Acid - Knowledge

742: 80: 2920: 3493: 56: 2143: 3926: 3363: 596: 2915:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\alpha _{{\ce {H2A}}}&={\frac {{\ce {^2}}}{{\ce {^2}}+K_{1}+K_{1}K_{2}}}={\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {{}}}++}}\\\alpha _{{\ce {HA^-}}}&={\frac {K_{1}}{{\ce {^2}}+K_{1}+K_{1}K_{2}}}={\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {}}+{}+{}}}\\\alpha _{{\ce {A^{2-}}}}&={\frac {K_{1}K_{2}}{{\ce {^2}}+K_{1}+K_{1}K_{2}}}={\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {{}}}+{}+{}}}\end{aligned}}} 1015: 1068:. Organic Brønsted acids, such as acetic, citric, or oxalic acid, are not Lewis acids. They dissociate in water to produce a Lewis acid, H, but at the same time, they also yield an equal amount of a Lewis base (acetate, citrate, or oxalate, respectively, for the acids mentioned). This article deals mostly with Brønsted acids rather than Lewis acids. 3599:, which mainly serve as materials for the synthesis of proteins. Other weak acids serve as buffers with their conjugate bases to keep the body's pH from undergoing large scale changes that would be harmful to cells. The rest of the dicarboxylic acids also participate in the synthesis of various biologically important compounds in human bodies. 3185: 3206: 3587:

Acids play important roles in the human body. The hydrochloric acid present in the stomach aids digestion by breaking down large and complex food molecules. Amino acids are required for synthesis of proteins required for growth and repair of body tissues. Fatty acids are also required for growth and

1747:

Polyprotic acids, also known as polybasic acids, are able to donate more than one proton per acid molecule, in contrast to monoprotic acids that only donate one proton per molecule. Specific types of polyprotic acids have more specific names, such as diprotic (or dibasic) acid (two potential protons

1008:

is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from another species; in other words, it is an electron pair acceptor. Brønsted acid–base reactions are proton transfer reactions while Lewis acid–base reactions are electron pair transfers. Many Lewis acids are not Brønsted–Lowry acids. Contrast how the

1590:

measures the strength of an acid compound, the strength of an aqueous acid solution is measured by pH, which is an indication of the concentration of hydronium in the solution. The pH of a simple solution of an acid compound in water is determined by the dilution of the compound and the compound's

1052:

The second reaction can be described using either theory. A proton is transferred from an unspecified Brønsted acid to ammonia, a Brønsted base; alternatively, ammonia acts as a Lewis base and transfers a lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a hydrogen ion. The species that gains the electron

977:

As with the acetic acid reactions, both definitions work for the first example, where water is the solvent and hydronium ion is formed by the HCl solute. The next two reactions do not involve the formation of ions but are still proton-transfer reactions. In the second reaction hydrogen chloride and

3429:

Acids are fundamental reagents in treating almost all processes in modern industry. Sulfuric acid, a diprotic acid, is the most widely used acid in industry, and is also the most-produced industrial chemical in the world. It is mainly used in producing fertilizer, detergent, batteries and dyes, as

3331:

of the acid. The decreased concentration of H in that basic solution shifts the equilibrium towards the conjugate base form (the deprotonated form of the acid). In lower-pH (more acidic) solutions, there is a high enough H concentration in the solution to cause the acid to remain in its protonated

3946:

fatty acyl chains comprising their interior. Many biologically important molecules, including a number of pharmaceutical agents, are organic weak acids that can cross the membrane in their protonated, uncharged form but not in their charged form (i.e., as the conjugate base). For this reason the

3353:

To determine the concentration of an acid in an aqueous solution, an acid–base titration is commonly performed. A strong base solution with a known concentration, usually NaOH or KOH, is added to neutralize the acid solution according to the color change of the indicator with the amount of base

3382:

Due to the successive dissociation processes, there are two equivalence points in the titration curve of a diprotic acid. The first equivalence point occurs when all first hydrogen ions from the first ionization are titrated. In other words, the amount of OH added equals the original amount of

3391:

A at this time. For a weak diprotic acid titrated by a strong base, the second equivalence point must occur at pH above 7 due to the hydrolysis of the resulted salts in the solution. At either equivalence point, adding a drop of base will cause the steepest rise of the pH value in the system.

551:

by releasing protons (H) into the solution, which then accept electron pairs. Hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other Brønsted–Lowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair, however, and are therefore not Lewis acids. Conversely, many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius or

3722:, the simplest amino acid, the R group is a hydrogen atom, but in all other amino acids it is contains one or more carbon atoms bonded to hydrogens, and may contain other elements such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen. With the exception of glycine, naturally occurring amino acids are 3951:, both aqueous environments. When the extracellular environment is more acidic than the neutral pH within the cell, certain acids will exist in their neutral form and will be membrane soluble, allowing them to cross the phospholipid bilayer. Acids that lose a proton at the 1462:

of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H and one mole of the conjugate base, A, and none of the protonated acid HA. In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the conjugate base are in solution. Examples of

719:

Due to this equilibrium, any increase in the concentration of hydronium is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of hydroxide. Thus, an Arrhenius acid could also be said to be one that decreases hydroxide concentration, while an Arrhenius base increases it.

3282:

shows equivalence point when the equivalent number of moles of a base have been added to an acid. It is often wrongly assumed that neutralization should result in a solution with pH 7.0, which is only the case with similar acid and base strengths during a reaction.

3430:

well as used in processing many products such like removing impurities. According to the statistics data in 2011, the annual production of sulfuric acid was around 200 million tonnes in the world. For example, phosphate minerals react with sulfuric acid to produce

3769:

Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives are another group of carboxylic acids that play a significant role in biology. These contain long hydrocarbon chains and a carboxylic acid group on one end. The cell membrane of nearly all organisms is primarily made up of a

2957: 3416:. Each segment of the curve that contains a midpoint at its center is called the buffer region. Because the buffer regions consist of the acid and its conjugate base, it can resist pH changes when base is added until the next equivalent points. 1302:. In the classical naming system, the ionic suffix is dropped and replaced with a new suffix, according to the table following. The prefix "hydro-" is used when the acid is made up of just hydrogen and one other element. For example, HCl has 3354:

added. The titration curve of an acid titrated by a base has two axes, with the base volume on the x-axis and the solution's pH value on the y-axis. The pH of the solution always goes up as the base is added to the solution.

3588:

repair of body tissues. Nucleic acids are important for the manufacturing of DNA and RNA and transmitting of traits to offspring through genes. Carbonic acid is important for maintenance of pH equilibrium in the body.

659:). Thus, an Arrhenius acid can also be described as a substance that increases the concentration of hydronium ions when added to water. Examples include molecular substances such as hydrogen chloride and acetic acid. 500:(found in citrus fruits). As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from acids (in the strict sense) that are solids, liquids, or gases. 79: 776:(or simply Brønsted acid) is a species that donates a proton to a Brønsted–Lowry base. Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory has several advantages over Arrhenius theory. Consider the following reactions of 1245:

than the weaker acid; the ratio of hydrogen ions to acid will be higher for the stronger acid as the stronger acid has a greater tendency to lose its proton. Because the range of possible values for

3673:. Nucleic acids contain the genetic code that determines many of an organism's characteristics, and is passed from parents to offspring. DNA contains the chemical blueprint for the synthesis of 2148: 1233: 2137:

A, HA, and A. The fractional concentrations can be calculated as below when given either the pH (which can be converted to the ) or the concentrations of the acid with all its conjugate bases:

580:

The Brønsted–Lowry definition is the most widely used definition; unless otherwise specified, acid–base reactions are assumed to involve the transfer of a proton (H) from an acid to a base.

3745:-amino acids. At physiological pH, typically around 7, free amino acids exist in a charged form, where the acidic carboxyl group (-COOH) loses a proton (-COO) and the basic amine group (-NH 1613:

and it has been shown that there is no one order of acid strengths. The relative acceptor strength of Lewis acids toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by

3180:{\displaystyle \alpha _{{\ce {H}}_{n-i}A^{i-}}={{^{n-i}\displaystyle \prod _{j=0}^{i}K_{j}} \over {\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{n}{\Big ^{n-i}\displaystyle \prod _{j=0}^{i}K_{j}}{\Big ]}}} 1748:

to donate), and triprotic (or tribasic) acid (three potential protons to donate). Some macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids can have a very large number of acidic protons.

