142:
27:
132:
is hierarchically organized, with more abstract and sophisticated control mechanisms subserved by the most anterior regions and more direct//concrete control of goal-directed action at posterior sites. This is further in agreement with the fact that posterior LPFC beta is slower in frequency, similar
120:
Investigations of reward feedback have revealed two distinct beta components; a high beta (low gamma) component, and low beta component. In association with unexpected gains, the high beta component is more profound when receiving an unexpected outcome, with a low probability. However the low beta
112:
movements and are suppressed prior to and during movement changes, with similar observations across fine and gross motor skills. Bursts of beta activity are associated with a strengthening of sensory feedback in static motor control and reduced when there is movement change. Beta activity is
64:
Beta waves can be split into three sections: Low Beta Waves (12.5–16 Hz, "Beta 1"); Beta Waves (16.5–20 Hz, "Beta 2"); and High Beta Waves (20.5–28 Hz, "Beta 3"). Beta states are the states associated with normal
703:
Yaple, Z., Martinez-Saito, M., Novikov, N., Altukhov, D., Shestakova, A., Klucharev, V. (2018). Power of feedback-induced beta oscillations reflect omission of rewards: Evidence from an EEG gambling study, Frontiers in
Neuroscience, 12, 776.
85:(EEG) in 1924, as a method of recording electrical brain activity from the human scalp. Berger termed the larger amplitude, slower frequency waves that appeared over the posterior scalp when the subject's eye were closed
683:
Marco-PallerĂ©s, J., Cucurell, D., Cunillera, T., GarcĂa, R., AndrĂ©s-Pueyo, A., MĂĽnte, T. F., et al. (2008).Human oscillatory activity associated to reward processing in a gambling task, Neuropsychologia, 46, 241-248.
203:
receptor subunit genes feature diminished beta amplitude. Thus, beta waves are likely biomarkers of GABAergic dysfunction, especially in neurodevelopmental disorders caused by 15q deletions/duplications.
169:, induce beta waves in EEG recordings from humans and rats. Spontaneous beta waves are also observed diffusely in scalp EEG recordings from children with duplication 15q11.2-q13.1 syndrome (
895:
Hipp, Joerg F.; Khwaja, Omar; Krishnan, Michelle; Jeste, Shafali S.; Rotenberg, Alexander; Hernandez, Maria-Clemencia; Tan, Wen-Hann; Sidorov, Michael S.; Philpot, Benjamin D. (2019-01-18).
535:
Lalo, E; Gilbertson, T; Doyle, L; Di
Lazzaro, V; Cioni, B; Brown, P (2007). "Phasic increases in cortical beta activity are associated with alterations in sensory processing in the human".
128:(LPFC) in humans, following a posteroanterior increase in frequency. This increase beta frequency at more anterior subregions corresponds to an anatomical model of LPFC function wherein
113:
increased when movement has to be resisted or voluntarily suppressed. The artificial induction of increased beta waves over the motor cortex by a form of electrical stimulation called
836:; Saravanapandian, Vidya; Golshani, Peyman; Reiter, Lawrence; Sankar, Raman; Thibert, Ronald; DiStefano, Charlotte; Huberty, Scott; Cook, Edwin; Jeste, Shafali (December 2016).
789:
Van Lier, Hester; Drinkenburg, Wilhelmus; Van Eeten, Yvonne; Coenen, Anton (2004). "Effects of diazepam and zolpidem on EEG beta frequencies are behavior-specific in rats".
720:
HajiHosseini, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., and Marco-Pallerés, J. (2012). The role of beta-gamma oscillations in unexpected rewards processing, Neuroimage, 60, 1678-1685.
316:
Rangaswamy M, Porjesz B, Chorlian DB, Wang K, Jones KA, Bauer LO, Rohrbaugh J, O'Connor SJ, Kuperman S, Reich T, Begleiter (2002). "Beta power in the EEG of alcoholics".
736:
Capilla, A., Arana, L., GarcĂa-HuĂ©scar, M., MelcĂłn, M., Gross, J., & Campo, P. (2022). The natural frequencies of the resting human brain: An MEG-based atlas.
