Bengal famine of 1943

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world, yet Churchill's animosity and perhaps racism toward Indians decided the exact location where famine would fall. Similarly, Madhusree Mukerjee makes a stark accusation: "The War Cabinet's shipping assignments made in August 1943, shortly after Amery had pleaded for famine relief, show Australian wheat flour travelling to Ceylon, the Middle East, and Southern Africa – everywhere in the Indian Ocean but to India. Those assignments show a will to punish." In contrast, Mark Tauger strikes a more supportive stance: "In the Indian Ocean alone from January 1942 to May 1943, the Axis powers sank 230 British and Allied merchant ships totalling 873,000 tons, in other words, a substantial boat every other day. British hesitation to allocate shipping concerned not only potential diversion of shipping from other war-related needs but also the prospect of losing the shipping to attacks without actually India at all." Peter Bowbrick elaborates further on the British government's delay in shipping food, stating that Linlithgow's request for food shipments in December 1942 was half-hearted and that it was made on the assumption that Bengal already had a food surplus but that it was being hoarded, which is why it was ignored by the British metropolitan government. Further delays after April 1943 stemmed from the refusal to divert ships away from the preparations for

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the Army to confiscate, relocate or destroy any boats large enough to carry more than ten people, and allowed them to requisition other means of transport such as bicycles, bullock carts, and elephants. Under this policy, the Army confiscated approximately 45,000 rural boats, severely disrupting river-borne movement of labour, supplies and food, and compromising the livelihoods of boatmen and fishermen. Leonard G. Pinnell, a British civil servant who headed the Bengal government's Department of Civil Supplies, told the Famine Commission that the policy "completely broke the economy of the fishing class". Transport was generally unavailable to carry seed and equipment to distant fields or rice to the market hubs. Artisans and other groups who relied on boat transport to carry goods to market were offered no recompense; neither were rice growers nor the network of migratory labourers. The large-scale removal or destruction of rural boats caused a near-complete breakdown of the existing transport and administration infrastructure and market system for movement of rice paddy. No steps were taken to provide for the maintenance or repair of the confiscated boats, and many fishermen were unable to return to their trade. The Army took no steps to distribute food rations to make up for the interruption of supplies.

