Bessarabia - Knowledge

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7.3% of the peasant households in the Bessarabian regions of the Moldavian SSR were completely landless, 38.15% had up to 3 hectares (an average of 1.7 hectares per lot) and 22.4% had 3 to 5 hectares (an average of 2.6 hectares per one household), i.e. more than two-thirds of the peasant households were farm laborers and poor peasants. Better off was the middle peasantry, which owned 5 to 10 hectares, and constituted 22.73% of peasant farms. The rest, constituting 9.4% of the farms, owned more than 10 hectares each, but held under their control 36% of peasant land, i.e. more than all small farms taken together. The 818 large landowners held an average of 100 hectares each, while institutional owners (the state, churches, and monasteries) held another 59 thousand hectares. About 54% of peasant households had no livestock, about two-thirds had no horse, a little more than a sixth had one horse each, and only 13.2% had two or more working horses. In the whole of Bessarabian region of the Moldavian SSR there were at the beginning of Soviet administration only 219 obsolete tractors, mostly owned by larger farms and used primarily as threshing engines. With little serviceable equestrian equipment, tillage, sowing, and harvesting of all crops were mostly carried out manually. Throughout the interwar era, Bessarabia witnessed several negative phenomena: further social stratification in the countryside, deepening poverty, lowering yields, worsening of the structure of crops grown, reduction of the total agricultural production. The number of cattle fell by 26% between 1926 and 1938, the number of sheep by 5%, the number of pigs by 14%. Average grain yield also decreased from 1920/1925 to 1935/1939 from 850 kg per hectare to 800 kg. The area used in wine-making grew by 15,000 hectares between 1930 and 1938. However, wine quality dropped, as slightly over 80% of the vineyards were planted with lower quality grape varieties. According to V.I. Tsaranov, adding to the lack of land, small plots, poor crop yields, unemployment was also high among rural residents, with around 550 thousand recorded in June 1940.

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Logio states that the Romanians were pressed into legislating it, as expropriation had begun before the Union and there was the danger that Bessarabians would undo this act; he notes that no planning took place regarding the effects of the reform and the problems of the peasantry were ignored, transforming the latter in "a numerous and profitable mass of clients for the banks". According to the analysis Western authors, the reform only changed the distribution of the land, and not agricultural policies; as a result of the economical and social policies of the Romanian governments, small and medium-sized farms remained unprofitable, while the large farms not affected by the reform also lost their economic role. Western authors also criticized the administrative corps of Bessarabia - "an unstable and corrupt stratum" - observing that transfer of administrative personnel from Romania to Bessarabia was regarded as a severe punishment, and the clerks affected generally sought personal enrichment; the local administration was also considered rigid and unwilling to reform. In general, Western historiography analyzed the modernization of Bessarabia in a general Romanian context in relation to the previous Russian period, as well as the uneven and not so fast modernization process, determined by both internal and external factors.

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population, to the detriment of the national minorities; Soviet authors thus reportedly rejected the notion that any modernization and progress took place in the region during Romanian rule. The transformations that took place on different levels of the Bessarabian society at that time were treated from a social class and/or ethnopolitical positions; Svetlana Suveică states "the writings from the Soviet period, directly determined by the interference of politics in historical science, alternated the ideas regarding the "Moldovan" nation and the national identity, with severe condemnations of the Romanian interwar period". In Suveică's opinion, the conception of Soviet historiography was based on distorted facts that would serve as "indisputable arguments" for the establishment of an illegal "occupation" regime. According to Wim P. van Meurs "the legitimation of the political regime has been the main function of (the Soviet) historiography and such a legitimation has usually been based on a number of historical myths". The discussion of the social-economic and politico-administrative situation in the region was also closely related to the Romanian-Soviet conflictual relations of the 1960s and 1970s, during which both communist countries treated the Bessarabian problem for political purposes.

2809:, Romanian historiography treated Bessarabia mainly in the context of Romanian nation-building, seen as the main issue affecting Greater Romania; authors focused mainly on issues related to the general and specific context of Bessarabia after the Union, the state's efforts for social-political and economic integration, and cultural development of Bessarabia. The internal and external factors that determined the specifics of the province's integration into the Romanian common framework are also of interest. Romanian authors mainly blamed the lasting effects of Russian domination and the destabilizing role of Soviet Russia (USSR) for the malfunctioning of the Romanian administration, with some also pointing to the difficult and non-uniform character of the integration generated by the non-uniform character of the development of the provinces until 1918, of a different degree of their adaptability to the new conditions. The modernization interwar period is also seen as the third phase of a continuous process, begun in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and brutally interrupted by the establishment of Communism. In this context, some authors consider the comparative studies of the interwar and post-Communist periods in different fields as particularly current. 254: 2783:

regime". The agrarian reform, considered one of the most radical in Europe (an idea also supported by Western historians), was appreciated as having a positive role, emphasizing the national emancipation of the Romanian peasantry, while the modernization of agriculture was presented as a complex phenomenon, which also required further mechanism to support the new owner. However, agriculture was ignored by the state, and the new owners were greatly affected by the lack of credit, Romanian authors of the time suggested various ways this situation could have been overcome. Ultimately, as the state failed to create an adequate agricultural policy, by the end of the 1920 authors were hoping progress could be made through private initiative. Romanian authors also paid particular attention to the unification of administrative legislation, norms, and principles of administrative law, as well as their application in Romanian practice. The institute of the

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little to no state support provided for them to acquire technical equipment required for the development of successful farms and credit was only accessible to the more prosperous among them and therefore insignificant overall. The region also lacked qualified specialists and lagged behind in infrastructure, as the government had few resources and other priorities. The main factors which impeded the creation of a prosperous peasant class were the payments for land redemption, peasant debts, and taxes, lack of access to the traditional Russian market, difficulties to break into the Romanian and European agricultural market and frequent droughts (1921, 1924, 1925, 1927–28 and 1935). Winemaking, one of the mainstays of the local economy, was particularly affected by the external policy of the Romanian state: the

272: 6624: 2831:, deals with the problems of the interwar Bessarabian history, depending on the context. On the one hand, the supporters of the idea of Moldovan statehood reject the option of modernization and progress of Bessarabia after the Union with Romania while, on the other hand, the historians who, starting from the idea of the Romanian character of Bessarabia, and using new sources, "contribute to the in-depth knowledge of the integrating and modernizing processes that marked the history of the (Bessarabian) land in the interwar period". This ongoing controversy highlights the two antagonistic geopolitical tendencies present in the contemporary Moldovan historiography: the pro-East current versus the pro-West current. 3202:

Bessarabia continued to be the region with the most illiterate people in Romania, the number of literates doubled, to 38,1% of the total population. In the 1920-1938 period, the number of primary schools increased from 1,747 to 2,718, and the number of students from 136,172 to 346,747. In 1940, there were also 24 gymnasiums and middle schools and 26 high schools. Despite a large number of minorities (over 870,000 Russians, Ukrainians, and Jews), education in minority languages was curtailed: private schools were allowed to function after 1925 only if the instruction was in Romanian and, by 1938, there were no state- sponsored Russian or Ukrainian schools and only one each in private hands. In 1939, after the

6322:: "These figures were based on estimates of the population of Bessarabia as consisting 60% of Moldavians, 14% Ukrainians, 12% Jews, 6% Russians, 3% Bulgarians, 3% Germans, 2% Gagautzi (Turks of Christian religion), and 1% Greeks and Armenians. This appears to be a fairly accurate guess; the official Russian figures, which the Moldavians considered inaccurate and padded, set the Moldavian proportion considerably lower, as about one-half. Such figures are misleading in all European countries of mixed nationalities, since the census enumerator generally has instructions to count everyone who understands the state language as being of that nationality, no matter what his everyday speech may be." 265: 3285: 3163:

the food industry in the total production of large manufacturing industries increased from 77.1% to 92.4%, with sharp decreases observed in sectors with higher added value, such as the metalworking, textile and leather processing industries. Even so, the food industry failed to fulfill local needs; most industries heavily relied on manual labor and primitive technologies. Electricity production in Chișinău, Bessarabia's center and Romania's second-largest city, recorded in 1925 at 4.47 million kWh, only increased by 6.7% during the following decade, lagging far behind other Romanian cities: 572.3% in

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provide the assigned tax agent with housing, heating, lighting, and office space. Bessarabia was reduced mostly to a supplier of raw materials and a market for industrial goods of Romanian or foreign origin. By the end of the 1930s, the only industrial sectors that managed to rebound were the food and woodworking industries, the rest witnessing either stagnation or a decrease compared to pre-Depression levels. Most industrial facilities in the food industry worked significantly below their installed capacity even in prosperous years such as 1937. Several large factories, such as the

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capital in those areas instead of using it within the region. Local industry faced fierce competition from larger Romanian companies, which had access to preferential rail tariffs, limited credit to local entrepreneurs, and flooded the local market with cheaper industrial goods produced in Romania or imported from abroad. Nevertheless, some new small-scale industrial enterprises were established in the 1920s, using primarily local raw materials and producing for the local market. The total engine power rose from 7.8 thousand

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decline in industrial production in Bessarabia hinders the rational processing of local raw materials, thereby turning our province into a colony for industry in the rest of the country". According to V.I. Tsaranov, throughout the period, industrial workers in the region faced long working hours (up to fourteen per day), lack of proper safety measures, unsanitary conditions, the perspective of unemployment and a general decrease in the standard of living: the real wage of a Chișinău worker dropped 60% between 1913 and 1937.

3491: 1250: 904: 7442: 7241: 7360: 2759: 6506: 3222: 2802:" appeared. From the second half of the 1970s, studies on the agrarian reform considered that while this led to a "natural and rational distribution of agricultural property", it also led to fragmentation of agricultural land. This made the practice of intensive agriculture difficult, since peasants had reduced opportunity to purchase agricultural equipment. Towards the end of the Communist period, the two interwar concepts of development and modernization were re-embraced. 2251: 672: 3664:) that had witnessed strong emigration of the Muslim population and immigration from other regions, including Ottoman lands south of the Danube, recorded a total population of 113,835. There are conflicting figures regarding the national distribution (first figure cited by Poștarencu, second by Ungureanu): 48.64/37% Moldavians, 7.07/8.9% Russians, 15.65/17.9% Ukrainians, 17.02/21.5% Bulgarians and 11.62/14.7% others. Still in 1818, statistics for the 3606:, they soon turned anti-government and demanded official status for the Romanian (Moldavian) language instead of the Russian language. On August 31, 1989, following a 600,000-strong demonstration in Chișinău four days earlier, Romanian (Moldavian) became the official language of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, this was not implemented for many years. In 1990, the first free elections were held for Parliament, with the opposition 1993: 6794: 2967: 1717: 1183: 343: 331: 7288: 4585: 2751: 50: 7330: 3732: 3015: 7308: 6515: 3683:. The following proportions were recorded, in a total of 692,777 inhabitants: 59.4% Romanians, 17.2% Ukrainians, 9.3% Bulgarians, 7.1% Jews, and 2.2% Russians. In the case of some urban centres, figures were not reported for all ethnic groups. Furthermore, the size of the total populations differs from other official reports of the same period, which put the population of Bessarabia at 774,492 or 793,103. 2149: 3091:, while Romanian offices who married Bessarabian women were eligible to receive 100 hectares. Though the reform set the lot at 6 hectares, more than two-thirds of the peasant households received less than 5 hectares each, and, as of 1931, 367.8 thousand peasant families were still landless. The average size of the peasant household further dropped after the land reform due to land division among heirs. 415: 3083:(40% of the agricultural land) held by the large landowners in 1917, more than one third (38.6%) was distributed to peasants, another third was restored to its previous owners, while the rest became state property and was to a large degree later awarded to officers of the Romanian army, officials and clergy. A significant number of plots were awarded to Romanians immigrants from 246: 2888:, under a military administration, due to border incidents and agitation among the peasantry and the minorities. Strict censorship was imposed in order to restrain Bolshevik propaganda. Three major revolts or Soviet raids took place in the province during the first decade of Romanian rule. In January 1919, local peasants, with support from across the Dniester, 3695:(1.1%), 6,000 Russians (0.6%), adding to a total of 990,274 inhabitants. Historian Constantin Ungureanu provides significantly different figures for the same year: 676,100 Romanians (68.2%), 126,000 Ukrainians (12.7%), 78,800 Jews (7.9%), 48,200 Bulgarians and Gaguz (4.9%), 24,200 (2.4%) Germans and 20,000 Russians (2%) for a total of 991,900. 6632: 4654:

Finally, out of 4530 freight cars and 187 tank cars, only 1389 and 103 were usable. The Romanians reduced the gauge to a standard 1,440 mm (56.5 in), so that cars could be run to the rest of Europe. Also, there were only a few inefficient boat bridges. Romanian highway engineers decided to build ten bridges:

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announced, there was no quorum (only 44 of the 125 members took part in it, mostly Moldavian conservatives), and then the Country Council voted for its self-dissolution, preventing the protests of the Moldavians and minorities members who had not participated in the parliamentary session from being taken into account.