1147:(multiplication) of the concentrations of the products divided by the concentration of the reactants, where the reactant is the acid (HA) and the products are the conjugate base and H. 3718:

group, a hydrogen atom and a variable group. The variable group, also called the R group or side chain, determines the identity and many of the properties of a specific amino acid. In

1507:). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the 1511:

of the H—A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in terms of the stability of the conjugate base.

3646: 1444:

naming system, "aqueous" is simply added to the name of the ionic compound. Thus, for hydrogen chloride, as an acid solution, the IUPAC name is aqueous hydrogen chloride.

3387:

A at the first equivalence point. The second equivalence point occurs when all hydrogen ions are titrated. Therefore, the amount of OH added equals twice the amount of H

4972: 1049:

is a Lewis acid because it accepts the electron pair from fluoride. This reaction cannot be described in terms of Brønsted theory because there is no proton transfer.

416:

Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties that provide a practical description of an acid. Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue

4617:

Lias, S. G.; Liebman, J. F.; Levin, R. D. (1984). "Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules; Heats of Formation of Protonated Molecules".

1103:, respectively). The acid can be the charged species and the conjugate base can be neutral in which case the generalized reaction scheme could be written as 1458:

The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one

3947:

activity of many drugs can be enhanced or inhibited by the use of antacids or acidic foods. The charged form, however, is often more soluble in blood and

5011: 2129:

Although the subsequent loss of each hydrogen ion is less favorable, all of the conjugate bases are present in solution. The fractional concentration,

413:. A Brønsted or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H. 3568:

at room temperature and pressure. Therefore, when bottles or cans of these kinds of soft drinks are opened, the soft drinks fizz and effervesce as CO

3564:

is usually pressurized to dissolve in these drinks to generate carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is very unstable and tends to decompose into water and CO

3370:, a diprotic amino acid. Point 2 is the first equivalent point where the amount of NaOH added equals the amount of alanine in the original solution. 547:

considered this as a generalization of the Brønsted definition, so that an acid is a chemical species that accepts electron pairs either directly

727:

per liter. Since pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydronium ions, acidic solutions thus have a pH of less than 7.

583:

Hydronium ions are acids according to all three definitions. Although alcohols and amines can be Brønsted–Lowry acids, they can also function as

1118:

is an expression of the equilibrium concentrations of the molecules or the ions in solution. Brackets indicate concentration, such that means

3511:

is an important component of some commonly used foods like unripened mangoes and tamarind. Natural fruits and vegetables also contain acids.

1617:. It has been shown that to define the order of Lewis acid strength at least two properties must be considered. For Pearson's qualitative 4811: 449:

less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as "acid" (as in "dissolved in acid"), while the strict definition refers only to the

736: 382: 363: 272: 213: 3374:

For each diprotic acid titration curve, from left to right, there are two midpoints, two equivalence points, and two buffer regions.

333: 4686:

Laurence, C. and Gal, J-F. Lewis Basicity and Affinity Scales, Data and Measurement, (Wiley 2010) pp 50-51 ISBN 978-0-470-74957-9

1057:

O gains a pair of electrons when one of the H—O bonds is broken and the electrons shared in the bond become localized on oxygen.

3766:, for example, possesses one protonated amine and two deprotonated carboxyl groups, for a net charge of −1 at physiological pH. 4951:

Method of and apparatus for making and dispensing a carbonated beverage utilizing propellant carbon dioxide gas for carbonating

855:), but does not relate to the Arrhenius definition of an acid because the reaction does not produce hydronium. Nevertheless, CH 5071: 764:

While the Arrhenius concept is useful for describing many reactions, it is also quite limited in its scope. In 1923, chemists

5058: 4583: 2114:

values differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose a proton if the conjugate base is more negatively charged. An

4996: 4761:

Jameson, Reginald F. (1978). "Assignment of the proton-association constants for 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (L-dopa)".

556:

is implicitly a Brønsted acid and not a Lewis acid, since chemists almost always refer to a Lewis acid explicitly as such.

4571: 3727: 2107:. Even though the positions of the three protons on the original phosphoric acid molecule are equivalent, the successive 882:

and exists as hydronium and chloride ions. The following reactions illustrate the limitations of Arrhenius's definition:

535:

that can form a covalent bond by sharing a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a base, for example the nitrogen atom in

4696:

Cramer, R. E.; Bopp, T. T. (1977). "Graphical display of the enthalpies of adduct formation for Lewis acids and bases".

2133:(alpha), for each species can be calculated. For example, a generic diprotic acid will generate 3 species in solution: H 1742: 1643: 1153: 4520: 3319: 5086: 4990: 4882: 4855: 4795: 4554: 4474: 3538:

Many acids can be found in various kinds of food as additives, as they alter their taste and serve as preservatives.

623:

is a substance that, when added to water, increases the concentration of H ions in the water. Chemists often write H(

5153: 1755:

A) can undergo one or two dissociations depending on the pH. Each dissociation has its own dissociation constant, K

1095:

Acid–base conjugate pairs differ by one proton, and can be interconverted by the addition or removal of a proton (

4728:

Wyman, Jeffries; Tileston Edsall, John. "Chapter 9: Polybasic Acids, Bases, and Ampholytes, Including Proteins".

3286:

Neutralization with a base weaker than the acid results in a weakly acidic salt. An example is the weakly acidic

847:

O when dissolved in water, and it acts as a Brønsted acid by donating a proton to water. In the second example CH

670:(OH) ions when dissolved in water. This decreases the concentration of hydronium because the ions react to form H 398: 5105: 3782:"head" groups. Membranes contain additional components, some of which can participate in acid–base reactions. 5019: 4898: 4238: 326: 3955:

will exist in their soluble, charged form and are thus able to diffuse through the cytosol to their target.

3625:

process to produce gasoline. Some acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and hydrochloric acids, also effect

765: 402: 4923: 752:, donates a proton (hydrogen ion, highlighted in green) to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the 4276:

has the general formula R-C(O)OH, where R is an organic radical. The carboxyl group -C(O)OH contains a

3228: 1515: 1127: 1041:

because the electrons shared in the B—F bond are located in the region of space between the two atomic

577:, or can be dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry definitions are the most relevant. 4252: 4110: 3914:

It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO

104: 3550:

is used in day-to-day life as vinegar. Citric acid is used as a preservative in sauces and pickles.

3438:

is produced by dissolving zinc oxide into sulfuric acid, purifying the solution and electrowinning.

3857: 1653: 1045:

and are therefore more distant from the fluoride nucleus than they are in the lone fluoride ion. BF

1004:, which includes reactions with acid–base characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer. A 319: 169: 154: 149: 4948:

McMillin, John R.; Tracy, Gene A.; Harvill, William A.; Credle, William S. Jr. (8 December 1981),

3441:

In the chemical industry, acids react in neutralization reactions to produce salts. For example,

3348: 1546:

functionalized into polystyrene sulfonate is a solid strongly acidic plastic that is filterable.

174: 4599: 3527:; rhubarb leaves and unripe carambolas are toxic because of high concentrations of oxalic acid. 1885:

for the first dissociation makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable

982:) react to form solid ammonium chloride in a benzene solvent and in the third gaseous HCl and NH 292: 4714:

The plots shown in this paper used older parameters. Improved E&C parameters are listed in

4216: 565: 99: 17: 4819: 570:

Modern definitions are concerned with the fundamental chemical reactions common to all acids.