754:
Feshchenko, V; Veselis, R; Reinsel, R (1997). "Comparison of the EEG effects of midazolam, thiopental, and propofol: the role of underlying oscillatory systems".
392:
Baumeister J, Barthel T, Geiss KR, Weiss M (2008). "Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress".
97:
Low-amplitude beta waves with multiple and varying frequencies are often associated with active, busy or anxious thinking and active concentration.
1673:
114:
89:. The smaller amplitude, faster frequency waves that replaced alpha waves when the subject opened their eyes were then termed beta waves.
1696:
1284:
376:
1927:
1666:
1721:
1246:
896:
1124:
1119:
1091:
145:
Diffuse beta waves present alongside other frequencies in spontaneous EEG recorded from a 28-month-old child with
1948:
1659:
1279:
1236:
1210:
969:
1747:
1716:
109:
1782:
1551:
1359:
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1159:
1004:
1364:
1226:
1442:
1251:
1199:
1174:
125:
1912:
1797:
999:
61:). Several different rhythms coexist, with some being inhibitory and others excitory in function.
1833:
1701:
1539:
1320:
1129:
154:
1742:
1711:
1682:
1635:
1184:
1019:
486:"Cortical control of posture in fine motor skills: evidence from inter-utterance rest position"
82:
1457:
1189:
360:
1706:
1611:
849:
689:
640:
153:
Beta waves are often considered indicative of inhibitory cortical transmission mediated by
368:
8:
1886:
1827:
1812:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1606:
1596:
1062:
962:
129:
853:
644:
580:"Response preparation and inhibition: the role of the cortical sensorimotor beta rhythm"
512:
485:
484:
Easthope, Eric; Shamei, Arian; Liu, Yadong; Gick, Bryan; Fels, Sidney (17 August 2023).
293:
260:
117:
consistent with its link to isotonic contraction produces a slowing of motor movements.
1907:
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417:
341:
105:
42:
329:
1626:
934:
916:
877:
838:"A Quantitative Electrophysiological Biomarker of Duplication 15q11.2-q13.1 Syndrome"
806:
802:
771:
725:
666:
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552:
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409:
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196:
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Experimental Brain
Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale
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158:
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component is said to be related to the omission of gains, when gains are expected.
1492:
1419:
1397:
1344:
1104:
1009:
862:
361:
276:
16:
Neural oscillation in the brain with a frequency range of between 12.5 and 30 Hz
1651:
1566:
1437:
1379:
1082:
982:
955:
897:"Electrophysiological Phenotype in Angelman Syndrome Differs Between Genotypes"
502:
452:
259:
Rassi, Elie; Lin, Wy Ming; Zhang, Yi; Emmerzaal, Jill; Haegens, Saskia (2023).
162:
652:
629:"Boosting cortical activity at Beta-band frequencies slows movement in humans"
548:
1942:
1881:
1544:
1392:
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405:
284:
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337:
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101:
775:
1571:
1447:
1387:
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1334:
1325:
1164:
1114:
1109:
991:
86:
78:
66:
46:
437:"Oscillatory interactions between sensorimotor cortex and the periphery"
1866:
1861:
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1330:
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1179:
1072:
1042:
1037:
1027:
239:
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831:
767:
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of the mammalian nervous system. Benzodiazepines, drugs that modulate
1876:
1757:
1640:
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1452:
1414:
1151:
1057:
1047:
50:
20:
1507:
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1402:
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788:
1891:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1502:
1407:
1241:
1141:
1099:
1052:
77:
Beta waves were discovered and named by the German psychiatrist
1922:
1601:
1487:
191:
185:
179:
170:
146:
1497:
1315:
978:
534:
315:
54:
1807:
1772:
1762:
1752:
391:
26:
626:
1822:
1817:
1581:
1477:
753:
894:
124:
During rest, fast beta oscillations are prevalent over
627:
Pogosyan, A; Gaynor, LD; Eusebio, A; Brown, P (2009).
258:
577:
483:
1697:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
578:Zhang, Y; Chen, Y; Bressler, SL; Ding, M (2008).