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However, some scholars believed in regard to the 1897 census that " the census enumerator generally has instructions to count everyone who understands the state language as being of that nationality, no matter what his everyday speech may be". Thus, a number of Romanians might have been registered as

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According to Alla Skvortsova, not all new enterprises survived for long, and the Great Depression had a particularly strong impact on the region, many of the companies going bankrupt or closing in 1929–1933. Governmental policy, influenced by the banking system and the industrial cartels, prevented a

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According to Vladimir Solonar and Vladimir Bruter, Bessarabia under Romanian rule experienced low population growth due to high mortality (highest in Romania and one of the highest in Europe) as well as emigration; Bessarabia was also characterized by economic stagnation and high unemployment. Access

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in 1925 to 12.2 thousand in 1929. Although the number of industrial enterprises more than doubled after 1918, small semi-handicraft production prevailed, seldom using hired labor: in 1930 there were an average of only 2.4 employees per enterprise. During the 22 years of Romanian rule, only one large

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only a quarter of the peasant households had retained their allotment. By 1939 farms of up to 5 hectares throughout the region had lost a seventh of their land, while farms with more than 10 hectares had increased their land by 26%. According to a study of the new Soviet administration, in June 1940

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Nicolae Enciu appreciates that, through the political, social-economic, and cultural modernization, the interwar period meant a progress of the Romanian society, with beneficial effects in all its historical regions. At the same time, the interwar period also experienced failures, being too short to

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towards Bessarabia in 1936, by 1940 70% of the peasants were in debt to the large landowners and moneylenders. In order to pay debts, many of the poorer peasants had to sell their livestock and even their land. Failure to pay the redemption payments for 2.5 years also resulted in the land reverting

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was not represented at the Conference. The US also considered Bessarabia a territory under Romanian occupation, rather than Romanian territory, despite existing political and economic relations between the US and Romania. Soviet Russia (and later, the USSR) did not recognize the union, and by 1924,

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In 1919, Bessarabia became the Romanian region with the highest illiteracy rate. Although the Romanian/Moldovan population was the largest, no Romanian language school operated in Bessarabia before 1918. As a result, among them, only 10.5% of men and 1.77% of women were literate. By 1930, although

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According to Alla Skvortsova, overall, the share of Bessarabian enterprises in the Romanian industry fell between 1919 and 1937 from 9% to 5.7%, while the number of enterprises employing at least 20 employees dropping from 262 to 196. The share of investments in Bessarabian industry also fell from

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by 1938. Between 1929 and 1937, fixed capital in the industry dropped by 10%, and the number of industrial workers in Bessarabia dropped from 5,400 in 1925 to 3,500 in 1937, while their overall number in Romania had increased by almost 27% during the same period. Between 1926 and 1937 the share of

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The Western historiography pointed out that the reforms at the beginning of Romania's rule were mainly directed at easing the social tensions existing across Eastern Europe and were, therefore, similar to the ones taking place elsewhere in the region. In the case of the agrarian reform, G. Clenton

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under threat of war. Romania was given four days to evacuate its troops and officials. The two provinces had an area of 51,000 km (20,000 sq mi), and were inhabited by about 3.75 million people, half of them Romanians, according to official Romanian sources. Two days later, Romania

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again receiving preferential treatment. The main factors that affected the development of Bessarabia in the 1930s were severe credit restrictions, increases in transport tariffs and customs restrictions, and special tax policies. The tax burden was notably high, with enterprises required to fully

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According to Alla Skvortsova, while the reform stimulated the development of commodity farming in the countryside and expanded the market for industrial products, it failed to produce the expected results. The peasants had to pay for the land they received during the following 20 years, there was

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Soviet historiography considered the changes that took place in interwar Bessarabia expressed were directed either towards strengthening the political, economical, and social position of the bourgeoisie, to the detriment of the peasantry, or towards creating a favourable position for the Romanian

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Romanian historiography, for the most part, consistently sought to demonstrate the legitimacy of the regime established after the Union of Bessarabia with Romania. During the interwar period, Romanian historians countered Soviet historians' description of it as the establishment of an "occupation

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ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours (mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles) while losing only two. During this period, after each victory, he raised a

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Church records gathered around 1850–1855 put the total population at 841,523, with the following composition: 51.4% Romanians, 4.2% Russians, 21.3% Ukrainians, 10% Bulgarians, 7.2% Jews and 5.7% others. On the other hand, official data for 1855 record a total population of 980,031, excluding the

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records the population of Bessarabia in 1828 as 517,135, and states that 376,910 were Romanians (72.88%), 52,000 Ruthenians (10.05%), 30,929 Jews (5.9%), 8,846 Germans (1.71%), 7,947 Russians (1.53%), 5,974 Lipovans (1.15%), 2,384 Poles (0.46%), 2,000 Greeks (0.38%), 2,000 Armenians (0.38%), and

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and others) joined in these attacks. The Romanian Army was also attacked by the Soviet Army, which entered Bessarabia before the Romanian administration finished retreating. The casualties reported by the Romanian Army during those seven days consisted of 356 officers and 42,876 soldiers dead or

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was the only one built anew) and the closure of a number of lines. Road infrastructure was also improved, as new highways and bridges over the Prut were built, while part of the existing roads were repaired and paved, increasing the length of highways from 150 to 754 km. However, most other

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1918: There was only 1,057 km (657 mi) of railway; the main lines converged on Russia and were broad gauge. Rolling stock and right of way were in bad shape. There were about 400 locomotives, with only about 100 fit for use. There were 290 passenger coaches and 33 more out for repair.

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observed, commenting on the Romanian government's apparent long-term economical plans, that "Bessarabia can only be considered as a reserve of labor and cheap bread for the industry of the rest of the country". In a 1938 review, the Bessarabian Federation of Chambers of Commerce noted that "the

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According to Alla Skvortsova, the Romanian government, either directly or through the banking system, encouraged the development of industry in the areas of prewar Romania, while hindering the process in new territories. As a consequence, even Bessarabian entrepreneurs preferred to invest their

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In the autumn of 1919, elections for the Romanian Constituent Assembly were held in Bessarabia; 90 deputies and 35 senators were chosen. On December 20, 1919, these men voted, along with the representatives of Romania's other regions, to ratify the unification acts that had been approved by the

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The first condition, the agrarian reform, was debated and approved in November 1918. The Country Council also decided to remove the other conditions and made unification with Romania unconditional. The legality of this vote was considered highly debatable since the meeting had not been publicly

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would be ceded to the Bessarabian oblast. According to Vasile Stoica, emissary of the Romanian government to the United States, in 1834, Romanian was banned from schools and government facilities, despite 80% of the population speaking the language. This later lead to the banning of Romanian in

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and laws. In November 1919, Romania elected the first post-war parliament based on the proportional representation of the mandates according to the number of the population. As of mid 1919, the population of Bessarabia was estimated at 2 million. With a voter turnout of 72.2%, the Bessarabians

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Svetlana Suveică considers that historical discourse regarding interwar Bessarabia was heavily influenced by the political association of the authors, and sought mainly to argue for or against the legality of Romanian rule in Bessarabia. The impact of the various reforms on the progress of the

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January 10] 1918; following several skirmishes with Moldovan and Bolshevik troops, the occupation of the whole region was completed in early March. The occupation of Bessarabia by the Romanians was not universally welcomed, and the members of the Bessarabian government denied that the

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The Romanian administration carried out many projects aimed at improving the infrastructure of the province to introduce European gauge and reorient it towards Romania. The total length of the railway lines in Bessarabia increased only by 78 km (from 1140 in 1918 to 1218 in 1940). Local

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The Russian Census of 1817, which recorded 96,526 families and 482,630 inhabitants, did not register ethnic data except for recent refugees (primarily Bulgarians) and certain ethno-social categories (Jews, Armenians and Greeks). Official records indicated 3,826 Jewish families (4.2%), 1,200

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refugees and Bessarabian students as potential Bolshevik agents. This resulted in "a sense among locals that Bessarabia had been occupied by Romania rather than united with". Russians, in particular, were regarded as "Bolsheviks in disguise", with their churches and libraries closed down or

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in the early 1920s, as these had previously provided local autonomy in managing education and public health. In the late 1930s, the Bessarabian population had among the highest incidences of several major infectious diseases and some of the highest mortality rates from these diseases.

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Between 1969 and 1971, a clandestine National Patriotic Front was established by several young intellectuals in Chișinău, totaling over 100 members, vowing to fight for the establishment of a Moldavian Democratic Republic, its secession from the Soviet Union and union with Romania.

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roads remained impassable during rainy periods. Shipping on the Dniester was closed, and was never established on the Prut. In the 1930s, new airports were built, telephone lines were laid out, and radio transmitters were installed; nevertheless, the region still lagged behind

6629: 2032:. The territory of Bessarabia was encompassed in dozens of ephemeral kingdoms which were disbanded when another wave of migrants arrived. Those centuries were characterized by a terrible state of insecurity and mass movement of these tribes. The period was later known as the 3651:

county, and the rest of the recorded population was exclusively Romanian. An alternative estimate for the same year indicates 76.4% Romanians, 8.7% Ukrainians, 5.1% Bulgarians and Gaguzes, 4.5% Jews and 2% Russians. An 1818 statistic of three counties in southern Bessarabia

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and 0.04% as Romanians. For the Soviet census of 1989 (conducted in the Moldavian SSR), 64.5% declared themselves as Moldovans and 0.06% Romanians. In the Moldovan census of 2014 (not including Transnistria), 75% declared themselves Moldovans and 7% Romanians.

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tactics during their forced retreat from Bessarabia, destroying the infrastructure and transporting movable goods to Russia by railway. At the end of July, after a year of Soviet rule, the region was once again under Romanian control, being organized as the

3206:, the government reverted on its earlier policy and decided to reintroduce minority language classes in state schools and allow a greater degree of cultural expression for the Slavic minorities, in an effort to improve its image among the local population. 2940:, in Romania "the budding democracy was soon crushed beneath the weight of corruption, court intrigues, and right-wing reaction". The same author notes that corrupt and heavy-handed Romanian administrators were especially prevalent in the region, and the 2912:

when the local population was instigated by agitators from the Soviet Union and proclaimed a Bessarabian Soviet Republic. In all cases, the rebellions were brutally suppressed by the Romanian army, which at times fielded artillery against the rebels.

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Also, in the interwar period, the foundations were laid for the first higher education institutions in Bessarabia. In 1926, the Faculty of Theology was established in Chișinău, followed by the National Conservatory in 1928, and the

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newspaper Бессарабец (Bessarabetz, meaning "Bessarabian"), published by Pavel Krushevan, insinuated that local Jews killed a Russian boy. Another newspaper, Свет (Lat. Svet, meaning "World" or Russian for "Light"), used the age-old

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lasted until 1958. The Romanian communist regime did not openly raise the matter of Bessarabia or Northern Bukovina in its diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. At least 100,000 people died in a post-war famine in Moldavia.

2904:. While in the first case Soviet participation is not documented, the latter was probably a Soviet raid, though van Meurs indicates it was most likely a local initiative not coordinated with the central government in Moscow. The 1478: 3272:

yielded and began evacuation. During the evacuation, from June 28 to July 3, groups of local Communists and Soviet sympathizers attacked the retreating forces and civilians who chose to leave. Many members of the minorities (

2059:. With the rise of the Khazars' state in the east, the invasions began to diminish and it was possible to create larger states. According to some opinions, the southern part of Bessarabia remained under the influence of the 253: 3690:

According to Ion Nistor, the population of Bessarabia in 1856 was composed of 736,000 Romanians (74%), 119,000 Ukrainians (12%), 79,000 Jews (8%), 47,000 Bulgarians and Gagauz (5%), 24,000 Germans (2.4%), 11,000

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extrapolated the number of Romanians at 83,848 families (86%) and Ruthenians at 6,000 families (6.5%). The estimate was based on the assumption that Ruthenes constituted up to a third of the population of the

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more in expulsion rather than extermination. That portion of the Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina which did not flee before the retreat of the Soviet troops (147,000) was initially gathered into

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were offered resettlement to Germany, following a German-Soviet agreement. Fearing Soviet oppression, almost all Germans (93,000) agreed. Most of them were resettled to the newly annexed Polish territories.

3320:), previously part of Ukraine, were allotted to Moldavia. Following the Soviet takeover, many Bessarabians, who were accused of supporting the deposed Romanian administration, were executed or deported to 2672:

were declined by Romania for the second time, declared Bessarabia to be Soviet territory under foreign occupation. On all Soviet maps, Bessarabia was highlighted as a territory not belonging to Romania.

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envisioned distributing land freely to the peasants, Romanian pressure resulted in a significant modification of the plans, bringing the reform more in line with similar ones taking place in the

2798:, Romanian historians initially treated the reforms applied after World War I mainly from social class perspectives. Starting with the 1960s, the first studies that mentioned the existence of a " 3167:, 238.2% in Bucharest, and over 101% in Iași. By the end of the 1930s, only one in seven Bessarabians had access to electricity, compared to one in four among the general Romanian population. 2189:

monastery or a church close to the battlefield honoring Christianity. Many of these battlefields and churches, as well as old fortresses, are situated in Bessarabia (mainly along Dniester).

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Cristina Petrescu, "Contrasting/Conflicting Identities:Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans" in Nation-Building and Contested Identities, Polirom, 2001, pg. 156, also footnote №23 on page 169

5500: 3110:, with prices for agricultural products dropping catastrophically and not recovering until the end of the decade. While only 2.8% of the national agricultural credit was directed by the 2791:

expressed a critical view on the relation between Romanian administrative personnel from outside Bessarabia and the locals, as well as the general structure of the administrative corps.

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was established on a strip of Ukrainian land on the west bank of Dniester where Moldovans and Romanians accounted for less than a third and the relative majority of the population was

6096: 6625:Игор Кашу, (2014) У истоков советизации Бессарабии. Выявление "классового врага", конфискация имущества и трудовая мобилизация, 1940–1941. Сборник документов. Chisinau,CARTIER 458 p. 1935:

province against invasions. Except for the Black Sea shore in the south, Bessarabia remained outside direct Roman control; the myriad of tribes there are called by modern historians

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and Moldovan philologist Viorica Răileanu, in 1810, the Romanian population was approximately 95%. During the 19th century, as a result of the Russian policy of colonization and

3371:, resulting in several thousand dead. The supposed cause for murdering Jews was that in 1940 some Jews welcomed the Soviet takeover as liberation. At the same time the notorious 5711: 3634:, the Romanian population decreased to (depending on data sources) 47.6% (in 1897), 52% or 75% for 1900 (Krusevan), 53.9% (1907), 70% (1912, Laskov), or 65–67% (1918, J. Kaba). 6619: 2856:, the only European modernization process of Bessarabia was carried out during the Romanian interwar period, despite the all unfavorable domestic and international conditions ( 2816:

The presence of the ideological factor in writing the history of Bessarabia was manifested itself not only at the central level, but also at the level of the historiography of

2364:(organised as the Cahul and Ismail counties, with the Bolgrad county split from the latter in 1864) was returned to Moldavia, causing the Russian Empire to lose access to the 3158:, railway workshops, the Cetatea Albă and Chișinău textile and knitwear factories and the Cetatea Albă canning factory and distillery were dismantled and relocated to the 271: 8193: 5073:Чеботаренко, Г.Ф. Материалы к археологической карте памятников VIII-Х вв. южной части Пруто-Днестровского междуречья//Далекое прошлое Молдавии, Кишинев, 1969, с. 224–230 3079:

also reverted some of the ad-hoc land distribution that had taken place during the Russian Revolution, raising discontent among the peasantry. Thus, of the 1.5 million

7177: 2828: 1129: 3099:

status awarded to France brought inexpensive French wine to the local market, access to the Soviet market was blocked, while exports to the traditional markets in

7932: 7568: 5685: 2767: 5053: 7277: 4524: 3239: 1535: 1124: 597: 3642:

families (1.5%), 640 Greek families (0.7%), 530 Armenian families (0.6%), 482 Bulgarian and Gagauz families (0.5%). In the 20th century, Romanian historian

2733: 2487: 2538:, breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state, Sfatul Țării declared Bessarabia's independence on February 6 [ 2212:

invaded and captured Chilia and Cetatea Albă (Akkerman in Turkish), and annexed the shoreline southern part of Bessarabia, which was then divided into two

2176:. Based on the name of the region, some authors consider that in the latter part of the 14th century the southern part of the region was under the rule of 4650:

loan offices; all these had total assets of about 10,000,000 rubles. There were also 89 government savings banks, with deposits of about 9,000,000 rubles.

