2640:. ... In 1754 Rouelle explicitly defined a neutral salt as the product formed by the union of an acid with any substance, be it a water-soluble alkali, a volatile alkali, an absorbent earth, a metal, or an oil, capable of serving as "a base" for the salt "by giving it a concrete or solid form." Most acids known in the 18th century were volatile liquids or "spirits" capable of distillation, whereas salts, by their very nature, were crystalline solids. Hence it was the substance that neutralized the acid which supposedly destroyed the volatility or spirit of the acid and which imparted the property of solidity (i.e., gave a concrete base) to the resulting salt.
78:
46:
3309:
2316:
catalyst. Scientists have developed two methods to measure the amount of basic sites: one, titration with benzoic acid using indicators and gaseous acid adsorption. A solid with enough basic strength will absorb an electrically neutral acidic indicator and cause the acidic indicator's color to change to the color of its conjugate base. When performing the gaseous acid adsorption method,
942:
2471:
3131:
2636:, Paracelsus had postulated that naturally occurring salts grew within the earth as a result of a universal acid or seminal principle having impregnated an earthy matrix or womb. ... Its modern meaning and general introduction into the chemical vocabulary, however, is usually attributed to the French chemist,
1559:
One advantage of this low solubility is that "many antacids were suspensions of metal hydroxides such as aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide"; compounds with low solubility and the ability to stop an increase in the concentration of the hydroxide ion, preventing the harm of the tissues in the
2315:
Depending on a solid surface's ability to successfully form a conjugate base by absorbing an electrically neutral acid, basic strength of the surface is determined. The "number of basic sites per unit surface area of the solid" is used to express how much basic strength is found on a solid base
1485:
A base is also defined as a molecule that has the ability to accept an electron pair bond by entering another atom's valence shell through its possession of one electron pair. There are a limited number of elements that have atoms with the ability to provide a molecule with basic properties.
2229:, when a neutral base forms a bond with a neutral acid, a condition of electric stress occurs. The acid and the base share the electron pair that formerly belonged to the base. As a result, a high dipole moment is created, which can only be decreased to zero by rearranging the molecules.
1567:." In this process, the water molecule combines with a strong base, due to the water's amphoteric ability; and, a hydroxide ion is released. Very strong bases can even deprotonate very weakly acidic C–H groups in the absence of water. Here is a list of several strong bases:
582:
donor which can share a pair of electrons with an electron acceptor which is described as a Lewis acid. The Lewis theory is more general than the Brønsted model because the Lewis acid is not necessarily a proton, but can be another molecule (or ion) with a vacant low-lying
3123:
1816:
tend to be even stronger bases due to the extreme weakness of their conjugate acids, which are stable hydrocarbons, amines, and dihydrogen. Usually, these bases are created by adding pure alkali metals such as sodium into the conjugate acid. They are called
524:. This does include aqueous hydroxides since OH does react with H to form water, so that Arrhenius bases are a subset of Brønsted bases. However, there are also other Brønsted bases which accept protons, such as aqueous solutions of
1763:
The cations of these strong bases appear in the first and second groups of the periodic table (alkali and earth alkali metals). Tetraalkylated ammonium hydroxides are also strong bases since they dissociate completely in water.
832:
933:(the conjugate base OH) compete for the proton. As a result, bases that react with water have relatively small equilibrium constant values. The base is weaker when it has a lower equilibrium constant value.
77:
1390:
1951:
2922:
1473:
1111:
1544:) a molecule of even a very weak acid (such as water) in an acid–base reaction. Common examples of strong bases include hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, like NaOH and
2534:
1226:
1021:
924:
653:
2418:(or sodium hydrogen carbonate) is used as baking soda in cooking food, for making baking powders, as an antacid to cure indigestion and in soda acid fire extinguisher.
3186:
1522:, which cannot exist in a water solution due to the acidity of water. Resonance stabilization, however, enables weaker bases such as carboxylates; for example,
1984:
1556:, respectively. Due to their low solubility, some bases, such as alkaline earth hydroxides, can be used when the solubility factor is not taken into account.
540:). These bases do not contain a hydroxide ion but nevertheless react with water, resulting in an increase in the concentration of hydroxide ion. Also, some
1560:
mouth, oesophagus, and stomach. As the reaction continues and the salts dissolve, the stomach acid reacts with the hydroxide produced by the suspensions.
2869:
3220:
1238:
Weak bases, such as baking soda or egg white, should be used to neutralize any acid spills. Neutralizing acid spills with strong bases, such as
650:
The following reaction represents the general reaction between a base (B) and water to produce a conjugate acid (BH) and a conjugate base (OH):
631:: bases turn red litmus paper blue, phenolphthalein pink, keep bromothymol blue in its natural colour of blue, and turn methyl orange-yellow.