1755:, severely disrupted important elements of Bengal's economy and social fabric, and ruined millions of families. The crisis overwhelmed and impoverished large segments of the economy. A key source of impoverishment was the widespread coping strategy of selling assets, including land. In 1943 alone in one village in east Bengal, for example, 54 out of a total of 168 families sold all or part of their landholdings; among these, 39 (or very nearly 3 out of 4) did so as a coping strategy in reaction to the scarcity of food. As the famine wore on across Bengal, nearly 1.6 million families – roughly one-quarter of all landholders – sold or mortgaged their paddy lands in whole or in part. Some did so to profit from skyrocketing prices, but many others were trying to save themselves from crisis-driven distress. A total of 260,000 families sold all their landholdings outright, thus falling from the status of landholders to that of labourers. The table below illustrates that land transfers increased significantly in each of four successive years. When compared to the base period of 1940–41, the 1941–42 increase was 504%, 1942–43 was 665%, 1943–44 was 1,057% and the increase of 1944–45 compared to 1940–41 was 872%: 1150:, Supreme Commander of South-East Asia) began requesting food imports for India through government and military channels, but for months these requests were either rejected or reduced to a fraction of the original amount by Churchill's War Cabinet. The colony was also not permitted to spend its own sterling reserves, or even use its own ships, to import food. Although Viceroy Linlithgow appealed for imports from mid-December 1942, he did so on the understanding that the military would be given preference over civilians. The Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery, was on one side of a cycle of requests for food aid and subsequent refusals from the British War Cabinet that continued through 1943 and into 1944. Amery did not mention worsening conditions in the countryside, stressing that Calcutta's industries must be fed or its workers would return to the countryside. Rather than meeting this request, the UK promised a relatively small amount of wheat that was specifically intended for western India (that is, not for Bengal) in exchange for an increase in rice exports from Bengal to Ceylon. 1739:, and medical resources were made far more available. Rank-and-file soldiers, who had sometimes fed the destitute from their rations (defying orders not to do so), were held in esteem by Bengalis for the efficiency of their work in distributing relief. That December, the "largest paddy crop ever seen" in Bengal was harvested. According to Greenough, large amounts of land previously used for other crops had been switched to rice production. The price of rice began to fall. Survivors of the famine and epidemics gathered the harvest themselves, though in some villages there were no survivors capable of doing the work. Wavell went on to make several other key policy steps, including promising that aid from other provinces would continue to feed the Bengal countryside, setting up a minimum rations scheme, and (after considerable effort) prevailing upon Great Britain to increase international imports. He has been widely praised for his decisive and effective response to the crisis. All official food relief work ended in December 1943 and January 1944. 1675:. This initial period of relief included three forms of aid: agricultural loans (cash for the purchase of paddy seed, plough cattle, and maintenance expenses), grain given as gratuitous relief, and "test works" that offered food and perhaps a small amount of money in exchange for strenuous work. The "test" aspect arose because there was an assumption that if relatively large numbers of people took the offer, that indicated that famine conditions were prevalent. Agricultural loans offered no assistance to the large numbers of rural poor who had little or no land. Grain relief was divided between cheap grain shops and the open market, with far more going to the markets. Supplying grain to the markets was intended to lower grain prices, but in practice gave little help to the rural poor, instead placing them into direct purchasing competition with wealthier Bengalis at greatly inflated prices. Thus from the beginning of the crisis until around August 1943, private charity was the principal form of relief available to the very poor. 887:, coal mining, and government workers of various levels – were given significant advantages and benefits. Essential workers received subsidised food, and were frequently paid in part in weekly allotments of rice sufficient to feed their immediate families, further protecting them from inflation. Essential workers also benefited from ration cards, a network of "cheap shops" which provided essential supplies at discounted rates, and direct, preferential allocation of supplies such as water, medical care, and antimalarial supplies. They also received subsidised food, free transportation, access to superior housing, regular wages and even "mobile cinema units catering to recreational needs". By December of that year, the total number of individuals covered (workers and their families) was approximately a million. Medical care was directed to the priority groups – particularly the military. Public and private medical staff at all levels were transferred to military duty, while medical supplies were monopolised. 76: 2111:: As it stated, "after considering all the circumstances, we cannot avoid the conclusion that it lay in the power of the Government of Bengal, by bold, resolute and well-conceived measures at the right time to have largely prevented the tragedy of the famine as it actually took place". For example, the position of the Famine Inquiry Commission with respect to charges that prioritised distribution aggravated the famine is that the Government of Bengal's lack of control over supplies was the more serious matter. Some sources allege that the Famine Commission deliberately declined to blame the UK or was even designed to do so; however, Bowbrick defends the report's overall accuracy, stating it was undertaken without any preconceptions and twice describing it as excellent. Meanwhile, he repeatedly and rather forcefully favors its analyses over Sen's. British accusations that Indian officials were responsible began as early as 1943, as an editorial in 590: 649: 1629:

survival; often regular meals were the only payment. Tarakchandra Das suggests that a large proportion of the girls aged 15 and younger who migrated to Calcutta during the famine disappeared into brothels; in late 1943, entire boatloads of girls for sale were reported in ports of East Bengal. Girls were also prostituted to soldiers, with boys acting as pimps. Families sent their young girls to wealthy landowners overnight in exchange for very small amounts of money or rice, or sold them outright into prostitution; girls were sometimes enticed with sweet treats and kidnapped by pimps. Very often, these girls lived in constant fear of injury or death, but the brothels were their sole means of survival, or they were unable to escape. Women who had been sexually exploited could not later expect any social acceptance or a return to their home or family.

1582: 323: 1119:: "The ... supply for 1943 was only about 5% lower than the average of the preceding five years. It was, in fact, 13% higher than in 1941, and there was, of course, no famine in 1941." The Famine Inquiry Commission report concluded that the overall deficit in rice in Bengal in 1943, taking into account an estimate of the amount of carryover of rice from the previous harvest, was about three weeks' supply. In any circumstances, this was a significant shortfall requiring a considerable amount of food relief, but not a deficit large enough to create widespread deaths by starvation. According to this view, the famine "was not a crisis of food availability, but of the distribution of food and income". There has been very considerable debate about the amount of carryover available for use at the onset of the famine. 2067:

accidental, these dislocations were fully recognised beforehand as fatal for identifiable Indian groups whose economic activities did not directly, actively, or adequately advance British military goals. The policies may have met their intended wartime goals, but only at the cost of large-scale dislocations in the domestic economy. The British government, this argument maintains, thus bears moral responsibility for the rural deaths. Auriol Law-Smith's discussion of contributing causes of the famine also lays blame on the British government of India, primarily emphasising Viceroy Linlithgow's lack of political will to "infringe provincial autonomy" by using his authority to remove interprovincial barriers, which would have ensured the free movement of life-saving grain. According to 2018 research by Indian economist