3075:

and Transylvania. While more radical than elsewhere, as it provided lower payments, lower limits for land exempt from expropriation and larger plots, the

834:, historically known as Cetatea Albă or Akkerman, also in southwestern Ukraine near Odesa. Other towns of administrative or historical importance include 8371: 5001:

Descrierea Basarabiei: teritoriul dintre Prut și Nistru în evoluție istorică (din primele secole ale mileniului II până la sfîrșitul secolului al XX-lea)

2522:

On the pretext of securing supply lines against raids by Bolsheviks and armed bandits, members of the Moldavian legislative council Sfatul Țării and the

3263:

In the spring of 1940, Western Europe was overrun by Germany. With world attention focused on those events, on June 26, 1940, the USSR issued a 24-hour

6064: 3189: 2787:

was regarded by some of them as the most democratic form of government, and its dissolution by the Romanian authorities was deplored; authors such as

2937: 947: 3519: 2820:. It was not until the second half of the '80s that the Moldovan historiography raised the issue of the Soviet political and ideological pressures. 4667: 6529: 4908: 3679:

The first statistic to record ethnic groups throughout Bessarabia was an incomplete administrative census made in 1843–1844 at the request of the

3672: 3575: 4675: 6372: 5516: 1915:

in the 1st century BC. After his death, the polity was divided into smaller pieces, and the central parts were unified in the Dacian kingdom of

8301: 7986: 6644: 3301: 2725: 2470:) was established in Bessarabia, with 120 members elected from Bessarabia by some political and professional organizations and 10 elected from 1097: 526:. The acquisition was among the Russian Empire's last territorial acquisitions in Europe. The newly acquired territories were organised as the 3256:

was signed on August 23, 1939. By Article 4 of the secret Annex to the Treaty, Nazi Germany recognized Bessarabia as belonging to the Soviet "

6642:

Igor Casu, (2014) Dușmanul de clasă. Represiuni politice, violența și rezistența in R(A)SS Moldoveneasca, 1924–1956, Chișinău, Cartier, 394p.

6630:Андрей Кушко, Виктор Таки, Олег Гром (2012) Бессарабия в составе Российской империи (1812—1917). Москва, Новое Литературное обозрение, 400 с. 5401: 1927:, but it was secured only when the Dacian Kingdom was defeated in 106. The Romans built defensive earthen walls in Southern Bessarabia (e.g. 1772:

encompassed what later became known as Bessarabia. Afterward, this territory was directly or indirectly, partly or wholly controlled by: the

6100: 3363:

As the military operation was still in progress, there were cases of Romanian troops "taking revenge" on Jews in Bessarabia, in the form of

2872:

considers that, in terms of science, economy, art, political and social life, Bessarabia made considerable progress in the interwar period.

7255: 2713: 1745: 1408: 1211: 1054: 624:, but lost it in 1944 as the tide of war turned. In 1947, the Soviet-Romanian border along the Prut was internationally recognised by the 1877: 6575: 723:

the confusion may have been caused by medieval Western cartographers, misinterpreting contemporaneous Polish references to Wallachia as

7561: 6403:"Report Submitted by Romania Pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities" 5967:"Constructing Interethnic Conflict and Cooperation: Why Some People Harmed Jews and Others Helped Them during the Holocaust in Romania" 2438:

took place in the capital of Bessarabia on April 6, 1903, after local newspapers published articles inciting the public to act against

2070:(the culture of the First Bulgarian Empire). Between the 9th and 13th centuries, Bessarabia is mentioned in Slav chronicles as part of 5637: 8143: 8138: 7577: 7270: 4699: 2040: 6402: 3614:, one of the leaders of the Popular Front, was formed. The Moldavian SSR became SSR Moldova, and later the Republic of Moldova. The 6675: 3211: 2414:

was awarded to Romania for its role in the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War, and as compensation for the transfer of Southern Bessarabia.

6303: 694:, who allegedly ruled over the southern part of the area in the 14th century. However, some scholars question this, arguing that: 4566:(including Transnistria, but without northern and southern Bessarabia, now both part of Ukraine): 63.9% identified themselves as 1134: 5501:"The academic historical science in the Republic of Moldova: the current state and perspectives of contemporary history studies" 3465:, was obliterated. Simultaneously with the success of the Russian attack, Romania broke the military alliance with the Axis and 314: 8487: 8482: 8331: 7517: 2508: 6020:"Political Repressions in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic after 1956: Towards a Typology Based on KGB files Igor Casu" 2977: 264: 7971: 7554: 6982: 6550: 6473: 6285: 6260: 6209: 6134: 5551: 5379: 5216: 5061: 5032: 5009: 2693: 2309:

Region (in Turkish Bucak) of southern Bessarabia from the 16th to 18th centuries but were totally driven out prior to 1812.

7263: 6987: 6773: 6227:"Raporturile dintre populația autohtonă a Basarabiei și minoritățile confesionale în prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea" 3252:

engaged in attempts to undermine Romania and diplomatic disputes with the government in Bucharest over this territory. The

3203: 2301:, after living many years under oppressive Ottoman rule, and settled in southern Bessarabia. Turkic-speaking tribes of the 1154: 8296: 8269: 6881: 6873: 6739: 3442: 3297: 2568:

allowed Romania to annex Bessarabia in exchange for free passage of German troops toward Ukraine. The county councils of

1117: 406: 114: 5544:

Bessarabiana: The territory between Prut and Dniester in several historical hypostases and historiographical reflections

2526:

requested military assistance from Romania, and the Romanian Army crossed the republic's border on January 23 [

8163: 7002: 5615: 4977: 3534: 2340:

churches, media, and books. According to the same author, those who protested the banning of Romanian could be sent to

2118:

in the southwest of Bessarabia, preserving its autonomy even during the later Principality even into the 18th century.

1996:

According to one theory, the region's name originated from the Wallachian rule during the late 14th century (1390 map).

1625: 1520: 648: 86: 2619:

Bessarabia would send to the Romanian Parliament a number of representatives equal to the proportion of its population

6783: 6595: 6444: 6351: 5879: 5669: 5184: 5111: 5103:

Moldova : a Romanian province under Russian rule : diplomatic history from the archives of the great powers

4946: 4772: 4632: 3050: 2395: 913: 644: 504: 133: 4614: 3502:

The Soviet Union regained the region in 1944, and the Red Army occupied Romania. By 1947, the Soviets had imposed a

639:, the Moldavian and Ukrainian SSRs proclaimed their independence in 1991, becoming the modern states of Moldova and 8433: 8243: 8128: 7846: 6729: 6527:

Charles Upson Clark. 1927. "Bessarabia: Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea". (An electronic version of the book).

3357: 3316:) were allotted to Ukraine, while some territories (4,000 km) on the left (eastern) bank of Dniester (present 3226: 3025: 2555: 2245: 1983: 1738: 1530: 1510: 1337: 1204: 1074: 999: 578: 5571:[Historiographical aspects of the Bessarabia problem in the European geopolitical space: 1812 - present]. 763:

to the south. It has an area of 45,630 km (17,620 sq mi). The area is mostly hilly plains and flat

93: 7922: 3347:. Between June 22 and July 26, 1941, Romanian troops recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina with the help of 2824: 1923:

in 106. Southern Bessarabia was included in the empire even before that, in 57 AD, as part of the Roman province

636: 5672:[The Great Union of 1918 and its consequences for the development of science and culture in Bessarabia] 3466: 2000:

From the 3rd century until the 11th century, the region was invaded numerous times in turn by different tribes:

1900:

coast and traded with the locals. Celts also settled in the southern parts of Bessarabia, their main city being

8264: 8123: 6819: 6778: 5843: 5568: 5304: 5258: 5209:

Moldova: A Romanian Province Under Russian Rule : Diplomatic History from the Archives of the Great Powers

4671: 4610: 4081: 3598:

With the weakening of the Soviet Union, in February 1988, the first non-sanctioned demonstrations were held in

3215: 2857: 2332: 1819: 1635: 1515: 1267: 1169: 71: 4646:

1911: There were 165 loan societies, 117 savings banks, 43 professional savings and loan societies, and eight

2216:(districts) of the Ottoman Empire. In 1538, the Ottomans annexed more Bessarabian land in the south as far as 826:, on the Dniester, currently controlled by the unrecognized Russian-backed separatist region of Transnistria; 7291: 7046: 6891: 6724: 4274: 3899: 3503: 2632:

86 deputies voted in support, three voted against and 36 abstained. The Romanian prime minister at the time,

2543: 2539: 2527: 2403: 1649: 1586: 1554: 1463: 1042: 562: 7285: 5714:[How Bessarabia changed after the union with Romania: "On the path of self-recovery and progress"]. 3304:. Bessarabia was divided between the Moldavian SSR (65% of the territory and 80% of the population) and the 2270:

ceded the land between the Pruth and the Dniester, including both Moldavian and Turkish territories, to the

2095:, dates from this period. They led to a retreat of a big part of the population to the mountainous areas in 530:

of the Russian Empire, adopting a name previously used for the southern plains between the Dniester and the

100: 8336: 7244: 6952: 6668: 6071: 3507: 3076: 2925: 2407: 2263: 1615: 1562: 1483: 1458: 395: 3248:

The Soviet Union did not recognize the incorporation of Bessarabia into Romania and throughout the entire

2628:

All individuals who had committed felonies for political reasons during the revolution would be amnestied.

2610:

Local laws and the form of administration could be changed only with the approval of local representatives

2220:, while the central and northern Bessarabia remained part of the Principality of Moldavia (which became a 1249: 903: 592:, the Soviet Union pressured Romania, under threat of war, into withdrawing from Bessarabia, allowing the 577:, ostensibly to pacify the region. Soon after, the parliamentary assembly declared independence, and then 8346: 7866: 7506: 7495: 7189: 7145: 7080: 6519: 4606: 4206: 3855: 3680: 3445:. The Soviet armies overran Bessarabia in a two-pronged offensive within five days. In pocket battles at 3423: 3253: 3107: 2328: 1979: 1731: 1630: 1620: 1605: 1229: 1197: 883: 589: 67: 31: 17: 5297:

Bessarabian Question in Communist Historiography: Nationalist and Communist Politics and History Writing

3433:

After three years of relative peace, the German-Soviet front returned in 1944 to the land border on the

2681:

A Provisional Workers' & Peasants' Government of Bessarabia was founded on May 5, 1919, in exile at

1366: 974: 8356: 8183: 7856: 7500: 7485: 7162: 6972: 6836: 6824: 6526: 5285:

Charles King, "The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture", Hoover Press, 2000, pg. 35

4914: 2459: 2033: 1333: 1282: 1029: 625: 508: 82: 5540:

Bessarabiana: Teritoriul dintre Prut și Nistru în cîteva ipostaze istorice și reflecții istoriografice

2087:

The last large-scale invasions were those of the Mongols of 1241, 1290, and 1343. Sehr al-Jedid (near

1946:

In 270, the Roman authorities began to withdraw their forces south of the Danube, especially from the

542:

were returned to Moldavian rule; Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878, when

7836: 6997: 6841: 6704: 6380: 5325: 4877: 4821: 4740: 3687:

population on the territory under the authority of the Special Administration of the town of Izmail.

3592: 2876:

be able to produce radical transformations, in order to reduce the economic and social polarization.

2259: 2066:

Between the 8th and 10th centuries, the southern part of Bessarabia was inhabited by people from the

831: 643:

while preserving the existing partition of Bessarabia. Following a short war in the early 1990s, the

7407: 6641: 6319: 3300:

was established on most of the territory of Bessarabia, merged with the western parts of the former

3284: 7900: 7871: 7696: 7033: 6829: 6814: 6714: 5753: 4595: 4308: 3921: 3618:

became independent on August 27, 1991; it took over unchanged the boundaries of the Moldavian SSR.

3607: 3538: 3415: 3111: 2592:

The Country Council would undertake an agrarian reform, which the Romanian Government would accept.

