295:, although there has been speculation that it has a thalamic origin. Several analyses suggest that cortical alpha leads pulvinar (thalamic) alpha, complicating prevailing theories of a thalamic pacemaker. Halgren, M et al. discovered that alpha acts within the nervous system by propagating from cortex to thalamus and higher-order to lower-order cortex. The experimental and computational models explored by Traub RD et al. suggested cortical- a lamina- and principal neuron subtype specific origin for the visual alpha rhythm. On the basis of examination of patients with congenital visual defects, it was established that the existence of an efficient and complete visual pathway is necessary for the development of a correct EEG activity pattern. This wave begins appearing at around four months, and is initially a frequency of 4 waves per second. The mature alpha wave, at 10 waves per second, is firmly established by age 3.
479:, relating to alpha waves is the conscious elicitation of alpha brainwaves by a subject. Two researchers in the United States explored this concept through unrelated experiments. Joe Kamiya, of the University of Chicago, discovered that some individuals had the conscious ability to recognize when they were creating alpha waves, and could increase their alpha activity. These individuals were motivated through a reward system from Kamiya. The second progenitor of biofeedback is Barry Sterman, from the University of California, Los Angeles. He was working with monitoring brain waves in cats and found that, when the cats were trained to withhold motor movement, they released
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brains. Later he ceased the stimulus method and began measuring the natural rhythmic electrical cycles in the brain. The first natural rhythm he documented was what would become known as the alpha wave. Berger was very thorough and meticulous in his data-gathering, but despite his brilliance, he did not feel confident enough to publish his discoveries until at least five years after he had made them. In 1929, he published his first findings on alpha waves in the journal
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are often made when a person is doing something automatically, or "on auto-pilot", and not paying attention to the task they are performing. After the mistake was noticed by the subject, there was a decrease in alpha waves as the subject began paying more attention. This study hopes to promote the use of wireless EEG technology on employees in high-risk fields, such as air traffic controlling, to monitor alpha wave activity and gauge the attention level of the employee.
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302:. As opposed to the awake form of alpha activity, this form is located in a frontal-central location in the brain. The purpose of alpha activity during REM sleep has yet to be fully understood. Currently, there are arguments that alpha patterns are a normal part of REM sleep, and for the notion that it indicates a semi-arousal period. It has been suggested that this alpha activity is inversely related to REM sleep pressure.
483:, a wave similar to alpha waves. Using a reward system, he further trained these cats to enter this state more easily. Later, he was approached by the United States Air Force to test the effects of a jet fuel that was known to cause seizures in humans. Sterman tested the effects of this fuel on the previously-trained cats, and discovered that they had a higher resistance to seizures than non-trained cats.
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etc.) that it needs to keep in memory. The authors suggest that the appearance of the alpha rhythm with open eyes may indicate a temporary shutdown of visual information processing in the primary visual cortex at the moments when the subject analyzes the image in visual memory. At these moments, information is processed in the association areas of the visual cortex (hV4, V3v, VO1, VO2 areas).
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A study has shown that the appearance of an alpha rhythm with open eyes can be a predictor of visual information processing in working memory. It was shown that the moment of appearance of alpha activity depends on the type of stimulus in memory and the number of visual characteristics (color, shape,
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It has long been believed that alpha waves indicate a wakeful period during sleep. This has been attributed to studies where subjects report non-refreshing sleep and have EEG records reporting high levels of alpha intrusion into sleep. This occurrence is known as alpha wave intrusion. However, it is
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Following this lapse-of-attention line of thought, a recent study indicates that alpha waves may be used to predict mistakes. In it, MEGs measured increases of up to 25% in alpha brain wave activity before mistakes occurred. This study used common sense: alpha waves indicate idleness, and mistakes
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to create a photograph of the electrical activity of a dog's brain. Using similar techniques, Berger confirmed the existence of electrical activity in the human brain. He first did this by presenting a stimulus to hospital patients with skull damage and measuring the electrical activity in their
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in Upton's experiments) to cause signals to appear on an EEG readout, causing false signals to be interpreted as healthy alpha waves. This finding suggests that it is possible that a non-flat EEG could lead to the interpretation that a patient is still living when in fact he or she is long dead.