236:" response to the occupation). The British also implemented inflation policies during the war aimed at making more resources available for Allied troops. These policies, along with other economic measures, created the "forced transferences of purchasing power" to the military from ordinary people, reducing their food consumption. The Bengal Chamber of Commerce (composed mainly of British-owned firms), with the approval of the Government of Bengal, devised a Foodstuffs Scheme to provide preferential distribution of goods and services to workers in high-priority roles such as armed forces, war industries, civil servants and other "priority classes", to prevent them from leaving their positions. These factors were compounded by restricted access to grain: domestic sources were constrained by emergency inter-provincial 1467: 772:(unmilled rice) deemed surplus, and other food items, to be removed or destroyed in these districts. Official figures for the amounts impounded were relatively small and would have contributed only modestly to local scarcities. However, evidence that fraudulent, corrupt and coercive practices by the purchasing agents removed far more rice than officially recorded, not only from designated districts, but also in unauthorised areas, suggests a greater impact. Far more damaging were the policy's disturbing impact on regional market relationships and contribution to a sense of public alarm. Disruption of deeply intertwined relationships of trust and trade credit created an immediate freeze in informal lending. This credit freeze greatly restricted the flow of rice into trade. 701:

productive capacity. Firms were required to sell goods to the military on credit and at fixed, low prices. However, firms were left free to charge any price they desired in their domestic market for whatever they had left over. In the case of the textiles industries that supplied cloth for the uniforms of the British military, for example, they charged a very high price in domestic markets. By the end of 1942, cloth prices had more than tripled from their pre-war levels; they had more than quadrupled by mid-1943. Much of the goods left over for civilian use were purchased by speculators. As a result, "civilian consumption of cotton goods fell by more than 23% from the peace time level by 1943/44". The hardships that were felt by the rural population through a severe "

923: 319:, social and economic forces exerted a harmful impact on the structure of Bengal's income distribution and the ability of its agricultural sector to sustain the populace. These processes included increasing household debt, a rapidly growing population, stagnant agricultural productivity, increased social stratification, and alienation of the peasant class from their landholdings. The interaction of these left clearly defined social and economic groups mired in poverty and indebtedness, unable to cope with economic shocks or maintain their access to food beyond the near term. In 1942 and 1943, in the immediate and central context of the Second World War, the shocks Bengalis faced were numerous, complex and sometimes sudden. Millions were vulnerable to starvation. 2261:, p. 5): "The total extent of the cultivated land in Bengal is nearly 29 million acres. Some of this is cropped more than once, and the total area sown under various crops is normally 35 million acres. The principal crop is rice which accounts for a little less than 26 million acres. In fact, Bengal may be described as a land of rice growers and rice eaters. The area under other staple foodgrains is small; that under wheat, for instance, is less than 200,000 acres, and the total area under food crops of all kinds other than rice is somewhat over 4 million acres. This includes land devoted to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. The most important non-food crop is jute, which accounts normally for between 2 million and 2.5 million acres." 1199:(or Sundarbans Delta) area, were the hardest hit. In this first wave – from May to October 1943 – starvation was the principal cause of excess mortality (that is, those attributable to the famine, over and above the normal death rates), filling the emergency hospitals in Calcutta and accounting for the majority of deaths in some districts. According to the Famine Inquiry Commission report, many victims on the streets and in the hospitals were so emaciated that they resembled "living skeletons". While some districts of Bengal were relatively less affected throughout the crisis, no demographic or geographic group was completely immune to increased mortality rates caused by disease – but deaths from starvation were confined to the rural poor. 1556:

were removed from public thoroughfares. In the countryside bodies were often disposed of in rivers and water supplies. As one survivor explained, "We couldn't bury them or anything. No one had the strength to perform rites. People would tie a rope around the necks and drag them over to a ditch." Corpses were also left to rot and putrefy in open spaces. The bodies were picked over by vultures and dragged away by jackals. Sometimes this happened while the victim was still living. The sight of corpses beside canals, ravaged by dogs and jackals, was common; during a seven-mile boat ride in Midnapore in November 1943, a journalist counted at least five hundred such sets of skeletal remains. The weekly newspaper