489:
O) concentration in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. A reaction between aqueous solutions of an acid and a base is called
3101:
3049:
968:
Bases react with acids to neutralize each other at a fast rate both in water and in alcohol. When dissolved in water, the strong base
513:
360:
270:
211:
331:
1283:
1837:
3281:
3161:
2791:
1231:
If equal quantities of NaOH and HCl are dissolved, the base and the acid neutralize exactly, leaving only NaCl, effectively
1831:.) For example, the ethoxide ion (conjugate base of ethanol) undergoes this reaction quantitatively in presence of water.
1246:, can cause a violent exothermic reaction, and the base itself can cause just as much damage as the original acid spill.
420:
hydroxide solutions were also described by certain characteristic properties. They are slippery to the touch, can taste
2714:
2373:
1396:
1036:
3194:
3095:
3043:
3007:
2982:
2957:
599:
2462:
of the base. On the basis of acidity bases can be classified into three types: monoacidic, diacidic and triacidic.
2036:
1768:
is a special case of a species that is exceptionally stable when protonated, analogously to the reason that makes
1153:
2218:
and high oxidation state metal ions such as Ag, Fe and Mn. Adducts involving metal ions are usually described as
978:
2057:
2353:
2101:
2079:
1703:
1498:. Fluorine and sometimes rare gases possess this ability as well. This occurs typically in compounds such as
324:
2637:
2380:, and many others. Both CaO and BaO can be highly active catalysts if they are heated to high temperatures.
375:
2320:
is used. The basic sites are then determined by calculating the amount of carbon dioxide that is absorbed.
541:
2849:
2406:
Magnesium hydroxide is used as an 'antacid' to neutralize excess acid in the stomach and cure indigestion.
3336:
3251:
366:
844:
3331:
490:
2206:
of electrons which can be shared with a low-energy vacant orbital in an acceptor molecule to form an
102:
1974:
436:
317:
167:
152:
147:
17:
1823:, and it is impossible to keep them in aqueous solutions because they are stronger bases than the
172:
3268:
Whitten, Kenneth W.; Peck, Larry; Davis, Raymond E.; Lockwood, Lisa; Stanley, George G. (2009).
481:
Bases and acids are seen as chemical opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the
2659:
2123:
533:
402:
97:
3085:
2680:
2195:
1515:
575:
300:
275:
216:
182:
142:
132:
31:
3033:
3235:
2571:
2219:
2183:
2179:
2126:(LiO) was considered the strongest superbase before diethynylbenzene dianions were created.
563:
443:
439:
177:
8:
2597:
2547:
2499:
1663:
1623:
1593:
1243:
602:
of both bases and acids have been proposed in the past, but are not commonly used today.
61:
3239:
2444:
since they can accept one proton (H). Bases with more than one OH- per formula unit are
2567:
2559:
2507:
2421:
2415:
2364:
make good catalysts, many of which form basic substances. Basic catalysts are used for
1603:
957:
949:
566:
realized that water, ammonia, and other bases can form a bond with a proton due to the
517:
498:
398:
45:
2865:
3277:
3270:
3216:
3091:
3039:
3003:
2978:
2953:
2720:
2710:
2645:
2601:
2563:
2551:
2337:
1643:
1573:
1027:
961:
953:
621:
588:
410:
187:
2389:
Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap, paper, and the synthetic fiber
827:{\displaystyle {\ce {{B}_{(aq)}+ {H2O}_{(l)}<=> {BH+}_{(aq)}+ {OH- }_{(aq)}}}}
3243:
2861:
2845:
2543:
2537:
2503:
2495:
2474:
2409:
2377:
2361:
2226:
2142:
1683:
1613:
1583:
1255:
1239:
969:
494:
417:
406:
390:
382:
112:
57:
3153:
2783:
2341:
2182:
for this reaction at 25 °C is 1.8 x 10, such that the extent of reaction or
1828:
1769:
1564:
1538:
A strong base is a basic chemical compound that can remove a proton (H) from (or
162:
127:
87:
2625:
497:
in which the salt separates into its component ions. If the aqueous solution is
2675:
2624:
The term "base" appears to have been first used in 1717 by the French chemist,
2555:
2400:
2396:
Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is used in the manufacture of bleaching powder.
2030:
1960:
1787:
1523:
1499:
1274:
584:
471:
354:
2403:, which is caused by the exhaust, that is found in power plants and factories.
