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490:, was found to reside in the pit by Andrea A. Stierle and Donald B. Stierle, and the protozoans have been found to have adapted to the harsh conditions of the water. Intense competition for the limited resources caused these species to evolve the production of highly toxic compounds to improve survivability. Natural products such as
474:
After this event, Atlantic
Richfield (AR) and Montana Resources (MR) further enhanced the waterfowl protection efforts which had been in place since 1996. A new Waterfowl Protection Plan was developed and allowed for adaptive management, testing, and incorporation new tools and techniques. Deterrents
398:
Two communities and much of Butte's previously crowded east side were consumed by land purchases to expand the pit during the 1970s. The
Anaconda Company bought the homes, businesses and schools of the working-class communities of Meaderville, East Butte, and McQueen, east of the pit site. Many of
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began to slowly fill the
Berkeley Pit, rising at about the rate of one foot (30 cm) per month. Since its closure, the water level in the pit has risen to within 150 feet (46 m) of the "protective water level", above which the polluted water might flow into a nearby creek and other local
430:
The
Berkeley Pit is a low spot and acts like a sump for contaminated water. For this reason, it is currently an active part of the remedy for this operable unit. A pilot water treatment project was initiated in 2019. It began treating and releasing Berkeley Pit water into Silver Bow Creek at the
386:
Within the first year of operation, the pit extracted 17,000 tons of ore per day at a grade of 0.75% copper. Ultimately, about 1,000,000,000 tons of material were mined from the
Berkeley Pit. Copper was the principal metal produced, although other metals were also extracted, including
475:
such as
Phoenix Wailers, a type of noise machine, and propane cannons that mimic gunshots are placed around the rim of the pit to keep birds from landing. When waterfowl do land on the surface of the pit, personnel use firearms, hand-held lasers, and unmanned craft to haze them.
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findings. These findings were disputed by the State of
Montana on the basis of its own lab tests. Necropsies showed their esophagi were lined with burns and sores from exposure to acidic metalliferous water. As a result, waterfowl protection efforts were initiated.
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mining operations began in July 1955, near the
Berkeley Mine shaft, the older mine gave its name to the pit. The open-pit style of mining superseded underground operations because it was far more economical and much less dangerous than underground mining.
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landed in the pit during inclement weather. Once discovered, officials made efforts to haze the birds off of the pit's water and prevent more from landing in the area. Three to four thousand of the geese died. An official report issued in 2017 by the
291:. It is one mile (1.6 km) long by one-half mile (800 m) wide, with an approximate maximum depth of 1,780 feet (540 m). It is filled to a depth of about 900 feet (270 m) with water that is
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have been isolated from these organisms which show selective activity against cancer cell lines. Some of these species ingest metals and are being investigated as an alternative means of cleaning the water.
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2002 (mid/late) – US EPA and MDEQ issue order for
Settling Defendants to begin design of water treatment plant for HSB water. Settling Defendants issue contract and begin construction of treatment plant.
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342:(ARCO), until its closure on April, 22 in 1982. When the pit was closed, the water pumps in the nearby Kelley Mine, 3,800 ft (1,200 m) below the surface, were turned off, and
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529:(MDEQ) enter into a Consent Decree with BP/ARCO and the Montana Resources Group (known as the Settling Defendants) for settlement of past and future costs for this site.
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Perspective: Power line poles descending the walls of the pit. The poles are located slightly to the right of center in the above
Composite Fisheye View, April 2005.
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Stierle, AA; Stierle, DB; Kelly, K (2006). "Berkelic Acid, A Novel Spiroketal with Selective Anticancer Activity from an Acid Mine Waste Fungal Extremophile".
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1220:
Stierle, DB; Stierle, AA; Hobbs, JD; Stokken, J; Clardy, J (2004). "Berkeleydione and Berkeleytrione, New Bioactive Metabolites from an Acid Mine Organism".
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these homes were either destroyed, buried, or moved to the southern end of Butte. Residents were compensated at market value for their acquired property.
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from eventually becoming contaminated by rising pit water. The plant cost $ 19 million and was designed to treat ten million gallons of water per day.
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1996 – April, Montana Resources (MR) and ARCO divert Horseshoe Bend (HSB) drainage water away from Berkeley Pit to slow filling rate, per ROD.
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Berkeley Pit (center) and Yankee Doodle Tailings Pond (upper left) with terraced levels/access roadways. The city of Butte is at lower right.
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2000 – July, MR suspends mining operations due to high energy costs; HSB water allowed to flow back into pit, increasing pit filling rate.
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Leech, Brian (2011). "Boom, Bust, and the Berkeley Pit: How Insiders and Outsiders Viewed the Mining Landscape of Butte, Montana".
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Gammons & Icopini 2020 "Improvements to the Water Quality of the Berkeley Pit due to Copper Recovery and Sludge Disposal".