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biggest killer. From July 1943 to June 1944, the monthly death toll from malaria averaged 125% above rates from the previous five years, reaching 203% above average in December 1943. Malaria parasites were found in nearly 52% of blood samples examined at Calcutta hospitals during the peak period, November–December 1944. Statistics for malaria deaths are almost certainly inaccurate, since the symptoms often resemble those of other fatal fevers, but there is little doubt that it was the main killer. Other famine-related deaths resulted from dysentery and diarrhoea, typically through consumption of poor-quality food or deterioration of the digestive system caused by malnutrition. Cholera is a

1812:. The denial of boats alarmed the public; the resulting dispute was one point that helped to shape the "Quit India" movement of 1942 and harden the War Cabinet's response. An Indian National Congress (INC) resolution sharply decrying the destruction of boats and seizure of homes was considered treasonous by Churchill's War Cabinet, and was instrumental in the later arrest of the INC's top leadership. Public thought in India, shaped by impulses such as media coverage and charity efforts, converged into a set of closely related conclusions: the famine had been a national injustice, preventing any recurrence was a national imperative, and the human tragedy left in its wake was as 1162:. The Cabinet also refused offers of food shipments from several different nations. When such shipments did begin to increase modestly in late 1943, the transport and storage facilities were understaffed and inadequate. When Viscount Archibald Wavell replaced Linlithgow as Viceroy in the latter half of 1943, he too began a series of exasperated demands to the War Cabinet for very large quantities of grain. His requests were again repeatedly denied, causing him to decry the current crisis as "one of the greatest disasters that has befallen any people under British rule, and damage to our reputation both among Indians and foreigners in India is incalculable". Churchill wrote to 2127:

Bengal famine and the famine was "unique" as it did not primarily result from serious drought unlike previous famines in India. Data had showed rain levels in late 1943 had been "above average". Instead they concluded that factors such as wartime inflation, speculative buying, and panic hoarding had severely exacerbated food shortages while Churchill's government had continued exporting rice from India despite warnings of impending famine and denied emergency wheat supplies. In contrast, previous local government responses to famines, such as the 1873–74 Bihar famine, were more effective, highlighting the detrimental impact of colonial British policies to the Bengal famine.

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decontrol. However, in some districts the food crisis had begun as early as mid-1942. The earliest indications were somewhat obscured, since rural poor were able to draw upon various survival strategies for a few months. After December 1942 reports from various commissioners and district officers began to cite a "sudden and alarming" inflation, nearly doubling the price of rice; this was followed in January by reports of distress caused by serious food supply problems. In May 1943, six districts – Rangpur, Mymensingh, Bakarganj, Chittagong, Noakhali and Tipperah – were the first to report deaths by starvation. Chittagong and Noakhali, both "boat denial" districts in the

2045: 1836: 1018: 711: 2119:

natural causes. Above all else, direct blame should be laid on a series of government interventions that disrupted the wholesale rice market. Once the crisis began, morbidity rates were driven by a series of cultural decisions, as dependents were abandoned by their providers at every level of society: male heads of peasant households abandoned weaker family members; landholders abandoned the various forms of patronage that according to Greenough had traditionally been maintained, and the government abandoned the rural poor. These abandoned groups had been socially and politically selected for death.