401:(H according to Arrhenius) from the dissociation of acids to form water in an
3325:
3187:"Introduction to Bases: Classification, Examples with Questions & Videos"
2724:
2669:
2365:
2345:
1813:
1773:
579:
475:
455:
107:
941:
2349:
2317:
2020:
1511:
628:
429:
425:
280:
231:
226:
221:
137:
3313:
2470:
1254:
Bases are generally compounds that can neutralize an amount of acid. Both
2533:
2369:
2292:
Charcoal that has been treated at 900 degrees
Celsius or activates with N
2146:
1809:
1540:
930:
549:
506:
459:
285:
236:
117:
3308:
421:
3247:
2629:
2583:
2519:
2481:
2329:
1232:
838:, for this reaction can be found using the following general equation:
615:
386:
251:
53:
2973:
Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002).
2685:
2605:
2587:
2523:
2485:
2455:
2452:
2437:
2434:
2203:
2136:
1824:
1819:
1805:
1799:
1765:
1733:
1527:
1519:
567:
545:
482:
463:
394:
345:
305:
295:
246:
241:
192:
1563:
Strong bases hydrolyze in water almost completely, resulting in the
450:
higher than 7.0 at standard conditions. A soluble base is called an
2948:
Whitten, Kenneth W.; Gailey, Kenneth D.; Davis, Raymond E. (1992).
2458:(OH) ions present in one formula unit of a base is also called the
2333:
1503:
1491:
571:
467:
370:. All definitions agree that bases are substances that react with
2633:
2617:
2357:
2150:
1507:
1259:
945:
638:
of a basic solution at standard conditions is greater than seven.
525:
502:
1482:, or acidity, can be calculated for aqueous solutions of bases.
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2811:
2809:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2207:
1495:
1487:
521:
451:
38:
2390:
1385:{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2CO3 + H2O -> 2Na+ + HCO3- + OH-}}}
618:
on organic matter and react violently with acidic substances.
587:
which can accept a pair of electrons. One notable example is
537:
3154:"Electrophile – Nucleophile – Basicity – Acidity – pH Scale"
2896:
2884:
2806:
2764:
2743:
2731:
2664:
1946:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2O- + H2O -> CH3CH2OH + OH-}}}
624:
or molten bases dissociate in ions and conduct electricity.
371:
201:
92:
49:
2952:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p. 358.
1786:
of more than about 13 are considered very weak, and their
1923:
1910:
1891:
1865:
1852:
1427:
1411:
1327:
1311:
1298:
1262:
are bases, although neither of these substances contains
1211:
1168:
1076:
1057:
820:
787:
717:
696:
678:
446:
is lower than it is in pure water, i.e., the water has a
348:, there are three definitions in common use of the word "
2053:
Strongest superbases are synthesised in only gas phase:
2707:
Investigating chemistry: a forensic science perspective
1479:
635:
447:
157:
3083:
2972:
2153:
transfers a proton to water according to the equation
741:
556:
is the basic ion species which accepts protons from NH
3087:
New Solid Acids and Bases: their catalytic properties
3084:
Tanabe, K.; Misono, M.; Ono, Y.; Hattori, H. (1990).
2975:
General
Chemistry. Principles and Modern Applications
2412:
is used as washing soda and for softening hard water.
2141:
A weak base is one which does not fully ionize in an
1840:
1399:
1286:
1156:
1039:
981:
847:
656:
645:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3269:
3215:
2947:
2428:
2279:on alumina; NaOH, KOH mounted on silica on alumina
2214:(Lewis acids) include neutral molecules such as BF
1945:
1468:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3 + H2O -> NH4+ + OH-}}}
1467:
1384:
1273:groups. Both compounds accept H when dissolved in
1220:
1106:{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl + H2O -> H3O+ + Cl-}}}
1105:
1015:
918:
826:
442:, bases yield solutions in which the hydrogen ion
3035:Solid Acids and Bases: their catalytic properties
3002:(2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 157–159.
2915:
929:In this equation, the base (B) and the extremely
749:
748:
731:
730:
405:. A base was therefore a metal hydroxide such as
3323:
3064:
2709:(2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Co.
1514:. Bases of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen without
1249:
3290:
3267:
2909:
2890:
2815:
2770:
2758:
2737:
516:(1923), a base is a substance that can accept
1221:{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+ + OH- -> 2H2O}}}
325:
2997:
2977:(8th ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 678.
2672:(used in ecology, referring to environments)
2632:term "matrix." In keeping with 16th-century
2488:ion, the base is said to be a monoacidic or
2424:is used to remove grease stains from clothes
2399:Calcium hydroxide is also used to clean the
2076:) (the strongest superbase ever synthesized)
1016:{\displaystyle {\ce {NaOH -> Na+ + OH-}}}
2998:Miessler, Gary L.; Tarr, Donald A. (1999).