4365: 3723: 3700: 3630: 3531:(Vitamin C) is an essential vitamin for the human body and is present in such foods as amla ( 1648:

Monoprotic acids, also known as monobasic acids, are those acids that are able to donate one

1306:

as its anion, so the hydro- prefix is used, and the -ide suffix makes the name take the form

1144: 995: 520: 302: 277: 218: 184: 144: 134: 30: 5050: 1958:

A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has three dissociation constants, where

4661: 4626: 4403:

Normal carboxylic acids are the direct union of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group. In

4392: 4377: 4198: 4166: 4090: 3837: 3771: 3626: 3576: 3324:

In order for a protonated acid to lose a proton, the pH of the system must rise above the p

3298:. Conversely, neutralizing a weak acid with a strong base gives a weakly basic salt (e.g., 1553: 1539: 1112: 1108: 179: 4407:

carboxylic acids, a carbon-carbon double bond separates the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups.

3468:

Acids are often used to remove rust and other corrosion from metals in a process known as

8: 4387: 4180: 4056: 3532: 769: 505: 406: 37: 4665: 4630: 4368:

increases acid strength, so that the following acids are all stronger than acetic acid.

1290:

at 25 °C in aqueous solution are often quoted in textbooks and reference material.

3213: 1565: 616: 461:

in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be

458: 1572:

of 177.8kJ/mol. Superacids can permanently protonate water to give ionic, crystalline

772:

independently recognized that acid–base reactions involve the transfer of a proton. A

5101: 5082: 5054: 4986: 4878: 4851: 4844:

Kotz, John C.; Treichel, Paul M.; Townsend, John; Treichel, David (24 January 2014).

4791: 4579: 4550: 4516: 4470: 4382: 4372: 4034: 4004: 3989: 3985: 3786: 3592: 3303: 3291: 3287: 3236: 3221: 3209: 1686: 1508: 1468: 1431: 1412: 1307: 1034: 1030: 879: 871: 867: 851:

COOH undergoes the same transformation, in this case donating a proton to ammonia (NH

574: 524: 481: 473: 469: 189: 63: 5121: 1542:(tosylic acid). Unlike sulfuric acid itself, sulfonic acids can be solids. In fact, 741: 5043: 4978: 4766: 4705: 4669: 4634: 4100: 3993: 3981: 3952: 3841: 3829: 3810: 3473: 3469: 3450: 3307: 3240: 3232: 2115: 1476: 1038: 1001: 663: 604: 544: 429: 421: 386: 262: 124: 114: 2943:. A pattern is observed in the above equations and can be expanded to the general 4872: 4845: 4785: 4743: 4544: 4489: 4273: 4076: 4024: 3997: 3933: 3711: 3539: 3454: 3431: 3336: 3299: 3244: 2069: 1702: 1569: 1561: 1480: 1472: 1350: 1061: 164: 129: 89: 1136:

is generally used in the context of acid–base reactions. The numerical value of

5148: 4974:

8 - Biological roles of amino acids and peptides - University Publishing Online

3845: 3802: 3608: 3591:

Human bodies contain a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, among those

3458: 1538:, which are organic oxyacids, are a class of strong acids. A common example is 1081: 1042: 532: 4949: 3942:

are generally impermeable to charged or large, polar molecules because of the

3860:. For example, during periods of exertion the body rapidly breaks down stored 1705:

group and sometimes these acids are known as monocarboxylic acid. Examples in

723:

In an acidic solution, the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than 10

5142: 4982: 4411: 4352: 4322: 4155: 4042: 4008: 3943: 3939: 3873: 3763: 3734: 3693: 3682: 3618: 3595:

play an essential role in many biological behaviors. Many of those acids are

3553: 3528: 3508: 3477: 1886: 1827: 1706: 1698: 1535: 1496: 1453: 1388: 1100: 501: 489: 390: 371: 367: 109: 44: 3856:, and the body responds to changing energy demands by adjusting the rate of 3205: 1812:

The first dissociation constant is typically greater than the second (i.e.,

612: 4120: 4016: 3861: 3790: 3658: 3504:

aqueous solution) is commonly added to soft drinks to make them effervesce.

3492: 3279: 2940: 1722: 1682: 1366: 1088:. The protonated form (HA) of an acid is also sometimes referred to as the 1065: 785: 628: 608: 477: 282: 233: 228: 223: 139: 4871:

Lehninger, Albert L.; Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (1 January 2005).

4770: 4346: 4336: 4316: 4298: 4288: 4256: 4066: 3877: 3818: 3596: 3547: 3516: 3512: 3481: 3442: 2119: 1901: 1714: 1710: 1690: 1622: 1618: 1606: 1577: 1543: 1488: 1464: 1459: 1096: 777: 745: 724: 497: 493: 485: 287: 238: 119: 4453: 3400:

A titration curve for a diprotic acid contains two midpoints where pH=pK

666:, on the other hand, is a substance that increases the concentration of 4404: 4134: 3964: 3806: 3759: 3686: 3678: 3650: 3622: 3557: 3197:= 1 and the other K-terms are the dissociation constants for the acid. 1557: 1552:

are acids stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Examples of superacids are

587:

due to the lone pairs of electrons on their oxygen and nitrogen atoms.

584: 513: 375: 253: 55: 4709: 4673: 3817:. Some organisms produce acids for defense; for example, ants produce 3762:, with the exception of amino acids with basic or acidic side chains. 5129: 4715: 4638: 3956: 3779: 3738: 3662: 3520: 3275: 2104: 2057: 1918: 1839: 1626: 1614: 1610: 1573: 1549: 1026: 870:(HCl) and ammonia combine under several different conditions to form 757: 749: 667: 631:

when describing acid–base reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a

509: 307: 297: 248: 243: 194: 3362: 5133: 4281: 4277: 3925: 3707: 3614: 1303: 1060:

Depending on the context, a Lewis acid may also be described as an

1022: 1009:

following reactions are described in terms of acid–base chemistry:

863: 351: 3556:

is one of the most common acid additives that are widely added in

523:, which form a covalent bond with an electron pair. An example is 3960: 3948: 3929: 3852:) as a byproduct. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the 3798: 3794: 3775: 3719: 3674: 3579:(Aspirin) is used as a pain killer and for bringing down fevers. 3524: 3446: 3367: 3295: 3217: 2123: 1859: 1656:(sometimes called ionization) as shown below (symbolized by HA): 1000:

A third, only marginally related concept was proposed in 1923 by

979: 753: 536: 425: 410: 4576:

Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use

3335:

Solutions of weak acids and salts of their conjugate bases form

2925:

A plot of these fractional concentrations against pH, for given

2122:, which can successively lose three protons to finally form the 3825: 3814: 3634: 1649: 1601: 843:

COOH acts as an Arrhenius acid because it acts as a source of H

632: 450: 417: 359: 50:

Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair

1858:

is very large; then it can donate a second proton to form the

29:

This article is about acids in chemistry. For other uses, see

3853: 3715: 3689: 3462: 1441: 1299: 1252:

spans many orders of magnitude, a more manageable constant, p

595: 437: 36:"Acidity" and "acidic" redirect here. For the novelette, see 4843: 3868:

into the blood stream. In aqueous solutions such as blood CO

3645: 1014: 5040: 3543: 3435: 862:

Brønsted–Lowry theory can be used to describe reactions of

59: 4947: 3824:

Acid–base equilibrium plays a critical role in regulating

4429: 4423: 3778:

of hydrophobic fatty acid esters with polar, hydrophilic

3758:). The entire molecule has a net neutral charge and is a 3670: 3666: 2845: 2590: 2345: 2317: 2167: 1053:

pair is the Lewis acid; for example, the oxygen atom in H

355: 4695: 4465:

Petrucci, R. H.; Harwood, R. S.; Herring, F. G. (2002).

3231:

is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a

409:

generalized the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous

5125: 4651: 2072:. All three protons can be successively lost to yield H 488:(vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), 446: 445:, meaning 'sour'. An aqueous solution of an acid has a 159: 4464: 3515:

is present in oranges, lemon and other citrus fruits.

2060:

example of a triprotic acid is orthophosphoric acid (H

381:

The first category of acids are the proton donors, or

4543:

Ebbing, Darrell; Gammon, Steven D. (1 January 2016).

4467:

General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications

3132: 3072: 3036: 2960: 2146: 1156: 1076:

Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form

859:

COOH is both an Arrhenius and a Brønsted–Lowry acid.