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provinces were employed by military contractors, particularly for the construction of American and British airfields. Hundreds of thousands of American, British, Indian, and Chinese troops arrived in the province, straining domestic supplies and leading to scarcities across wide ranges of daily necessities. The general inflationary pressures of a war-time economy caused prices to rise rapidly across the entire spectrum of goods and services. The rise in prices was "not disturbing" until 1941, when it became more alarming. Then in early 1943, the rate of inflation for foodgrains in particular took an

2013:(FEE). The FAD explanation blames famine on crop failures brought on principally by crises such as drought, flood, or man-made devastation from war. The FEE account agrees that such external factors are in some cases important, but holds that famine is primarily the interaction between pre-existing "structural vulnerability" (such as poverty) and a shock event (such as war or political interference in markets) that disrupts the economic market for food. When these interact, some groups within society can become unable to purchase or acquire food even though sufficient supplies are available. 1098:

merely guesses, but frequently demonstrably absurd guesses". There was little or no internal bureaucracy for creating and maintaining such reports, and the low-ranking police officers or village officials charged with gathering local statistics were often poorly supplied with maps and other necessary information, poorly educated, and poorly motivated to be accurate. The Bengal Government thus did not act on these predictions, doubting their accuracy and observing that forecasts had predicted a shortfall several times in previous years, while no significant problems had occurred.

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several conditions that may have contributed to the famine. Their arrival created an increased demand for food, clothing and medical aid, further straining the resources of the province. The poor hygienic conditions of their forced journey sparked official fears of a public health risk due to epidemics caused by social disruption. Finally, their distraught state after their struggles bred foreboding, uncertainty, and panic amongst the populace of Bengal; this aggravated panic buying and hoarding that may have contributed to the onset of the famine.

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inability to keep pace with rapid population growth changed it from a net exporter of foodgrains to a net importer. Imports were a small portion of the total available food crops, however, and did little to alleviate problems of food supply. Bengali doctor and chemist Chunilal Bose, a professor in Calcutta's medical college, estimated in 1930 that both the ingredients and the small total amount of food in the Bengali diet made it among the least nutritious in India and the world, and greatly harmful to the physical health of the populace.

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western districts of Bengal. Eastern districts were relatively densely populated, were closest to the Burma war zone, and normally ran grain deficits in pre-famine times. These districts also were subject to the boat denial policy, and had a relatively high proportion of jute production instead of rice. Workers in the east were more likely to receive monetary wages than payment in kind with a portion of the harvest, a common practice in the western districts. When prices rose sharply, their wages failed to follow suit; this drop in

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highest proportional mortality rises. However, this picture was inverted in some urban areas, perhaps because the cities attracted large numbers of very young and very old migrants. In general, males suffered generally higher death rates than females, although the rate of female infant death was higher than for males, perhaps reflecting a discriminatory bias. A relatively lower death rate for females of child-bearing age may have reflected a reduction in fertility, brought on by malnutrition, which in turn reduced maternal deaths.

16020: 497: 2492:"On 29 November 1941 the central government conferred, by notification, concurrent powers on the provincial governments under the Defence of India Rules (DIR) to restrict/prohibit the movement of food grains and to requisition both food grains and any other commodity they considered necessary. With regard to food grains, the provincial governments had the power to restrict/stop, seize them and regulate their price, divert them from their usual channels of transportation and, as stated, their movement".( 1001:

significant hoarding. In Bengal, prices were soon five to six times higher than they had been before April 1942. Free trade was abandoned in July 1943, and price controls were reinstated in August. Despite this, there were unofficial reports of rice being sold in late 1943 at roughly eight to ten times the prices of late 1942. Purchasing agents were sent out by the government to obtain rice, but their attempts largely failed. Prices remained high, and the black market was not brought under control.

3471:, p. 68 "In Bengal... More serious and intractable was the continuing subdivision of landholdings and the chronic burden of indebtedness on the peasants, which left them by the late 1930s in a permanently 'semi-starved condition', without the resources to endure a major crop failure or survive the drying up of credit that invariably accompanied the prospect of famine in rural India. With no fresh land to bring under cultivation, peasants holdings shrank as the output of rice 983:

market price. The principal result of the fixed low price was to make sellers reluctant to sell; stocks disappeared, either on to the black market or into storage. The government then let it be known that the price control law would not be enforced except in the most egregious cases of war profiteering. This easing of restrictions plus the ban on exports created about four months of relative price stability. In mid-October, though, south-west Bengal was struck by a series of

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been described as "a singular act of journalistic courage without which many more lives would have surely been lost". The publication of the images, along with Stephens' editorials, not only helped to bring the famine to an end by driving the British government to supply adequate relief to the victims, but also inspired Amartya Sen's influential contention that the presence of a free press prevents famines in democratic countries. The photographs also spurred

