963:
383:
together as husband and wife. Robert died in
December 1544. There was no issue from the marriage, which had been arranged locally, probably initially to protect the Barley patrimony and to mitigate the impact of wardship on the Barley estate should Robert succeed his father as an underage heir. The traditional story that Robert and Bess met in London while in the service of a "Lady Zouche" is based on oral history, which can only be dated to the late seventeenth century (some eighty years after Bess's death). The marital claims to Robert's estate were disputed, and following his death Bess was refused dower by Peter Freschevile. A court battle ensued, which resulted in Bess being awarded her claim on the Barley estate and compensation, albeit several years after Robert's death.
183:
36:
365:, and despite marrying Sir George Zouche in 1533, spent much of her time at court until after 1536, when she and Sir George made Codnor Castle their main residence. Not surprisingly, this period coincides with the time that Dugdale claimed Bess was in service to Anne Gainsford in London and at Codnor. However, there is no evidence to support the story, and Dugdale would have known much more about the early life of Lady Zouche than was known of Bess's origins. Again, according to Dugdale, from Codnor Bess entered the service of the Greys at Bradgate in Leicestershire, where she met and married her second husband, Sir
841:. Previous to the Queen's change in custody, Shrewsbury and Bess separated for good. They had been apart, off and on, since about 1580; and even Queen Elizabeth had tried to get them to reconcile. Mary seems to have aggravated, if not created, their problems by playing them off against each other. The Countess spread rumors that her husband Shrewsbury had been in a relationship with Mary, a charge which has never been proved or disproved, and in any case which she later retracted, but seems unlikely given Shrewsbury's disposition and increasingly poor health. On his death in 1590, Bess became
2105:
813:
944:
782:, in February 1569, when she was 26 years old, and would remain in the custody of Shrewsbury and Bess for 15 years. Elizabeth shifted the costs of the imprisonment to Shrewsbury. It was recorded that Mary would use the couple's insecurities against each other, even convincing Talbot that Bess was stealing. Mary's presence in their home, as well as the financial costs and political tensions, may have contributed to the rift between Shrewsbury and Bess, which would lead eventually to the break-up of their marriage.
369:. She certainly married Sir William at Bradgate, but that in itself does not prove that Bess was in service at Bradgate. It remains possible that she met Sir William elsewhere, possibly at Codnor. More likely, she was recommended to the Greys by Henry Grey's sister, Margaret, Lady Willoughby. Henry Marmion was one the Willoughby's most trusted upper servants, he was also one of the two men appointed in Bess's father's will and guardians of his children. (the other was Bess's uncle, John Leake).
164:
392:
627:
705:
685:. When he died without male issue in 1564/5, in suspicious circumstances (probably poisoned by his younger brother), he left everything to Bess, to the detriment of his daughters and brother. In addition to her own six surviving children, Bess was now responsible for the two daughters of Sir William St Loe from his first marriage. However, those two daughters were already adults and otherwise well provided for.
978:), under an elaborate monument with a laudatory inscription which she took care to put up in her lifetime. The monument with effigy survives, having been saved from the former demolished building. Stories of her body lying in state for weeks in the Great Chamber at Hardwick are mythical. Her accumulated estates were left to her children from her second marriage.
507:. The title of Baron Waterpark is extant. He hated his wife and had no legitimate children. Instead he had eight illegitimate children, four boys and four girls. After attempting and failing to liberate his niece Arbella Stuart from his mother's estate, he was disinherited by his mother. Bess referred to him as "my bad son Henry".
426:. Sir William Cavendish died on 25 October 1557, leaving Bess widowed a second time and in deep debt to the Crown. Upon his death, Bess claimed the sum of his property, having insisted that his land be settled on their heirs. The eight children of the marriage, two of whom died in infancy, were as follows:
225:, was a notable figure of Elizabethan English society. By a series of well-made marriages, she rose to the highest levels of English nobility and became enormously wealthy. Bess was reportedly a shrewd businesswoman, increasing her assets with business interests including mines and glass-making workshops.
777:
inquiry, regarding Mary's fate. The inquiry results were inconclusive; yet
Elizabeth did not set Mary free. Instead, Mary would be detained under the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury, and his wife Bess. Elizabeth's instruction to Bess and her husband amounted to little more than Mary's house arrest.