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Sometimes it's claimed Jell-O brainwaves are identical to a healthy adult's. That's clearly a stretch, but the Jell-O EEG readings do look pretty similar to a normal human alpha rhythm. Alpha waves are observed when a patient is awake and resting with eyes closed, and in some kinds of sleep and
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Historically, alpha waves were thought to represent the activity of the visual cortex in an idle state. More recently, research suggests that they inhibit areas of the cortex not in use, or alternatively that they play an active role in network coordination and communication. Whether they are
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In particular, the entrainment substantially accelerated learning in a discrimination task to detect targets embedded in background clutter or to identify radial vs. concentric Glass patterns embedded in noise compared to entrainment that does not match an individual's alpha frequency.
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during wakeful relaxation with closed eyes and were the earliest brain rhythm recorded in humans. Alpha waves are reduced with open eyes and sleep, while they are enhanced during drowsiness. Occipital alpha waves during periods of eyes closed are the strongest EEG brain signals.
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reversible coma. True, the Jell-O waves are a little slower and of much lower amplitude, barely within normal human limits, but that doesn't tell you much by itself. Hypoxia, encephalitis, and other medical conditions can cause reduced frequency and amplitude, as can drug use.
464:. He was originally met with derision for his EEG technique and his subsequent alpha and beta wave discoveries. His technique and findings did not gain widespread acceptance in the psychological community until 1937, when he gained the approval of the famous physiologist
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Alpha waves again gained interest in regards to an engineering approach to the science fiction challenge of psychokinesis, i.e. control of movement of a physical object using energy emanating from a human brain. In 1988, EEG alpha rhythm was used in a
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Alpha waves are present at different stages of the wake-sleep cycle. The most widely researched is during the relaxed mental state, where the subject is at rest with eyes closed, but is not tired or asleep. This alpha activity is centered in the
448:, and he displayed an interest in "alpha blockage", the process by which alpha waves decrease and beta waves increase upon a subject opening their eyes. This distinction earned the alpha wave the alternate title of "Berger's Wave".
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inhibitory or play an active role in attention links to their direction of propagation, with top-down rearward waves being inhibitory, and forward bottom-up ones aiding visual attentional processes.
1782:"Train Your Brain-Mental exercises with neurofeedback may ease symptoms of attention-deficit disorder, epilepsy and depression--and even boost cognition in healthy brains"
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experiment of control of a movement of a physical object, a robot. It was the first experiment to demonstrate control of a physical object, a robot, using EEG.>
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Manu P, Lane TJ, Matthews DA, Castriotta RJ, Watson RK, Abeles M (April 1994). "Alpha-delta sleep in patients with a chief complaint of chronic fatigue".
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Alpha wave intrusion occurs when the alpha waves appear with non-REM sleep when delta activity is expected. It is hypothesized to be associated with
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Alpha wave biofeedback has gained interest for having some successes in humans for seizure suppression and for treatment of depression.
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One study suggests that a "visual flicker paradigm to entrain individuals at their own brain rhythm (i.e. peak alpha frequency)" can
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Some researchers posit that there are at least two forms of alpha waves, which may have different functions in the wake-sleep cycle.
381:
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Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MA (April 2017). "Brain-Machine
Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation".
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with increased phasic alpha sleep activity correlated with clinical manifestations of fibromyalgia, such as longer pain duration.
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Bozinovski S, Sestakov M, Bozinovska L (1988). "Using EEG alpha rhythm to control a mobile robot". In Harris G, Walker C (eds.).
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As demonstrated by Dr. Adrian R. M. Upton, it is possible for extraneous sources (ambient fluctuations detected with a mound of
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possible that these explanations may be misleading, as they only focus on alpha waves being generated from the occipital lobe.
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Kozlovskiy S, Rogachev A (2021). "How Areas of
Ventral Visual Stream Interact when We Memorize Color and Shape Information".
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Roizenblatt S, Moldofsky H, Benedito-Silva AA, Tufik S (January 2001). "Alpha sleep characteristics in fibromyalgia".
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1211:"Origin of the alpha rhythm based on computer analysis of EEG activity in patients with congenital visual defects"
95:
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1978:
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Bonnet M, Carley D, Carskadon M, Easton P, Guilleminault C, Harper R, et al. (The Task Force Allas) (1992).