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telegraph and railway lines, and other government property, thereby threatening the British Raj's war enterprise. The British acted forcefully to suppress the movement, taking around 66,000 in custody (of whom just over 19,000 were still convicted under civil law or detained under the Defence of India Act in early 1944). More than 2,500 Indians were shot when police fired upon protesters, many of whom were killed. In Bengal, the movement was strongest in the

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disaster. Moreover, the urban middle-class were their overriding concern, not the rural poor. They were also expecting the Government of India to rescue Bengal by bringing food in from outside the province (350,000 tons had been promised but not delivered). And finally, they had long stood by a public propaganda campaign declaring "sufficiency" in Bengal's rice supply, and were afraid that speaking of scarcity rather than sufficiency would lead to increased

2307:, p. 4) describes the ratio of population to land in European terms: "The area of the province is 77,442 square miles, rather more than the area of England, Wales, and one-half of Scotland. The population is a little over 60 millions, which is well in excess of that of the United Kingdom, and not much less than the aggregate population of France, Belgium, Holland, and Denmark." In terms of US states, Bengal was roughly the size of Idaho ( 1126:, responsible to the Government of Bengal from August 1942 to April 1943 for managing food supplies, estimated the crop loss at 20%, with disease accounting for more of the loss than the cyclone; other government sources privately admitted the shortfall was 2 million tons. The economist George Blyn argues that with the cyclone and floods of October and the loss of imports from Burma, the 1942 Bengal rice harvest had been reduced by one-third. 2333:"... a peasant differs from a landless labourer in terms of ownership (since he owns land, which the labourer does not), the landless share-cropper differs from the landless labourer not in their respective ownerships, but in the way they can use the only resource they own, viz. labour power. The landless labourer will be employed in exchange for a wage, while the share-cropper will do the cultivation and own a part of the 883:

leaving their positions. The scheme was approved by Government of Bengal. Rice was directed away from the starving rural districts to workers in industries considered vital to the military effort – particularly in the area around Greater Calcutta. Workers in prioritised sectors – private and government wartime industries, military and civilian construction, paper and textile mills, engineering firms, the

1072:, landing on the coastal areas of Midnapore and 24 Parganas. It killed 14,500 people and 190,000 cattle, whilst rice paddy stocks in the hands of cultivators, consumers, and dealers were destroyed. It also created local atmospheric conditions that contributed to an increased incidence of malaria. The three storm surges which followed the cyclone destroyed the seawalls of Midnapore and flooded large areas of Contai and 2071:, the "profit inflation" policies had caused food prices to soar sixfold while wages had remained stagnant, resulting in the widespread starvation and the deaths of three million people. Patnaik argues that this economic manipulation had deliberately "pushed food out of reach of the poor", and was part of a systematic colonial exploitation, that prioritized British interests over the welfare of the colonized populations. 729:

after the war. At the same time, the Bank of India was permitted to treat those credits as assets against which it could print currency up to two and a half times more than the total debt incurred. India's money printing presses then began running overtime, printing the currency that paid for all these massive expenditures. The tremendous rise in nominal money supply coupled with a scarcity of consumption goods spurred

615:, and for months thereafter desperate people poured across the borders, escaping into India through Bengal and Assam. On 26 April 1942, all Allied forces were ordered to retreat from Burma into India. Military transport and other supplies were dedicated to military use, and unavailable for use by the refugees. By mid May 1942, the monsoon rains became heavy in the Manipur hills, further inhibiting civilian movement. 737:

paid for the land, but they had lost their employment. The urgent need for housing for the immense influx of workers and soldiers from 1942 onward created further problems. Military barracks were scattered around Calcutta. The Famine Commission report of 1945 stated that the owners had been paid for these homes, but "there is little doubt that the members of many of these families became famine victims in 1943".

2557:, p. 139) states: "At no recorded instance did either the governor or the viceroy express concern for their subjects: their every request for grain would be phrased in terms of the war effort. Contemporaries attested that Herbert cared about the starvation in Bengal; so prioritising the war effort may reflect his and Linlithgow's estimation of which concerns might possibly have moved their superiors." 1107:

countryside, food-grain dealers closed their shops. To ensure that workers in the prioritised industries in Calcutta would be fed, the authorities seized rice stocks from wholesale dealers, breaking any trust the rice traders had in the government. "From that moment", the 1945 report stated, "the ordinary trade machinery could not be relied upon to feed Calcutta. The crisis had begun".