2202:is a molecule with one or more high-energy
2590:ions, the base is said to be triacidic or
1518:stabilization are usually very strong, or
936:
385:proposed that a base is a substance which
332:
318:
3291:Zumdahl, Steven; DeCoste, Donald (2013).
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2526:ions, the base is said to be diacidic or
2480:When one molecule of a base via complete
2340:. Some examples are metal oxides such as
2225:According to the original formulation of
1339:
1200:
52:are weak bases formed by the reaction of
3181:
3179:
2616:The concept of base stems from an older
2611:
2532:
2492:base. Examples of monoacidic bases are:
2469:
972:ionizes into hydroxide and sodium ions:
940:
544:contain Brønsted bases which react with
44:
2704:
2582:When one molecule of base via complete
2518:When one molecule of base via complete
724:
14:
3324:
3209:
3031:
3016:
2821:
1147:ions combine to form water molecules:
1116:When the two solutions are mixed, the
560:, the acidic species in this solvent.
493:, producing a solution of water and a
3176:
2844:
2440:(OH) ion per formula unit are called
2323:
610:General properties of bases include:
2872:from the original on 2 November 2021
454:if it contains and releases OH ions
3134:from the original on 9 January 2022
3104:from the original on 8 October 2022
3052:from the original on 8 October 2022
2594:. Examples of triacidic bases are:
2465:
1956:Examples of common superbases are:
1030:forms hydronium and chloride ions:
397:ions OH. These ions can react with
24:
2794:from the original on 21 March 2018
2577:
2530:. Examples of diacidic bases are:
2374:Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction
919:{\displaystyle K_{b}={\frac {}{}}}
25:
3348:
3301:
3228:The Journal of Chemical Education
3193:. 2 February 2018. Archived from
3164:from the original on 30 June 2016
2854:Journal of the Franklin Institute
2513:
2237:Examples of solid bases include:
1026:and similarly, in water the acid
646:Reactions between bases and water
614:Concentrated or strong bases are
290:
3307:
2383:
2328:Basic substances can be used as
2037:Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
76:
3221:"The origin of the term 'base'"
3146:
3116:
2991:
2966:
2941:
2648:, The origin of the term "base"
2429:Monoprotic and polyprotic bases
2282:Inorganic chemicals: BaO, KNaCO
1533:
574:that the bases possess. In the
514:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
3124:"Polyprotic Acids & Bases"
2776:
2698:
2232:
2189:
2098:) (second strongest superbase)
2058:Ortho-diethynylbenzene dianion
1897:
1433:
1333:
1194:
1063:
986:
910:
904:
899:
883:
880:
864:
814:
808:
781:
775:
751:
726:
711:
705:
672:
666:
13:
1:
3312:The dictionary definition of
3038:. Academic Press. p. 2.
2866:10.1016/S0016-0032(38)91691-6
2691:
2628:, as a synonym for the older
2354:potassium fluoride on alumina
2210:. In addition to H, possible
2130:
2120:) (third strongest superbase)
2102:Para-diethynylbenzene dianion
2080:Meta-diethynylbenzene dianion
1793:
1704:Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
1490:can act as a base as well as
952:(in test tube) reacting with
605:
2910:Zumdahl & DeCoste (2013)
2891:Zumdahl & DeCoste (2013)
2816:Zumdahl & DeCoste (2013)
2759:Zumdahl & DeCoste (2013)
2705:Johlubl, Matthew E. (2009).
2149:is incomplete. For example,
1250:Alkalinity of non-hydroxides
374:, as originally proposed by
7:
3295:(7th ed.). Mary Finch.
2653:
834:The equilibrium constant, K
505:, any additional such salt
10:
3353:
2638:Guillaume-François Rouelle
2134:
1797:
435:In water, by altering the
36:
29:
27:Type of chemical substance
2929:. LibreText. 16 July 2015
548:protons. For example, in
378:in the mid-18th century.
3090:. Elsevier. p. 14.
2620:notion of "the matrix":
1975:Lithium diisopropylamide
424:and change the color of
168:Self-ionization of water
153:Hammett acidity function
2923:"10.4.1. Alkoxide Ions"
2788:www.merriam-webster.com
2212:electron-pair acceptors
937:Neutralization of acids
520:(H)—otherwise known as
2651:
2540:
2477:
2220:coordination complexes
2124:Lithium monoxide anion
1947:
1469:
1386:
1222:
1107:
1017:
965:
920:
828:
65:
3032:Tanabe, Kozo (1970).
2771:Whitten et al. (2009)
2738:Whitten et al. (2009)
2681:Lewis acids and bases
2622:
2612:Etymology of the term
2536:
2473:
2289:Anion exchange resins
1948:
1470:
1387:
1223:
1108:
1018:
944:
921:
829:
509:out of the solution.
