554:
was signed between the three brothers: Charles, Louis, and
Lothair. Septimania and Gothia were left in the hands of Charles the Bald. The county of Uzès, where Bernard still possessed estates, was assigned to Lothair. Furthermore, the county of Autun, which had long been lost to Bernard, and to which
218:
This reprieve, seen as a victory, greatly increased
Bernard's prestige. Though the ravaged county of Ausona, a dependency of Barcelona, remained depopulated into the mid-ninth century, its ruin was attributed to the late arrival of Hugh and Matfrid. Both counts were dispossessed of their counties at
566:, the year before by Guerin in Uzès. Andoque maintains that in 844 he was merely brought before Charles during his campaign through Aquitaine. One way or the other, in May 844 Bernard was presented to Charles, who ordered his execution.
393:
to
Charles, although the division would not be effective until his death. Bernard attempted to regain favour with Judith and Charles, but they avoided renewing relations with him after his fall from grace. At the Assembly of
459:, citing the loss of men he had sustained for the emperor's cause. However, Berengar was still in legal possession. The Emperor hesitated over his decision, but in June 835 he summoned Bernard and Berengar to an Assembly in
454:
In 833, however, Lothair revolted. Pepin, with
Bernard and Gaucelm, remained loyal to Louis this time. After defeating Lothair's forces and returning the emperor to power on 1 March 834, Bernard requested the return of his
398:
in
October 831, Bernard spoke personally with the Emperor, but could not regain his previous position at court. In response Bernard reversed his previous loyalties and sided with the Emperor's enemies.
215:
to recruit an army against the
Muslims, but recruitment was slow. By the time the army arrived, Abu Marwan had already returned to Muslim territory, taking Aisso and his followers with him (late 827).
415:, advised him against such a course of action, Bernard encouraged it. In early 832 Louis the Pious began the campaign against his rebellious son. Berengar, loyal to the Emperor, invaded Bernard's
434:
Ultimately, the successive victories of the imperial forces compelled Pepin and
Bernard to appear before the Emperor in October 832. Pepin was dispossessed of his kingdom and sent as prisoner to
389:
in
October 830, the Emperor recovered his authority after a brief civil war with his sons. Subsequently, in another assembly at Aachen in February 831, he proceeded to divide the Empire, giving
537:(July). Bernard, however, refused to accept the decision and revolted, openly allying himself to Pepin II and expelling Acfred from Toulouse (843). Charles responded by sending the
498:
Bernard returned to his domain, where the Goth population that had supported Bera and then
Berengar still opposed him. Ten complaints were presented against him at the Assembly of
196:
in May 827, from whence he invaded the territory of
Barcelona, reaching the city itself in the summer. He besieged it and ransacked its environs, but failed to take it.
502:
in September 838. From 841, he was often absent from his lands, participating in the struggles of the Empire, and the counties were administered by their respective
152:, from which he expanded his power to become count around 826. He first attracted the attention of higher nobility by quelling the local revolt of a nobleman named
993:
372:
in April 830. His life under threat, as the three elder children of Louis supported the opposition against him, Bernard abandoned the court and, according to the
945:
438:, having ceded all his territories to his half-brother Charles. Bernard was accused of infidelity and dismissed from all his offices and dispossessed of all his
476:
522:
defeated their brother Lothair, who retreated to the south with his army. Bernard remained outside the battle awaiting its result, upon which he sent his son
141:
Bernard is first attested in historical records as one of four sons in a document of his father's dating to 14 December 804 concerning the foundation of the
442:
in Septimania and Gothia, which were given to Berengar. His brother Gaucelm was probably also dispossessed, but for a time he remained in possession of the
228:
467:, where he would deliver a verdict. Berengar died unexpectedly on the way and, freed of obstacles, the Emperor gave Septimania and its counties and
563:
352:
After only a few months at court, Bernard had made many enemies. Indeed, he was the prime catalyst for the revolt of Lothair the following year.
390:
533:
During Charles the Bald's campaign in Aquitaine (842), he decided to punish Bernard, dispossessing him of the county of Toulouse in favor of
973:
87:), though the extent to which this was a military designation is obscure. He is sometimes retrospectively referred to by historians as a
562:
of 844, Bernard of Septimania was captured, either by the royal forces during the assault on Toulouse or, according to French historian
530:, the rebellious son of Pepin, who was claiming to rule Aquitaine. It seems that Bernard had no intention of keeping this last promise.