6235:, pp. 205–207 "hen crops begin to fail the cultivator ... his wife's jewelry, grain, cattle... his current food intake... Starving Indian peasants, once they fail in the market, forage in fields, ponds and jungles; they beg on a large scale; they migrate, often over long distances by travelling ticketless on the railways;... take shelter in the protection of a rural patron." 1650:(1 kilogram (2.2 lb)) of unhusked rice, or for trifling amounts of cash. Sometimes they were purchased as household servants, where they would "grow up as little better than domestic slaves". They were also purchased by sexual predators. Altogether, according to Greenough, the victimisation and exploitation of these women and children was an immense social cost of the famine. 1820:...at a national level, famine had transformed India's political landscape, underscoring the need for self-rule to Indian citizens far away from its epicenter. Photographs and journalism and the affective bonds of charity tied Indians inextricably to Bengal and made their suffering its own; a provincial was turned, in the midst of war, into a national case against imperial rule. 2033:, in describing the Bengal famine of 1943 as an "entitlements famine". Sen noted that Bengal should have had enough resources to feed its population, but mass deaths occurred due to a combination of wartime inflation, speculative buying, and panic hoarding. These factors together drove food prices beyond the reach of poor Bengalis. This in turn caused a fatal decline in the 1671:

months of 1943 and increased through time, mainly in Calcutta but to a limited extent in the countryside. In April, more government relief began to flow to the outlying areas, but these efforts were restricted in scope and largely misdirected, with most of the cash and grain supplies flowing to the relatively wealthy landowners and urban middle-class (and typically Hindu)

4530:, p. 67 Instructions were given in May for the confiscation, destruction or removal of all mechanical transport – private cars, bicycles, carriages and bullock carts "not required for Military of Civil Defense purposes" –– the Victoria Memorial was "camouflaged" in cow dung, andplans were hatched to blow up as many as seventeen bridges in and around Calcutta. 2123:

Bengal famine claimed 1.5 million lives, the Famine Inquiry Commission made a "gruesome calculation" that "nearly a thousand rupees of profits were accrued per death". As the Famine Inquiry Commission put it, "a large part of the community lived in plenty while others starved ... corruption was widespread throughout the province and in many classes of society".

2475:, p. 58), add that Herbert was "instructed through central government channels". At least two sources have suggested that the avowed objective of denying supplies to an invading Japanese army was less important than a covert goal of controlling available rice stocks and means of transport so the rice supplies could be directed toward the armed forces; see 8935:, pp. 18, 53, 57: "In my opinion the Famine Commission wrote an excellent report. They sought the truth rather than evidence in favour of their hypotheses. They entered into their study with no preconceived ideas as to whether it was a FAD or a distribution famine and they reached a conclusion that was not in accordance with the official view (p. 18)." 992:

starvation in Bengal. The government attempted to re-establish public confidence by insisting that the crisis was being caused almost solely by speculation and hoarding, but their propaganda failed to dispel the widespread belief that there was a shortage of rice. The provincial government never formally declared a state of famine, even though its

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Bhattacharya, "that the disruption caused by these short-term policies – and the political capital being made out of their effects – would necessarily lead to a situation where major constitutional concessions, leading to the dissolution of the Raj, would be unavoidable." Similarly, nationwide opposition to the boat denial policy, as typified by

4080:, p. 103 "When Burma fell in April 1942 the hidden mechanism which had for years kept supply and demand in Bengal was rudely jarred ... The transport network was already stretched thin by military demands ... no were willing to accept loss of supply... The result was a derangement of the entire rice market of India..." 2041:

starving Indians. The former see the problem as a series of avoidable war-time policy failures and "panicky responses" from a government that was inept, overwhelmed and in disarray; the latter being a product of wartime priorities by the "ruling colonial elite", which left the poor of Bengal unprovided for, due to military considerations.