907:
Arbella was at times invited to
Elizabeth's court, but spent most of her time with her grandmother. A BBC documentary showed that Bess very much desired Arbella to become Queen, even imprisoning the young lady to prevent her from eloping. Arbella blamed her grandmother for this, and the two fell out
356:
A close family associate was a man named Henry
Marmion whose family held land close to Codnor, and may have commended Bess to the Zouches who, along with the Vernons, were the only major Derbyshire family likely to have taken in such children. However, Anne Gainsford was in service in the households
973:
Bess of
Hardwick died at 5 pm on Saturday 13 February 1608, aged c.87. At the time of her death she remained "one of the richest, and most powerful women in the kingdom". On 16 February her body was placed in a vault in All Saints Church, Derby, then the parish church of that city (demolished
888:
The marriage ceremony took place without the knowledge of
Shrewsbury, who, though well aware of the suggested match some time prior to this event, declined to accept any responsibility. Due to the Lennox family's claim to the throne, the marriage was considered potentially treasonable, since Queen
828:
Her
Majesty never liked any thing you gave her so well, the colour and strange trimming of the garments, with the rich and great cost bestowed upon that, has caused her to give out such good speeches of my lord and your Ladyship as I never heard of better, she told my Lord of Leicester and my Lord
299:
by his wife
Elizabeth Leeke, daughter of Thomas Leeke and Margaret Fox. Her exact birthdate is unknown, occurring in the period 1521 to 1527; that said, according to her witness statement under oath at a court hearing in October 1546, in which she gives her age at the time of her first marriage in
303:
The
Hardwicks had arrived in Derbyshire from Sussex by the mid-thirteenth century, and farmed land granted by Robert Savage, lord of the manor of Stainsby, on the north-east border of Derbyshire, looking over Nottinghamshire. By the mid-fifteenth century the family had risen to "gentleman-yeoman"
335:
John
Hardwick died aged about 40 leaving a widow, son (and heir), and four daughters (five daughters were alive at the time he wrote his will). His widow Elizabeth Leeke then married Ralph, the second son of the neighbouring Leche (or Leach) family of Chatsworth, in Derbyshire, by whom she would
322:
James was the last surviving legitimate male member of the Hardwick family. The Hardwicks were members of the minor gentry of Scarsdale; no male member of the Hardwick family rose above the status of esquire or held any important local or county offices. Bess was born into this relatively minor
382:
In 1543, Bess married 13-year-old Robert Barley (or Barlow), heir to a neighbouring estate. The exact date of her marriage to Robert is unknown. It is thought that the marriage took place late May 1543, shortly before the death of Robert's father on 28 May. There is no evidence that they lived
339:
Little is known of Bess's early life. She appears to have been espoused to her first husband during the 1530s, and probably married for the first time in 1543. Despite the story being often repeated, there is no contemporary evidence whatsoever to support Dugdale's later claims that she became
2081:
Bess of Hardwick's Letters: The Complete Correspondence, c. 1550–1608, ed. by Alison Wiggins, Alan Bryson, Daniel Starza Smith, Anke Timmermann and Graham Williams, University of Glasgow, web development by Katherine Rogers, University of Sheffield Humanities Research Institute (April 2013)
845:
Countess of Shrewsbury. She lived mostly at Hardwick, where she built the new mansion Hardwick Hall, which inspired the rhyme, "Hardwick Hall, more glass than wall", because of the number and size of its windows. She was indeed one of the greatest builders of her time at Hardwick,
352:
in Derbyshire, where she was supposedly influenced by Lady Zouche. Despite a lack of evidence, it is possible – but no more than that – that at some point, perhaps after the death of her first husband, she entered the service of the Zouches at Codnor Castle in Derbyshire.
866:. This was a significant match for Bess because the Countess of Lennox was Margaret Douglas, a member of the royal family, being the daughter of Margaret Tudor, Queen Dowager of Scotland and sister of Henry VIII, and therefore, also Queen Elizabeth's first cousin.
263:, at her three properties at Chatsworth, Hardwick, and Chelsea, which survives. In her will she bequeathed these items to her heirs to be preserved in perpetuity. The 400-year-old collection, now known as the Hardwick Hall textiles, is the largest collection of
750:. In May 1568, Mary escaped captivity in Scotland, and fled south towards England, seeking the protection of her cousin, Queen Elizabeth. However, the English authorities were not sure how to receive her. On 18 May, she was taken into protective custody at
323:
gentry family. Her fourth marriage to the earl of Shrewsbury in 1567 elevated her to the rank of "countess", and following the earl's death in November 1590, Bess became one of the richest women in the kingdom. She set about building her greatest monument,
911:
Arbella's royal claim was never recognized. Despite disinheriting Arbella and her eldest son (Henry: for aiding Arbella's escape); Bess later had a "lukewarm reconciliation with her granddaughter. Bess has been an ancestor of the royal line since 1952;
541:, extinct since 1691. The Barony of Ogle is in abeyance, as more than one person has a legal right to claim the title. The estates passed through to the female line to the Dukes of Portland and Newcastle-under-Lyne, both now extinct.
908:
irrevocably when Arbella attempted to run away and marry a man who, as a descendant of Henry VII, also had a claim to the throne. Bess cut Arbella from her will and begged the Queen to take her granddaughter off her hands.
