4327:Caffeic acid
4300:Ellagic acid
4040:
4031:isocoumarins
4004:Kavalactones
3946:Tannin uses
3873:Tetrafucol A
3853:Diphlorethol
3838:6,6'-Bieckol
3833:8,8′-Bieckol
3755:Gallotannins
3720:Casuarictins
3700:Punicalagins
3625:Curcuminoids
3570:Matairesinol
3471:
3376:Apigeninidin
3321:Aromadendrin
3228:Flavan-4-ols
3199:Flavan-3-ols
2936:Benzenediols
2805:Gutta-balatá
2801:Gutta percha
2739:Xanthophylls
2719:Neurosporene
2638:Moronic acid
2628:Ursolic acid
2571:Testosterone
2554:Stigmasterol
2539:Cycloartenol
2526:Phytosterols
2468:Pimaric acid
2438:Abietic acid
2389:Manoyl oxide
2364:Salvinorin A
2354:
2294:Diterpenoids
2158:Thujaplicins
2083:(2,modified)
2023:Phellandrene
1967:Monoterpenes
1896:
1892:
1885:Basic forms:
1508:Xanthophylls
1460:Anthocyanins
1419:Curcuminoids
1366:Betaxanthins
1360:
1352:
1254:(4): 941–5.
1251:
1247:
1237:
1223:(3): 124–7.
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1184:(2): 91–98.
1181:
1177:
1167:
1132:
1128:
1115:
1091:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1003:
999:
989:
972:
969:FEBS Letters
968:
962:
954:
925:
921:
915:
907:
888:
884:
874:
829:
825:
815:
790:
786:
780:
764:(1): 49–55.
761:
757:
747:
728:
722:
700:(2): 91–98.
697:
693:
687:
666:
658:
647:. Retrieved
643:
634:
591:
587:
577:
568:
564:
558:
539:
521:
485:
479:
473:
444:antioxidants
437:
427:
418:synapomorphy
399:
380:
370:
360:
332:
326:
317:Biosynthesis
308:
298:
291:
285:
284:, including
248:
226:
214:
189:
170:
137:
124:vulgaxanthin
120:Betaxanthins
119:
97:
92:
75:
69:
38:
37:
4811:Beta-glucan
4741:Oxalic acid
4734:Quinic acid
4729:Phytic acid
4666:Betacyanins
4447:Oleocanthal
4264:Norbergenin
4259:Tannic acid
4254:Gallic acid
4048:Polyphenols
4021:Xanthonoids
3998:Chalconoids
3848:Eckstolonol
3745:Terflavin B
3710:Vescalagins
3705:Castalagins
3610:Piceatannol
3600:Resveratrol
3590:Stilbenoids
3580:Pinoresinol
3515:Castavinols
3357:Delphinidin
3308:Flavanonols
3298:Eriodictyol
3125:Isoflavones
3007:polyphenols
2971:Polyphenols
2773:Rubixanthin
2763:Astaxanthin
2724:Phytofluene
2676:Carotenoids
2566:Cholesterol
2561:Tocopherols
2531:Campesterol
2430:Resin acids
2415:Gibberellin
2410:Aphidicolin
2403:Tetracyclic
2278:Longifolene
2242:Artemisinin
2219:Umbellulone
2107:Citronellol
2097:Citronellal
1731:Cardenolide
1688:Glucuronide
1678:Galactoside
1645:β-Glycoside
1640:α-Glycoside
1549:Xanthonoids
1529:Phycocyanin
1490:Carotenoids
1376:Chlorophyll
1361:Betacyanins
1271:10447/33347
1215:L. roots".
1135:(1): 1–99.
1006:: 231–238.