1940:
1681:
1667:
977:
963:
367:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
133:to that observed over resting motor cortex.
115:Transcranial alternating-current stimulation
1928:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
1674:
1660:
1285:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
970:
956:
928:
871:
861:
660:
603:
511:
501:
460:
292:
261:"β Band Rhythms Influence Reaction Times"
136:
140:
25:
358:
1941:
690:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.016
1655:
951:
699:
697:
434:
104:, beta waves are associated with the
1783:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
1722:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
13:
714:
694:
677:
596:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.061
14:
1960:
157:(GABA), the principal inhibitory
1125:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1120:Central hypoventilation syndrome
803:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.03.017
726:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.125
1280:Periodic limb movement disorder
1247:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
888:
825:
782:
747:
730:
490:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
441:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
199:with deletions of the same GABA
173:) who have duplications of GABA
1717:Somatosensory evoked potential
913:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.008
620:
571:
528:
477:
428:
385:
352:
309:
1:
1913:Difference due to memory (Dm)
1552:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1360:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1222:Advanced sleep phase disorder
330:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01362-8
246:
236:Beta wave – (12 – 30 Hz)
212:
53:range of between 12.5 and 30
1712:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
1683:Electroencephalography (EEG)
1232:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1160:Excessive daytime sleepiness
863:10.1371/journal.pone.0167179
195:. Similarly, children with
7:
1707:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
1365:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1237:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
277:10.1523/ENEURO.0473-22.2023
207:
92:
10:
1965:
1227:Cyclic alternating pattern
503:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1139569
453:10.1016/j.conb.2008.01.007
72:
18:
1900:
1842:
1730:
1689:
1470:
1443:Behavioral sleep medicine
1430:
1378:
1308:
1260:
1252:Shift work sleep disorder
1208:
1200:Sleep state misperception
1150:
1090:
1081:
1018:
989:
653:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.074
549:10.1007/s00221-006-0655-8
126:lateral prefrontal cortex
1000:Rapid eye movement (REM)
710:10.3389/fnins.2018.00776
406:10.1179/147683008X301478
394:Nutritional Neuroscience
359:Buzsáki, György (2006).
19:Not to be confused with
1834:Late positive component
1702:Event-related potential
1321:Exploding head syndrome
1130:Obstructive sleep apnea
177:receptor subunit genes
155:gamma aminobutyric acid
1949:Electroencephalography
1743:Bereitschaftspotential
1636:Sleeping while on duty
1185:Idiopathic hypersomnia
150:
137:Relationship with GABA
83:electroencephalography
31:
1458:Neuroscience of sleep
1190:Night eating syndrome
1175:Kleine–Levin syndrome
901:Biological Psychiatry
318:Biological Psychology
144:
29:
1612:Sleep and creativity
363:Rhythms of the Brain
242:– (30 – 100 Hz)
67:waking consciousness
45:(brainwaves) in the
1887:Sensorimotor rhythm
1844:Neural oscillations
1788:Mismatch negativity
1607:Sleep and breathing
1063:Sensorimotor rhythm
854:2016PLoSO..1167179F
645:2009CBio...19.1637P
221:– (0.1 – 3 Hz)
106:muscle contractions
43:neural oscillations
1617:Sleep and learning
1370:Nocturnal emission
1270:Nightmare disorder
1135:Periodic breathing
756:Neuropsychobiology
435:Baker, SN (2007).
233:– (7 – 12 Hz)
151:
32:
1936:
1935:
1830:(late positivity)
1732:Evoked potentials
1649:
1648:
1627:Sleep deprivation
1466:
1465:
791:Neuropharmacology
768:10.1159/000119347
378:978-0-19-530106-9
227:– (4 – 7 Hz)
197:Angelman syndrome
130:cognitive control
59:cycles per second
1956:
1918:Oddball paradigm
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1622:Sleep and memory
1562:Circadian rhythm
1309:Benign phenomena
1211:Circadian rhythm
1088:
1087:
972:
965:
958:
949:
948:
943:
942:
932:
892:
886:
885:
875:
865:
848:(12): e0167179.