160:. The garrisons of the castles in the area, who had favored Bera, joined Aisso in a revolt against the new count. Only the castle of
83:) of Barcelona and several other counties over the course of his long career. He also appears in the chronicles with the title duke (
784:
558:
In 844 Charles the Bald returned to Aquitaine with the objective of forcing Pepin II to submit and conquering Toulouse. During the
378:, returned to Barcelona. His brother, Eribert, who had remained at court, was banished. Bernard was deprived of the county of
550:
invasions and Breton raids—compelled an end to the internal civil struggles afflicting the Empire and, in August 843, the
168:, resisted and was subsequently destroyed by Aisso. From his newly occupied territory, Aisso attacked the county of
918:
488:
364:, but considered these rumours to be lies. Nevertheless, these rumours provoked a riot in the army gathered at
471:
to Bernard. The only territories not returned were EmpĂşries and Roussillon, which had already been granted to
861:
839:
824:
807:
515:
612:
There are two extant versions of this charter, and one is dated to 15 December and does not mention Bernard.
983:
361:
176:. The young count Bernard requested and received some help from the Emperor, as well as that of some local
293:, it did not enter the lands controlled by Bernard as the risk of Muslim raiding seemed to have declined.
53:
978:
523:
180:(probably Gothic noblemen). To counter these reinforcements, Aisso sent his brother to request help from
341:. Bernard delegated the government of his counties to his brother Gaucelm, who thereupon took the title
874:
526:
to offer homage to Charles the Bald and to promise him that his father would obtain the submission of
289:
in June, a reprisal raid into Cordoban territory was considered, but although an army was gathered in
988:
534:
559:
157:
546:, who in 842 directed the campaign in Aquitaine, against Septimania. Various other events—renewed
592:, on 29 June 824 in Aachen. By her he had two sons, the aforementioned William and another named
188:, the only potential ally powerful enough to threaten the Franks. Abd ar-Rahman sent the general
928:
782:
Thomassy, R. "Critique des deux chartes de foundation de l'abbaye de Saint-Guillem-du-DĂ©sert,"
492:
310:
189:
569:
The following month, Pepin II and Bernard's son William dealt a severe blow to Charles in the
527:
443:
212:
935:
593:
472:
318:
200:
142:
49:
8:
968:
963:
589:
248:
484:
908:
881:
712:
543:
468:
374:
264:
240:
169:
57:
45:
41:
33:
901:
891:
848:
833:
678:
626:
412:
408:
204:
185:
793:
Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm 600–1000
551:
519:
499:
360:, recorded that Bernard was accused of having an illicit relationship with Empress
322:
181:
815:
729:
634:
353:
60:
668:.3 (July 1976), pp. 381–410 offers some disambiguation of these Frankish titles.
313:. Louis summoned Bernard to replace his son at court, granting him the title of
427:) and probably also Razes and Conflent. By 2 February, Berengar was already in
330:
326:
577:
were given to Sunifred, who had been tasked previously with subduing Aznar in
957:
208:
338:
161:
64:
37:
775:
638:
621:
Others hypothesise that the name "Aisso" is a corruption of the Arabic
420:
407:
In November 831, Pepin of Aquitaine revolted against his father. While
395:
290:
285:, Bernard took the title "Duke of Septimania". In another assembly, at
282:
56:. During his career, Bernard was one of the closest counsellors of the
776:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
661:
Archibald R. Lewis, "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751"
460:
256:
224:
95:). His name and title as they appear in several primary sources were:
570:
424:
302:
286:
199:
When the Emperor learned of these raids, he ordered his second son,
173:
52:
from 837. He was appointed to succeed the third Count of Barcelona,
798:
503:
483:
and Cerdanya, which had been detached from Toulouse by the usurper
386:
369:
346:
252:
193:
149:
88:
68:
268:
687:
334:
277:
232:
272:
630:
585:
578:
547:
480:
365:
220:
165:
48:
from 826 to 832 and again from 835 to his execution, and also
622:
435:
379:
306:
244:
236:
153:
464:
428:
260:
539:
156:, who was perhaps a Visigothic lieutenant of the deposed
275:—were assigned to Bernard. From this wide collection of
707:
705:
148:
Bernard must have inherited land in the area around
67:, and was an opponent of the interests of the local
555:his son had renewed a claim, was given to Guerin.
702:
955:
994:9th-century people from the County of Barcelona
788:, Series 1, Volume II (Paris, 1840–1844).
633:, but who had escaped from captivity to the
509:
382:which he had sometime before been granted.