1093:
1610:
312:. When giving evidence of his right to arms in 1569, Bess's only brother, James Hardwick (1525-1580/1), provided the heralds with a pedigree of his family which began with this William, who died
422:
he was able to select choice properties for himself. Possibly acting on Bess's advice, Sir William sold his lands in the south of England and bought the Chatsworth estates in her home county of
892:
The Countess of Lennox, mother of the bridegroom, went to the Tower for several months, and Bess was ordered to London to face an official inquiry, but she ignored the summons, and remained in
805:. Throughout this period, Bess spent time as Mary's companion, working with her on embroidery and textile projects. Indeed, all Mary's work later became part of Bess's historical collection at
300:
May 1543 as being "of tender years", i.e. less than 16, would indicate 1527. It cannot be later than 1527 because of the date of her father's death, given in his Inquisition Post Mortem.
829:
Chamberlain that you had given her such garments this year as she never had any so well liked her, and said that good noble couple, they show in all things what love they bear me.
696:
with daily access to the Queen, whose favour she enjoyed. Still in her late 30s, Bess retained her looks and good health, and a number of important men began courting her.
1869:
Kilburn, Terry (2014). ""The Wardship and Marriage of Robert Barley, First Husband of Bess of Hardwick", pp 197 – 203, Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, Vol 134, 2014".
723:, was one of the premier aristocrats of the realm, and the father of seven children by his first marriage. Indeed, two of his children were married to two of hers in a
1004:, and the series won the Writers' Guild Award for the best educational television series. Most of the episodes are now lost. Plowden wrote a tie-in book, also called
1114:
228:
She was married four times. Her first husband was Robert Barley (or Barlow), who died aged about 14 or 15 on 24 December 1544. Her second husband was the courtier
1614:
885:
who had been married to Mary until his death. This marriage, therefore, enabled a claim to the throne for any of Bess's grandchildren born of the marriage.
1357:
275:, and other textiles to have been preserved by a single private family. Bess is also well known for her building projects, the most famous of which are
738:
In the year before Bess and the Earl of Shrewsbury were married, a political disturbance arose in Scotland, which would profoundly affect their lives.
534:
440:
657:. Due to his relationship with Queen Elizabeth I, he was able to reduce the debt Bess owed and paid it back in full on her behalf. He owned large
904:
and England as the second cousin to King James VI of Scotland (later King James I of England), through their great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor.
2185:
2180:
1131:, Bess of Hardwick is referred to as the mother of Mary, Countess of Shrewsbury, the patroness of the fictitious Shrewsbury College at Oxford.
414:, friends of the couple. Sir William was more than twice Bess's age and the father of two daughters. His fortune had been made following the
962:
444:
1143:
1595:
511:
123:
2175:
2165:
127:
1351:
774:
308:
in the manor of Stainsby. The Hardwick coat of arms of Hardwick was probably granted c. 1450 to William Hardwick. The blazon is:
1687:
2170:
2160:
2150:
732:
576:
1981:
1400:
720:
596:
562:
237:
105:
870:
863:
820:
Bess joined Mary at Chatsworth for extended periods in 1569, 1570, and 1571, during which time they worked together on the
688:
Sir William St Loe's death left Bess one of the wealthiest women in England. Her annual income was calculated to amount to
547:
131:
824:. Bess sent Elizabeth I a remarkable dress as a New Year's Day gift for 1577, according to Elizabeth Wingfield, who wrote;
757:
Queen Elizabeth felt obliged to host and protect Mary, her cousin, against the rebellious Scottish lords. However, due to
715:
Despite being courted by several suitors, Bess did not remarry until 1568, when she married for the fourth time to become
2155:
1589:
728:
586:
582:
571:
135:
874:
758:
552:
466:
2100:
2065:
2046:
2025:
2002:
1960:
1941:
1917:
1898:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1800:
1779:
1699:
1310:
1217:
480:
1415:
735:, aged 16; while Bess's son, Sir Henry Cavendish, aged 18, married Shrewsbury's daughter Lady Grace Talbot, aged 8.