4763:

Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions

4511:

Otoxby, D. W.; Gillis, H. P.; Butler, L. J. (2015).

4031:), and corresponding analogs for bromine and iodine 3840:, the process by which animals release the chemical 839:

Both theories easily describe the first reaction: CH

4652:Vogel G. C.; Drago, R. S. (1996). "The ECW Model". 3519:is present in tomatoes, spinach, and especially in 1629:the two properties are electrostatic and covalent. 1228:{\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {{\ce { }}}{{\ce {}}}}} 5096:Pavia, D. L.; Lampman, G. M.; Kriz, G. S. (2004). 5042: 4870: 4510: 3975: 3617:in industrial and organic chemistry; for example, 3313: 3179: 2914: 1743:Acid dissociation constant § Polyprotic acids 1644:Acid dissociation constant § Monoprotic acids 1227: 635:, does not exist alone in water, it exists as the 3805:, as well as converting the inactive pro-enzyme, 3657:Many biologically important molecules are acids. 3434:for the production of phosphate fertilizers, and 3169: 3096: 760:ion. Red: oxygen, black: carbon, white: hydrogen. 5140: 5095: 4727: 4616: 4604:Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) 1576:"salts". They can also quantitatively stabilize 552:Brønsted–Lowry acids. In modern terminology, an 4899:"The Top 10 Industrial Chemicals - For Dummies" 4619:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 4359: 3699:An α-amino acid has a central carbon (the α or 3395: 1071: 5072:Listing of strengths of common acids and bases 4398: 2103:, the orthophosphate ion, usually just called 1701:the term mainly indicates the presence of one 1283:than weaker acids. Experimentally determined p 5034: 4970: 1298:Arrhenius acids are named according to their 1238:The stronger of two acids will have a higher 1111:between the acid and its conjugate base. The 788:that gives vinegar its characteristic taste: 327: 4542: 4469:(8th ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 146. 4449: 4447: 4445: 1625:and strength while for Drago's quantitative 1602:Lewis acid strength in non-aqueous solutions 1080:, where HA represents the acid and A is the 573:Most acids encountered in everyday life are 5018:. University of Connecticut. Archived from 4971:Barrett, G. C.; Elmore, D. T. (June 2012). 4839: 4837: 4784:Helfferich, Friedrich G. (1 January 1962). 4748:Aqueous Acid–Base Equilibria and Titrations 4569: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4037:(HFO), the only known oxoacid for fluorine. 3967:are examples of drugs that are weak acids. 1632: 559: 440: 5081:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 5049:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 4783: 4515:(8th ed.). Brooks Cole. p. 617. 3472:. They may be used as an electrolyte in a 3408:values, the first midpoint occurs at pH=pK 334: 320: 4592: 4572:"Pharmaceutical Aspects of the Salt Form" 4442: 3357: 3290:, which is produced from the strong acid 2815: 2670: 866:in nonaqueous solution or the gas phase. 4834: 4742: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4497: 3924: 3644: 3640: 3621:is used in very large quantities in the 3491: 3419: 3361: 3204: 2947:-protic acid that has been deprotonated 740: 607:attributed the properties of acidity to 594: 54: 5076: 4760: 4578:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 92–94. 1681:Common examples of monoprotic acids in 878:Cl. In aqueous solution HCl behaves as 730: 14: 5141: 5041:Voet, Judith G.; Voet, Donald (2004). 5009: 3560:. During the manufacturing process, CO 4529: 4490:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: 3377: 3366:This is an ideal titration curve for 1751:A diprotic acid (here symbolized by H 504:and some concentrated weak acids are 457:, and thus a higher concentration of 4874:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 4750:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4606:. European Bioinformatics Institute. 4162:–OH, where R is an organic radical. 3535:), lemon, citrus fruits, and guava. 1878:is intermediate strength. The large 1838:) can donate one proton to form the 4847:Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 4549:(11th ed.). Cengage Learning. 4267: 3726:and almost invariably occur in the 3235:and neutralized base; for example, 1736: 1652:per molecule during the process of 1637: 508:, but there are exceptions such as 362:(i.e. hydrogen ion, H), known as a 24: 4610: 3785:In humans and many other animals, 3582: 3412:and the second one occurs at pH=pK 1084:. This reaction is referred to as 590: 25: 5165: 5132:curves simulation and analysis – 5124:: Acid–Base equilibria diagrams, 5115: 4574:. In Stahl PH, Warmth CG (eds.). 4149: 3706:) that is covalently bonded to a 3602: 3575:Certain acids are used as drugs. 3542:, for example, is a component of 3404:. Since there are two different K 3200: 1276:. Stronger acids have a smaller p 531:), whose boron atom has a vacant 519:The second category of acids are 62:, a typical metal, reacting with 4730:Biophysical Chemistry - Volume 1 4417: 3918:and resupplying the cells with O 1447: 1259:is more frequently used, where p 1013: 78: 5100:. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. 5003: 4964: 4941: 4916: 4891: 4864: 4804: 4777: 4754: 4736: 4721: 4689: 4680: 3976:Mineral acids (inorganic acids) 3970: 3314:Weak acid–weak base equilibrium 3274:Neutralization is the basis of 2118:example of a triprotic acid is 1293: 737:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory 4645: 4563: 4513:Principles of Modern Chemistry 4483: 4458: 4158:has the general formula RS(=O) 3453:, a fertilizer. Additionally, 3424: 3320:Henderson–Hasselbalch equation 3117: 3101: 3021: 3005: 2901: 2885: 2877: 2861: 2851: 2832: 2823: 2804: 2758: 2743: 2729: 2716: 2645: 2629: 2621: 2605: 2596: 2577: 2569: 2558: 2512: 2497: 2483: 2470: 2452: 2437: 2398: 2382: 2376: 2360: 2351: 2332: 2323: 2304: 2258: 2243: 2229: 2216: 2201: 2188: 1564:. The strongest known acid is 1218: 1212: 1205: 1192: 1187: 1174: 1107:. In solution there exists an 989: 13: 1: 4928:essentialchemicalindustry.org 4698:Journal of Chemical Education 4654:Journal of Chemical Education 4600:"Hydridohelium (CHEBI:33689)" 4436: 4239:Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid 1514:Stronger acids have a larger 1037:. Fluoride "loses" a pair of 480:in the stomach and activates 468:Common aqueous acids include 358:capable of either donating a 4812:"Titration of Diprotic Acid" 4360:Halogenated carboxylic acids 3932:(acetylsalicylic acid) is a 3396:Buffer regions and midpoints 3342: 1900:can lose one proton to form 1609:have been classified in the 1072:Dissociation and equilibrium 453:. A lower pH means a higher 7: 5077:Zumdahl, Steven S. (1997). 4570:Stahl PH, Nakamo M (2008). 4399:Vinylogous carboxylic acids 3872:exists in equilibrium with 986:combine to form the solid. 10: 5170: 5098:Organic Chemistry Volume I 3844:stored in food, producing 3737:, found in some bacterial 3606: 3487: 3461:with alcohols, to produce 3346: 3317: 1917:and lose a second to form 1802: 1740: 1697:). On the other hand, for 1641: 1516:acid dissociation constant 1451: 1128:acid dissociation constant 993: 766:Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted 734: 563: 35: 28: 5016:Acid Base Online Tutorial 4253:Polystyrene sulfonic acid 4111:Hexafluorophosphoric acid 2002: 1671: 1346: 1340: 424:and certain metals (like 389:, proton donors form the 385:. In the special case of 4983:10.1017/CBO9781139163828 3633:. In biochemistry, many 1633:Chemical characteristics 1314:Classical naming system: 1021:In the first reaction a 611:(H), later described as 560:Definitions and concepts 170:Self-ionization of water 155:Hammett acidity function 4790:. Courier Corporation. 