251:had died in the spring, his vast dominions—
779:. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.
518:(25 June 841), where Charles the Bald and
637:and established himself in the region of
301:In August 829, the Emperor sent his son
126:("Bernard, Count of the Hispanic March")
449:
402:
956:
864:Scriptores 1. Hanover, 1826. 337–415.
514:Bernard avoided participating in the
136:
795:. Cambridge University Press: 2005.
785:Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes
625:, which was the name of the son of
337:, but later destined to be king of
13:
974:Nobility of the Carolingian Empire
79:Bernard was indisputably a count (
14:
1005:
858:Annales et chronica aevi Carolini
686:) s.a. AD 829 (entry ascribed to
854:Gesta quorundam regum Francorum
753:
728:s.a. AD 844 (entry ascribed to
684:Gesta quorundam regum Francorum
296:
124:Bernardus comes marcæ Hispanicæ
118:Bernhardum Barcenonensium ducem
102:("Bernard, Count of Barcelona")
744:
735:
719:
693:
671:
655:
615:
606:
132:("Bernard, Count of Toulouse")
120:("Bernard, Duke of Barcelona")
100:Bernhardus comes Barcinonensis
1:
648:
516:Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye
495:, was assigned to expel him.
321:and the custody of the young
63:, a leading proponent of the
18:9th-century Frankish nobleman
7:
803:Historia Remensis Ecclesiæ'
10:
1010:
766:
450:Civil war of 833–834
446:, ignoring his dismissal.
403:Civil war of 831–832
223:in 828. At that assembly,
942:
933:
925:
915:
906:
898:
888:
879:
871:
629:, formerly imprisoned in
510:Reign of Charles the Bald
599:
158:Bera, Count of Barcelona
130:Bernardo comiti Tolosano
74:
588:, perhaps daughter of
573:on 14 June. Bernard's
493:Oliba I of Carcassonne
231:and Bernard's brother
190:Ubayd Allah Abu Marwan
172:and the region of the
65:war against the Moors
936:Count of Carcassonne
773:Lewis, Archibald R.
594:Bernard Plantapilosa
479:, respectively, and
143:monastery of Gellone
71:nobility in Iberia.
50:Count of Carcassonne
984:Counts of Barcelona
856:), ed. G.H. Pertz,
590:Sancho I of Gascony
249:Leibulf of Provence
164:, in the county of
114:("Prefect Bernard")
979:Counts of Toulouse
909:Count of Barcelona
882:Count of Barcelona
713:Annales Bertiniani
560:Battle of Toulouse
544:Guerin of Provence
444:County of EmpĂşries
385:At an assembly in
375:Annales Bertiniani
213:Matfrid of Orléans
137:Count of Barcelona
112:præfatus Bernardus
46:Count of Barcelona
42:Duke of Septimania
34:William of Gellone
32:(795–844), son of
952:
951:
943:Succeeded by
916:Succeeded by
889:Succeeded by
849:Annales Fuldenses
834:Annales Xantenses
750:Thomassy, p. 179.
741:Flodoard, p. 338.
726:Annales Fuldenses
679:Annales Fuldenses
627:Sulayman al-Arabi
413:Count of Toulouse
409:Berengar the Wise
362:Judith of Bavaria
207:, and the counts
205:King of Aquitaine
1001:
989:Counts of Girona
926:Preceded by
899:Preceded by
872:Preceded by
869:
868:
791:Hummer, Hans J.
760:
757:
751:
748:
742:
739:
733:
723:
717:
709:
700:
697:
691:
675:
669:
659:
642:
619:
613:
610:
584:Bernard married
552:Treaty of Verdun
520:Louis the German
500:Quierzy-sur-Oise
485:Aznar I GalĂndez
219:the Assembly of
182:Abd ar-Rahman II
108:("Duke Bernard")
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
954:
953:
948:
939:
931:
921:
912:
904:
894:
885:
877:
867:
820:Gesta Hludowici
816:Thegan of Trier
769:
764:
763:
759:Hummer, p. 161.
758:
754:
749:
745:
740:
736:
730:Rudolf of Fulda
724:
720:
710:
703:
698:
694:
676:
672:
660:
656:
651:
646:
645:
620:
616:
611:
607:
602:
512:
452:
405:
358:Gesta Hludowici
354:Thegan of Trier
299:
271:, and probably
227:was granted to
186:Emir of CĂłrdoba
139:
77:
61:Louis the Pious
19:
12:
11:
5:
1007:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
950:
949:
944:
941:
932:
927:
923:
922:
917:
914:
905:
900:
896:
895:
890:
887:
878:
873:
866:
865:
845:
830:
813:
796:
789:
780:
770:
768:
765:
762:
761:
752:
743:
734:
718:
701:
699:Thegan, p 597.