183:Frustrated Lewis pair
143:Equilibrium chemistry
133:Dissociation constant
103:Acid–base homeostasis
48:
32:Base (disambiguation)
3128:Chemistry LibreTexts
2927:Chemistry Libretexts
2784:"Definition of BASE"
2572:copper(II) hydroxide
2433:Bases with only one
2286:, BeO, MgO, CaO, KCN
2184:degree of ionization
2180:equilibrium constant
1985:Lithium diethylamide
1838:
1397:
1284:
1154:
1037:
979:
845:
654:
542:non-aqueous solvents
512:In the more general
178:Lewis acid catalysis
30:For other uses, see
3293:Chemical Principles
3240:2006JChEd..83.1130J
3000:Inorganic Chemistry
2660:Acid–base reactions
2598:Aluminium hydroxide
2548:magnesium hydroxide
2500:potassium hydroxide
2368:, the migration of
2263:Mounted bases: LiCO
2241:Oxide mixtures: SiO
2200:electron-pair donor
1925:
1912:
1893:
1867:
1854:
1776:very strong acids.
1664:Strontium hydroxide
1624:Magnesium hydroxide
1594:Potassium hydroxide
1450:
1429:
1413:
1367:
1329:
1313:
1300:
1244:potassium hydroxide
1213:
1170:
1078:
1059:
948:fumes from aqueous
822:
789:
737:
719:
698:
680:
62:potassium hydroxide
3337:Chemical compounds
3248:10.1021/ed083p1130
3217:Jensen, William B.
2848:(September 1938).
2568:lead(II) hydroxide
2560:iron(II) hydroxide
2541:
2508:ammonium hydroxide
2478:
2422:Ammonium hydroxide
2416:Sodium bicarbonate
2338:chemical reactions
2324:Bases as catalysts
1943:
1913:
1900:
1881:
1855:
1842:
1790:are strong bases.
1604:Rubidium hydroxide
1465:
1436:
1417:
1401:
1382:
1353:
1317:
1301:
1288:
1218:
1201:
1158:
1103:
1066:
1047:
1013:
966:
950:ammonium hydroxide
916:
824:
793:
760:
756:
686:
684:
658:
501:with a given salt
403:acid–base reaction
98:Acid–base reaction
66:
3332:Bases (chemistry)
3283:978-0-495-39163-0
2950:General Chemistry
2850:"Acids and Bases"
2846:Lewis, Gilbert N.
2646:William B. Jensen
2606:Gold Trihydroxide
2602:ferrous hydroxide
2564:tin(II) hydroxide
2552:calcium hydroxide
2362:transition metals
1935:
1928:
1916:
1903:
1896:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1845:
1804:Group 1 salts of
1761:
1760:
1644:Calcium hydroxide
1574:Lithium hydroxide
1457:
1439:
1432:
1420:
1404:
1374:
1356:
1343:
1332:
1320:
1304:
1291:
1216:
1204:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1062:
1050:
1043:
1028:hydrogen chloride
1005:
992:
985:
962:ammonium chloride
954:hydrochloric acid
914:
813:
798:
780:
765:
758:
710:
701:
689:
671:
662:
641:Bases are bitter.
622:Aqueous solutions
600:other definitions
589:boron trifluoride
532:) or its organic
466:, and especially
393:solution to form
342:
341:
188:Chiral Lewis acid
16:(Redirected from
3344:
3311:
3296:
3287:
3276:(9th ed.).
3275:
3259:
3258:
3257:on 4 March 2016.
3256:
3250:. Archived from
3225:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3130:. 13 July 2016.
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3081:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3029:
3014:
3013:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2842:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2702:
2649:
2544:Barium hydroxide
2538:Barium hydroxide
2504:silver hydroxide
2496:Sodium hydroxide
2475:Sodium hydroxide
2466:Monoacidic bases
2410:Sodium carbonate
2378:Michael reaction
2186:is quite small.
2173:
2172:
2143:aqueous solution
2049:
2047:
2046:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1684:Barium hydroxide
1678:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1614:Cesium hydroxide
1584:Sodium hydroxide
1570:
1569:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1256:sodium carbonate
1240:sodium hydroxide
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:
998:
997:
990:
983:
970:sodium hydroxide
925:
923:
922:
917:
915:
913:
902:
898:
897:
879:
878:
862:
857:
856:
833:
831:
830:
825:
823:
821:
818:
817:
811:
805:
804:
803:
796:
788:
785:
784:
778:
772:
771:
770:
763:
759:
757:
755:
754:
747:
739:
738:
736:
729:
721:
718:
715:
714:
708:
702:
699:
697:
694:
687:
679:
676:
675:
669:
663:
660:
518:hydrogen cations
478:are weak bases.