602:
182:
2087:
1024:
448:
916:
being Bess's descendant through the dukes of Portland, in whose family was Elizabeth II's maternal grandmother,
415:
2190:
523:
785:
While in the care of the earl and countess, Queen Mary lived at one or another of their many houses in the
606:
495:
403:
366:
229:
119:
97:
1656:
2140:
770:
167:
Arms of Elizabeth Hardwick, as displayed on the plaster over mantle in the great hall of Hardwick Hall:
917:
882:
452:
2096:
1141:
Bess is a character in the short story "Antickes and Frets" by Susanna Clarke, in her 2006 collection
2195:
2145:
2130:
1085:
35:
881:, (through their grandmother, the same Margaret Tudor). The groom was also the younger brother of
1109:
838:
739:
654:
1588:
206:
2135:
693:
500:
419:
283:(whose family name is Cavendish as they descend from the children of her second marriage), and
1207:
2120:
932:
786:
434:
187:
172:
1302:
252:
for extended periods in 1569, 1570, and 1571, during which time they worked together on the
2125:
878:
743:
650:
462:
241:
340:
familiar with city life and the Tudor Court after being sent to live, aged twelve, in the
186:
Arms of Elizabeth Hardwick displayed on parapet above main entrance of Hardwick Hall. The
8:
592:
476:
310:
Argent, a saltier engrailed azure on a chief of the second three cinquefoils of the first
280:
169:
Argent, a saltire engrailed azure on a chief of the second three cinquefoils of the first
2104:
1811:
1467:
913:
746:, imprisoned her, and forced her to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old infant son,
516:
233:
1565:
1554:
Bess of Hardwick’s Letters: Language, Materiality, and Early Modern Epistolary Culture
2061:
2042:
2021:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1977:
1956:
1937:
1931:
1913:
1894:
1874:
1855:
1836:
1817:
1796:
1790:
1775:
1731:
1695:
1396:
1306:
1295:
1213:
1181:
812:
538:
528:
943:
515:(27 December 1552 – 3 March 1626), 4th child, forebear of the extant
1886:
1362:
1052:
847:
821:
798:
276:
253:
249:
1374:
499:(17 December 1550 – 28 October 1616), 3rd child, a godson of Queen
1473:
1063:
1047:
975:
967:
956:
924:
893:
862:
In 1574 Bess arranged a marriage between one of her daughters and the son of the
802:
794:
666:
504:
70:
1971:
931:
in Yorkshire. The scheme was promoted by Cecily Sandys, the widow of the Bishop
724:
2036:
1927:
1478:
1474:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
1450:
1232:
1122:
1001:
897:
851:
790:
779:
751:
747:
689:
638:
558:
527:(28 November 1553 – 4 April 1617), 5th child, a godson of Queen
470:
345:
101:
41:
1366:
2114:
1878:
1584:
1158:
806:
762:
349:
324:
305:
304:
stock, with an estate of a few hundred acres located mainly in the parish of
284:
222:
1754:
Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen, Vol. 1. "Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury"
433:(18 June 1548 – January 1632), the eldest child, married Sir
1669:
1105:
997:
834:
678:
658:
456:
410:. The wedding took place at two o'clock in the morning, at the home of the
362:
259:
In 1601, Bess ordered an inventory of the household furnishings, including
1735:
1337:
609:. The title Earl of Kent from the Grey family has been extinct since 1740.
1599:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1017.
1127:
1098:
1074:
411:
358:
1019:
761:, Elizabeth also regarded her as a threat. Elizabeth had Mary moved to
670:
423:
296:
272:
268:
245:
163:
2091:
766:
662:
551:(31 March 1555 – 21 January 1582), 6th child, wife of
966:
Inscribed memorial tablet above the effigy of Elizabeth Hardwick in
901:
674:
264:
82:
1499:
Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p. 1015, E. of Shrewsbury & Waterford
1192:
1190:
692:
60,000, equivalent to £24,000,000 in 2023. Further, she was a
503:. He married Grace Talbot. Henry Cavendish is the forebear of the
948:
842:
491:(10 June 1549 – 1550), 2nd child, died in infancy.
391:
260:
176:
44:, 1592 in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London
2083:
626:
531:. He married Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle. They had a son:
1187:
927:
in an unsuccessful attempt to found a college or university at
682:
575:(January 1556 – April 1632), 7th child, wife of
341:
1161:
is from the perspective of Bess. It appears on her 2012 album
837:, that she got into the trouble that would lead ultimately to
704:
479:
married Sir George Manners. They had four children, including
1745:
A Calendar of the Shrewsbury Papers in Lambeth Palace Library
928:
74:
731:, aged 12, was given in marriage to Shrewsbury's eldest son
952:
617:(born and died 1556), 8th child, probably the twin of Mary.
1508:
Bess of Hardwick Empire Builder 2005 Mary S. Lovell p 210.
443:
who married Gertrude Talbot. They had five sons including
1891:
Of Houshold Stuff: The 1601 Inventory of Bess of Hardwick
833:
It was not until Mary was removed to another keeper, Sir
295:
Elizabeth Hardwick was the daughter of John Hardwick of
896:
until the row died down. The child of the marriage was
1910:
An Elizabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles
1730:. London: Derbyshire Archaeology Society / HMC /HMSO.
1728:
A Calendar of the Talbot Papers in the College of Arms
459:(extinct in 1955) succeeded to the Pierrepont Estates.
402:
On 20 August 1547, Bess married the twice-widowed Sir
1953:
Bess of Hardwick: First Lady of Chatsworth: 1527–1608
1933:
Bess of Hardwick: First Lady of Chatsworth: 1527–1608
1747:. London: Derbyshire Archaeology Society / HMC/ HMSO.
1352:"Cavendish, Henry (1550–1616), soldier and traveller"
2020:. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press.