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352:. However, it is common in chronic fatigued patients, and may amplify the effects of other sleep disorders.
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2013:
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Proceedings of the Annual
International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
444:, the inventor of the EEG itself. Alpha waves were among the first waves documented by Berger, along with
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17:
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597:"Alpha-Band Oscillations Enable Spatially and Temporally Resolved Tracking of Covert Spatial Attention"
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1616:"Learning at your brain's rhythm: individualized entrainment boosts learning for perceptual decisions"
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Cahn BR, Polich J (March 2006). "Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies".
1162:"Layer 4 pyramidal neuron dendritic bursting underlies a post-stimulus visual cortical alpha rhythm"
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1569:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 1358. Springer. pp. 95–100.
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1005:"Decoding Object-Based Auditory Attention from Source-Reconstructed MEG Alpha Oscillations"
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Alpha waves again gained recognition in the early 1960s and 1970s with the creation of a
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520: – Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
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Domino EF, Ni L, Thompson M, Zhang H, Shikata H, Fukai H, et al. (December 2009).
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theory relating to brain waves (see below). Such biofeedback, referred to as a kind of
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have demonstrated a one-Hertz reduction in alpha wave frequency relative to controls.
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Halgren M, Ulbert I, Bastuji H, Fabó D, Erőss L, Rey M, et al. (November 2019).
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838:"Distinct roles of forward and backward alpha-band waves in spatial visual attention"
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744:"Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: gating by inhibition"
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pacemaker cells in humans. Historically, they are also called "Berger's waves" after
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Palva S, Palva JM (April 2007). "New vistas for alpha-frequency band oscillations".
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1054:"Tobacco smoking produces widespread dominant brain wave alpha frequency increases"
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Despite this, alpha wave intrusion has not been significantly linked to any major
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1844:. Proc. IEEE Workshop on Intelligent Motion Control. Istanbul. pp. 63–67.
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Mobile robot trajectory control: From fixed rails to direct bioelectric control
1322:"A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Advances in
Cognitive Research, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroinformatics
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Traub RD, Hawkins K, Adams NE, Hall SP, Simon A, Whittington MA (May 2020).
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889:"Cortical source localization of sleep-stage specific oscillatory activity"
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646:"The inventor of electroencephalography (EEG): Hans Berger (1873-1941)"
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The sample of human EEG with prominent alpha-rhythm in occipital sites
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Brazier MA (1970), "The
Electrical Activity of the Nervous System",
946:"Alpha Synchrony and the Neurofeedback Control of Spatial Attention"
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10.1002/1529-0131(200101)44:1<222::AID-ANR29>3.0.CO;2-K
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1865:"Augmentation of sensorimotor functions with neural prostheses"
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1987:
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Brancaccio A, Tabarelli D, Bigica M, Baldauf D (April 2020).
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Michael E, Covarrubias LS, Leong V, Kourtzi Z (April 2023).
415:
Cecil Adams from The
Straight Dope discusses this scenario:
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2771:
2761:
1661:"Brain-frequency primer accelerates learning and retention"
1492:"Brain Wave Patterns Can Predict Blunders, New Study Finds"
1286:
594:
1447:
1103:"The generation and propagation of the human alpha rhythm"
836:
Alamia A, Terral L, D'ambra MR, VanRullen R (March 2023).
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2486:
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228:
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1208:
1100:
526: – MATLAB toolbox for neurophysiological biomarkers
321:
in both healthy subjects and patients. Practitioners of
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1002:
508:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
298:
The second occurrence of alpha wave activity is during
1737:
Karbowski K (August 2002). "Hans Berger (1873-1941)".
215:
likely originating from the synchronous and coherent (
1159:
1051:
27:
Neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8–12 Hz
254:(qEEG). They can be predominantly recorded from the
1003:de Vries IE, Marinato G, Baldauf D (October 2021).
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2706:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
1564:
468:, who took a particular interest in alpha waves.
317:meditation has been shown to increase alpha wave
2949:
2690:
1888:
643:
227:, who first described them when he invented the
532: – Waves propagating between brain regions
741:
644:İnce R, Adanır SS, Sevmez F (September 2021).
451:Berger took a cue from Ukrainian physiologist
2676:
1986:
1972:
1319:
282:
1882:
1713:"Can brainwaves be detected in lime Jell-O?"