428:(e.g., turn red
383:Svante Arrhenius
334:
327:
320:
301:Non-nucleophilic
128:Buffer solutions
113:Acidity function
80:
68:
67:
58:sodium hydroxide
21:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3322:
3321:
3304:
3299:
3284:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3197:on 26 July 2020
3185:
3184:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3158:City Collegiate
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3082:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3017:
3010:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2843:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2717:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2614:
2586:produces three
2580:
2578:Triacidic bases
2516:
2468:
2431:
2386:
2342:magnesium oxide
2326:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2217:
2192:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:O(l) → NH
2164:
2160:
2139:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1890:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1829:leveling effect
1802:
1796:
1788:conjugate bases
1784:
1770:perchloric acid
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1565:leveling effect
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1440:
1426:
1421:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1321:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:such as water:
1275:protic solvents
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1235:, in solution.
1210:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1056:
1051:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
982:
980:
977:
976:
939:
903:
893:
889:
874:
870:
863:
861:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
837:
819:
807:
806:
799:
795:
794:
786:
774:
773:
766:
762:
761:
750:
743:
742:
740:
732:
725:
723:
722:
720:
716:
704:
703:
695:
690:
685:
677:
665:
664:
659:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
627:Reactions with
608:
594:
578:, a base is an
559:
555:
531:
488:
472:conjugate bases
470:are basic, and
414:
355:Arrhenius bases
338:
163:Proton affinity
88:Acceptor number
71:Acids and bases
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3320:
3319:
3303:
3302:External links
3300:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3282:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3208:
3175:
3145:
3115:
3096:
3063:
3044:
3015:
3008:
2990:
2983:
2965:
2958:
2940:
2914:
2912:, p. 256.
2895:
2893:, p. 255.
2883:
2860:(3): 293–313.
2820:
2818:, p. 258.
2805:
2775:
2773:, p. 349.
2763:
2761:, p. 257.
2742:
2740:, p. 363.
2730:
2716:978-1429209892
2715:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Conjugate base
2673:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2642:
2613:
2610:
2579:
2576:
2556:zinc hydroxide
2515:
2514:Diacidic bases
2512:
2467:
2464:
2451:The number of
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2401:sulfur dioxide
2397:
2394:
2385:
2382:
2332:heterogeneous
2325:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2215:
2191:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2145:, or in which
2135:Main article:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2031:Sodium hydride
2028:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1939:
1931:
1920:
1907:
1899:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1798:Main article:
1795:
1792:
1782:
1779:Acids with a p
1759:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1550:
1535:
1532:
1524:sodium acetate
1476:
1475:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1392:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1295:
1268:
1251:
1248:
1229:
1228:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1165:
1142:
1131:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1073:
1065:
1054:
1046:
1024:
1023:
1009:
1001:
996:
988:
964:(white smoke).
938:
935:
927:
926:
912:
909:
906:
901:
896:
892:
888:
885:
882:
877:
873:
869:
866:
860:
855:
851:
835:
816:
810:
802:
792:
783:
777:
769:
753:
746:
735:
728:
713:
707:
693:
683:
674:
668:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
632:
625:
619:
607:
604:
592:
557:
553:
550:liquid ammonia
529:
491:neutralization
486:
456:quantitatively
437:autoionization
412:
361:Brønsted bases
340:
339:
337:
336:
329:
322:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Brønsted–Lowry
265:
264:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
212:Brønsted–Lowry
206:
205:
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
82:
81:
73:
72:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3349:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3318:at Wiktionary
3317:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3103:
3099:
3097:9780080887555
3093:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3051:
3047:
3045:9780323160582
3041:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3009:0-13-841891-8
3005:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2984:0-13-014329-4
2980:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2959:0-03-072373-6
2955:
2951:
2944:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:Base-richness
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:produces two
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:produces one
2483:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:Uses of bases
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:hydrogenation