3677:, which are made up of 3661:, which contain acidic 3637:employ acid catalysis. 2068:), usually just called 1621:the two properties are 5010:Graham, Timur (2006). 4454:IUPAC Gold Book - acid 4217:p-Toluenesulfonic acid 3936: 3654: 3649:Basic structure of an 3631:condensation reactions 3505: 3371: 3358:Example: Diprotic acid 3225: 3181: 3153: 3093: 3057: 2916: 1937:values are small, but 1229: 1120:the concentration of H 978:ammonia (dissolved in 761: 600: 459:positive hydrogen ions 441: 67: 4424:Deoxyribonucleic acid 4355:(HOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COOH) 3984:and their solutions: 3928: 3864:and fat, releasing CO 3749:) gains a proton (-NH 3710:group (thus they are 3648: 3641:Biological occurrence 3495: 3420:Applications of acids 3365: 3208: 3182: 3133: 3073: 3037: 2917: 2026: 1230: 996:Lewis acids and bases 744: 598: 185:Frustrated Lewis pair 145:Equilibrium chemistry 135:Dissociation constant 105:Acid–base homeostasis 58: 31:Acid (disambiguation) 4850:. Cengage Learning. 4771:10.1039/DT9780000043 4393:Trichloroacetic acid 4378:Trifluoroacetic acid 4241:(or triflic acid, CF 4219:(or tosylic acid, CH 4199:Benzenesulfonic acid 4169:(or mesylic acid, CH 4167:Methanesulfonic acid 4091:Fluoroantimonic acid 3838:cellular respiration 3793:secreted within the 3772:phospholipid bilayer 3577:Acetylsalicylic acid 2958: 2144: 2046: 1554:fluoroantimonic acid 1540:toluenesulfonic acid 1154: 1113:equilibrium constant 1033:to form the product 731:Brønsted–Lowry acids 643:O) or other forms (H 436:is derived from the 420:red, and react with 383:Brønsted–Lowry acids 180:Lewis acid catalysis 43:. For the band, see 5154:Acid–base chemistry 5022:on 13 February 2016 4666:1996JChEd..73..701V 4631:1984JPCRD..13..695L 4388:Dichloroacetic acid 4201:(or besylic acid, C 4183:(or esylic acid, CH 4181:Ethanesulfonic acid 4057:Fluorosulfuric acid 3496:Carbonated water (H 3349:Acid–base titration 2847: 2592: 2347: 2319: 2169: 1954:A triprotic acid (H 1782: 1532:than weaker acids. 864:molecular compounds 774:Brønsted–Lowry acid 770:Thomas Martin Lowry 627:) and refer to the 397:O and are known as 364:Brønsted–Lowry acid 4822:on 7 February 2016 4280:group, C=O, and a 4003:Halogen oxoacids: 3937: 3797:to help hydrolyze 3655: 3613:Acids are used as 3593:dicarboxylic acids 3572:bubbles come out. 3506: 3378:Equivalence points 3372: 3294:and the weak base 3226: 3177: 3165: 3164: 3068: 2912: 2910: 2835: 2580: 2335: 2307: 2157: 1566:helium hydride ion 1225: 762: 601: 566:Acid–base reaction 100:Acid–base reaction 68: 5060:978-0-471-19350-0 4710:10.1021/ed054p612 4674:10.1021/ed073p701 4585:978-3-906390-58-1 4546:General Chemistry 4383:Chloroacetic acid 4373:Fluoroacetic acid 4035:Hypofluorous acid 4005:hypochlorous acid 3990:hydrochloric acid 3986:hydrofluoric acid 3789:is a part of the 3787:hydrochloric acid 3744: 3730: 3533:Indian gooseberry 3304:hydrogen fluoride 3292:hydrogen chloride 3288:ammonium chloride 3237:hydrochloric acid 3222:ammonium chloride 3220:fumes to produce 3210:Hydrochloric acid 3175: 3108: 3012: 2970: 2906: 2850: 2838: 2810: 2795: 2750: 2722: 2665: 2650: 2595: 2583: 2563: 2549: 2504: 2476: 2444: 2417: 2402: 2350: 2338: 2322: 2310: 2295: 2250: 2222: 2194: 2172: 2160: 1687:hydrochloric acid 1469:hydrochloric acid 1438: 1437: 1432:hydrochloric acid 1413:hypochlorous acid 1308:hydrochloric acid 1223: 1217: 1198: 1180: 1039:valence electrons 1035:tetrafluoroborate 1031:boron trifluoride 1025:, F, gives up an 880:hydrochloric acid 872:ammonium chloride 868:Hydrogen chloride 575:aqueous solutions 525:boron trifluoride 482:digestive enzymes 476:that is found in 474:hydrogen chloride 470:hydrochloric acid 387:aqueous solutions 344: 343: 190:Chiral Lewis acid 64:hydrochloric acid 16:(Redirected from 5161: 5128:calculation and 5111: 5092: 5065: 5064: 5048: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5012:"Acid Buffering" 5007: 5001: 5000: 4999:on 2 March 2016. 4995:. Archived from 4968: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4818:. Archived from 4808: 4802: 4801: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4744:de Levie, Robert 4740: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4639:10.1063/1.555719 4614: 4608: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4508: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4462: 4456: 4451: 4430:Ribonucleic acid 4364:Halogenation at 4268:Carboxylic acids 4101:Fluoroboric acid 3994:hydrobromic acid 3982:Hydrogen halides 3953:intracellular pH 3910: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3842:potential energy 3757: 3756: 3742: 3728: 3712:carboxylic acids 3663:phosphate groups 3474:wet cell battery 3455:carboxylic acids 3451:ammonium nitrate 3337:buffer solutions 3308:sodium hydroxide 3241:sodium hydroxide 3216:) reacting with 3186: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3152: 3147: 3131: 3130: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3051: 3035: 3034: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2983: 2982: 2971: 2968: 2939:, is known as a 2921: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2770: 2769: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2524: 2523: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2375: 2374: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2270: 2269: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2158: 2102: 2101: 2094:, and finally PO 2093: 2092: 2084: 2083: 2045: 2025: 2024:O (aq) + HA (aq) 2001: 1929: 1928: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1899: 1870: 1869: 1850: 1849: 1826:). For example, 1801: 1781: 1780:O (aq) + HA (aq) 1737:Polyprotic acids 1670: 1638:Monoprotic acids 1477:hydrobromic acid 1318: 1317: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1143:is equal to the 1106: 1079: 1017: 1002:Gilbert N. Lewis 929: 928: 920: 919: 907: 906: 898: 897: 835: 834: 833: 830: 810: 699: 698: 690: 689: 605:Svante Arrhenius 599:Svante Arrhenius 444: 336: 329: 322: 303:Non-nucleophilic 130:Buffer solutions 115:Acidity function 82: 70: 69: 66:, a typical acid 21: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5139: 5138: 5118: 5108: 5089: 5068: 5061: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5008: 5004: 4993: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4924:"Sulfuric acid" 4922: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4842: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4782: 4778: 4759: 4755: 4741: 4737: 4726: 4722: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4650: 4646: 4615: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4541: 4530: 4523: 4509: 4498: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4420: 4401: 4362: 4342: 4332: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4274:carboxylic acid 4270: 4262: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4172: 4161: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4106: 4096: 4086: 4082: 4077:Phosphoric acid 4072: 4062: 4052: 4048: 4030: 4025:perchloric acid 4022: 4014: 3998:hydroiodic acid 3978: 3973: 3934:carboxylic acid 3921: 3917: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3851: 3835: 3803:polysaccharides 3755: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3643: 3611: 3605: 3585: 3583:In human bodies 3571: 3567: 3563: 3540:Phosphoric acid 3503: 3499: 3490: 3432:phosphoric acid 3427: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3330: 3322: 3316: 3300:sodium fluoride 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3245:sodium