442:methods as
301:amaranthine
172:Mammillaria
152:Swiss chard
98:Betacyanins
86:, and many
66:Description
55:anthocyanin
4877:Categories
4756:Malic acid
4452:Oleuropein
4390:tryptophan
4279:Theogallin
4146:Glycosides
4023:(C6-C1-C6)
4000:(C6-C3-C6)
3989:(C6-C7-C6)
3950:Enological
3730:Punicalins
3725:Grandinins
3615:Pinosylvin
3593:(C6-C2-C6)
3408:Leptosidin
3403:Aureusidin
3293:Naringenin
3288:Hesperidin
3280:Flavanones
3246:Luteoforol
3114:Kaempferol
3061:Flavonoids
3053:flavonoids
3018:(C6-C3-C6)
3015:Flavonoids
2961:Dillapiole
2758:Zeaxanthin
2602:Lanosterol
2549:Sitosterol
2544:Sitostanol
2420:Paclitaxel
2327:Monocyclic
2214:Ascaridole
2209:Eucalyptol
2162:Hinokitiol
2136:Monocyclic
2006:Monocyclic
1873:terpenoids
1831:Terpenoids
1693:Rhamnoside
1673:Fructoside
1591:Glycosides
1452:Flavonoids
885:New Phytol
649:2021-12-03
644:Legacy.com
466:References
395:flavonoids
371:Plasmodium
367:coumarinic
310:Amaranthus
240:flavonoids
114:neobetanin
110:probetanin
106:isobetanin
4883:Betalains
4658:Betalains
4468:Capsaicin
4405:thyroxine
4395:histidine
4120:Aglycones
4027:Coumarins
3883:Bifuhalol
3810:Flavolans
3735:Roburin A
3715:Castalins
3548:Silymarin
3458:Phloretin
3427:Chalcones
3418:Chalcones
3316:Taxifolin
3233:flavanols
3204:flavanols
3137:Genistein
3110:Quercetin
3102:Flavonols
3051:Types of
3005:Types of
2956:Carvacrol
2918:Types of
2830:Synthesis
2686:Carotenes
2581:Ecdysones
2385:Forskolin
2373:Tricyclic
2360:Epimanool
2285:Nootkatin
2282:Muurolene
2274:Juniperol
2266:Chanootin
2247:Bisabolol
2178:Carvacrol
2018:Terpinene
1920:(4 rings)
1867:Types of
1821:Types of
1683:Glucoside
1503:Retinoids
1498:Carotenes
1353:Betalains
1343:Types of
1302:Betalains
1198:0168-9452
1159:220615978
1151:1560-2745
1000:Food Chem
714:0168-9452
667:Colorants
343:acylation
293:B. cereus
263:betanidin
255:glucoside
244:glycoside
200:Chemistry
45:-derived
39:Betalains
18:Betalains
4821:Lentinan
4799:Pentoses
4641:Piperine
4592:Sulfides
4575:Nitriles
4533:Sinigrin
4473:Gingerol
4400:tyrosine
4357:Coumarin
4295:Vanillin
4234:Bergenin
3955:Drilling
3878:Trifucol
3631:Curcumin
3559:((C6-C3)
3353:Cyanidin
3242:Apiforol
3213:Catechin
3133:Daidzein
3087:Apigenin
3079:Flavones
2951:Carnosol
2729:Phytoene
2714:Lycopene
2615:Squalane
2607:Saponins
2518:Steroids
2380:Cembrene
2357:-Abienol
2348:Bicyclic
2252:Cadinene
2187:Bicyclic
2153:p-Cymene
2127:Linalool
2112:Geraniol
2063:Sabinene
2053:Camphene
2032:Bicyclic
2013:Limonene
1997:Myrcenes
1938:Isoprene
1918:Steroids
1909:Iridoids
1877:isoprene
1869:terpenes
1708:Aglycone
1698:Riboside
1632:Geometry
1544:Quinones
1442:Curcumin
1280:15447903
1073:23342028
1033:PLOS ONE
866:24019934
826:PLOS ONE
807:93924750
618:16163341
502:12620337
454:See also
439:in vitro
434:beeturia
430:food dye
406:families
270:-proline
236:tyrosine
229:aromatic
222:nitrogen
218:vacuoles
84:amaranth
47:pigments
43:tyrosine
4833:Inulins
4828:Fructan
4794:Hexoses
4671:Betanin
4626:Allicin
4611:Indoles
4437:Tyrosol
4017:(C6-C3)
4011:(C6-C4)
3965:Tanning
3858:Difucol
3843:Dieckol
3675:tannins
3639:Tannins
3556:Lignans
3441:, et.c.
3395:Aurones
3382:, et.c.
3359:, et.c.
3323:, et.c.
3271:, et.c.
3248:, et.c.
3219:, et.c.
3174:Flavans
3116:, et.c.
3093:, et.c.