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:calcium oxide
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2291:
2288:
2281:
2267:on silica; NR
2262:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2174:(aq) + OH(aq)
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2125:
2122:
2103:
2100:
2081:
2078:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2019:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1962:
1961:Butyl lithium
1959:
1958:
1957:
1937:
1929:
1918:
1905:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1827:ion (See the
1826:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1774:sulfuric acid
1771:
1767:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:butyl lithium
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1478:From this, a
1459:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1393:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1206:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1071:
1052:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1007:
999:
994:
975:
974:
973:
971:
963:
960:) to produce
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
934:
932:
907:
894:
890:
886:
875:
871:
867:
858:
853:
849:
841:
840:
839:
800:
790:
767:
744:
733:
691:
681:
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
612:
611:
603:
601:
596:
590:
586:
581:
580:electron pair
577:
573:
569:
568:unshared pair
565:
561:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
433:
431:
427:
426:pH indicators
423:
419:
415:
408:
404:
400:
399:hydrogen ions
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
376:G.-F. Rouelle
373:
369:
368:
363:
362:
357:
356:
351:
347:
335:
330:
328:
323:
321:
316:
315:
313:
312:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
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289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
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258:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
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230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
203:
200:
199:
194:
191:
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186:
184:
181:
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176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
108:Acid strength
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
84:
83:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
33:
19:
3314:
3292:
3271:
3252:the original
3231:
3227:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3195:the original
3191:Toppr-guides
3190:
3166:. Retrieved
3157:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3127:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3086:
3054:. Retrieved
3034:
2999:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2949:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2857:
2853:
2796:. Retrieved
2787:
2778:
2766:
2733:
2706:
2700:
2626:Louis LĂ©mery
2623:
2615:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2542:
2527:
2517:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2459:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2370:double bonds
2350:barium oxide
2327:
2318:nitric oxide
2314:
2236:
2224:
2211:
2199:
2193:
2177:
2140:
2052:
2021:Sodium amide
1955:
1818:
1803:
1780:
1778:
1762:
1562:
1558:
1539:
1537:
1534:Strong bases
1512:sodium amide
1508:metal amides
1484:
1477:
1253:
1237:
1230:
1115:
1025:
967:
928:
649:
609:
597:
576:Lewis theory
562:
511:
507:precipitates
480:
460:Metal oxides
434:
430:litmus paper
380:
365:
359:
353:
349:
343:
260:
138:Donor number
122:
42:
3234:(8): 1130.
3108:19 February
3056:19 February
2876:3 September
2630:Paracelsian
2352:as well as
2233:Solid bases
2190:Lewis bases
2147:protonation
1541:deprotonate
931:strong base
564:G. N. Lewis
534:derivatives
440:equilibrium
387:dissociates
367:Lewis bases
118:Amphoterism
54:fatty acids
3326:Categories
2933:28 October
2692:References
2618:alchemical
2584:ionization
2520:ionization
2490:monoprotic
2482:ionization
2446:polyprotic
2442:monoprotic
2257:; CaO, SiO
2253:; MgO, SiO
2204:lone pairs
2196:Lewis base
2131:Weak bases
1820:superbases
1810:amide ions
1806:carbanions
1794:Superbases
1520:superbases
1233:table salt
629:indicators
606:Properties
476:weak acids
464:hydroxides
296:Superbases
242:Superacids
148:Extraction
37:See also:
3272:Chemistry
3138:9 January
2725:392223218
2686:Titration
2592:triprotic
2588:hydroxide
2524:hydroxide
2486:hydroxide
2456:hydroxide
2453:ionizable
2438:hydroxide
2435:ionizable
2372:, in the
2356:and some
2334:catalysts
2330:insoluble
2137:weak base
1938:−
1898:⟶
1874:−
1825:hydroxide
1800:Superbase
1766:Guanidine
1734:Guanidine
1528:weak base
1516:resonance
1504:alkoxides
1460:−
1434:⟶
1377:−
1364:−
1334:⟶
1195:⟶
1190:−
1098:−
1064:⟶
1008:−
987:⟶
895:−
801:−
752:⇀
745:−
734:−
727:↽
572:electrons
499:saturated
483:hydronium
468:alkoxides
395:hydroxide
381:In 1884,
346:chemistry
193:ECW model
173:Titration
3219:(2006).
3201:14 March
3162:Archived
3132:Archived
3102:Archived
3050:Archived
2870:Archived
2792:Archived
2654:See also
2643:—
2528:diprotic
2358:zeolites
2161:(aq) + H
1814:hydrides
1510:such as
1492:nitrogen
546:solvated
444:activity
18:Basicity
3236:Bibcode
3168:20 June
2634:animism
2574:, etc.
2510:, etc.
2460:acidity
2360:. Many
2151:ammonia
1987:(LDEA)
1260:ammonia
946:Ammonia
616:caustic
585:orbital
526:ammonia
522:protons
432:blue).