chloride 3203: 3196: 3168: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3137: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3041: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3002: 2988: 2984: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2938: 2931: 2909: 2908: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2844: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2733: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2681: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2589: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2487: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2389: 2385: 2370: 2366: 2344: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2316: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2233: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2176: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2113: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2070:phosphoric acid 2067: 2063: 2052: 2044:O (aq) + A (aq) 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1877: 1871:), wherein the 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1818: 1808: 1800:O (aq) + A (aq) 1799: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1739: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1703:carboxylic acid 1696: 1677: 1669:O (aq) + A (aq) 1668: 1664: 1660: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1604: 1597: 1589: 1570:proton affinity 1562:perchloric acid 1531: 1524: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1486: 1481:perchloric acid 1473:hydroiodic acid 1456: 1450: 1394: 1372: 1356: 1351:perchloric acid 1296: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1269: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1244: 1211: 1210: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1142: 1135: 1123: 1104: 1077: 1074: 1056: 1048: 998: 992: 985: 973: 969: 965: 961: 955: 951: 947: 943: 936: 932: 927: 924: 923: 922: 918: 915: 914: 913: 911: 905: 902: 901: 900: 896: 893: 892: 891: 889: 877: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 831: 828: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 783: 739: 733: 715: 711: 707: 703: 697: 694: 693: 692: 688: 685: 684: 683: 681: 673: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 593: 591:Arrhenius acids 568: 562: 542: 530: 472:(a solution of 399:Arrhenius acids 396: 366:, or forming a 340: 165:Proton affinity 90:Acceptor number 73:Acids and bases 51: 48: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5167: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5137: 5136: 5117: 5116:External links 5114: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5093: 5087: 5074: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5033: 5002: 4991: 4963: 4940: 4915: 4890: 4883: 4863: 4856: 4833: 4803: 4796: 4776: 4753: 4735: 4732:. p. 477. 4720: 4688: 4679: 4660:(8): 701–707. 4644: 4609: 4591: 4584: 4562: 4555: 4528: 4522:978-1305079113 4521: 4496: 4482: 4475: 4457: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4366:alpha position 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4159: 4151: 4150:Sulfonic acids 4148: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4028: 4020: 4012: 4001: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3940:Cell membranes 3919: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3869: 3865: 3849: 3846:carbon dioxide 3833: 3753: 3746: 3741:contains some 3731:-configuration 3683:Cell membranes 3642: 3639: 3609:Acid catalysis 3607:Main article: 3604: 3603:Acid catalysis 3601: 3584: 3581: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3486: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3359: 3356: 3347:Main article: 3344: 3341: 3328: 3318:Main article: 3315: 3312: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3229:Neutralization 3224:(white smoke). 3202: 3201:Neutralization 3199: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3171: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2964: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2842: 2834: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2718: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2669: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2472: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2342: 2334: 2325: 2314: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2218: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2164: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2134: 2111: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1925: 1910: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1875: 1866: 1855: 1846: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1694: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1587: 1536:Sulfonic acids 1529: 1522: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1484: 1452:Main article: 1449: 1446: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1280: 1273: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1220: 1214: 1207: 1202: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1140: 1133: 1121: 1082:conjugate base 1073: 1070: 1054: 1046: 1019: 1018: 994:Main article: 991: 988: 983: 975: 974: 971: 967: 963: 959: 956: 953: 949: 945: 941: 938: 934: 930: 925: 916: 909: 903: 894: 887: 875: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 837: 836: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 802: 798: 794: 781: 735:Main article: 732: 729: 717: 716: 713: 709: 705: 701: 695: 686: 679: 671: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 621:Arrhenius acid 592: 589: 564:Main article: 561: 558: 540: 528: 394: 342: 341: 339: 338: 331: 324: 316: 313: 312: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 273:Brønsted–Lowry 267: 266: 259: 258: 257: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 214:Brønsted–Lowry 208: 207: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 84: 83: 75: 74: 49: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5166: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5088:9780669417944 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4992:9780521462921 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4967: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4884:9780716743392 4880: 4877:. Macmillan. 4876: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4857:9781305176461 4853: 4849: 4848: 4840: 4838: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4799: 4797:9780486687841 4793: 4789: 4788: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4558: 4556:9781305887299 4552: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4476:0-13-014329-4 4472: 4468: 4461: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4418:Nucleic acids 4413: 4412:Ascorbic acid 4410: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4354: 4353:Tartaric acid 4351: 4348: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4324: 4323:Gluconic acid 4321: 4318: 4315: 4300: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4240: 4237: 4218: 4215: 4200: 4197: 4182: 4179: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4156:sulfonic acid 4136: 4133: 4122: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4078: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4044: 4043:Sulfuric acid 4041: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4009:chlorous acid 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3874:carbonic acid 3863: 3862:carbohydrates 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3764:Aspartic acid 3761: 3740: 3736: 3735:Peptidoglycan 3732: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3694:phospholipids 