1363:
1313:
829:
691:Archiv fĂĽr Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten
687:"Ăśber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen"
1245:
1209:Derkowski W, Kędzia A, Derkowska J (2007).
2937:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
2683:
2669:
2294:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
1979:
1965:
1839:
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1369:
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365:Processing of visual information in memory
1803:. New Orleans: IEEE. pp. 1515–1516.
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1641:
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1320:Lomas T, Ivtzan I, Fu CH (October 2015).
1304:
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1252:International Journal of Psychophysiology
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1058:International Journal of Psychophysiology
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390:, maintained the day following training.
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
428:
242:and closely related methods, such as by
219:or constructive) electrical activity of
191:
153:
1927:
1862:
1520:(1_suppl). Sage: 1–244. December 2021.
1217:. Wrocław Scientific Society: 313–318.
328:
14:
2950:
1329:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1215:The Computer-aided Scientific Research
684:
437:Alpha waves were discovered by German
2664:
1960:
1840:Bozinovski S (1990). Kaynak O (ed.).
1779:
1710:
1671:from the original on 15 February 2023
588:
355:
524:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox
147:
74:adding citations to reliable sources
45:
39:For the 3D platform video game, see
2792:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
2731:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
1936:(3650), London: Pitman: 1423–1428,
1694:"Jell-O Test Finds Lifelike Signal"
252:quantitative electroencephalography
250:(MEG), and can be quantified using
24:
1920:
373:
25:
2979:
2134:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2129:Central hypoventilation syndrome
1462:10.1097/00007611-199404000-00008
402:
152:
50:
2289:Periodic limb movement disorder
2256:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
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1833:
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1773:
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1704:
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1607:
1558:
1502:
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1341:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.018
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1239:
1202:
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1094:
1045:
748:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
266:An alpha-like variant called a
211:in the frequency range of 8–12
61:needs additional citations for
2726:Somatosensory evoked potential
1658:News article about the study:
1070:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.08.011
1021:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0583-21.2021
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712:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-5DE0-7
678:
637:
536:
397:
13:
1:
2922:Difference due to memory (Dm)
2561:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
2369:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
2231:Advanced sleep phase disorder
1942:10.1126/science.146.3650.1423
1872:Opera Medica and Physiologica
1692:Rensberger B (6 March 1976).
1496:UC Davis News and Information
1265:10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00754-x
742:Jensen O, Mazaheri A (2010).
582:
554:Alpha wave – (8 – 12 Hz)
309:
2721:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
2692:Electroencephalography (EEG)
2241:Delayed sleep phase disorder
2169:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1575:10.1007/978-3-030-71637-0_10
963:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.001
234:Alpha waves are one type of
167:on the origin of alpha waves
163:appears to contradict itself
7:
2716:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
2374:Nocturnal penile tumescence
2246:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
1384:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180
1246:Niedermeyer E (June 1997).
1009:The Journal of Neuroscience
497:
277:
10:
2984:
2236:Cyclic alternating pattern
1903:10.1152/physrev.00027.2016
913:10.1038/s41598-020-63933-5
807:10.1016/j.tins.2007.02.001
663:10.1007/s00381-020-04564-z
453:Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky
424:
283:Possible types and origins
38:
31:
2909:
2851:
2739:
2698:
2479:
2452:Behavioral sleep medicine
2439:
2387:
2317:
2269:
2261:Shift work sleep disorder
2217:
2209:Sleep state misperception
2159:
2099:
2090:
2027:
1998:
1751:10.1007/s00415-002-0872-4
1526:10.1177/03010066211059887
1178:10.1038/s42003-020-0947-8
506: – Term in acoustics
323:Transcendental Meditation
2009:Rapid eye movement (REM)
1809:10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95357
1711:Adams C (11 June 2010).
1450:Southern Medical Journal
1415:Arthritis and Rheumatism
761:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00186
613:10.1177/0956797617699167
492:brain–computer interface
346:chronic fatigue syndrome
161:This article or section
32:Not to be confused with
2843:Late positive component
2711:Event-related potential
2330:Exploding head syndrome
2139:Obstructive sleep apnea
1850:10.1109/IMC.1990.687362
1223:10.5281/ZENODO.10624700
1128:10.1073/pnas.1913092116
795:Trends in Neurosciences
685:Berger H (1929-12-01).