3091:Chrysin
2867:(DMAPP)
2597:Betulin
2395:Pimarol
2392:Pimaral
2339:Retinal
2334:Retinol
2303:Acyclic
2262:Cedrene
2257:Cadinol
2199:Borneol
2194:Camphor
2148:Menthol
2122:Halomon
2090:Acyclic
2058:Thujene
1992:Ocimene
1985:Acyclic
1770:Saponin
1665:Glycone
1475:Flavans
1409:Chlorin
1064:3547039
1041:Bibcode
857:3760816
834:Bibcode
626:4408230
596:Bibcode
387:waxcaps
259:glucose
251:betanin
210:betanin
102:betanin
4845:Pectin
4840:Lignin
4816:Chitin
4631:Alliin
4461:Others
4415:L-DOPA
3980:Others
3435:Butein
3182:Flavan
3141:Orobol
2946:Apiole
2789:(many)
2768:Lutein
2619:Acids
2310:Phytol
2168:Thymol
2102:Citral
2068:Carene
2039:Pinene
1952:Prenol
1899:forms)
1879:units)
1875:(# of
1278:
1196:
1157:
1149:
1103:
1071:
1061:
945:316306
942:
864:
854:
805:
735:
712:
675:
624:
616:
588:Nature
546:
500:
232:indole
168:cactus
130:, and
112:, and
3828:Eckol
3143:et.c.
2861:(IPP)
2678:) (8)
2590:Other
1897:trans
1517:Other
1155:S2CID
1125:(PDF)
1097:235–9
803:S2CID
622:S2CID
402:order
327:cyclo
88:cacti
72:Latin
60:beets
4857:Misc
4488:Misc
4041:Misc
4029:and
2045:and
1978:)(2)
1895:and
1871:and
1599:Bond
1276:PMID
1194:ISSN
1147:ISSN
1101:ISBN
1069:PMID
965:L.)"
862:PMID
733:ISBN
710:ISSN
673:ISBN
614:PMID
544:ISBN
498:PMID
303:and
290:and
261:and
3960:Ink
2510:(6)
2493:(5)
2355:cis
2296:(4)
2235:(3)
1931:(1)
1893:cis
1266:hdl
1256:doi
1225:doi
1186:doi
1182:101
1137:doi
1059:PMC
1049:doi
1008:doi
1004:131
977:doi
973:568
940:PMC
930:doi
926:134
893:doi
889:210
852:PMC
842:doi
795:doi
791:144
766:doi
762:118
702:doi
698:101
604:doi
592:437
490:doi
174:sp.
4879::
3437:,
3378:,
3355:,
3267:,
3244:,
3215:,
3139:,
3135:,
3112:,
3089:,
1976:16
1972:10
1970:(C
1940:(C
1274:.
1264:.
1252:80
1250:.
1246:.
1219:.
1192:.
1180:.
1176:.
1153:.
1145:.
1133:64
1131:.
1127:.
1099:.
1081:^
1067:.
1057:.
1047:.
1035:.
1031:.
1002:.
998:.
971:.
967:.
938:.
924:.
920:.
887:.
883:.
860:.
850:.
840:.
828:.
824:.
801:.
789:.
760:.
756:.
708:.
696:.
642:.
620:.
612:.
602:.
590:.
586:.
569:36
567:.
530:^
510:^
496:.
486:62
484:.
450:.
313:.
296:.
108:,
104:,
82:,
62:.
4859::
4504:)
4490::
4087:e
4080:t
4073:v
4043::
3666:e
3659:t
3652:v
3563:)
3561:2
3235:)
3231:(
3206:)
3202:(
3044:e
3037:t
3030:v
2998:e
2991:t
2984:v
2911:e
2904:t
2897:v
2844:)
2840:(
2741::
2674:(
2164:)
2160:(
2049:)
2047:β
2043:α
2041:(
1974:H
1948:)
1946:8
1944:H
1942:5
1860:e
1853:t
1846:v
1814:e
1807:t
1800:v
1583:e
1576:t
1569:v
1336:e
1329:t
1322:v
1282:.
1268::
1258::
1231:.
1227::
1221:9
1200:.
1188::
1161:.
1139::
1109:.
1075:.
1051::
1043::
1037:8
1016:.
1010::
983:.
979::
948:.
932::
918:"
901:.
895::
868:.
844::
836::
830:8
809:.
797::
774:.
768::
741:.
716:.
704::
681:.
652:.
628:.
606::
598::
571:.
552:.
504:.
492::
335:l
268:l
134:.
116:.
20:)
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