2111: 1769: 1351: 1079: 5712:"Cum s-a schimbat Basarabia după unirea cu România: "Pe calea regăsirii de sine și a progresului"" 3171:

businessmen remained dissatisfied with the pace of the construction of new railways (the Chișinău-

2595:

Bessarabia would remain autonomous, with its own diet, the Country Council, elected democratically

8178: 7097: 6962: 6937: 6661: 4857: 4599: 4172: 3833: 3243: 2944:, the Romanian secret police, conducted extensive surveillance among the minorities and regarded 2185: 2067: 1987: 1932: 1697: 1540: 1428: 1361: 1346: 1319: 1309: 954: 302: 296: 60: 38: 5569:"Aspecte istoriografice ale problemei Basarabiei în spațiul geopolitic european: 1812 - prezent" 2462:, a Romanian nationalist movement started to develop in Bessarabia. In the chaos brought by the 1677: 8113: 8091: 8082: 7841: 7028: 6967: 4734: 4530:

The census of 1941, during the Romanian wartime administration (Total: 2,733,563 inhabitants):

4240: 4115: 3946: 3877: 3783: 2656: 2399: 2357: 2282: 2060: 1966:), was swept by various nomadic tribes for many centuries. In 378, the area was overrun by the 1809: 1505: 1356: 1022: 994: 527: 7946: 7441: 6609: 5670:"Marea Unire din 1918 și consecințele ei pentru dezvoltarea științei și culturii în Basarabia" 5027:

Hotia C. Matei, "Enciplopedia de istorie" ("History encyclopedia"), Meronia, Bucharest, 2006,

4999: 4937: 4410: 3975: 2043:. Following the Avars, Slavs arrived in the region and established settlements. Then, in 582, 8158: 8148: 8101: 7966: 7951: 7861: 7647: 7525: 7477: 7167: 7107: 6957: 6942: 6756: 3653: 3379: 3147: 2709: 2633: 2380: 2197: 2165: 2123: 1813: 1473: 1371: 1277: 1259: 1009: 543: 374: 7721: 7546: 7359: 8326: 7961: 7851: 7117: 7102: 7066: 6992: 6947: 6802: 3743:

According to N. Durnovo, the population of Bessarabia in 1900 was (1,935,000 inhabitants):

3473: 3462: 3454: 3344: 3289: 3096: 3072: 2905: 2861: 2799: 2754:

Bessarabia (pale purple) and the other historical regions of Romania between 1918 and 1940.

2451:

against the Jews (alleging that the boy had been killed to use his blood in preparation of

1873: 1453: 1448: 1395: 1376: 1296: 1084: 621: 384: 6565: 4051:

The Romanian estimates in 1919 (1922) gave a total populations of 2,631,000 inhabitants:

3151: 617: 8: 8472: 8361: 8351: 8188: 8173: 8168: 8153: 8118: 8106: 7917: 7754: 7711: 7691: 7511: 7122: 6977: 6920: 6886: 6863: 6604: 6368: 5606:

Shlapentokh, Vladimir; Sendich, Munir; Payin, Emil, eds. (2016) . "Russians in Moldova".

4125: 3795: 3550: 3257: 2989: 2930: 2806: 2361: 2281:

In 1814, the first German settlers arrived and mainly settled in the southern parts, and

2143: 2096: 2009: 1940: 1845: 1763: 1610: 1567: 1159: 920: 539: 8321: 6620:

Igor Casu, (2000) "Politica națională" în Moldova Sovietică, 1944–1989, Chisinau, 214 p.

6170: 5462: 3529:, the President of the Council of State Security of the Romanian Socialist Republic, to 2422: 2103:. The population east of Prut became especially low at the time of the Tatar invasions. 735:, the name Bessarabia originally applied only to the part of the territory south of the 107: 8043: 7812: 7605: 7220: 7213: 7132: 7061: 7056: 7016: 6932: 6696: 6688: 6509: 6300: 5994: 4868: 4812: 4762: 4729: 3570: 3332: 2885: 2763: 2581: 2580:

were the earliest to ask for unification of the Moldavian Democratic Republic with the

2463: 1759: 1497: 1413: 1238: 892: 600:. The area was formally integrated into the Soviet Union: the core joined parts of the 558: 222: 194: 5372:

Bessarabia in the first interwar decade (1918-1928): modernization by means of reforms

3524: 2588:, called "Sfatul Țării", voted in favour of the union, with the following conditions: 2184:). In the 15th century, the entire region was a part of the principality of Moldavia. 716:

was explicitly rejected as a cartographic confusion by the early Moldavian chronicler

8477: 8248: 8087: 8048: 8038: 7759: 7600: 7469: 7182: 7140: 7051: 6744: 6591: 6546: 6469: 6440: 6407: 6281: 6256: 6226: 6205: 6182: 6130: 5986: 5907: 5875: 5839: 5611: 5576: 5547: 5508: 5474: 5436: 5375: 5300: 5254: 5212: 5180: 5117: 5107: 5057: 5028: 5005: 4981: 4942: 4840: 4752: 4715: 3383: 3313: 3268: 2795: 2717: 2585: 2467: 2152:

Most of Bessarabia was for centuries part of the principality of Moldavia (1800 map).

2119: 1928: 1049: 736: 732: 684: 608:, while territories in the north and the south of Bessarabia were transferred to the 497: 473: 286: 166: 5998: 5404:[The question of Bessarabia, in the communist historiographical discourse]. 4691: 3627: 3032: 2985: 1954:

and Carpi. The Goths, a Germanic tribe, poured into the Roman Empire from the lower

814:, the former capital of the Russian Bessarabia Governorate, now capital of Moldova; 8341: 8306: 8096: 8058: 7956: 7941: 7654: 7393: 7344: 7339: 7229: 7194: 7172: 7150: 7092: 6766: 6410:: Secretariat of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 6152:

Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, edit. Humanitas, București, 1991, pp. 199, 203, 210

5978: 5681: 4848: 4110: 3776: 3088: 2884:

According to Wim P. van Meurs, after 1918 Bessarabia remained for a long time in a

2865: 2561: 2504: 2411: 2290: 2181: 1907:

The first polity that is believed to have included the whole of Bessarabia was the

1272: 566: 431: 180: 3106:

According to Alla Skvortsova, the peasant situation was further aggravated by the

8286: 8276: 8234: 8198: 8053: 8014: 7994: 7895: 7681: 7642: 7627: 7595: 7591: 7329: 6749: 6734: 6648: 6636: 6585: 6560: 6540: 6533: 6307: 5608:

The New Russian diaspora : Russian Minorities in the former Soviet Republics

5428: 5045: 4832: 4527:. However, estimates had the total population rise to approximately 3.2 million. 3661: 3542: 3470: 3398: 3368: 3249: 3155: 2950: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2817: 2745: 2535: 2512: 2435: 2233: 2127: 1924: 1525: 1403: 1164: 1067: 691: 652: 523: 208: 7427: 4687: 4523:

The data of the Romanian census of 1939 was not completely processed before the

2655:

The union was recognized by France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan in the

8419: 8316: 8291: 8281: 8073: 8009: 7999: 7910: 7828: 7807: 7234: 5049: 4718:.) Of these, only four were ever finished: Cuzlău, Fălciu, Lipcani, and Sărata. 3668:

county in northern Bessarabia indicated 47.5% Moldavians and 42.6% Ukrainians.

3490: 3427: 3375: 3352: 2788: 2523: 2442:; 47 or 49 Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded and 700 houses destroyed. The 2271: 2267: 2229: 2225: 2209: 2169: 2122:

merchants rebuilt or established a number of forts along the Dniester (notably

1889: 1781: 1773: 1721: 1468: 1381: 1187: 859: 703: 601: 516: 477: 6542:

The Russian Annexation of Bessarabia, 1774–1828: A Study of Imperial Expansion

5982: 5900:"Basarabia în cadrul României reîntregite (V): Introducerea limbii române (1)" 5463:"The Year 1918 in Bessarabia Reflected in the Historiography of Moldavian SSR" 3705:

The Russian census in 1897 had a total of 1,935,412 inhabitants. By language:

2598:

The Country Council would vote for local budgets, control the councils of the

2051:, from which they moved to Moesia Inferior (allegedly under pressure from the 8466: 8448: 8435: 8379: 8311: 8063: 7881: 7701: 7387: 7155: 6570: 6186: 5962: 5580: 5512: 5478: 5440: 5136: 5084: 4985: 4782: 4563: 4376: 4120: 3950: 3788: 3692: 3631: 3599: 3546: 3530: 3485: 3446: 3406: 3372: 3305: 2869: 2758: 2721: 2660: 2659:. However, the treaty never came into force, as Japan did not ratify it. The 2565: 2387: 2294: 863: 811: 656: 609: 605: 574: 358: 7686: 5775: 5368:

Basarabia în primul deceniu interbelic (1918-1928): modernizare prin reforme

5121: 4968:

Coman, Marian (2011). "Basarabia – Inventarea cartografică a unei regiuni".

2406:

April 9] 1877, just three days before the outbreak of the war. The

581:. However, the legality of these acts was disputed, most prominently by the 8399: 8384: 8133: 7905: 7890: 7736: 7491: 7403: 7038: 6761: 6610:

Massacres, deportations & death marches from Bessarabia, from July 1941

6344: 6171:"Populația Bucovinei și Basarabiei sub stăpâniri imperiale 1775/1812-1918)" 5990: 4958:

Henceforth, references to "Soviet Socialist Republic" are abbreviated "SSR"

4792: 4777: 4342: 4138: 3811: 3495: 3317: 3221: 3177: 3143: 2988:

by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the

2945: 2853: 2697: 2471: 2443: 2336: 2298: 2157: 2131: 2100: 2092: 1955: 1936: 1920: 1839: 1418: 969: 929: 756: 717: 629: 582: 519: 8404: 7422: 7307: 6505: 6053:. Chișinău: Editura Asociației Uniunea Culturală Bisericească. p. 20. 5929: 3584: 2941: 2652:

Country Council and the National Congresses in Transylvania and Bukovina.

2254:

The Moldavian (later Romanian)–Russian boundary between 1856/1857 and 1878

2250: 1818:

People have inhabited the territory of Bessarabia for thousands of years.

573:

agitation in late 1917 and early 1918 resulted in the intervention of the

522:, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, were ceded to 8414: 8004: 7976: 7674: 4659: 3611: 3603: 3419: 3340: 3064: 2909: 2448: 2353: 2302: 1947: 1423: 1314: 1104: 1004: 792: 671: 613: 535: 488:

river on the west. About two thirds of Bessarabia lies within modern-day

291: 6493:

The Wind from the Steppe: Stories of the Life of the Bessarabian Germans

2616:

Two Bessarabian representatives would be part of the Romanian government

7772: 7767: 6579:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 821. 4100: 3764: 3643: 3325: 3277: 3130: 3125: 2729: 2669: 2569: 2483: 2410:

was fought in 1877–78, with the help of the Russian Empire as an ally.

1861: 1853: 815: 772: 7797: 7417: 5089:. Peace handbooks. London: H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 12, 15–16. 4519:. Poles, Armenians, Albanians, Greeks, Gypsies, etc. and non-declared 3172: 2625:

Freedom of speech and of belief must be guaranteed in the constitution

2622:

All elections must involve a direct, equal, secret, and universal vote

2519:

Military District) proclaimed itself the supreme power in Bessarabia.

1992: 1662: 496:

region covering the southern coastal region and part of the Ukrainian

7706: 7637: 7437: 7112: 5640:[Bessarabia after the Union. An exercise of deconstruction]. 4714:(Fălciu is a locality in Romania. Its correspondent in Bessarabia is 4567: 4095: 3757: 3391: 3348: 3292:, after the Romanian authorities had "cleansed" the Jewish population 3264: 3084: 3080: 2921: 2686: 2637: 2500: 2495: 2475: 2376: 2320: 2177: 2021: 1916: 1912: 1897: 1885: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1849: 1702: 934: 776: 760: 713: 688: 570: 547: 365: 8409: 6614: 6439:]. Chișinău: Firma Editorial-Poligrafică "Tipografia Centrală". 6350:. Center for Conflict Prevention and Early Warning. pp. 62–63. 5949:

Green Shirts and Others: a History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania

5584: 5101: 4711: 4655: 4584: 3557:(Bucovina), were arrested and later sentenced to long prison terms. 3164: 2750: 1962:), which due to its geographic position and characteristics (mainly 659:-inhabited areas in southern Bessarabia was organised in 1994 as an 49: 8029: 7817: 7741: 7731: 7716: 7451: 7381: 7355: 6899: 6851: 6653: 6019: 4767: 4516: 4105: 3769: 3580: 3554: 3438: 3434: 3402: 3387: 2479: 2372: 2173: 2161: 2076: 2039:

In 561, the Avars captured Bessarabia and executed the local ruler

1901: 1687: 1682: 1667: 987: 964: 959: 660: 616:-aligned Romania recaptured the region in 1941 with the success of 593: 512: 481: 8389: 5966: 3731: 3506:

in Bucharest, which was friendly and obedient towards Moscow. The

3288:

Ethnic composition of the Bessarabia Governorate according to the

2734:

Demographics of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

2584:, and on April 9 1918, in the presence of the Romanian Army, The 8019: 7802: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7726: 7664: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7456: 7384:(Southern Bukovina (1918–); Northern Bukovina (1918–40; 1941–44)) 7325: 7295: 6793: 6684: 6564: 5177:

The Moldovans : Romania, Russia, and the politics of culture

4787: 4707: 4663: 4647: 3639: 3615: 3588: 3566: 3411: 3321: 2845: 2600: 2427: 2341: 2286: 2217: 2201: 2107: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2029: 2017: 2013: 1831: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1692: 1672: 1147: 867: 847: 823: 788: 768: 764: 751:

The region is bounded by the Dniester to the north and east, the

709:

it was first used in local sources only in the late 17th century;

640: 551: 489: 348: 336: 6489:

Steppenwind: Erzahlungen aus dem Leben der Bessarabien deutschen

5872:Очерки социально-экономического развития Молдовы (1940-1960 гг.) 5056:, Pompiliu Teodor, "Istoria României", Corint, Bucharest, 2007, 4084:, the total population of Bessarabia was 2,864,662 inhabitants: 3067:, around 80% of the population worked in agriculture. While the 2924:, with a multiparty and a modern electoral system, based on the 2641: 2391: 819: 7669: 7659: 7632: 7375: 6846: 6514: 4757: 4746: 4695: 4683: 3665: 3657: 3648: 3450: 3364: 3309: 3116: 3100: 2893: 2705: 2701: 2664: 2573: 2452: 2365: 2314: 2306: 2221: 2213: 2180:(the ruling dynasty of Wallachia during that period was called 2148: 2025: 1963: 1959: 1939:. The 2nd to the 5th centuries also saw the development of the 1777: 855: 851: 839: 827: 804: 740: 727:

as referring to a separate land between Wallachia and Moldavia.