3691: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659:Nucleic acids 3652: 3647: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:sulfuric acid 3616: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3559: 3555: 3554:Carbonic acid 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529:Ascorbic acid 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509:Tartaric acid 3494: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3478:sulfuric acid 3475: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3417: 3393: 3375: 3369: 3364: 3355: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3193: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3110: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3014: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2840: 2817: 2812: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2740: 2734: 2724: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2585: 2565: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2494: 2488: 2478: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2431: 2429: 2419: 2409: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2340: 2312: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2206: 2196: 2180: 2178: 2162: 2152: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2106: 2071: 2059: 2049: 2034: 2029: 2010: 2005: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1920: 1903: 1888: 1887:carbonic acid 1881: 1874: 1861: 1854: 1851:), for which 1841: 1829: 1828:sulfuric acid 1822: 1815: 1805: 1790: 1785: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1749: 1744: 1734: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:organic acids 1704: 1700: 1699:organic acids 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:mineral acids 1674: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1599: 1594: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1525:and a lower p 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1498: 1497:sulfuric acid 1490: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1454:Acid strength 1448:Acid strength 1445: 1443: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1389:chlorous acid 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1324:Anion suffix 1323: 1321:Anion prefix 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1200: 1182: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1101:deprotonation 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:electron pair 1024: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1003: 997: 987: 981: 957: 939: 885: 884: 883: 881: 873: 869: 865: 860: 812: 791: 790: 789: 787: 779: 775: 771: 767: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 728: 726: 721: 677: 676: 675: 674:O molecules: 669: 665: 662:An Arrhenius 660: 638: 637:hydronium ion 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:hydrogen ions 606: 597: 588: 586: 581: 578: 576: 571: 567: 557: 555: 550: 546: 538: 534: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494:car batteries 491: 490:sulfuric acid 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 392: 391:hydronium ion 388: 384: 379: 377: 374:, known as a 373: 372:electron pair 369: 368:covalent bond 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 337: 332: 330: 325: 323: 318: 317: 315: 314: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 269: 268: 264: 261: 260: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 210: 209: 205: 202: 201: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 110:Acid strength 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 86: 85: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 65: 61: 57: 53: 46: 45:Acidic (band) 42: 40: 32: 27: 19: 5097: 5078: 5045:Biochemistry 5044: 5036: 5024:. Retrieved 5020:the original 5015: 5005: 4997:the original 4973: 4966: 4955:, retrieved 4950: 4943: 4931:. Retrieved 4927: 4918: 4906:. Retrieved 4902: 4893: 4873: 4866: 4846: 4824:. Retrieved 4820:the original 4815: 4806: 4787:Ion Exchange 4786: 4779: 4765:(1): 43–45. 4762: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4723: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4682: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4575: 4565: 4545: 4512: 4491: 4485: 4466: 4460: 4402: 4363: 4284:group, O-H. 4271: 4255:(sulfonated 4153: 4121:Chromic acid 4017:chloric acid 3971:Common acids 3938: 3913: 3823: 3791:gastric acid 3784: 3768: 3701: 3698: 3656: 3612: 3590: 3586: 3574: 3552: 3537: 3507: 3467: 3445:reacts with 3440: 3428: 3399: 3381: 3373: 3352: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3285: 3280:pH indicator 3273: 3227: 3191: 3189: 2948: 2944: 2941:Bjerrum plot 2933: 2926: 2924: 2130: 2128: 2108: 2055: 2047: 2027: 2003: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1953: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1879: 1872: 1852: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1803: 1783: 1750: 1746: 1723:benzoic acid 1680: 1672: 1654:dissociation 1647: 1605: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1578:carbocations 1548: 1534: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1465:strong acids 1457: 1439: 1367:chloric acid 1330:Acid suffix 1327:Acid prefix 1313: 1312: 1297: 1294:Nomenclature 1284: 1277: 1270: 1266:= −log 1260: 1253: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1137: 1130: 1119: 1115: 1105:HA ⇌ H + A 1094: 1089: 1085: 1078:HA ⇌ H + A 1075: 1066:electrophile 1059: 1051: 1023:fluoride ion 1020: 1005: 999: 976: 861: 838: 786:organic acid 773: 763: 756:ion and the 722: 718: 661: 636: 629:hydrogen ion 624: 620: 602: 582: 579: 572: 569: 553: 548: 518: 502:Strong acids 478:gastric acid 467: 462: 454: 433: 415: 380: 347: 345: 203: 140:Donor number 94: 52: 38: 26: 4903:dummies.com 4816:dwb.unl.edu 4704:: 612–613. 4349:(HOOC-COOH) 4347:Oxalic acid 4343:-CHOH-COOH) 4337:Lactic acid 4317:Formic acid 4299:Citric acid 4289:Acetic acid 4257:polystyrene 4067:Nitric acid 3878:bicarbonate 3858:ventilation 3828:breathing. 3819:formic acid 3627:dehydration 3597:amino acids 3558:soft drinks 3548:Acetic acid 3517:Oxalic acid 3513:Citric acid 3482:car battery 3449:to produce 3443:nitric acid 3425:In industry 3247:and water: 2120:citric acid 2040:O (l) ⇌ H 2036:HA (aq) + H 2020:O (l) ⇌ H 1992:O (l) ⇌ H 1902:bicarbonate 1796:O (l) ⇌ H 1792:HA (aq) + H 1776:O (l) ⇌ H 1715:acetic acid 1711:formic acid 1691:nitric acid 1665:O (l) ⇌ H 1661:HA (aq) + H 1619:HSAB theory 1607:Lewis acids 1544:polystyrene 1489:nitric acid 1109:equilibrium 1097:protonation 990:Lewis acids 784:COOH), the 778:acetic acid 746:Acetic acid 585:Lewis bases 521:Lewis acids 498:citric acid 486:acetic acid 432:. The word 120:Amphoterism 41:(novelette) 5143:Categories 5107:0759347271 5026:6 February 4957:6 February 4933:6 February 4908:5 February 4826:24 January 4625:(3): 695. 4437:References 4405:vinylogous 4135:Boric acid 3965:penicillin 3944:lipophilic 3901:⇌ H + HCO 3807:pepsinogen 3760:zwitterion 3739:cell walls 3687:fatty acid 3681:subunits. 3679:amino acid 3665:, include 3651:amino acid 3623:alkylation 3476:, such as 3459:esterified 3278:, where a 2085:, then HPO 2016:A (aq) + H 1996:O (aq) + H 1988:A (aq) + H 1842:anion (HSO 1772:A (aq) + H 1741:See also: 1721:COOH) and 1689:(HCl) and 1642:See also: 1558:magic acid 1550:Superacids 1086:protolysis 1006:Lewis acid 946:3(benzene) 514:boric acid 510:carboranes 428:) to form 376:Lewis acid 298:Superbases 244:Superacids 150:Extraction 5130:titration 5079:Chemistry 4716:ECW model 3957:Ibuprofen 3836:) drives 3826:mammalian 3809:into the 3780:phosphate 3615:catalysts 3521:carambola 3343:Titration 3276:titration 3135:∏ 3125:− 3075:∑ 3039:∏ 3029:− 2993:− 2977:− 2963:α 2897:− 2873:− 2818:− 2673:− 2658:α 2641:− 2617:− 2566:− 2420:− 2410:α 2394:− 2372:− 2153:α 2105:phosphate 2058:inorganic 1921:anion (CO 1919:carbonate 1862:anion (SO 1840:bisulfate 1713:(HCOOH), 1627:ECW model 1615:C-B plots 1611:ECW model 1574:hydronium 1568:, with a 1409:ous acid 1385:ous acid 1201:− 1090:free acid 942:(benzene) 818:COOH + NH 758:hydronium 750:weak acid 668:hydroxide 603:In 1884, 506:corrosive 492:(used in 195:ECW model 175:Titration 5134:freeware 5122:Curtipot 4746:(1999). 