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Butte, Montana toxic waste site turned tourist attraction yielding compounds that may be medically, environmentally useful
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The Berkeley Pit is located within the Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit, a part of the Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area
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extending to the southeast from the main Anaconda vein system (sometimes called "the richest hill on earth"). When
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Explanation of Significant Differences: Butte Mining Flooding Operable Unit Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area NPL Site
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In 1996, 342 snow geese carcasses were recovered from the pit by researchers performing water quality testing.
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Guidebook. Butte District, Montana: Butte Field Meeting of Society of Economic Geologists. pp. K–1–K–4.
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https://www.epa.gov/archive/epapages/newsroom_archive/newsreleases/746732fc9e0255f185256b88005adc40.html
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water sources. As a result, a water treatment plant has been operating at the site since October 2019.
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The Berkeley Pit in May 1984. Note the much higher water level in the more recent fisheye view, below.
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Gammons, C.H., & Duaime, T.E. (2020). The Berkeley Pit and surrounding mine waters of Butte.
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Gold in the Butte District, Montana in USGS Bulletin 1857 Gold in Copper Porphyry Copper Systems
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Geology of Montana--Special Topics: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication, 122
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Montana Department of Environmental Quality. (2002).
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The Berkeley Pit can be visited by tourists, with a viewing stand and small visitor center.
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United States and Montana Reach Agreement with Mining Companies to Clean Up Berkeley Pit.
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1036:"Butte Reaches Superfund Milestone, Releasing Berkeley Pit Water Into Silver Bow Creek"
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2003 – November 17, HSB water treatment plant comes on line slowing pit filling rate.
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found that the dead geese succumbed due to drinking the acidic metalliferous water.
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1145:"Thousands of Montana snow geese die after landing in toxic, acidic mine pit"
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site. The pit itself was added to the federal Superfund site list in 1987.
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and dissolved metals that leach from the rock in a natural process known as
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infection that may have been caused by a grain fungus, as substantiated by
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516:/DEQ issue Record of Decision (ROD) for Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit.
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https://mbmg.mtech.edu/pdf/geologyvolume/GammonsDuaimeMineWatersFinal.pdf
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Copper Camp: The Lusty Story of Butte, Montana, the Richest Hill on Earth
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Berkeley Pit Photos from the Montana Department of Environmental Quality
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1514:", 3 photos, 1 color transparency, 2 photo caption pages
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1197:"Most Montana Superfund Work Continues Despite Stay-At-Home Directive"
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Control and distribution of supergene enrichment in the Berkeley Pit
1292:"Researchers Hope Creatures From Black Lagoon Can Help Fight Cancer"
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confluence with Blacktail Creek. This was done to protect the local
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were then the most productive until copper was discovered in 1881.
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1119:"Metals, acid in Berkeley Pit water killed geese, report confirms"
965:. Colorado State University, Department of Biology. Archived from
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1458:. Special Pub. 99. Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology.
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United States Environmental Protection Agency (2002, March 25).
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579:, at an altitude of 4,698 feet (1432 m) above mean sea level.
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EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area
1400:. United States Government Printing Office. p. E17-E27.
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Butte Mineyards, Berkeley Pit, Butte, Silver Bow County, MT
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1061:"Berkeley Pit water treatment plant is almost operational"
1469:. Professional Paper 74. Montana: U.S. Geological Survey.
1170:"Migratory birds shooed away by drone, fireworks, lasers"
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The underground Berkeley Mine was located on a prominent
1453:
1419:
IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology
820:. (Idaho). Associated Press. April 24, 1982. p. 4A.
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or tomatoes. As a result, the pit's water is laden with
1454:
Shovers, B.; Fiege, M.; Martin, D.; Quivik, F. (1991).
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United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1994).
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has historically been the main metal produced, though
370:
Composite Fisheye View of the Berkeley Pit, April 2005
311:. The dissolved metals include but are not limited to
16:
Former open pit copper mine in Montana, United States
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402:
1502:"Casualties of Copper: The Berkeley Pit, Montana."
582:The Butte mining district is characterized by the
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1492:ISS image of Berkeley Pit (dated August 2, 2006)
989:"McQueen photographs evoke bittersweet memories"
334:The mine was opened in 1955 and operated by the
1558:Historic American Engineering Record in Montana
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1466:Geology and ore deposits of the Butte District
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536:2003 – November, MR resumes mining operations.
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1553:Environmental disasters in the United States
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1382:https://semspub.epa.gov/work/08/1140014.pdf
1328:https://semspub.epa.gov/work/08/1164465.pdf
527:Montana Department of Environmental Quality
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514:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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893:. Berkeley Pit Public Education Committee
867:. Berkeley Pit Public Education Committee
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841:. Berkeley Pit Public Education Committee
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462:On November 28, 2016, upwards of 60,000
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1568:Geography of Silver Bow County, Montana
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737:The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.
725:The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.
713:The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.