699: 679:

According to the traditional explanation, the name Bessarabia (

588:

In 1940, after securing the assent of Nazi Germany through the

531: 493: 391: 370: 2920:, during most of the Romanian period, Bessarabia benefited by 2531:

Romanian troops had ever been invited to occupy the republic.

1776:(as suzerain of Moldavia, with direct rule only in Budjak and 807:. The main industry in the region is agricultural processing. 585:, which regarded the area as a territory occupied by Romania. 37:"Bessarabian" redirects here. For the Canadian racehorse, see 8394: 7777: 7576: 7303: 6709: 4703: 4679: 2682: 2577: 2516: 2115: 2088: 2081: 2001: 1951: 1908: 1893: 1865: 1835: 1657: 1304: 925: 843: 835: 800: 796: 784: 780: 414: 6433:

De la Basarabia românească la Basarabia sovietică: 1939-1945

5402:"Chestiunea Basarabiei, în discursul istoriografic comunist" 5281: 5279: 3469:. On August 23, 1944, Marshal Ion Antonescu was arrested by 3024:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

771:

deposits and stone quarries. People living in the area grow

6856: 5780:. United States: American Relief Administration. p. 8. 3583:

writing "Basarabia e România" ("Bessarabia is Romania") in

3553:, the leader of a similar clandestine movement in northern 2347: 2228:

occupied the region five times during its wars against the

2164:, which by 1392 established control over the fortresses of 2005: 1967: 1789: 752: 485: 464: 461: 455: 446: 440: 3267:

to Romania, demanding immediate cession of Bessarabia and

2156:

After the 1360s, the region was gradually included in the

550:, was pressured into exchanging those territories for the 7490:

ceded to Bulgaria and the Central Powers (except for the

5836:Русские Бессарабии: опыт жизни в диаспоре (1918-1940 гг.) 5329:(Crowell Collier and MacMillan Inc., 1967) vol. 4, p. 103 5276: 3273: 2560:

On March 5 1918, in a secret agreement signed along the

2439: 2285:

began settling in the region too, founding towns such as

6466:

Bessarabia, Romanian land disputed between east and west

6437:

From Romanian Bessarabia to Soviet Bessarabia: 1939-1945

2047:

Bulgars settled in southeastern Bessarabia and northern

1919:

in the 1st century AD. This kingdom was defeated by the

830:, in the southwest corner of Ukraine on the Danube; and 712:

the idea that it referred to Moldavian regions near the

651:, extending its authority also over the municipality of 5605: 5429:"Borders and identities in the Romanian historiography" 4882: 4826: 2844:

to social services declined after the abolition of the

418:

Map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clark's 1927 book

5141:. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 31. 5138:

The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands

2204:) was one of the many important castles in Bessarabia. 1792:. Since 1991, most of the territory forms the core of 6462:

Basarabia, pământ românesc disputat între est și vest

5744:[The Bessarabians within the united Romania] 5638:"Basarabia după Unire. Un exercițiu de deconstrucție" 5467:

Yearbook of the Institute of History "George Bariţiu"

4862: 3518:

In December 1971, following an informative note from

3240:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina

3115:

to state property; thus, by 1938, in the district of

2827:, the Moldovan historiography, largely marked by the 2478:

accounted for half of the population, the rest being

1536:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

739:, i.e. an area only slightly larger than present-day 443: 434: 3308:. Bessarabia's northern and southern districts (now 2908:

took place for several weeks in 1924 in the area of

458: 452: 437: 6051:

Cultura românească în Basarabia sub stăpânirea rusă

3676:27,445 (5.3%) settlers in the south of Bessarabia. 2394:was opened on June 1, 1875, in preparation for the 2239: 2224:of the Ottoman Empire). Between 1711 and 1812, the 449: 74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6538: 6373:"Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea" 6301:Results of the 1897 Russian Census at demoscope.ru 6120: 6118: 2636:, would later admit that the union was decided in 2383:, which included the southern part of Bessarabia. 2297:population migrated to the Russian Empire via the 1822:flourished between the 6th and 3rd millennium BC. 822:, often dubbed the "Northern capital" of Moldova; 6255:. Chișinău: Tipografia Centrală. pp. 34–36. 6129:. Chișinău: Tipografia Centrală. pp. 24–25. 2607:Conscription would be done on a territorial basis 655:on the right bank of Dniester river. Part of the 8464: 6587:Istoria Basarabiei de la începuturi până în 2003 6320:Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea 5288: 5251:Chestiunea Basarabiei în istoriografia comunistă 3533:, the chief of KGB, three of the leaders of the 3386:of Jews under the pretext that they were spies, 3214:in 1933. The two faculties were sections of the 3103:were hindered by the trade war started in 1926. 2604:and cities, and appoint the local administration 1768:In the late 14th century, the newly established 6559: 6367: 6278:Contribuții la istoria modernă a Basarabiei. II 6253:Contribuții la istoria modernă a Basarabiei. II 6202:Contribuții la istoria modernă a Basarabiei. II 6127:Contribuții la istoria modernă a Basarabiei. II 6115: 6065:"The Memory of (Im)Proper Names from Basarabia" 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 4941:University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1977; 2663:refused to sign the treaty on the grounds that 2110:"republic", predating the establishment of the 602:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 420:Bessarabia, Russia and Romania on the Black Sea 214: 186: 5961: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 4938:East-Central Europe between the two World Wars 3560: 3035:to make improvements to the overall structure. 2726:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2700:, but was abolished by the military forces of 675:Map of Bessarabia within Moldavia through time 158: 7562: 7271: 6669: 6280:. Chișinău: Tipografia Centrală. p. 40. 6204:. Chișinău: Tipografia Centrală. p. 30. 6148: 6146: 5946: 5893: 5891: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 2106:In the Late Middle Age, chronicles mention a 1739: 1205: 172: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 5546:] (in Romanian). Cartdidact. p. 6. 5193: 3591:- such slogan used by Romanian nationalists 3437:. On August 20, 1944, a c. 3,400,000-strong 3343:invasion of the Soviet Union commenced with 2613:The rights of minorities had to be respected 565:, an autonomous republic part of a proposed 319:Map of Bessarabia within Moldova and Ukraine 200: 6583: 6468:]. Editura Fundației Culturale Române. 5735: 5733: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5537: 5531: 5337: 5335: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 4929: 4913:. New York City: Dodd, Mead. Archived from 4613:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3479: 2549: 2137: 1958:, through the southern part of Bessarabia ( 7569: 7555: 7278: 7264: 6676: 6662: 6615:Bessarabia – Homeland of a German minority 6459: 6275: 6250: 6199: 6143: 6124: 5888: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5833: 5784: 5742:"Basarabenii în cadrul României întregite" 5460: 5454: 5426: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5267: 3188:0.3% in 1923 to 0.1% in 1936. Sociologist 1746: 1732: 1212: 1198: 7578:Historical regions in present-day Ukraine 6345:"Republica Moldova. Aspecte etnopolitice" 6339: 6337: 6168: 6155: 5492: 5294: 5248: 5170: 5168: 4633:Learn how and when to remove this message 3441:began a major summer offensive codenamed 3331:Between September and November 1940, the 3051:Learn how and when to remove this message 2084:principalities of the early Middle Ages. 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 5869: 5739: 5730: 5635: 5624: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5332: 5225: 5206: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5099: 5082: 3730: 3574: 3489: 3476:, and later handed over to the Soviets. 3418:, and then deported during 1941–1942 in 3283: 3220: 3129:enterprise was built in Bessarabia: the 2757: 2749: 2696:was proclaimed as an autonomous part of 2644:, the seats of the Romanian government. 2421: 2381:Romanian United Principalities (Romania) 2348:Southern Bessarabia returned to Moldavia 2249: 2191: 2147: 1991: 670: 413: 27:Historical region in Moldova and Ukraine 7505:ceded to Bulgaria between May 1918 and 7287: 6590:. Editura Institutului Cultural Român. 6430: 6224: 6048: 5927: 5852: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5374:] (in Romanian). Chișinău: Pontos. 5365: 5344: 5299:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5128: 4033: 4013: 3912: 3890: 3868: 3846: 3824: 2312:Administratively, Bessarabia became an 14: 8465: 6334: 5566: 5560: 5420: 5134: 3494:Moldavian SSR (in red) as part of the 3461:650,000 men, newly reformed after the 3401:" was apparently seen by the Romanian 546:, the result of Moldavia's union with 8144:Little Russia Governorate (1796–1802) 8139:Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781) 7550: 7259: 6657: 6605:Jews in Bessarabia on the eve of WWII 6357:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5777:Politico-economic Review of Basarabia 5703: 5498: 5388: 5341:C. Petrescu, footnote №26 on page 170 5145: 4967: 4906: 2724:was created in 1922, and in 1924 the 2694:Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic 2417: 2318:of the Russian Empire in 1818, and a 2274:. That entire region was then called 2080:(south) voivodeships, believed to be 1868:, specifically by tribes such as the 561:, the area constituted itself as the 6683: 5897: 5773: 5767: 5691:from the original on October 9, 2022 5668:Duca, Gheorghe (November 28, 2014). 5667: 5656: 5427:Vese, Vasile; Capotă, Crina (2005). 5174: 4970:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 4611:adding citations to reliable sources 4578: 3008: 2960: 2055:), and formed the nascent region of 1973: 1852:, as well as for shorter periods by 500:covering a small area in the north. 72:adding citations to reliable sources 43: 4073:59,000 Lipovans and Cossacks (2.2%) 3626:According to Bessarabian historian 3298:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 3204:German and Soviet attacks on Poland 2114:, situated near the modern town of 1892:settlers established the colony of 628:that formally ended hostilities of 606:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 24: 5965:; Johnson, Carter (January 2011). 5947:Nagy-Talavera, Nicolas M. (1970). 4978:Nicolae Iorga Institute of History 4562:In the 1979 Soviet census for the 3610:winning them. A government led by 3394:, or under no pretext whatsoever. 3367:on civilians and murder of Jewish 2890:rebelled against the Romanian army 2862:actions backed by the Soviet Union 2739: 2542:January 24] 1918, as the 2464:Russian revolution of October 1917 2172:, its eastern border becoming the 2091:), an important settlement of the 2063:until the end of the 9th century. 25: 8499: 6499: 5898:Țîcu, Octavian (March 28, 2020). 5709: 5399: 4773:History of the Jews in Bessarabia 2773: 2668:after its demands for a regional 2474:(the left bank of Dniester where 2402:was opened on April 21 [ 2036:of Europe, or age of migrations. 645:Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic 622:Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union 596:to enter and the Soviet Union to 579:union with the Kingdom of Romania 301:La Castel landscape reserve near 8270:West Ukrainian People's Republic 8244:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 7440: 7406: 7358: 7328: 7306: 7286: 7240: 7239: 6792: 6513: 6504: 5928:Bachman, Ronald D., ed. (1989). 5004:. Cartier. 2011. pp. 414–. 4583: 3735:Ethnic map of Bessarabia in 1930 3212:Faculty of Agricultural Sciences 3013: 2965: 2556:Union of Bessarabia with Romania 2246:Bessarabia in the Russian Empire 2240:Annexation by the Russian Empire 1984:Romania in the Early Middle Ages 1825: 1715: 1248: 1181: 1075:Union of Bessarabia with Romania 902: 810:The main Bessarabian cities are 430: 341: 329: 313: 270: 263: 252: 245: 48: 8258:20th-century regions and states 6453: 6424: 6395: 6361: 6325: 6312: 6294: 6269: 6244: 6218: 6193: 6089: 6057: 6042: 6012: 5955: 5940: 5921: 5718:(in Romanian). Revista Historia 5644:(in Romanian). Revista Historia 5599: 5408:(in Romanian). Revista Historia 5313: 5093: 5076: 4525:Soviet occupation of Bessarabia 3702:(Total: 1,628,867 inhabitants) 3443:Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive 3397:The political solution of the " 3378:, operating in the area of the 3233: 2825:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2262:of May 28, 1812—concluding the 637:dissolution of the Soviet Union 59:needs additional citations for 8372:Ethno-Ukrainian regions abroad 6563:; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). 6225:Gumenai, Ion (December 2010). 6169:Ungureanu, Constantin (2013). 5538:Ion Țurcanu (March 19, 2012). 5461:Xenofontov, Ion Valer (2018). 5067: 5038: 5018: 4992: 4961: 4952: 4900: 4806: 3727:55,790 Turks (Gagauzes) (2.9%) 3549:, as well as a fourth person, 3424:Romanian-occupied Transnistria 2900:took place later that year in 2800:Bessarabian historical problem 2426:Declaration of unification of 2333:Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 2264:Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812 1170:History of independent Moldova 1055:Romanian military intervention 407:Chișinău International Airport 13: 1: 8488:Historical regions in Ukraine 8483:Historical regions in Moldova 6725:Moldavian Democratic Republic 6512:travel guide from Wikivoyage 5610:. Routledge. pp. 74–76. 4907:Clark, Charles Upson (1927). 4893: 4047:The two counties were merged. 3621: 3458: 3137:rebound, the industry of the 2933:90 deputies and 37 senators. 2779:province was mostly ignored. 2544:Moldavian Democratic Republic 2396:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 2289:. Between 1812 and 1846, the 1803: 1555:Socialist Republic of Romania 1043:Moldavian Democratic Republic 767:. It is very fertile and has 563:Moldavian Democratic Republic 505:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 6561:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch 6379:. p. 70. Archived from 5573:Studia Universitas Moldaviae 5179:. Hoover Institution Press. 4574: 3508:Soviet occupation of Romania 3333:ethnic Germans of Bessarabia 3196: 2676: 2488:Demographics of Transnistria 2408:Romanian War of Independence 1848:the region was inhabited by 1409:Principality of Transylvania 746: 666: 557:In 1917, in the wake of the 540:southern areas of Bessarabia 7: 8347:Governorate of Subcarpathia 8265:Ukrainian People's Republic 7923:Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 6774:Declaration of independence 6545:. East European Quarterly. 6539:George F. Jewsbury (1976). 6495:). Stuttgart, West Germany: 6460:Ciorănescu, George (2001). 6431:Stavilă, Veaceslav (2000). 5874:. Chișinău: Elan Poligraf. 5505:History Magazine of Moldova 4883: 4863: 4827: 4722: 4534:1,793,493 Romanians (65.6%) 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4055:1,685,000 Romanians (64.0%) 4036: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4004: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3681:Russian Academy of Sciences 3561:Rise of independent Moldova 3108:Great Depression in Romania 2879: 2838: 2501:Central Executive Committee 1980:Moldavia in the Middle Ages 755:to the west, and the lower 511:, the eastern parts of the 32:Bessarabia (disambiguation) 10: 8504: 8357:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 8184:Yekaterinoslav Governorate 8124:Kyiv Governorate (1708–64) 6412:. June 24, 1999. p. 7 5366:Suveică, Svetlana (2010). 5295:van Meurs, Wim P. (1994). 5249:van Meurs, Wim P. (1996). 5083:Prothero, GW, ed. (1920). 4537:449,540 Ukrainians (16.4%) 3712:379,698 Ukrainians (19.6%) 3564: 3483: 3237: 3225:Administrative map of the 2956: 2743: 2553: 2243: 2141: 1977: 1829: 1820:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 1807: 1757: 1464:1848 Wallachian Revolution 1283:Prehistory of Transylvania 1268:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 873: 854:, all now in Moldova; and 698:the name was initially an 635:During the process of the 484:river on the east and the 36: 29: 8370: 8257: 8233: 8194:Nikolayev War Governorate 8072: 8028: 7985: 7931: 7880: 7826: 7752: 7584: 7465: 7436: 7402: 7354: 7324: 7302: 7207: 7178:Controversy over identity 7131: 7088: 7079: 7024: 7015: 6928: 6919: 6905:Left Bank of the Dniester 6872: 6810: 6801: 6790: 6695: 6635:November 2, 2014, at the 6276:Poștarencu, Dinu (2009). 6251:Poștarencu, Dinu (2009). 6200:Poștarencu, Dinu (2009). 6125:Poștarencu, Dinu (2009). 5983:10.1017/s0043887110000274 5834:Skvortsova, Alla (2002). 5740:Petrencu, Anatol (2018). 5567:Lavric, Aurelian (2013). 5253:. Chișinău: Editura ARC. 5207:Mitrasca, Marcel (2007). 5100:Mitrasca, Marcel (2002). 4872: 4852: 4816: 4741:Bessarabia, Romanian land 4540:177,647 Bulgarians (6.5%) 4067:147,000 Bulgarians (5.6%) 4058:254,000 Ukrainians (9.7%) 3721:103,225 Bulgarians (5.3%) 3709:920,919 Romanians (47.6%) 2980:toward certain viewpoints 2906:longest-lasting rebellion 2829:public identity discourse 2534:After Ukraine issued its 2335:, stated that the entire 1888:. In the 6th century BC, 1459:1848 Moldavian Revolution 402: 381: 364: 354: 324: 312: 285:From top, left to right: 238: 231: 215: 187: 173: 153: 7901:Principality of Theodoro 7003:Unification with Romania 6715:Principality of Moldavia 6532:October 8, 2019, at the 6049:Ciobanu, Ștefan (1923). 5934:Romania: A Country Study 5904:moldova.europalibera.org 5870:Tsaranov, V. I. (2002). 5754:Moldova State University 4799: 3593:claiming over Bessarabia 3539:Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgar 3535:National Patriotic Front 3480:Part of the Soviet Union 3416:Nazi concentration camps 3112:National Bank of Romania 2929:elected and sent to the 2712:). After the victory of 2550:Unification with Romania 2138:Principality of Moldavia 2126:) and Danube (including 2112:Principality of Moldavia 1796:, with smaller parts in 1770:Principality of Moldavia 1367:Voivodeship of Maramureș 1352:Banat in the Middle Ages 1080:Transnistria Governorate 988:Principality of Moldavia 975:Voivodeship of Maramureș 567:federative Russian state 513:Principality of Moldavia 503:In the aftermath of the 8405:Southern Maramorshchyna 8337:Stanyslaviv Voivodeship 8179:Novorossiya Governorate 7722:Northern Maramorshchyna 7494:) between May 1918 and 6896:Autonomous territories 6647:April 13, 2019, at the 6576:Encyclopædia Britannica 6331:cf. Nistor, pp. 212–213 6097:"Cenuses in Bessarabia" 5575:(in Romanian) (4): 57. 5499:Enciu, Nicolae (2011). 5135:Stoica, Vasile (1919). 4836: 4543:164,410 Russians (6.0%) 3671:The Moldovan historian 3351:. The Soviets employed 3254:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3244:Romania in World War II 2708:in September 1919 (see 2657:Treaty of Paris of 1920 2460:1905 Russian Revolution 2068:Balkan-Danubian culture 1988:Origin of the Romanians 1521:Union with Transylvania 1429:Danubian Principalities 1362:Second Bulgarian Empire 1347:History of Transylvania 1320:Origin of the Romanians 1155:Independence of Moldova 1135:Anti-fascist resistance 955:Origin of the Romanians 590:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 201: 39:Bessarabian (racehorse) 8114:Bessarabia Governorate 8092:Kyiv Military District 8083:Black Sea Cossack Host 7534:Only the southern part 5636:Dungaciu, Dan (2016). 