4282:hydroxyl 4278:carbonyl 4007:(HClO), 3799:proteins 3708:carboxyl 3692:such as 3685:contain 3675:proteins 3546:drinks. 3470:pickling 2951:-times: 1930:). Both 1709:include 1685:include 1623:hardness 1509:polarity 1428:ic acid 1347:ic acid 1333:Example 1304:chloride 1062:oxidizer 826:COO + NH 801:O ⇌ CH 797:COOH + H 411:solvents 403:Brønsted 370:with an 352:molecule 5051:496–500 4662:Bibcode 4627:Bibcode 4329:-(CHOH) 4319:(HCOOH) 3996:(HBr), 3992:(HCl), 3961:aspirin 3949:cytosol 3930:Aspirin 3893:O ⇌ H 3795:stomach 3776:micelle 3720:glycine 3635:enzymes 3525:rhubarb 3488:In food 3457:can be 3447:ammonia 3368:alanine 3296:ammonia 3218:ammonia 2124:citrate 2116:organic 1860:sulfate 1733:COOH). 1479:(HBr), 1471:(HCl), 1440:In the 1415:(HClO) 1145:product 980:benzene 805:COO + H 754:acetate 617:hydrons 613:protons 537:ammonia 533:orbital 496:), and 455:acidity 426:calcium 283:Organic 229:Organic 224:Mineral 39:Acidity 5104: 5085: 5057: 4989: 4881: 4854: 4794: 4582: 4553: 4519: 4473: 3988:(HF), 3832:gas (O 3830:Oxygen 3815:pepsin 3811:enzyme 3724:chiral 3714:), an 3704:carbon 3690:esters 3463:esters 3332:form. 3267:+ NaCl 3255:+ NaOH 3214:beaker 3190:where 2000:A (aq) 1904:anion 1650:proton 1583:While 1495:) and 1475:(HI), 1434:(HCl) 1425:hydro 1300:anions 1126:. The 1064:or an 1043:nuclei 633:proton 463:acidic 451:solute 442:acidus 418:litmus 360:proton 293:Strong 239:Strong 18:Acidic 5149:Acids 4432:(RNA) 4426:(DNA) 4333:-COOH 4295:COOH) 4093:(HSbF 4027:(HClO 4019:(HClO 4011:(HClO 3880:ion. 3854:lungs 3716:amino 3702:alpha 3480:in a 3302:from 3243:form 2126:ion. 1972:> 1965:> 1944:> 1819:> 1759:and K 1483:(HClO 1442:IUPAC 1406:hypo 1400:hypo 1391:(HClO 1369:(HClO 1353:(HClO 822:⇌ CH 725:moles 714:(liq) 706:(liq) 619:. An 545:Lewis 438:Latin 430:salts 422:bases 407:Lowry 350:is a 288:Oxide 278:Lewis 265:types 254:Solid 234:Oxide 219:Lewis 206:types 5102:ISBN 5083:ISBN 5055:ISBN 5028:2016 4987:ISBN 4959:2016 4935:2016 4910:2016 4879:ISBN 4852:ISBN 4828:2016 4792:ISBN 4580:ISBN 4551:ISBN 4517:ISBN 4492:acid 4471:ISBN 4325:HOCH 4113:(HPF 4103:(HBF 4069:(HNO 4059:(HSO 4000:(HI) 3963:and 3876:and 3801:and 3774:, a 3669:and 3629:and 3544:cola 3523:and 3436:zinc 3306:and 3269:(aq) 3257:(aq) 3253:(aq) 3239:and 3233:salt 3212:(in 2932:and 1906:(HCO 1693:(HNO 1560:and 1491:(HNO 1467:are 1460:mole 1422:ide 1403:ite 1380:ite 1344:per 1341:ate 1338:per 1099:and 966:→ NH 964:3(g) 962:+ NH 948:→ NH 944:+ NH 931:(aq) 921:+ NH 917:(aq) 912:→ Cl 908:+ NH 904:(aq) 899:+ Cl 895:(aq) 874:, NH 768:and 748:, a 696:(aq) 691:+ OH 687:(aq) 664:base 554:acid 512:and 434:acid 405:and 348:acid 308:Weak 263:Base 249:Weak 204:Acid 125:Base 95:Acid 60:Zinc 4979:doi 4767:doi 4706:doi 4670:doi 4635:doi 4339:(CH 4291:(CH 4127:CrO 4023:), 4015:), 3889:+ H 3848:(CO 3671:RNA 3667:DNA 3310:). 3265:(l) 3259:→ H 3251:HCl 2056:An 1717:(CH 1487:), 1029:to 972:(s) 960:(g) 958:HCl 954:(s) 940:HCl 933:+ H 780:(CH 708:+ H 700:⇌ H 651:, H 615:or 543:). 539:(NH 527:(BF 484:), 356:ion 354:or 346:An 5145:: 5126:pH 5053:. 5014:. 4985:. 4977:. 4926:. 4901:. 4836:^ 4814:. 4702:54 4700:. 4668:. 4658:73 4656:. 4633:. 4623:13 4621:. 4602:. 4531:^ 4499:^ 4444:^ 4301:(C 4272:A 4259:, 4249:H) 4245:SO 4235:H) 4231:SO 4213:H) 4209:SO 4195:H) 4191:SO 4187:CH 4177:H) 4173:SO 4154:A 4141:BO 4137:(H 4123:(H 4083:PO 4079:(H 4063:F) 4049:SO 4045:(H 3959:, 3922:. 3897:CO 3885:CO 3821:. 3813:, 3733:. 3696:. 3500:CO 3484:. 3465:. 3414:a2 3410:a1 3339:. 2562:HA 2416:HA 2076:PO 2064:PO 2051:a3 2031:a2 2007:a1 1979:. 1977:a3 1970:a2 1963:a1 1951:. 1949:a2 1942:a1 1894:CO 1890:(H 1883:a1 1876:a2 1856:a1 1834:SO 1830:(H 1824:a2 1817:a1 1807:a2 1787:a1 1763:. 1761:a2 1757:a1 1725:(C 1598:. 1580:. 1556:, 1518:, 1503:SO 1499:(H 1395:) 1373:) 1357:) 1310:. 1268:10 1216:HA 1092:. 970:Cl 952:Cl 814:CH 793:CH 639:(H 625:aq 549:or 516:. 465:. 447:pH 401:. 378:. 160:pH 5110:. 5091:. 5063:. 5030:. 4981:: 4937:. 4912:. 4887:. 4860:. 4830:. 4800:. 4773:. 4769:: 4718:. 4712:. 4708:: 4676:. 4672:: 4664:: 4641:. 4637:: 4629:: 4588:. 4559:. 4525:. 4479:. 4341:3 4331:4 4327:2 4313:) 4311:7 4309:O 4307:8 4305:H 4303:6 4293:3 4263:) 4261:n 4247:3 4243:3 4233:3 4229:4 4227:H 4225:6 4223:C 4221:3 4211:3 4207:5 4205:H 4203:6 4193:3 4189:2 4185:3 4175:3 4171:3 4160:2 4145:) 4143:3 4139:3 4131:) 4129:4 4125:2 4117:) 4115:6 4107:) 4105:4 4097:) 4095:6 4087:) 4085:4 4081:3 4073:) 4071:3 4061:3 4053:) 4051:4 4047:2 4029:4 4021:3 4013:2 3920:2 3916:2 3907:3 3904:− 3899:3 3895:2 3891:2 3887:2 3870:2 3866:2 3850:2 3834:2 3754:3 3747:2 3743:D 3729:L 3653:. 3570:2 3566:2 3562:2 3502:3 3498:2 3406:a 3402:a 3389:2 3385:2 3383:H 3329:a 3326:K 3263:O 3261:2 3195:0 3192:K 3170:] 3160:j 3156:K 3150:i 3145:0 3142:= 3139:j 3128:i 3122:n 3118:] 3111:+ 3107:H 3102:[ 3097:[ 3090:n 3085:0 3082:= 3079:i 3064:j 3060:K 3054:i 3049:0 3046:= 3043:j 3032:i 3026:n 3022:] 3015:+ 3011:H 3006:[ 3000:= 2990:i 2986:A 2980:i 2974:n 2969:H 2949:i 2945:n 2937:2 2934:K 2930:1 2927:K 2902:] 2894:2 2890:A 2886:[ 2882:+ 2878:] 2869:A 2865:H 2862:[ 2858:+ 2852:] 2849:A 2841:2 2837:H 2833:[ 2824:] 2813:2 2809:A 2805:[ 2798:= 2790:2 2786:K 2780:1 2776:K 2772:+ 2767:1 2763:K 2759:] 2753:+ 2749:H 2744:[ 2741:+ 2735:2 2730:] 2725:+ 2721:H 2717:[ 2707:2 2703:K 2697:1 2693:K 2686:= 2668:2 2664:A 2646:] 2638:2 2634:A 2630:[ 2626:+ 2622:] 2613:A 2609:H 2606:[ 2602:+ 2597:] 2594:A 2586:2 2582:H 2578:[ 2570:] 2559:[ 2552:= 2544:2 2540:K 2534:1 2530:K 2526:+ 2521:1 2517:K 2513:] 2507:+ 2503:H 2498:[ 2495:+ 2489:2 2484:] 2479:+ 2475:H 2471:[ 2461:1 2457:K 2453:] 2447:+ 2443:H 2438:[ 2432:= 2399:] 2391:2 2387:A 2383:[ 2380:+ 2377:] 2368:A 2364:H 2361:[ 2358:+ 2352:] 2349:A 2341:2 2337:H 2333:[ 2324:] 2321:A 2313:2 2309:H 2305:[ 2298:= 2290:2 2286:K 2280:1 2276:K 2272:+ 2267:1 2263:K 2259:] 2253:+ 2249:H 2244:[ 2241:+ 2235:2 2230:] 2225:+ 2221:H 2217:[ 2207:2 2202:] 2197:+ 2193:H 2189:[ 2181:= 2171:A 2163:2 2159:H 2135:2 2131:α 2112:a 2109:K 2099:4 2090:4 2081:4 2074:2 2066:4 2062:3 2048:K 2042:3 2038:2 2028:K 2022:3 2018:2 2014:2 2012:H 2004:K 1998:2 1994:3 1990:2 1986:3 1984:H 1974:K 1967:K 1960:K 1956:3 1946:K 1939:K 1935:a 1932:K 1926:3 1915:) 1911:3 1898:) 1896:3 1892:2 1880:K 1873:K 1867:4 1853:K 1847:4 1836:4 1832:2 1821:K 1814:K 1804:K 1798:3 1794:2 1784:K 1778:3 1774:2 1770:2 1768:H 1753:2 1731:5 1729:H 1727:6 1719:3 1695:3 1676:a 1673:K 1667:3 1663:2 1596:a 1593:K 1588:a 1585:K 1530:a 1527:K 1523:a 1520:K 1505:4 1501:2 1493:3 1485:4 1393:2 1371:3 1355:4 1288:a 1285:K 1281:a 1278:K 1274:a 1271:K 1264:a 1261:K 1257:a 1254:K 1250:a 1247:K 1243:a 1240:K 1219:] 1213:[ 1206:] 1197:A 1193:[ 1188:] 1183:+ 1179:H 1175:[ 1168:= 1163:a 1159:K 1141:a 1138:K 1134:a 1131:K 1124:O 1122:2 1116:K 1055:3 1047:3 984:3 968:4 950:4 937:O 935:2 926:4 910:3 890:O 888:3 886:H 876:4 857:3 853:3 849:3 845:3 841:3 832:4 829:+ 824:3 820:3 816:3 809:O 807:3 803:3 799:2 795:3 782:3 712:O 710:2 704:O 702:2 682:O 680:3 678:H 672:2 657:4 655:O 653:9 649:2 647:O 645:5 641:3 541:3 529:3 395:3 393:H 335:e 328:t 321:v 47:. 33:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index