418:aqueous
416:. Such
391:aqueous
281:Organic
227:Organic
222:Mineral
3280:
3094:
3042:
3006:
2981:
2956:
2723:
2713:
2376:, the
2348:, and
2300:, ZnCl
2208:adduct
1977:(LDA)
1812:, and
1739:HNC(NH
1689:Ba(OH)
1669:Sr(OH)
1649:Ca(OH)
1629:Mg(OH)
1546:Ca(OH)
1506:, and
1496:oxygen
1488:Carbon
958:beaker
538:amines
503:solute
452:alkali
422:bitter
411:Ca(OH)
364:, and
291:Strong
237:Strong
39:Alkali
3255:(PDF)
3224:(PDF)
2798:3 May
2665:Acids
2391:rayon
2308:Cl-CO
2296:O, NH
2275:, KNH
2227:Lewis
2033:(NaH)
2023:(NaNH
1618:CsOH
1608:RbOH
1588:NaOH
1578:LiOH
1526:is a
598:Some
372:acids
286:Oxide
276:Lewis
263:types
252:Solid
232:Oxide
217:Lewis
204:types
56:with
50:Soaps
3315:base
3278:ISBN
3203:2019
3170:2016
3140:2022
3110:2015
3092:ISBN
3058:2015
3040:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2935:2022
2878:2020
2800:2018
2721:OCLC
2711:ISBN
2336:for
2271:, NH
2245:, Al
2178:The
1963:(n-C
1772:and
1709:N(CH
1598:KOH
1494:and
1258:and
1136:and
984:NaOH
956:(in
634:The
552:, NH
495:salt
407:NaOH
350:base
306:Weak
261:Base
247:Weak
202:Acid
123:Base
93:Acid
3244:doi
2862:doi
2858:226
2304:-NH
2198:or
2048:NLi
2016:NLi
1981:NLi
1971:Li)
1355:HCO
1242:or
1042:HCl
595:).
591:(BF
570:of
528:(NH
474:of
409:or
389:in
352:":
344:In
60:or
3328::
3242:.
3232:83
3230:.
3226:.
3189:.
3178:^
3160:.
3156:.
3126:.
3100:.
3066:^
3048:.
3018:^
2925:.
2898:^
2868:.
2856:.
2852:.
2823:^
2808:^
2790:.
2786:.
2745:^
2719:.
2608:,
2604:,
2600:,
2570:,
2566:,
2562:,
2558:,
2554:,
2550:,
2546:,
2506:,
2502:,
2498:,
2448:.
2344:,
2222:.
2194:A
2157:NH
2112:(C
2104:(C
2090:(C
2082:(C
2068:(C
2060:(C
1989:(C
1934:OH
1927:OH
1915:CH
1902:CH
1857:CH
1844:CH
1808:,
1727:OH
1530:.
1502:,
1480:pH
1456:OH
1438:NH
1403:NH
1373:OH
1342:Na
1303:CO
1290:Na
1264:OH
1186:OH
1138:OH
1094:Cl
1004:OH
991:Na
812:aq
797:OH
779:aq
764:BH
670:aq
636:pH
485:(H
462:,
458:.
448:pH
358:,
158:pH
3286:.
3246::
3238::
3205:.
3172:.
3142:.
3112:.
3060:.
3012:.
2987:.
2962:.
2937:.
2880:.
2864::
2802:.
2727:.
2393:.
2310:2
2306:4
2302:2
2298:3
2294:2
2284:3
2277:2
2273:3
2269:3
2265:3
2259:2
2255:2
2251:3
2249:O
2247:2
2243:2
2216:3
2170:4
2163:2
2159:3
2118:2
2116:)
2114:2
2110:4
2108:H
2106:6
2096:2
2094:)
2092:2
2088:4
2086:H
2084:6
2074:2
2072:)
2070:2
2066:4
2064:H
2062:6
2044:2
2027:)
2025:2
2012:2
2007:)
2003:5
1998:H
1994:2
1979:2
1969:9
1967:H
1965:4
1930:+
1919:2
1906:3
1895:O
1887:2
1883:H
1879:+
1870:O
1861:2
1848:3
1783:a
1781:K
1753:2
1748:)
1744:2
1723:4
1718:)
1714:3
1694:2
1674:2
1654:2
1634:2
1551:2
1452:+
1447:+
1442:4
1431:O
1423:2
1419:H
1415:+
1407:3
1369:+
1359:3
1351:+
1346:+
1337:2
1331:O
1323:2
1319:H
1315:+
1307:3
1294:2
1215:O
1207:2
1203:H
1198:2
1182:+
1177:+
1173:O
1164:3
1160:H
1127:O
1123:3
1118:H
1090:+
1085:+
1081:O
1072:3
1068:H
1061:O
1053:2
1049:H
1045:+
1000:+
995:+
911:]
908:B
905:[
900:]
891:H
887:O
884:[
881:]
876:+
872:H
868:B
865:[
859:=
854:b
850:K
836:b
815:)
809:(
791:+
782:)
776:(
768:+
712:)
709:l
706:(
700:O
692:2
688:H
682:+
673:)
667:(
661:B
593:3
558:4
554:2
536:(
530:3
487:3
413:2
333:e
326:t
319:v
64:.
34:.
20:)
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