1852:
Oldcotes: The Last Mansion Built by Bess of Hardwick
1792:
Bess of Hardwick: Portrait of an Elizabethan Dynasty
1772:
Bess of Hardwick: Portrait of an Elizabethan Dynasty
710:
Gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailled or
1885:
1297:
Bess of Hardwick: portrait of an Elizabethan dynast
2013:
1361:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1350:
1294:
535:William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
1590:"Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of"
441:Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull
2112:
1433:Lovell, M. S. (Spring 2018). Bess of Hardwick.
1008:, which was published by the BBC in April 1972.
217: – 13 February 1608), known as
1390:
869:In this match, the bride was Bess's daughter,
645:St Lowe, Saintlowe, Sentloe, etc.) and became
406:, Treasurer of the King's Chamber, and became
248:, Bess joined her husband's captive charge at
1000:in the title role. The script was written by
759:Mary's persistent claim to the English throne
40:Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury, by
1725:
1460:
445:Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester
1976:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
1395:. The National Trust of England and Wales.
1144:The Ladies of Grace Adieu and Other Stories
889:Elizabeth's consent had not been obtained.
877:, who was himself also the first cousin of
559:Lady Arbella Stuart, 2nd Countess of Lennox
2103:
1955:(British ed.). London: Little-Brown.
1833:Material Girl: Bess of Hardwick: 1527–1608
1338:Genealogy Database by Daniel de Rauglaudre
1094:The Secret Confessions of Anne Shakespeare
1069:She also features prominently in the book
769:, where she was lodged under the guard of
637:In 1559 Bess married a third time, to Sir
451:, MP. Robert was also the forebear of the
34:
1809:
1795:(American ed.). New York: Atheneum.
1726:Jamison, Catherine; Batho, G. R. (1971).
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1470:inflation figures are based on data from
589:. The title of Duke of Norfolk is extant.
512:William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire
397:Sable, three buck's heads cabossed argent
124:William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire
2055:
2034:
1751:
1583:
1080:She is the title character in the novel
961:
942:
857:
811:
703:
625:
390:
372:
336:leave an additional three co-heiresses.
202:Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury
181:
162:
1990:
1969:
1936:(American ed.). New York: Norton.
1868:
1830:
1611:"Royal Institute of British Architects"
1358:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
992:A 10-part BBC series about Bess titled
947:Effigy of Elizabeth Hardwick wearing a
677:, while his principal residence was at
599:. The title Earl of Pembroke is extant.
2113:
2088:The Correspondence of Bess of Hardwick
1950:
1926:
1849:
1813:This Costly Countess: Bess of Hardwick
1788:
1769:
1685:
1570:
1391:Girouard, Mark; Durant, David (1989).
1292:
1205:
1157:The song "Hardwick's Lofty Towers" by
577:Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury
2186:17th-century English women landowners
2181:16th-century English women landowners
2011:
1907:
1873:. Derbyshire Archaeological Society.
1871:The Derbyshire Archaeological Journal
1760:
1471:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
721:George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury
597:William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke
563:William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset
238:George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury
205:
106:George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury
1742:
1288:
1286:
1259:
1134:Bess of Hardwick is the narrator of
900:, who had a claim to the thrones of
579:. They had five children including:
132:Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox
16:English noblewoman and businesswoman
1774:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1694:. Open Road Media. pp. 68–69.
1566:Bess of Hardwick's Letters, ID: 097
1138:, a 1929 novel by Miriam Michelson.
1045:Bess of Hardwick is a character in
938:
136:Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury
13:
1420:
1328:, 1968, p. 355, Duke of Devonshire
1247:Public record Office, Kew; C1/1101
727:in February 1568: Bess's daughter
699:
587:Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Norfolk
553:Charles Stuart, 1st Earl of Lennox
386:
14:
2207:
2101:National Portrait Gallery, London
2075:
2056:Williams, Ethel Carleton (1977).
1293:Durant, David N. (January 1978).
1283:
1104:She is the main character in the
1042:by Gillian Bagwell (2 July 2013).
621:
583:Lady Alatheia (or Alethea) Talbot
481:John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland
377:
240:, sometime keeper to the captive
193:are those of the Cavendish family
1854:. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press.
1761:Digby, George Wingfield (1964).
1752:Costello, Louisa Stuart (1844).
1676:, vol. 1 (London, 1779), p. 290.
1519:The Life of Mary Queen of Scots.
778:Mary reached her new residence,
2176:16th-century English landowners
2166:17th-century English landowners
1719:
1679:
1663:
1649:
1629:
1603:
1559:
1556:(Routledge, 2017), pp. 181–182.
1546:
1537:
1524:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1444:
1409:
1384:
1343:
1331:
1301:. Atheneum Publishers. p.
1206:Wilson, A. N. (24 April 2012).
1058:Bess is the title character of
923:In 1604 Bess was involved with
327:, which was completed in 1599.