5326:Collier's Encyclopedia 5175:King, Charles (1999). 4844: 4735:Bessarabian Bulgarians 4064:75,000 Russians (2.8%) 3736: 3595: 3499: 3358:Bessarabia Governorate 3339:On June 22, 1941, the 3293: 3230: 3227:Bessarabia Governorate 3218:, in pre-war Romania. 2770: 2755: 2466:, a National Council ( 2431: 2331:, which concluded the 2283:Bessarabian Bulgarians 2255: 2205: 2153: 2061:First Bulgarian Empire 1997: 1950:, due to the invading 1810:Prehistory of Moldavia 1357:First Bulgarian Empire 1023:Bessarabia Governorate 870:, all now in Ukraine. 832:Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyi 676: 647:was proclaimed in the 534:rivers. Following the 528:Bessarabia Governorate 422: 159: 8159:Chernihiv Governorate 8149:Volhynian Viceroyalty 8102:Volhynian Governorate 7972:Volhynian Voivodeship 7967:Ruthenian Voivodeship 7952:Chernihiv Voivodeship 7753:States and tribes of 7531:Only the eastern part 7526:Northern Transylvania 6757:Transnistria conflict 6522:at Wikimedia Commons 6318:Charles Upson Clark, 5211:. Algora Publishing. 4749:(southern Bessarabia) 4546:115,683 Gagauz (4.2%) 4070:79,000 Germans (3.0%) 3734: 3724:60,026 Germans (3.1%) 3718:155,774 Russians (8%) 3578: 3493: 3287: 3224: 2761: 2753: 2692:On May 11, 1919, the 2634:Alexandru Marghiloman 2425: 2253: 2198:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi 2196:Akkerman fortress in 2195: 2151: 1995: 1814:Bronze Age in Romania 1511:Union with Bessarabia 1474:United Principalities 1372:Founding of Wallachia 1278:Bronze Age in Romania 1010:United Principalities 674: 417: 383: • Summer ( 8327:Ternopil Voivodeship 7962:Podolian Voivodeship 7585:Geographical regions 7528:in Hungary (1940–44) 7514:in Romania (1859–78) 7390:(1859–1940; 1941–44) 7118:Languages of Moldova 6584:Ioan Scurtu (2003). 6377:depts.washington.edu 5838:. Chișinău: Pontos. 4607:improve this section 4558:14,794 Others (0.6%) 4555:2,058 Germans (0.1%) 4082:1930 Romanian census 4076:67,000 Others (2.5%) 4061:287,000 Jews (10.2%) 3715:228,168 Jews (11.8%) 3504:communist government 3463:Battle of Stalingrad 3345:Operation Barbarossa 3097:most favoured nation 3077:Romanian land reform 3063:At the beginning of 2329:Treaty of Adrianople 1650:By historical region 1449:Transylvanian School 1377:Founding of Moldavia 68:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 8445: / 8352:Kharkiv Governorate 8189:Kherson Governorate 8174:Taurida Governorate 8169:Kharkov Governorate 8154:Poltava Governorate 8119:Kharkov Governorate 8107:Podolia Governorate 7947:Bracław Voivodeship 7918:Carpathian Ruthenia 7755:classical antiquity 7712:Naddnistrianshchyna 7692:Carpathian Ruthenia 7537:Transylvania proper 7512:Southern Bessarabia 7245:Transnistria topics 6864:Rudi Geodetic Point 6705:Prehistoric Balkans 6487:Thilemann, Alfred. 6369:Charles Upson Clark 6030:(1–2): 89–127. 2014 5774:Kaba, John (1919). 4935:Joseph Rothschild, 4768:History of Moldavia 4411:Cetatea Albă County 4088: 3976:Cetatea Albă County 3747: 3616:Republic of Moldova 3551:Alexandru Soltoianu 3033:editing the article 2986:improve the article 2931:Romanian Parliament 2379:united to form the 2362:Southern Bessarabia 2305:also inhabited the 2260:Treaty of Bucharest 2144:History of Moldavia 2097:Eastern Carpathians 1941:Chernyakhov culture 1764:History of Moldavia 1616:Historical timeline 1516:Union with Bukovina 1484:War of Independence 1160:War of Transnistria 1148:Republic of Moldova 1130:Soviet deportations 1030:Treaty of Bucharest 921:Chernyakhov culture 737:Upper Trajanic Wall 687:) derives from the 8044:Right-bank Ukraine 7827:Principalities of 7813:Old Great Bulgaria 7606:Right-bank Ukraine 7378:(1918–40; 1941–44) 7372:(1918–40; 1941–44) 7347:(1913–16; 1919–40) 7292:Historical regions 6784:2015–2016 protests 6730:Union with Romania 6566:"Bessarabia" 6306:2016-05-30 at the 6103:on October 5, 2020 5319:Wayne S Vucinich, 5044:Mihai Bărbulescu, 4917:on October 8, 2019 4763:History of Moldova 4730:Bessarabia Germans 4549:9,086 Poles (0.3%) 4133:Total inhabitants 4087: 3746: 3737: 3596: 3571:History of Moldova 3500: 3384:summary executions 3294: 3258:sphere of interest 3231: 3216:University of Iași 2898:A similar uprising 2886:state of emergency 2858:post-war recession 2771: 2764:Kingdom of Romania 2762:Ethnic map of the 2756: 2582:Kingdom of Romania 2432: 2418:Early 20th century 2356:, in 1856, by the 2352:At the end of the 2256: 2206: 2154: 1998: 1760:History of Moldova 1722:Romania portal 1587:Romania since 1989 1498:Kingdom of Romania 1442:National Awakening 1414:Eyalet of Temesvar 1396:Early Modern Times 1188:Moldova portal 677: 559:Russian Revolution 509:Peace of Bucharest 507:, and the ensuing 423: 303:Gordinești, Edineț 297:Chișinău City Hall 8428: 8427: 8362:Distrikt Galizien 8332:Volyn Voivodeship 8249:Duchy of Bukovina 8164:Kholm Governorate 8088:Southwestern Krai 8049:Left-bank Ukraine 8039:Cossack Hetmanate 7987:Ottoman provinces 7933:Polish–Lithuanian 7760:Early Middle Ages 7717:Northern Bukovina 7601:Left-bank Ukraine 7544: 7543: 7253: 7252: 7203: 7202: 7183:Moldovan language 7075: 7074: 7011: 7010: 6988:Political parties 6953:Foreign relations 6915: 6914: 6779:Post-independence 6745:Gagauzia conflict 6552:978-0-914710-09-7 6518:Media related to 6475:978-973-577-307-6 6408:Council of Europe 6287:978-9975-78-735-2 6262:978-9975-78-735-2 6211:978-9975-78-735-2 6175:Archiva Moldaviae 6136:978-9975-78-735-2 6077:on March 29, 2017 5908:Radio Free Europe 5678:academiaromana.ro 5553:978-9975-4337-0-9 5433:Codrul Cosminului 5381:978-9975-51-070-7 5218:978-0-87586-184-5 5062:978-973-135-031-8 5054:Șerban Papacostea 5033:978-973-7839-03-9 5011:978-9975-79-704-7 4881: 4861: 4825: 4753:Chernivtsi Oblast 4643: 4642: 4635: 4552:6,882 Jews (0.3%) 4520: 4509: 4508: 4080:According to the 4048: 4041: 4040: 3806: 3805:Total inhabitants 3801: 3800:Armenians, others 3791: 3779: 3772: 3760: 3753: 3314:Chernivtsi oblast 3312:and parts of the 3296:On August 2, the 3278:ethnic Ukrainians 3269:Northern Bukovina 3061: 3060: 3053: 3026:layout guidelines 3007: 3006: 2926:1923 Constitution 2807:fall of Communism 2718:Russian Civil War 2714:Bolshevist Russia 2710:Polish–Soviet War 2186:Stephen the Great 1974:Early Middle Ages 1929:Lower Trajan Wall 1756: 1755: 1611:Romanian language 1563:Soviet occupation 1222: 1221: 1125:Soviet occupation 948:Early Middle Ages 733:Dimitrie Cantemir 661:autonomous region 618:Operation München 498:Chernivtsi Oblast 480:, bounded by the 474:historical region 412: 411: 287:Akkerman fortress 233:Historical region 148:Historical region 144: 143: 136: 118: 16:(Redirected from 8495: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8342:Carpatho-Ukraine 8322:Lviv Voivodeship 8307:Drohobych Oblast 8235:Austro-Hungarian 8097:Kyiv Governorate 8074:Imperial Russian 8059:Zaporozhian Sich 7957:Kyiv Voivodeship 7942:Belz Voivodeship 7847:Novhorod-Seversk 7655:Southern Ukraine 7571: 7564: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7444: 7410: 7394:Western Moldavia 7362: 7345:Southern Dobruja 7340:Northern Dobruja 7332: 7310: 7290: 7289: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7243: 7242: 7223: 7216: 7086: 7085: 7042: 7022: 7021: 6926: 6925: 6882:Cities and towns 6808: 6807: 6796: 6767:Transnistria War 6678: 6671: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6601: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6517: 6508: 6480: 6479: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6349: 6341: 6332: 6329: 6323: 6316: 6310: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6231:researchgate.net 6222: 6216: 6215: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6166: 6153: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6122: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6099:. 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Algora Pub. 5092: 5075: 5066: 5050:Keith Hitchins 5037: 5017: 5010: 4991: 4960: 4951: 4928: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4591: 4589: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4309:Tighina County 4305: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4275:Lăpușna County 4271: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3922:Tighina County 3918: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3900:Lăpușna County 3896: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3792: 3780: 3773: 3761: 3754: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3698:Russian data, 3628:Ștefan Ciobanu 3623: 3620: 3562: 3559: 3484:Main article: 3481: 3478: 3428:Final Solution 3353:scorched earth 3302:Moldavian ASSR 3235: 3232: 3198: 3195: 3059: 3058: 3021: 3019: 3012: 3005: 3004: 2973: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2881: 2878: 2840: 2837: 2789:Onisifor Ghibu 2775: 2774:Historiography 2772: 2744:Main article: 2741: 2738: 2678: 2675: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2596: 2593: 2554:Main article: 2551: 2548: 2524:Entente Powers 2509:Romanian Front 2430:and Bessarabia 2419: 2416: 2349: 2346: 2272:Russian Empire 2268:Ottoman Empire 2244:Main article: 2241: 2238: 2226:Russian Empire 2210:Ottoman Empire 2174:River Dniester 2142:Main article: 2139: 2136: 1975: 1972: 1827: 1824: 1805: 1802: 1782:Russian Empire 1774:Ottoman Empire 1754: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1469:Danube Vilayet 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1382:Rumelia Eyalet 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1098:Moldavian ASSR 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 991: 986: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 951: 946: 945: 942: 941: 938: 937: 932: 923: 917: 912: 911: 908: 907: 899: 898: 889: 888: 881: 875: 872: 824:Bender/Tighina 748: 745: 729: 728: 721: 710: 707: 668: 665: 478:Eastern Europe 410: 409: 404: 400: 399: 389: 379: 378: 368: 362: 361: 356: 352: 351: 326: 322: 321: 318: 310: 309: 306: 305: 299: 294: 289: 282: 281: 269: 262: 261: 260: 251: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 229: 228: 157: 154: 147: 142: 141: 56: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8500: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8461: 8458: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8380:Green Ukraine 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8312:Izmail Oblast 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8297:Ukrainian SSR 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8064:Little Russia 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7702:Hertsa region 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7507:November 1919 7504: 7503: 7499: 7497: 7496:November 1919 7493: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7281: 7276: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7246: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6740:Moldavian SSR 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6597:9789735773779 6593: 6589: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6446:9975-78-035-0 6442: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6353: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6328: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6297: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6138: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6119: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6073: 6066: 6060: 6052: 6045: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5881:9975-9663-3-0 5877: 5873: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5770: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5736: 5734: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5270: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5188: 5186:9780817997922 5182: 5178: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5113:0-87586-184-9 5109: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5070: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5034: 5030: 5025:(in Romanian) 5021: 5013: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4955: 4948: 4947:0-295953-57-8 4944: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4885: 4879: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Moldovan wine 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4626: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4592:This section 4590: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4564:Moldavian SSR 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4477: 4476: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4378: 4377:Ismail County 4375: 4374: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4174: 4173:Soroca County 4171: 4170: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4021: 4020: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3835: 3834:Soroca County 3832: 3831: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3632:Russification 3629: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3608:Popular Front 3605: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547:Valeriu Graur 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531:Yuri Andropov 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3486:Moldavian SSR 3477: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467:changed sides 3464: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3426:, where the " 3425: 3421: 3420:death marches 3417: 3413: 3408: 3407:Ion Antonescu 3404: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306:Ukrainian SSR 3303: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3194: 3191: 3190:T. Al. Știrbu 3185: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3133:sugar plant. 3132: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3055: 3052: 3044: 3041:November 2022 3034: 3028: 3027: 3022:This section 3020: 3011: 3010: 3001: 2998:November 2022 2991: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2974:This section 2972: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2952: 2947: 2946:Transnistrian 2943: 2939: 2936:According to 2934: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916:According to 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2870:Gheorghe Duca 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2852:According to 2850: 2847: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2752: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722:Ukrainian SSR 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2661:United States 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:German Empire 2563: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400:Eiffel Bridge 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208:In 1484, the 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2128:Kyliya/Chilia 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960:Budjak steppe 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:Scythia Minor 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826:Ancient times 1823: 1821: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118:Moldavian SSR 1114: 1113: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1086: 1085:The Holocaust 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 989: 984: 983: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 949: 944: 943: 936: 933: 931: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 915: 910: 909: 905: 901: 900: 897: 891: 890: 885: 880: 879: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 799:. They raise 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 744: 742: 738: 734: 731:According to 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 708: 706:cartographers 705: 701: 697: 696: 695: 693: 690: 686: 682: 673: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:Ukrainian SSR 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 575:Romanian Army 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 469: 427: 421: 416: 408: 405: 401: 397: 393: 390: 386: 380: 376: 372: 369: 367: 363: 360: 357: 353: 350: 338: 327: 323: 316: 311: 304: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 284: 283: 273: 266: 255: 248: 237: 230: 224: 210: 203: 196: 182: 168: 161: 152: 146: 138: 135: 127: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: – 84: 80: 79:Find sources: 73: 69: 63: 62: 57:This article 55: 51: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 8430: 8400:Lemko Region 8385:Grey Ukraine 8134:Slavo-Serbia 7906:Red Ruthenia 7891:Golden Horde 7737:Prykarpattia 7648:Zaporizhzhia 7518: 7501: 7492:Danube Delta 7486: 7478: 7470: 7428:Székely Land 7404:Transylvania 7369: 7098:Demographics 7034:Central Bank 6963:Human rights 6938:Constitution 6874:Subdivisions 6762:Transnistria 6719: 6586: 6574: 6541: 6503: 6492: 6488: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6414:. 