566:– (12.5 – 15.5 Hz)
2968:Electroencephalography
2752:Bereitschaftspotential
2645:Sleeping while on duty
2194:Idiopathic hypersomnia
1633:10.1093/cercor/bhac426
1372:Psychological Bulletin
1306:10.1093/sleep/15.2.173
1166:Communications Biology
650:Child's Nervous System
560:– (7.5 – 12.5 Hz)
462:Archiv fĂĽr Psychiatrie
434:
422:
270:can be found over the
248:magnetoencephalography
244:electroencephalography
197:
2467:Neuroscience of sleep
2199:Night eating syndrome
2184:Kleine–Levin syndrome
1891:Physiological Reviews
601:Psychological Science
432:
417:
195:
175:for more information.
2621:Sleep and creativity
1739:Journal of Neurology
329:Alpha wave intrusion
272:primary motor cortex
240:electrophysiological
70:improve this article
2896:Sensorimotor rhythm
2853:Neural oscillations
2797:Mismatch negativity
2616:Sleep and breathing
2072:Sensorimotor rhythm
1786:Scientific American
1667:. 1 February 2023.
1119:2019PNAS..11623772H
1113:(47): 23772–23782.
905:2020NatSR..10.6976B
855:10.7554/elife.85035
572:– (15 – 30 Hz)
545:– (0.5 – 3 Hz)
457:string galvanometer
209:neural oscillations
2626:Sleep and learning
2379:Nocturnal emission
2279:Nightmare disorder
2144:Periodic breathing
1863:Lebedev M (2016).
1698:The New York Times
893:Scientific Reports
703:10.1007/BF01797193
578:– (>30 Hz)
518:Neural oscillation
435:
386:perceptual visual
356:Mistake prediction
198:
2945:
2944:
2839:(late positivity)
2741:Evoked potentials
2658:
2657:
2636:Sleep deprivation
2475:
2474:
1584:978-3-030-71636-3
1232:978-83-7374-050-1
1015:(41): 8603–8617.
956:(3): 577–587.e5.
551:– (4 – 7 Hz)
481:SMR, or mu, waves
190:
189:
146:
145:
138:
120:
16:(Redirected from
2975:
2958:Electrodiagnosis
2927:Oddball paradigm
2685:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2631:Sleep and memory
2571:Circadian rhythm
2318:Benign phenomena
2220:Circadian rhythm
2097:
2096:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1915:
1914:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1780:Kraft U (2006).
1777:
1771:
1770:
1745:(8): 1130–1131.
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1717:straightdope.com
1708:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1626:(9): 5382–5394.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1537:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1000:
994:
993:
975:
965:
941:
935:
934:
924:
884:
878:
877:
867:
857:
833:
827:
826:
790:
784:
783:
773:
763:
739:
733:
732:
714:
682:
676:
675:
665:
656:(9): 2723–2724.
641:
635:
634:
624:
592:
509:
383:
350:major depression
185:
182:
176:
156:
155:
148:
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
119:
78:
54:
46:
21:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2905:
2847:
2735:
2694:
2689:
2659:
2654:
2549:Procrastination
2502:Four-poster bed
2471:
2435:
2429:Polysomnography
2407:Sleep induction
2383:
2354:Sleep paralysis
2313:
2265:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2155:
2114:Mouth breathing
2092:Sleep disorders
2086:
2023:
2014:Quiescent sleep
1994:
1992:sleep disorders
1985:
1955:
1923:
1921:Further reading
1918:
1887:
1883:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1838:
1834:
1819:
1797:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1672:
1659:
1620:Cerebral Cortex
1612:
1608:
1585:
1563:
1559:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1446:
1442:
1411:
1407:
1368:
1364:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1285:
1281:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1207:
1203:
1158:
1154:
1099:
1095:
1050:
1046:
1001:
997:
942:
938:
885:
881:
834:
830:
791:
787:
740:
736:
683:
679:
642:
638:
593:
589:
585:
539:
507:
500:
427:
405:
400:
376:
374:Visual learning
367:
358:
331:
312:
285:
280:
256:occipital lobes
186:
180:
177:
171:Please see the
170:
157:
142:
131:
125:
122:
79:
77:
67:
55:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Comfort object
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Sleep medicine
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1897:(2): 767–837.