832:Frohlich, Joel;
829:
823:
822:
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779:
751:
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734:
728:
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425:
389:
383:
382:
366:
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313:
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296:
256:
159:neurotransmitter
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1896:
1838:
1726:
1685:
1680:
1650:
1645:
1540:Procrastination
1493:Four-poster bed
1462:
1426:
1420:Polysomnography
1398:Sleep induction
1374:
1345:Sleep paralysis
1304:
1256:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1146:
1105:Mouth breathing
1083:Sleep disorders
1077:
1014:
1005:Quiescent sleep
985:
983:sleep disorders
976:
946:
893:
889:
830:
826:
787:
783:
752:
748:
735:
731:
719:
715:
702:
695:
682:
678:
639:(19): 1637–41.
633:Current Biology
625:
621:
576:
572:
533:
529:
482:
478:
433:
429:
390:
386:
379:
357:
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314:
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257:
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249:
215:
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176:
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139:
108:that happen in
95:
81:, who invented
75:
24:
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1579:
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1569:
1567:Comfort object
1564:
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1440:
1438:Sleep medicine
1434:
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1079:
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975:
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907:(9): 752–759.
887:
834:Senturk, Damla
824:
797:(2): 163–174.
781:
746:
729:
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676:
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570:
527:
476:
427:
400:(3): 103–110.
384:
377:
351:
324:(8): 831–842.
308:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
237:
234:
228:
222:
214:
211:
209:
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200:
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1893:
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1883:
1882:Sleep spindle
1880:
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1698:
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1692:
1690:Related tests
1688:
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1393:Sleep hygiene
1391:
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1368:
1366:
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1361:
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1351:
1350:Sleep inertia
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1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
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1319:
1317:
1314:
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1300:Sleep-talking
1298:
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1295:Sleep driving
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
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1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1207:
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1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
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1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
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1157:
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1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Sleep spindle
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
993:
988:
984:
980:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
954:
953:
950:
940:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
883:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:(4): 211–20.
761:
757:
750:
743:
739:
733:
727:
723:
717:
711:
707:
700:
698:
691:
687:
680:
672:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
615:
611:
606:
601:
597:
593:
590:(1): 238–46.
589:
585:
581:
574:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:(1): 137–45.
542:
538:
531:
523:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
472:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
447:(6): 649–55.
446:
442:
438:
431:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:
380:
374:
370:
365:
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355:
347:
343:
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331:
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278:
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205:
198:
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156:
148:
143:
134:
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127:
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107:
103:
98:
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88:
84:
80:
70:
68:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
22:
1908:10-20 system
1872:Theta rhythm
1856:
1513:Sleeping bag
1290:Sleepwalking
1275:Night terror
1032:
992:sleep cycles
904:
900:
890:
845:
841:
827:
794:
790:
784:
759:
755:
749:
741:
737:
732:
716:
679:
636:
632:
622:
587:
584:Neuroscience
583:
573:
540:
536:
530:
493:
489:
479:
444:
440:
430:
397:
393:
387:
362:
354:
321:
317:
311:
268:
264:
254:
190:
184:
178:
152:
123:
119:
102:motor cortex
99:
96:
76:
63:
57:(12.5 to 30
38:
34:
33:
1798:C1 & P1
1597:Second wind
1572:Dream diary
1448:Sleep study
1388:Sleep diary
1340:Hypnopompia
1335:Sleep onset
1326:Hypnic jerk
1165:Hypersomnia
1115:Catathrenia
1110:Sleep apnea
1020:Brain waves
990:Stages of
496:: 1139569.