692:
670:
653:
652:
650:
647:
644:
643:
635:Hispanic March
614:
604:
603:
601:
598:
564:Pierre Andoque
511:
508:
451:
448:
404:
401:
327:Duke of Alsace
298:
295:
138:
135:
134:
133:
127:
121:
115:
109:
106:duce Bernhardo
103:
76:
73:
36:and cousin of
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1006:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
947:
938:
937:
930:
924:
920:
911:
910:
903:
897:
893:
884:
883:
876:
870:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:
846:
843:
841:
836:
835:
831:
828:
826:
821:
817:
814:
811:
809:
805:. III, XXVI,
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
787:
786:
781:
778:
777:
772:
771:
756:
747:
738:
731:
727:
722:
715:
714:
708:
706:
696:
689:
685:
681:
680:
674:
667:
664:
658:
654:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
618:
609:
605:
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
556:
553:
549:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
491:, brother of
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
400:
397:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
376:
371:
368:to fight the
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:received the
234:
230:
226:
222:
216:
214:
210:
209:Hugh of Tours
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
72:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:of Septimania
27:
23:
16:
934:
907:
880:
857:
853:
847:
838:
832:
823:
819:
806:
802:
792:
783:
774:
755:
746:
737:
725:
721:
711:
695:
683:
677:
673:
665:
662:
657:
617:
608:
583:
574:
568:
557:
538:
532:
513:
497:
456:
453:
439:
433:
416:
406:
384:
373:
357:
351:
342:
339:West Francia
325:, then just
314:
309:to wear the
300:
297:Court career
276:
217:
198:
177:
147:
140:
129:
123:
117:
111:
105:
99:
92:
84:
80:
78:
29:
25:
21:
20:
15:
844:II, p. 227.
829:II, p. 597.
319:Chamberlain
162:Roda de Ter
38:Charlemagne
969:844 deaths
964:795 births
958:Categories
919:Sunifred I
732:), p. 364.
690:), p. 360.
649:References
421:Roussillon
396:Thionville
315:camerarius
311:Iron Crown
291:Thionville
283:Septimania
69:Visigothic
40:, was the
571:Angoumois
504:viscounts
425:Vallespir
419:and took
356:, in his
331:Alemannia
287:Ingelheim
940:837–844
913:835–844
902:Berengar
892:Berengar
886:826–832
799:Flodoard
663:Speculum
528:Pepin II
489:Sunifred
473:Sunyer I
469:Toulouse
461:Cremieux
387:Nijmegen
347:margrave
265:Melgueil
253:Narbonne
241:Conflent
194:Zaragoza
170:Cerdanya
150:Toulouse
89:margrave
929:Oliba I
767:Sources
688:Einhard
575:honores
524:William
463:, near
457:honores
440:honores
417:honores
370:Bretons
343:marchio
335:Rhaetia
323:Charles
303:Lothair
278:honores
257:BĂ©ziers
233:Gaucelm
225:Orléans
203:, then
178:hispani
93:marchio
58:Emperor
22:Bernard
946:Argila
875:Rampon
822:. 36,
812:XXXVI.
631:Aachen
586:Dhuoda
579:Aragon
548:Viking
535:Acfred
481:Urgell
477:Alaric
423:(with
391:Gothia
366:Rennes
333:, and
221:Aachen
174:Vallès
166:Ausona
54:Rampon
26:Bernat
623:Aysun
600:Notes
436:Trier
380:Autun
307:Pavia
269:Nîmes
247:. As
245:Razes
237:fiefs
201:Pepin
154:Aisso
81:comes
75:Title
475:and
465:Lyon
429:Elna
273:Uzès
261:Agde
243:and
211:and
44:and
24:(or
862:MGH
840:MGH
825:MGH
808:MGH
639:Vic
540:dux
345:or
317:or
305:to
281:in
239:of
229:Odo
192:to
85:dux
960::
860:.
842:SS
837:.
827:SS
818:.
810:SS
801:.
704:^
666:51
596:.
581:.
506:.
487:.
431:.
411:,
349:.
329:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
184:,
145:.
28:)
852:(
716:.
682:(
641:.
91:(
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