1881:
1855:
1832:
1817:
1791:
1772:
1729:
1703:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1606:
1583:
1557:
1501:
1483:
1456:(4): 465–470.
1440:
1421:(1): 222–230.
1405:
1378:(2): 180–211.
1362:
1312:
1299:(2): 173–184.
1279:
1258:(1–3): 31–49.
1238:
1231:
1201:
1152:
1093:
1064:(3): 192–198.
1044:
995:
936:
879:
828:
801:(4): 150–158.
785:
734:
697:(1): 527–570.
677:
636:
607:(7): 929–941.
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
552:
546:
538:
535:
534:
533:
527:
521:
515:
510:
504:Binaural beats
499:
496:
426:
423:
404:
401:
399:
396:
375:
372:
366:
363:
357:
354:
342:sleep disorder
330:
327:
311:
308:
293:occipital lobe
284:
281:
279:
276:
188:
187:
160:
158:
151:
144:
143:
58:
56:
49:
34:Alpha particle
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2980:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Sleep spindle
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:Related tests
2697:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Sleep hygiene
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Sleep inertia
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2309:Sleep-talking
2307:
2305:
2304:Sleep driving
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Sleep spindle
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1878:(3): 211–227.
1877:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:0-7803-0785-2
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1535:11368/3007892
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
932:
928:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
875:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
781:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:(in German).
692:
688:
681:
673:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
632:
628:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:
587:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
505:
502:
501:
495:
493:
487:
484:
482:
478:
477:neurofeedback
474:
469:
467:
463:
458:
455:, who used a
454:
449:
447:
443:
440:
431:
421:
416:
413:
410:
403:EEG artefacts
395:
391:
389:
385:
382:substantially
371:
362:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
326:
324:
320:
316:
307:
303:
301:
296:
294:
288:
275:
273:
269:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
184:
174:
168:
164:
159:
150:
149:
140:
137:
129:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
2917:10-20 system
2881:Theta rhythm
2860:
2522:Sleeping bag
2299:Sleepwalking
2284:Night terror
2036:
2001:sleep cycles
1933:
1929:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1841:
1835:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1775:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1673:. Retrieved
1664:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1566:
1560:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1332:
1328:
1315:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1214:
1204:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1012:
1008:
998:
973:11572/252726
953:
949:
939:
896:
892:
882:
845:
841:
831:
798:
794:
788:
754:(186): 186.
751:
747:
737:
694:
690:
680:
653:
649:
639:
604:
600:
590:
488:
485:
470:
461:
450:
436:
418:
414:
406:
392:
377:
368:
359:
344:, including
339:
335:fibromyalgia
332:
313:
304:
297:
289:
286:
265:
261:
238:detected by
233:
205:alpha rhythm
204:
200:
199:
196:Alpha waves
178:
166:
162:
132:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:"Alpha wave"
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
29:
2807:C1 & P1
2606:Second wind
2581:Dream diary
2457:Sleep study
2397:Sleep diary
2349:Hypnopompia
2344:Sleep onset
2335:Hypnic jerk
2174:Hypersomnia
2124:Catathrenia
2119:Sleep apnea
2029:Brain waves
1999:Stages of
1675:15 February
1335:: 401–410.
899:(1): 6976.
537:Brain waves
473:biofeedback
466:Lord Adrian
442:Hans Berger
439:neurologist
398:Measurement
315:Mindfulness
236:brain waves
225:Hans Berger
201:Alpha waves
181:August 2020
126:August 2020
41:Alpha Waves
18:Alpha waves
2963:Meditation
2952:Categories
2876:Delta wave
2871:Gamma wave
2861:Alpha wave
2803:Positivity
2748:Negativity
2640:Sleep debt
2586:Microsleep
2566:Chronotype
2480:Daily life
2364:Somnolence
2340:Hypnagogia
2271:Parasomnia
2189:Narcolepsy
2101:Anatomical
2082:Theta wave
2052:Gamma wave
2047:Delta wave
2037:Alpha wave
1514:Perception
1172:(1): 230.