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1176:. Associated Press. September 16, 2017
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1598:Tourist attractions in Butte, Montana
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1013:"NASA - Berkeley Pit: Butte, Montana"
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655:have been produced at various times.
1618:Water pollution in the United States
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917:Butte-Silver Bow Chamber of Commerce
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771:Water pollution in the United States
1094:Adams, Duncan (December 11, 1995).
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1593:Surface mines in the United States
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987:Thornton, Tracy (March 13, 2016).
766:List of Superfund sites in Montana
598:. Ore formation occurred with the
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14:
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1623:Former mines in the United States
1603:2000 disestablishments in Montana
1548:Copper mines in the United States
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1143:Guarino, Ben (December 7, 2016).
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1257:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
1117:Dunlap, Susan (April 18, 2017).
1096:"Did toxic stew cook the goose?"
814:"Anaconda to abandon Butte mine"
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403:Pollution, toxicity, and cleanup
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620:were mined out by 1867. Silver
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417:Environmental Protection Agency
1608:2003 establishments in Montana
1533:1983 establishments in Montana
1528:1955 establishments in Montana
1059:Emeigh, John (7 August 2019).
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941:. Riverbend Publishing. 2001.
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801:Mine Water and the Environment
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469:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
336:Anaconda Copper Mining Company
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1290:Gugliotta, Guy (2007-08-21).
1034:Saks, Nora (2 October 2019).
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594:surrounding rocks during the
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151:Show map of the United States
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1456:Butte and Anaconda revisited
1195:Saks, Nora (10 April 2020).
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22:Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area
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1588:Superfund sites in Montana
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453:Colorado State University
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1510:HAER No. MT-36-D, "
1396:Edwin W. Tooker (1990).
835:"Protective Water Level"
818:Lewiston Morning Tribune
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299:), about the acidity of
1441:McClave, M. A. (1973).
259:List of Superfund sites
963:"Berkeley Pit History"
667:Geologic cross section
567:46.01556°N 112.51028°W
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1505:Sometimes Interesting
483:A protozoan species,
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1463:Weed, W. H. (1912).
1201:Montana Public Radio
1174:The Spokesman-Review
1040:Montana Public Radio
572:46.01556; -112.51028
1149:The Washington Post
1098:. High Country News
776:Bingham Canyon Mine
563: /
338:, and later by the
187:Show map of Montana
99: /
1573:Geology of Montana
1563:History of Montana
1507:. 20 November 2013
512:1994 – September,
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309:acid rock drainage
1349:. Retrieved from
1326:. Retrieved from
1269:10.1021/jo060018d
1263:(14): 5357–5360.
1234:10.1021/ol049852k
948:978-1-931832-04-5
861:"Water Treatment"
631:started in 1955.
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305:heavy metals
270:is a former
268:Berkeley Pit
267:
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210:Contaminants
205:MTD980502777
181:Location in
570: /
558:112°30′37″W
433:groundwater
344:groundwater
295:(4.1 - 4.5
197:Information
106: /
82:Coordinates
1522:Categories
1309:2020-07-07
1206:2020-08-10
1045:2020-08-10
1019:October 9,
998:2020-07-07
973:2009-02-21
922:2024-06-24
887:"Visit Us"
787:References
760:Dark Money
754:Chemocline
555:46°00′56″N
479:Protozoans
464:snow geese
202:CERCLIS ID
66:Silver Bow
1304:1059-1028
645:manganese
607:monzonite
600:intrusion
588:batholith
488:mutabilis
439:Waterfowl
420:Superfund
47:Geography
28:Superfund
1487:PitWatch
1432:23757914
1277:16808526
1242:15012097
1065:kpax.com
897:June 24,
891:PitWatch
871:June 24,
865:PitWatch
839:PitWatch
743:See also
586:Boulder
456:necropsy
380:open pit
297:pH level
272:open pit
242:Proposed
237:Progress
94:112°31′W
1074:13 July
1069:KPAX-TV
803:, 2020.
544:Geology
486:Euglena
354:History
321:cadmium
317:arsenic
282:western
280:in the
229:,
218:cadmium
214:Arsenic
183:Montana
91:46°01′N
76:Montana
1430:
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945:
845:May 7,
700:Photos
649:silver
633:Copper
610:pluton
604:quartz
590:which
498:, and
389:silver
327:, and
313:copper
293:acidic
275:copper
250:Listed
223:copper
62:County
1428:JSTOR
1296:Wired
625:lodes
426:Water
175:Butte
139:Butte
72:State
56:Butte
1300:ISSN
1273:PMID
1238:PMID
1182:2018
1156:2018
1130:2018
1104:2018
1076:2020
1021:2009
943:ISBN
899:2024
873:2024
847:2024
780:Utah
778:(in
653:gold
651:and
641:zinc
637:lead
622:vein
445:ARCO
393:gold
391:and
376:vein
325:zinc
301:beer
278:mine
266:The
231:lead
227:zinc
52:City
30:site
1265:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