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Retrieved 4915:the original 4909: 4902: 4808: 4793:Odesa Oblast 4778:Hotin County 4629: 4623:January 2020 4620: 4605:Please help 4593: 4561: 4529: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4444: 4343:Cahul County 4241:Orhei County 4207:Bălți County 4139:Hotin County 4079: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4000: 3878:Orhei County 3856:Bălți County 3812:Hotin County 3742: 3738: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3636: 3625: 3597: 3520:Ion Stănescu 3517: 3513: 3501: 3496:Soviet Union 3432: 3396: 3382:, committed 3362: 3338: 3330: 3318:Transnistria 3295: 3262: 3247: 3234:World War II 3208: 3200: 3186: 3181: 3178:Transylvania 3169: 3159: 3148:Cetatea Albă 3144:Basarabeasca 3138: 3135: 3122: 3105: 3093: 3069:Sfatul Țării 3068: 3062: 3047: 3038: 3023: 2995: 2975: 2951:Romanianized 2938:Charles King 2935: 2915: 2883: 2874: 2864:, worldwide 2854:Dan Dungaciu 2851: 2842: 2833: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2793: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2698:Russian SFSR 2691: 2680: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2631: 2599: 2559: 2533: 2521: 2494: 2492: 2472:Transnistria 2468:Sfatul Țării 2457: 2444:anti-Semitic 2433: 2386:The railway 2385: 2370: 2351: 2337:Danube Delta 2326: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2299:River Danube 2280: 2275: 2257: 2207: 2158:principality 2155: 2105: 2101:Transylvania 2093:Golden Horde 2086: 2075: 2074:(north) and 2071: 2065: 2056: 2038: 1999: 1956:Dniepr River 1945: 1937:Free Dacians 1921:Roman Empire 1906: 1843: 1840:Free Dacians 1817: 1767: 1698:Transylvania 1626:Christianity 1541:World War II 1419:Varat Eyalet 1050:Sfatul Țării 970:Golden Horde 930:Free Dacians 809: 757:River Danube 750: 730: 724: 718:Miron Costin 680: 678: 649:Transnistria 634: 630:World War II 604:to form the 587: 583:Soviet Union 556: 502: 425: 424: 419: 355:Largest city 145: 130: 124:January 2022 121: 111: 104: 97: 90: 83:"Bessarabia" 78: 66:Please help 61:verification 58: 8452: / 8005:Kefe Eyalet 7977:Wild Fields 7829:Kyivan Rus' 7675:Novorossiya 7108:Health care 7029:Agriculture 6968:LGBT rights 6820:Earthquakes 6107:January 26, 6081:January 18, 6034:October 19, 6004:October 19, 5977:(1): 1–42. 5716:historia.ro 5642:historia.ro 5406:historia.ro 4980:: 183–215. 4884:Bessarabiia 4864:Bessarabiya 3673:Ion Gumenâi 3612:Mircea Druc 3604:Perestroika 3523: [ 3290:1941 census 3182:Old Kingdom 3160:Old Kingdom 3139:Old Kingdom 3073:Old Kingdom 3065:World War I 2910:Tatarbunary 2794:During the 2768:1930 census 2499:Committee ( 2449:blood libel 2354:Crimean War 2303:Nogai horde 1948:Roman Dacia 1506:World War I 1424:Phanariotes 1334:Middle Ages 1315:Roman Dacia 1310:Dacian Wars 1239:History of 1105:Moldovenism 1005:Phanariotes 893:History of 793:wine grapes 702:applied by 620:during the 536:Crimean War 492:, with the 292:Soroca Fort 18:Bessarabian 8473:Bessarabia 8467:Categories 8415:Sian River 8212:Sevastopol 8129:New Serbia 7867:Pereyaslav 7857:Terebovlia 7687:Chełm Land 7522:since 1919 7482:since 1862 7474:since 1920 7370:Bessarabia 7168:Literature 7041:(currency) 6983:Parliament 6958:Government 6943:Corruption 6892:Localities 6720:Bessarabia 6520:Bessarabia 6510:Bessarabia 5845:9975902146 5321:Bessarabia 5306:0880332840 5260:9975610056 5086:Bessarabia 5035:, pag. 290 4910:Bessarabia 4894:References 4873:Бессарабія 4853:Бессарабия 4837:Besarabiya 4828:Besarabiya 4672:Ștefănești 4473:2,864,662 4116:Bulgarians 4101:Ukrainians 4017:1,935,000 3784:Bulgarians 3765:Ukrainians 3740:Russians. 3644:Ion Nistor 3622:Population 3392:Communists 3326:Kazakhstan 2978:unbalanced 2823:After the 2805:After the 2687:Bolsheviks 2670:plebiscite 2484:Ukrainians 2458:After the 2276:Bessarabia 2072:Bolohoveni 1911:polity of 1896:along the 1862:Sarmatians 1854:Cimmerians 1830:See also: 1804:Prehistory 1758:See also: 1568:Revolution 1260:Prehistory 995:Foundation 773:sugar beet 725:Bessarabia 689:Wallachian 426:Bessarabia 202:Besarabiya 188:Бессарабія 174:Бессарабия 155:Bessarabia 94:newspapers 8449:47°N 29°E 8237:provinces 8209:Nikolayev 7837:Chernigov 7707:Lodomeria 7697:Halychyna 7638:Pryazovia 7438:Wallachia 7423:Maramureș 7113:Moldovans 7103:Education 7067:Transport 6993:President 6948:Elections 6803:Geography 6236:April 21, 6187:2067-3930 5913:April 23, 5759:April 29, 5695:April 23, 5648:April 23, 5581:1811-2668 5513:1857-2022 5479:1584-4390 5441:1224-032X 5064:, pag. 77 4986:1222-4766 4921:March 15, 4878:romanized 4869:Ukrainian 4858:romanized 4845:Basarabia 4822:romanized 4817:Бесарабия 4813:Bulgarian 4668:Șerpenița 4594:does not 4568:Moldovans 4515:Includes 4449:1,610,757 4096:Romanians 4005:1,092,000 3798:, Greeks, 3758:Romanians 3585:Timișoara 3388:saboteurs 3349:Wehrmacht 3281:missing. 3265:ultimatum 3197:Education 3085:Wallachia 3081:dessiatin 2990:talk page 2942:Siguranța 2922:democracy 2730:Ukrainian 2685:, by the 2677:Aftermath 2638:Bucharest 2496:Rumcherod 2476:Romanians 2377:Wallachia 2371:In 1859, 2324:in 1873. 2321:guberniya 2291:Bulgarian 2178:Wallachia 2132:Licostomo 2124:Moncastro 2034:Dark Ages 2022:Pechenegs 1917:Decebalus 1913:Burebista 1898:Black Sea 1886:Bastarnae 1882:Tyragetae 1878:Britogali 1870:Costoboci 1858:Scythians 1850:Thracians 1846:Antiquity 1703:Wallachia 1678:Maramureș 1297:Antiquity 935:Bastarnae 914:Antiquity 777:sunflower 761:Black Sea 747:Geography 714:Black Sea 681:Basarabia 667:Etymology 571:Bolshevik 548:Wallachia 366:Time zone 223:Bulgarian 216:Бесарабия 195:Ukrainian 160:Basarabia 8478:Moldavia 8410:Priashiv 8224:Taganrog 8215:Feodosia 7872:Volhynia 7818:Ruthenia 7793:Khazaria 7773:Sarmatia 7768:Cimmeria 7758:and the 7742:Volhynia 7732:Pokuttia 7611:Polissia 7452:Muntenia 7382:Bukovina 7356:Moldavia 7230:Category 7163:Holidays 7123:Religion 6978:Military 6921:Politics 6900:Gagauzia 6887:Communes 6852:Dniester 6689:articles 6645:Archived 6633:Archived 6530:Archived 6416:March 2, 6387:March 2, 6352:Archived 6304:Archived 6024:Dystopia 5999:24344965 5991:21591305 5686:Archived 5122:50296800 4841:Romanian 4723:See also 4716:Cantemir 4676:Brăniște 4517:Lipovans 4439:341,176 4405:225,509 4371:196,963 4337:306,592 4303:419,621 4269:279,282 4235:386,721 4201:316,368 4167:392,430 4106:Russians 3995:265,000 3970:244,000 3941:195,000 3916:280,000 3894:213,000 3872:212,000 3850:219,000 3828:307,000 3770:Russians 3654:Akkerman 3600:Chișinău 3581:graffiti 3555:Bukovina 3498:(yellow) 3447:Chișinău 3439:Red Army 3435:Dniester 3405:Marshal 3403:dictator 3180:and the 3152:Florești 2880:Politics 2846:zemstvos 2839:Overview 2766:per the 2480:Russians 2398:and the 2388:Chișinău 2373:Moldavia 2166:Akkerman 2162:Moldavia 2120:Genovese 2077:Brodnici 2057:Bulgaria 1902:Aliobrix 1688:Muntenia 1683:Moldavia 1668:Bukovina 1599:By topic 1230:a series 1228:Part of 965:Brodnici 960:Tivertsi 884:a series 882:Part of 812:Chișinău 685:Romanian 594:Red Army 482:Dniester 359:Chișinău 167:Romanian 8076:regions 8032:regions 8030:Cossack 8020:Yedisan 7935:regions 7884:regions 7803:Kazarig 7798:Onoğurs 7788:Scythia 7783:Taurica 7727:Podolia 7665:Yedisan 7621:Kryvbas 7616:Siveria 7519:De jure 7502:De jure 7487:De jure 7479:De jure 7471:De jure 7457:Oltenia 7445:(1859–) 7418:Crișana 7411:(1918–) 7363:(1859–) 7333:(1878–) 7326:Dobruja 7311:(1918–) 7296:Romania 7214:Outline 7190:Symbols 7151:Cuisine 7146:Costume 7133:Culture 7081:Society 7062:Tourism 7057:Poverty 7017:Economy 6933:Cabinet 6815:Climate 6697:History 6685:Moldova 6573:(ed.). 4949:, p.314 4880:: 4860:: 4849:Russian 4824:: 4788:Moldova 4708:Badragi 4700:Bumbala 4688:Bădărăi 4664:Lipcani 4648:Zemstvo 4615:removed 4600:sources 4575:Economy 4461:163,726 4458:204,858 4455:351,912 4452:314,211 4347:100,714 4313:163,673 4279:326,455 4245:243,936 4211:270,942 4177:232,720 4146:163,267 4143:137,348 4130:others 4126:Germans 4092:County 4014:247,000 4011:219,000 4008:378,000 3980:106,000 3955:109,000 3926:103,000 3904:198,000 3882:176,000 3860:154,000 3838:156,000 3819:161,000 3796:Germans 3640:Lipovan 3589:Romania 3567:Moldova 3474:Michael 3412:ghettos 3365:pogroms 3322:Siberia 3173:Căinari 3156:Tighina 2984:Please 2976:may be 2957:Economy 2902:Tighina 2785:zemstvo 2732:. (See 2716:in the 2601:zemstva 2505:Soviets 2503:of the 2428:Romania 2368:river. 2342:Siberia 2287:Bolhrad 2258:By the 2230:Ottoman 2218:Tighina 2214:sanjaks 2202:Ukraine 2182:Basarab 2108:Tigheci 2099:and to 2053:Khazars 2049:Dobruja 2041:Mesamer 2030:Mongols 2018:Magyars 2014:Bulgars 1832:Dacians 1798:Ukraine 1794:Moldova 1786:Romania 1780:), the 1693:Oltenia 1673:Dobruja 1663:Crișana 1636:Judaism 1241:Romania 895:Moldova 874:History 868:Bolhrad 848:Ungheni 789:tobacco 769:lignite 765:steppes 704:Western 641:Ukraine 552:Dobruja 544:Romania 517:Ottoman 490:Moldova 472:) is a 349:Ukraine 337:Moldova 325:Country 181:Russian 108:scholar 8454:47; 29 8206:Izmail 8203:Odessa 7842:Halych 7670:Crimea 7660:Budjak 7633:Donbas 7388:Hertsa 7376:Budjak 7235:Portal 7141:Cinema 7052:Energy 6847:Danube 6842:Rivers 6687: 6594: 6549: 6472: 6443: 6284: 6259: 6208: 6185: 6133: 5997: 5989: 5878: 5842: 5750:usm.md 5722:May 6, 5614: 5591:May 6, 5579: 5550: 5523:May 6, 5511: 5484:May 6, 5477: 5446:May 6, 5439: 5412:May 6, 5378: 5303: 5257: 5215: 5183: 5120: 5110: 5060: 5031: 5008: 4984: 4945: 4833:Gagauz 4758:Dazdie 4747:Budjak 4712:Fălciu 4696:Sărata 4684:Oancea 4660:Țuțora 4656:Cuzlău 4513:Notes: 4487:12.28% 4484:10.97% 4481:56.23% 4470:39,937 4467:81,089 4464:98,172 4433:55,598 4427:71,227 4424:11,390 4421:58,922 4418:70,095 4415:62,949 4396:15,591 4393:43,375 4387:66,987 4384:10,655 4381:72,020 4362:35,299 4359:28,565 4353:14,740 4331:10,524 4328:39,345 4325:19,599 4322:16,845 4319:44,989 4288:50,013 4285:29,770 4254:18,999 4251:10,746 4220:31,695 4217:46,569 4214:29,288 4186:29,191 4183:25,736 4180:26,039 4152:35,985 4149:53,453 4121:Gagauz 4045:Notes: 3992:47,500 3989:52,500 3986:11,000 3983:48,000 3967:44,000 3964:27,000 3961:11,000 3958:53,000 3951:Ismail 3935:36,000 3932:16,000 3929:32,000 3913:10,000 3910:53,000 3907:19,000 3888:26,000 3885:10,000 3869:14,000 3866:17,000 3863:27,000 3844:31,000 3841:28,000 3822:54,000 3816:89,000 3789:Gagauz 3752:County 3693:Romani 3666:Khotyn 3662:Bender 3658:Izmail 3649:Khotyn 3451:Sărata 3310:Budjak 3165:Galați 3117:Soroca 3101:Poland 2720:, the 2706:France 2702:Poland 2665:Russia 2574:Soroca 2564:, the 2486:. See 2453:matzos 2366:Danube 2315:oblast 2307:Budjak 2295:Gagauz 2222:vassal 2170:Chilia 2045:Onogur 2026:Cumans 1986:, and 1964:steppe 1909:Dacian 1884:, and 1864:, and 1838:, and 1788:, the 1778:Khotyn 1232:on the 886:on the 856:Khotyn 852:Comrat 840:Soroca 828:Izmail 805:cattle 795:, and 741:Budjak 720:, and; 700:exonym 657:Gagauz 653:Bender 532:Danube 520:vassal 494:Budjak 346: 334: 219: 209:Gagauz 205: 191: 177: 163: 110: 103: 96: 89: 81: 8395:Kuban 8390:Kholm 8221:Yalta 7862:Turov 7778:Dacia 7317:Banat 7304:Banat 7221:Index 7195:Sport 7173:Music 7093:Crime 6830:Birds 6825:Fauna 6710:Dacia 6569:. In 6464:[ 6435:[ 6355:(PDF) 6348:(PDF) 6075:(PDF) 6068:(PDF) 5995:S2CID 5746:(PDF) 5689:(PDF) 5674:(PDF) 5542:[ 5370:[ 4800:Notes 4704:Leova 4680:Cahul 4505:100% 4502:1.39% 4499:2.83% 4496:3.43% 4493:5.72% 4490:7.15% 4445:Total 4436:3,119 4430:7,876 4402:9,592 4390:6,306 4368:3,948 4365:8,644 4356:4,434 4334:2,570 4316:9,047 4300:7,079 4297:2,823 4282:2,732 4266:2,890 4248:2,469 4232:6,530 4229:1,623 4198:2,183 4164:2,026 4037:100% 4034:12.5% 4031:11.5% 4028:19.5% 4025:56.5% 4001:Total 3947:Cahul 3938:8,000 3891:1,000 3847:4,000 3825:3,000 3527:] 3422:into 3131:Bălți 2894:Hotin 2683:Odesa 2578:Orhei 2570:Bălți 2517:Odesa 2266:—the 2116:Cahul 2089:Orhei 2082:Vlach 2010:Avars 2002:Goths 1952:Goths 1894:Tyras 1890:Greek 1874:Carpi 1866:Celts 1836:Dacia 1658:Banat 1631:Islam 1479:ASTRA 1338:Early 1305:Dacia 926:Dacia 860:Kilia 844:Orhei 836:Cahul 816:Bălți 801:sheep 797:fruit 785:maize 781:wheat 515:, an 392:UTC+3 371:UTC+2 115:JSTOR 101:books 8440:29°E 8437:47°N 7852:Kyiv 7156:Wine 7039:Leu 6857:Prut 6592:ISBN 6547:ISBN 6470:ISBN 6441:ISBN 6418:2021 6389:2021 6282:ISBN 6257:ISBN 6238:2020 6206:ISBN 6183:ISSN 6131:ISBN 6109:2013 6083:2017 6036:2014 6006:2014 5987:PMID 5915:2020 5876:ISBN 5840:ISBN 5761:2020 5724:2020 5697:2020 5650:2020 5612:ISBN 5593:2020 5577:ISSN 5548:ISBN 5525:2020 5509:ISSN 5486:2020 5475:ISSN 5471:LVII 5448:2020 5437:ISSN 5414:2020 5376:ISBN 5323:In: 5301:ISBN 5255:ISBN 5213:ISBN 5181:ISBN 5118:OCLC 5108:ISBN 5058:ISBN 5029:ISBN 5006:ISBN 4982:ISSN 4974:XXIX 4943:ISBN 4923:2006 4710:and 4598:any 4596:cite 4111:Jews 3949:and 3787:and 3777:Jews 3768:and 3700:1889 3660:and 3569:and 3545:and 3471:King 3453:the 3449:and 3369:POWs 3341:Axis 3324:and 3274:Jews 3242:and 3154:and 3087:and 2704:and 2642:Iași 2640:and 2576:and 2540:O.S. 2528:O.S. 2515:and 2493:The 2482:and 2440:Jews 2434:The 2404:O.S. 2392:Iași 2375:and 2327:The 2293:and 2232:and 2168:and 2028:and 2006:Huns 1968:Huns 1812:and 1790:USSR 1762:and 866:and 864:Reni 850:and 820:Răut 803:and 759:and 753:Prut 614:Axis 486:Prut 396:EEST 87:news 7294:in 5979:doi 4609:by 4399:983 4350:619 4291:712 4263:154 4195:417 4161:323 3457:of 3414:or 3260:". 2868:). 2736:). 2507:of 2490:). 2455:). 2160:of 2134:). 1844:In 683:in 476:in 385:DST 375:EET 70:by 8469:: 8090:/ 7594:/ 6405:. 6375:. 6371:. 6336:^ 6229:. 6173:. 6157:^ 6145:^ 6117:^ 6026:. 6022:. 5993:. 5985:. 5975:63 5973:. 5969:. 5932:. 5906:. 5902:. 5890:^ 5854:^ 5786:^ 5748:. 5732:^ 5684:. 5676:. 5658:^ 5626:^ 5503:. 5469:. 5465:. 5431:. 5390:^ 5346:^ 5334:^ 5278:^ 5227:^ 5195:^ 5147:^ 5116:. 5052:, 5048:, 4976:. 4972:. 4875:, 4871:: 4867:; 4855:, 4851:: 4847:; 4843:: 4839:; 4835:: 4831:; 4819:, 4815:: 4706:, 4698:, 4694:, 4686:, 4678:, 4670:, 4666:, 4662:, 4658:, 4294:37 4257:87 4223:66 4192:13 4189:69 4155:26 3656:, 3587:, 3579:A 3541:, 3537:, 3525:ro 3459:c. 3390:, 3373:SS 3360:. 3328:. 3276:, 3184:. 3150:, 3146:, 3126:hp 2953:. 2896:. 2860:, 2689:. 2572:, 2546:. 2511:, 2360:, 2344:. 2278:. 2236:. 2200:, 2024:, 2020:, 2016:, 2012:, 2008:, 2004:, 1982:, 1970:. 1943:. 1904:. 1880:, 1876:, 1872:, 1860:, 1856:, 1834:, 1800:. 1784:, 928:, 862:, 858:, 846:, 842:, 838:, 791:, 787:, 783:, 779:, 775:, 743:. 632:. 612:. 569:. 554:. 456:eɪ 7570:e 7563:t 7556:v 7279:e 7272:t 7265:v 6677:e 6670:t 6663:v 6600:. 6555:. 6491:( 6478:. 6449:. 6420:. 6391:. 6290:. 6265:. 6240:. 6214:. 6189:. 6179:5 6139:. 6111:. 6085:. 6038:. 6028:I 6008:. 5981:: 5936:. 5917:. 5884:. 5848:. 5763:. 5726:. 5699:. 5652:. 5620:. 5595:. 5556:. 5527:. 5488:. 5450:. 5416:. 5384:. 5309:. 5263:. 5221:. 5189:. 5124:. 5014:. 4988:. 4925:. 4743:" 4739:" 4702:- 4690:- 4682:- 4674:– 4636:) 4630:( 4625:) 4621:( 4617:. 4603:. 4478:% 4260:1 4226:8 4158:2 4022:% 3652:( 3054:) 3048:( 3043:) 3039:( 3029:. 3000:) 2996:( 2992:. 2982:. 2390:- 2130:- 1747:e 1740:t 1733:v 1340:) 1336:( 1213:e 1206:t 1199:v 468:/ 465:ə 462:i 459:b 453:r 450:ˈ 447:ə 444:s 441:ɛ 438:b 435:ˌ 432:/ 428:( 398:) 394:( 387:) 377:) 373:( 225:) 221:( 211:) 207:( 197:) 193:( 183:) 179:( 169:) 165:( 137:) 131:( 126:) 122:( 112:· 105:· 98:· 91:· 64:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

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