1319:
1250:
1241:
1226:
1212:. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
1199:
1175:
1038:Bess is the main character in
418:, since as an official of the
416:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1:
2171:17th-century English nobility
2161:16th-century English nobility
2151:People from Bolsover District
2097:Portraits of Bess of Hardwick
1810:Eisenberg, Elizabeth (1985).
1340:(retrieved 23 December 2012).
1168:
1032:
986:
974:1723 and rebuilt, since 1927
330:
313:
211:
1765:. New York: Thomas Yoseloff.
1416:Burke's General Armory, 1884
1375:UK public library membership
1196:Burke's General Armory, 1884
996:was broadcast in 1972, with
607:Henry Grey, 8th Earl of Kent
175:as appropriate for a female
7:
1163:The Plum Tree and the Rose.
453:Dukes of Kingston-upon-Hull
437:, MP. Their children were:
346:Anne Gainsford, Lady Zouche
10:
2212:
2156:16th-century English women
1912:. London: National Trust.
1893:. London: National Trust.
1756:. London: Richard Bentley.
1641:An Elizabethan Inheritance
1071:The Captive Queen of Scots
981:
918:Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck
883:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
455:, extinct since 1773. The
290:
1889:; Peter Thornton (2001).
1789:Durant, David N. (1977).
1770:Durant, David N. (1977).
653:to Queen Elizabeth I and
223:Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
151:
143:
111:
91:
81:
65:
57:
49:
33:
28:
21:
1991:Plowden, Alison (1972).
1973:The Serpent and the Stag
1951:Lovell, Mary S. (2005).
1686:Sayers, Dorothy (2012).
1543:Lovell, 2005, pp 220–221
1182:The Hall, Hardwick Hall.
1151:
232:. Her third husband was
2038:The Tower and the Dream
1908:Levey, Santina (1998).
1850:Kettle, Pamela (2000).
1835:. London: Short Books.
1596:Encyclopædia Britannica
1517:Roderick Graham (2009)
1472:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1435:National Trust Magazine
1393:Hardwick Hall guidebook
1380:(subscription required)
1115:The Tower and The Dream
1012:
816:Bess of Hardwick, 1550s
717:Countess of Shrewsbury.
655:Chief Butler of England
555:. They had a daughter:
236:. Her last husband was
2035:Westcott, Jan (1974).
1970:Pearson, John (1984).
1831:Hubbard, Kate (2001).
1763:Elizabethan Embroidery
1743:Bill, E. G. W (1966).
1657:"BBC Documentary Site"
1530:E. Carleton Williams,
1278:Elizabethan Embroidery
970:
959:
831:
817:
712:
694:Lady of the Bedchamber
649:. Her new husband was
634:
420:Court of Augmentations
399:
279:, now the seat of the
194:
179:
29:Countess of Shrewsbury
2041:. New York.: Putnam.
1367:10.1093/ref:odnb/4935
965:
946:
858:The Stuart connection
826:
815:
707:
629:
603:Lady Elizabeth Talbot
394:
373:Bess's four marriages
230:Sir William Cavendish
185:
173:Lozenge-shaped shield
166:
98:Sir William Cavendish
2191:Court of Elizabeth I
2016:Eminent Elizabethans
2012:Rowse, A.L. (1983).
1994:Mistress of Hardwick
1639:, pp. 10–11; Levey,
1617:on 21 September 2013
1110:biographical fiction
1018:She is portrayed by
1006:Mistress of Hardwick
994:Mistress of Hardwick
879:Mary, Queen of Scots
873:, and the groom was
754:by local officials.
744:Mary, Queen of Scots
740:Rebel Scottish lords
651:Captain of the Guard
632:Argent, a bend sable
489:Temperance Cavendish
463:Elizabeth Pierrepont
242:Mary, Queen of Scots
117:Temperance Cavendish
1025:Mary Queen of Scots
871:Elizabeth Cavendish
548:Elizabeth Cavendish
517:Dukes of Devonshire
449:William Pierrepoint
395:Arms of Cavendish:
281:Dukes of Devonshire
198:Elizabeth Cavendish
2141:English countesses
1674:Desiderata Curiosa
1637:Of Household Stuff
1468:Retail Price Index
1060:A Woman of Passion
1022:in the 2018 movie
971:
960:
914:Queen Elizabeth II
864:Countess of Lennox
818:
713:
635:
565:, an extant title.
539:Dukes of Newcastle
537:, forebear of the
467:Sir Thomas Erskine
400:
244:. An accomplished
234:Sir William St Loe
195:
180:
102:Sir William St Loe
2060:. Bath: Chivers.