87:alpha waves
79:Hans Berger
39:beta rhythm
30:Beta waves
1867:Delta wave
1862:Gamma wave
1852:Alpha wave
1794:Positivity
1739:Negativity
1631:Sleep debt
1577:Microsleep
1557:Chronotype
1471:Daily life
1355:Somnolence
1331:Hypnagogia
1262:Parasomnia
1180:Narcolepsy
1092:Anatomical
1073:Theta wave
1043:Gamma wave
1038:Delta wave
1028:Alpha wave
738:NeuroImage
247:References
240:Gamma wave
231:Alpha wave
225:Theta wave
219:Delta wave
213:Brainwaves
35:Beta waves
1877:K-complex
1857:Beta wave
1758:Visual N1
1641:Sleepover
1592:Power nap
1587:Nightwear
1453:Melatonin
1415:Somnology
1380:Treatment
1213:disorders
1152:Dyssomnia
1058:PGO waves
1053:Mu rhythm
1048:K-complex
1033:Beta wave
1010:Slow-wave
921:0006-3223
744:, 119373.
285:2373-2822
167:receptors
149:syndrome.
100:Over the
51:frequency
21:beta rays
1943:Category
1508:Mattress
1483:Bunk bed
1403:Hypnosis
1195:Nocturia
1170:Insomnia
939:30826071
882:27977700
842:PLOS ONE
819:20725910
811:15223295
671:19800236
614:18674598
565:24685610
557:16972074
522:37662639
513:10469778
471:18339546
422:45936526
414:18616866
346:26052409
338:12372655
303:37364994
294:10312120
208:See also
110:isotonic
93:Function
49:with a
1892:Mu wave
1535:Bedtime
1530:Bedroom
1525:Bedding
1520:Bed bug
1503:Hammock
1408:Lullaby
1242:Jet lag
1142:Snoring
1100:Bruxism
930:6482952
873:5157977
850:Bibcode
776:9246224
662:2791174
641:Bibcode
605:2684699
462:2428102
73:History
1923:EEGLAB
1901:Topics
1602:Siesta
1488:Daybed
1316:Dreams
937:
927:
919:
880:
870:
817:
809:
774:
669:
659:
612:
602:
563:
555:
520:
510:
469:
459:
420:
412:
375:
344:
336:
301:
291:
283:
265:eNeuro
192:GABRG3
189:, and
186:GABRB3
180:GABRA5
171:Dup15q
147:Dup15q
41:, are
1545:Story
1498:Futon
1431:Other
979:Sleep
815:S2CID
561:S2CID
418:S2CID
342:S2CID
271:(6).
47:brain
37:, or
1828:P600
1813:P300
1808:P200
1778:N400
1773:N2pc
1768:N200
1763:N170
1753:N100
1748:ELAN
981:and
935:PMID
917:ISSN
878:PMID
807:PMID
772:PMID
667:PMID
610:PMID
553:PMID
518:PMID
467:PMID
410:PMID
373:ISBN
334:PMID
299:PMID
281:ISSN
163:GABA
1823:P3b
1818:P3a
1803:P50
1582:Nap
1478:Bed
925:PMC
909:doi
868:PMC
858:doi
799:doi
764:doi
742:258
722:doi
706:doi
686:doi
657:PMC
649:doi
600:PMC
592:doi
588:156
545:doi
541:177
508:PMC
498:doi
457:PMC
449:doi
402:doi
326:doi
289:PMC
273:doi
1945::
1629:/
1333:/
933:.
923:.
915:.
905:85
903:.
899:.
876:.
866:.
856:.
846:11
844:.
840:.
813:.
805:.
795:47
793:.
770:.
760:35
758:.
740:,
696:^
665:.
655:.
647:.
637:19
635:.
631:.
608:.
598:.
586:.
582:.
559:.
551:.
539:.
516:.
506:.
494:17
492:.
488:.
465:.
455:.
445:17
443:.
439:.
416:.
408:.
398:11
396:.
371:.
340:.
332:.
322:52
320:.
297:.
287:.
279:.
269:10
267:.
263:.
183:,
69:.
55:Hz
1675:e
1668:t
1661:v
971:e
964:t
957:v
941:.
911::
884:.
860::
852::
821:.
801::
778:.
766::
724::
708::
688::
673:.
651::
643::
616:.
594::
567:.
547::
524:.
500::
473:.
451::
424:.
404::
381:.
369:4
348:.
328::
305:.
275::
201:A
175:A
165:A
23:.
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