583:References
576:Gamma wave
549:Theta wave
543:Delta wave
446:beta waves
380:result in
310:Meditation
96:newspapers
2886:K-complex
2866:Beta wave
2767:Visual N1
2650:Sleepover
2601:Power nap
2596:Nightwear
2462:Melatonin
2424:Somnology
2389:Treatment
2222:disorders
2161:Dyssomnia
2067:PGO waves
2062:Mu rhythm
2057:K-complex
2042:Beta wave
2019:Slow-wave
1665:New Atlas
1601:234902744
1593:2194-5357
1552:245771701
990:208614924
721:1433-8491
570:Beta wave
530:PGO waves
300:REM sleep
246:(EEG) or
231:in 1924.
203:, or the
173:talk page
2517:Mattress
2492:Bunk bed
2412:Hypnosis
2204:Nocturia
2179:Insomnia
1950:14208567
1911:28275048
1827:62179588
1767:32730261
1759:12420722
1669:Archived
1652:36352510
1643:10152088
1544:34989647
1478:21961157
1435:11212164
1392:16536641
1349:26441373
1196:32393746
1147:31685634
1088:19765621
1039:34429378
982:31812515
931:32332806
874:36876909
865:10059684
815:17307258
780:21119777
729:10835361
672:32140776
631:28537480
564:SMR wave
498:See also
388:learning
278:Research
221:thalamic
217:in phase
2901:Mu wave
2544:Bedtime
2539:Bedroom
2534:Bedding
2529:Bed bug
2512:Hammock
2417:Lullaby
2251:Jet lag
2151:Snoring
2109:Bruxism
1930:Science
1722:7 April
1470:8153772
1400:2151810
1357:7276590
1274:9202993
1187:7214406
1138:6876194
1115:Bibcode
1079:2788071
1030:8513695
922:7181624
901:Bibcode
823:9156592
771:2990626
622:5675530
558:Mu wave
425:History
268:mu wave
110:scholar
2932:EEGLAB
2910:Topics
2611:Siesta
2497:Daybed
2325:Dreams
1948:
1909:
1825:
1815:
1765:
1757:
1650:
1640:
1599:
1591:
1581:
1550:
1542:
1476:
1468:
1433:
1398:
1390:
1355:
1347:
1272:
1229:
1194:
1184:
1145:
1135:
1086:
1076:
1037:
1027:
988:
980:
950:Neuron
929:
919:
872:
862:
821:
813:
778:
768:
727:
719:
670:
629:
619:
513:EEGLAB
409:Jell-O
384:faster
348:, and
207:, are
165:
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
2554:Story
2507:Futon
2440:Other
1988:Sleep
1868:(PDF)
1823:S2CID
1763:S2CID
1597:S2CID
1548:S2CID
1474:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1353:S2CID
1325:(PDF)
1293:Sleep
986:S2CID
842:eLife
819:S2CID
725:S2CID
319:power
117:JSTOR
103:books
2837:P600
2822:P300
2817:P200
2787:N400
2782:N2pc
2777:N200
2772:N170
2762:N100
2757:ELAN
1990:and
1946:PMID
1907:PMID
1813:ISBN
1755:PMID
1724:2018
1677:2023
1648:PMID
1589:ISSN
1579:ISBN
1540:PMID
1466:PMID
1431:PMID
1388:PMID
1345:PMID
1270:PMID
1227:ISBN
1192:PMID
1143:PMID
1084:PMID
1035:PMID
978:PMID
927:PMID
870:PMID
811:PMID
776:PMID
717:ISSN
668:PMID
627:PMID
89:news
2832:P3b
2827:P3a
2812:P50
2591:Nap
2487:Bed
1938:doi
1934:146
1899:doi
1846:doi
1805:doi
1747:doi
1743:249
1638:PMC
1628:doi
1571:doi
1530:hdl
1522:doi
1458:doi
1423:doi
1380:doi
1376:132
1337:doi
1301:doi
1260:doi
1219:doi
1182:PMC
1174:doi
1133:PMC
1123:doi
1111:116
1074:PMC
1066:doi
1025:PMC
1017:doi
968:hdl
958:doi
954:105
917:PMC
909:doi
860:PMC
850:doi
803:doi
766:PMC
756:doi
707:hdl
699:doi
658:doi
617:PMC
609:doi
229:EEG
72:by
2954::
2638:/
2342:/
1944:,
1932:,
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