1983:978-0-03-055431-5
1402:978-1-84359-217-4
1373:(Subscription or
1326:Debrett's Peerage
719:Her new husband,
615:Lucrece Cavendish
529:Mary I of England
524:Charles Cavendish
431:Frances Cavendish
404:William Cavendish
367:William Cavendish
325:Hardwick New Hall
159:
158:
139:Lucrece Cavendish
128:Charles Cavendish
115:Frances Cavendish
71:All Saints Church
2203:
2196:Wives of knights
2146:Irish countesses
2131:Cavendish family
2107:
2071:
2058:Bess of Hardwick
2052:
2031:
2019:
2008:
1987:
1966:
1947:
1923:
1904:
1882:
1865:
1846:
1827:
1806:
1785:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1683:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1613:. Archived from
1607:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1581:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1552:Alison Wiggins,
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:Bess of Hardwick
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1464:
1458:
1455:Bess of Hardwick
1448:
1442:
1431:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1237:Bess of Hardwick
1230:
1224:
1223:
1209:The Elizabethans
1203:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1053:Philippa Gregory
939:Death and burial
848:Chatsworth House
822:Oxburgh Hangings
799:Chatsworth House
742:rose up against
708:Arms of Talbot:
630:Arms of St Loe:
593:Lady Mary Talbot
505:Barons Waterpark
477:Grace Pierrepont
435:Henry Pierrepont
318:
315:
254:Oxburgh Hangings
250:Chatsworth House
219:Bess of Hardwick
216:
213:
209:
77:
61:13 February 1608
38:
23:Bess of Hardwick
19:
18:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2111:
2110:
2078:
2068:
2049:
2028:
2005:
1997:. London: BBC.
1984:
1963:
1944:
1928:Lovell, Mary S.
1920:
1901:
1862:
1843:
1824:
1816:. Derby: Hall.
1803:
1782:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1684:
1680:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1582:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1465:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1260:
1256:PRO:E/150/743/8
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1154:
1091:She appears in
1064:Virginia Henley
1048:The Other Queen
1040:Venus in Winter
1035:
1015:
989:
984:
976:Derby Cathedral
968:Derby Cathedral
957:Derby Cathedral
941:
860:
803:Sheffield Manor
795:Wingfield Manor
775:York Conference
771:Francis Knollys
752:Carlisle Castle
725:double ceremony
702:
700:Fourth marriage
667:Gloucestershire
624:
496:Henry Cavendish
389:
387:Second marriage
380:
375:
333:
316:
293:
214:
155:Elizabeth Leeke
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
120:Henry Cavendish
118:
116:
104:
100:
96:
69:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2109:
2108:
2094:
2085:
2077:
2076:External links
2074:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2009:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1948:
1942:
1924:
1918:
1905:
1899:
1887:Levey, Santina
1883:
1866:
1860:
1847:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1700:
1678:
1662:
1648:
1628:
1602:
1587:, ed. (1911).
1585:Chisholm, Hugh
1569:
1558:
1545:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1479:MeasuringWorth
1459:
1451:Mary S. Lovell
1443:
1419:
1408:
1401:
1383:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1311:
1282:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1233:Mary S. Lovell
1225:
1218:
1198:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1136:Petticoat King
1132:
1123:Dorothy Sayers
1119:
1102:
1089:
1086:Maureen Peters
1082:The Queenmaker
1078:
1067:
1056:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1002:Alison Plowden
988:
985:
983:
980:
940:
937:
898:Arbella Stuart
875:Charles Stuart
859:
856:
780:Tutbury Castle
773:, pending the
729:Mary Cavendish
701:
698:
639:William St Loe
623:
622:Third marriage
620:
619:
618:
612:
611:
610:
600:
590:
585:, who married
572:Mary Cavendish
568:
567:
566:
544:
543:
542:
520:
508:
492:
486:
485:
484:
474:
471:Earl of Kellie
460:
408:Lady Cavendish
388:
385:
379:
378:First marriage
376:
374:
371:
332:
329:
292:
289:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
113:
109:
108:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
42:Rowland Lockey
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2208:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Talbot family
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2067:0-85997-238-0
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2048:0-399-11128-X
2044:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2027:9780820306490
2023:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2004:0-563-10664-6
2000:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1962:0-316-72482-3
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1943:0-393-06221-X
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1919:1-905400-21-7
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1900:0-7078-0329-2
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1861:1-898937-39-7
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1842:0-571-20800-2
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1823:0-946404-95-X
1819:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1802:0-689-10835-4
1798:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1781:0-297-77305-4
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1703:
1701:9781453258958
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1312:9780689108358
1308:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1219:9781466816190
1215:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1184:pinterest.com
1183:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1160:
1159:Sarah McQuaid
1156:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
979:
977:
969:
964:
958:
954:
950:
945:
936:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
855:
853:
849:
844:
840:
839:her execution
836:
830:
825:
823:
814:
810:
808:
807:Hardwick Hall
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:Bolton Castle
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
706:
697:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:(1518–1565) (
640:
633:
628:
616:
613:
608:
604:
601:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
581:
580:
578:
574:
573:
569:
564:
560:
557:
556:
554:
550:
549:
545:
540:
536:
533:
532:
530:
526:
525:
521:
518:
514:
513:
509:
506:
502:
498:
497:
493:
490:
487:
482:
478:
475:
472:
468:
464:
461:
458:
457:Earls Manvers
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
438:
436:
432:
429:
428:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
398:
393:
384:
370:
368:
364:
360:
354:
351:
350:Codnor Castle
347:
344:household of
343:
337:
328:
326:
320:
311:
307:
306:Ault Hucknall
301:
298:
288:
286:
285:Hardwick Hall
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
208:
203:
199:
192:
189:
184:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
154:
150:
147:John Hardwick
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:Robert Barley
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
32:
27:
20:
2121:1520s births
2057:
2037:
2015:
1993:
1972:
1952:
1932:
1909:
1890:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1812:
1791:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1727:
1720:Bibliography
1705:. Retrieved
1691:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1670:Francis Peck
1665:
1651:
1644:
1643:, pp. 20–39
1640:
1636:
1631:
1621:20 September
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1605:
1594:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1477:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1411:
1392:
1386:
1356:
1345:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1296:
1277:
1252:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1208:
1201:
1177:
1162:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1113:
1106:Jan Westcott
1092:
1081:
1070:
1059:
1046:
1039:
1023:
1005:
998:Hilary Mason
993:
972:
933:Edwin Sandys
922:
910:
906:
891:
887:
868:
861:
835:Amias Paulet
832:
827:
819:
784:
756:
737:
716:
714:
709:
687:
679:Sutton Court
659:West Country
646:
642:
636:
631:
614:
595:who married
570:
546:
522:
510:
494:
488:
430:
407:
401:
396:
381:
363:Jane Seymour
355:
338:
334:
321:
309:
302:
294:
258:
227:
218:
201:
197:
196:
190:
168:
160:
83:Noble family
2126:1608 deaths
1690:Gaudy Night
1457:, pp185-186
1280:, pp. 58–63
1128:Gaudy Night
1108:historical/
1099:Arliss Ryan
1075:Jean Plaidy
661:estates at
647:Lady St Loe
501:Elizabeth I
412:Grey family
359:Anne Boleyn
317: 1453
246:needlewoman
215: 1521
2115:Categories
1707:14 October
1521:pp 314–316
1377:required.)
1169:References
1033:Literature
1020:Gemma Chan
987:Television
925:Queen Anne
671:Chew Magna
561:, married
424:Derbyshire
331:Early life
297:Derbyshire
277:Chatsworth
273:canvaswork
269:embroidery
210:Hardwick;
188:supporters
1879:0070-3788
1125:'s novel
894:Sheffield
852:Oldcoates
767:Yorkshire
663:Tormarton
191:two stags
92:Spouse(s)
1930:(2006).
1534:pp 74–80
1441:, 32-33.
953:countess
902:Scotland
787:Midlands
675:Somerset
605:married
469:, first
465:married
265:tapestry
261:textiles
200:, later
87:Hardwick
2099:at the
1635:Levey,
1276:Digby,
982:Fiction
949:coronet
843:Dowager
791:Tutbury
733:Gilbert
291:Origins
177:armiger
53:c. 1527
2064:
2045:
2024:
2001:
1980:
1959:
1940:
1916:
1897:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1820:
1799:
1778:
1736:535572
1734:
1698:
1645:passim
1399:
1371:
1309:
1216:
1112:novel
850:, and
801:, and
683:Stowey
342:London
152:Mother
144:Father
66:Buried
1485:7 May
1152:Music
951:of a
929:Ripon
748:James
643:alias
221:, of
112:Issue
75:Derby
2092:EMLO
2062:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1875:ISSN
1856:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1732:OCLC
1709:2014
1696:ISBN
1623:2013
1487:2024
1397:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1013:Film
669:and
447:and
361:and
58:Died
50:Born
2090:in
1466:UK
1439:148
1363:doi
1121:In
1097:by
1084:by
1073:by
1062:by
1051:by
955:.
765:in
681:in
673:in
665:in
357:of
348:of
207:née
2117::
1672:,
1593:.
1572:^
1476:.
1453::
1437:,
1422:^
1355:.
1305:.
1285:^
1261:^
1235::
1189:^
935:.
920:.
854:.
809:.
797:,
793:,
789::
319:.
314:c.
287:.
271:,
267:,
256:.
212:c.
171:.
73:,
2070:.
2051:.
2030:.
2007:.
1986:.
1965:.
1946:.
1922:.
1903:.
1881:.
1864:.
1845:.
1826:.
1805:.
1784:.
1738:.
1711:.
1659:.
1625:.
1489:.
1405:.
1369:.
1365::
1315:.
1303:9
1222:.
1147:.
1118:.
1101:.
1088:.
1077:.
1066:.
1055:.
1028:.
690:£
519:.
483:.
473:.
204:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