1482:, prostitution, and sexual exploitation. Lines of small children begging stretched for miles outside cities; at night, children could be heard "crying bitterly and coughing terribly ... in the pouring monsoon rain ... stark naked, homeless, motherless, fatherless and friendless. Their sole possession was an empty tin". A schoolteacher in 1712:

for consumption – decayed or contaminated with dirt and filler. Unfamiliar and indigestible grains were often substituted for rice, causing intestinal distress that frequently resulted in death among the weakest. Nevertheless, food distributed from government gruel kitchens immediately became the main source of aid for the rural poor.

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discounted rates. India produced 600,000 miles of cotton fabric during the war, from which it made two million parachutes and 415 million items of military clothing. It exported 177 million yards of cotton in 1938–1939 and 819 million in 1942–1943. The country's production of silk, wool and leather was also used up by the military.

188:, unsanitary conditions, poor British wartime policies and lack of health care. Millions were impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and catastrophically disrupted the social fabric. Eventually, families disintegrated; men sold their small farms and left home to look for work or to join the 1076:. Waves swept an area of 450 square miles (1,200 km), floods affected 400 square miles (1,000 km), and wind and torrential rain damaged 3,200 square miles (8,300 km). For nearly 2.5 million Bengalis, the accumulative damage of the cyclone and storm surges to homes, crops and livelihoods was catastrophic: 2372:– agree that even before the famine of 1943, at least half of the nearly 46 million in Bengal who depended on agriculture for their livelihood were landless or land-poor labourers under consistent threat of food insecurity. Approximately two acres of farmland would provide subsistence-level food for an average family ( 2510:

profit from the price increases. To aid food purchases in the rest of India, the Indian government placed price controls on Punjabi wheat. The response was swift: the majority of wheat farmers held onto their stocks, so wheat disappeared and the Punjab government began to assert that it now faced famine conditions (

638:, southern or eastern India, or on shipping in the Bay of Bengal. For decades, rail transport had been integral to successful efforts by the Raj to forestall famine in India. However, Japanese raids put additional strain on railways, which also endured flooding in the Brahmaputra, a malaria epidemic, and the 1890:, solicited and published a series of graphic photos of the victims. These made world headlines and marked the beginning of domestic and international consciousness of the famine. The next morning, "in Delhi second-hand copies of the paper were selling at several times the news-stand price," and soon "in 1454:

started later and was pursued less effectively; smallpox deaths peaked in April 1944. "Starvation" was generally not listed as a cause of death at the time; many deaths by starvation may have been listed under the "all other" category. Here the death rates, rather than per cents, reveal the peak in 1943.

371:

Agricultural technology was undeveloped, access to credit was limited and expensive, and any potential for government aid was hampered by political and financial constraints. Land quality and fertility had been deteriorating in Bengal and other regions of India, but the loss was especially severe here.

2122:

A final line of blaming holds that major industrialists either caused or at least significantly exacerbated the famine through speculation, war profiteering, hoarding, and corruption – "unscrupulous, heartless grain traders forcing up prices based on false rumors". Working from an assumption that the

1715:

The rails had been repaired in August and pressure from the Government of India brought substantial supplies into Calcutta during September, Linlithgow's final month as Viceroy. However, a second problem emerged: the Civil Supplies Department of Bengal was undermanned and under-equipped to distribute

1628:

had been difficult to escape even before the crisis. In the wake of the cyclone and later famine, many women lost or sold all their possessions, and lost a male guardian due to abandonment or death. Those who migrated to Calcutta frequently had only begging or prostitution available as strategies for

1593:

The small proportion of material left over was purchased by speculators for sale to civilians, subject to similarly steep inflation; in May 1943 prices were 425% higher than in August 1939. With the supply of cloth crowded out by commitments to Britain and price levels affected by profiteering, those

961:

subdivisions of Midnapore district, where rural discontent was well-established and deep. In Tamluk, by April 1942 the government had destroyed some 18,000 boats in pursuit of its denial policy, while war-related inflation further alienated the rural population, who became eager volunteers when local

850:

to the Commission put it: "Every province, every district, every in the east of India had become a food republic unto itself. The trade machinery for the distribution of food throughout the east of India was slowly strangled, and by the spring of 1943 was dead." Bengal was unable to import domestic

728:

The method of credit financing was tailored to UK wartime needs. Britain agreed to pay for defence expenditures above the amount that India had paid in peacetime (adjusted for inflation). However, their purchases were made entirely on credit accumulated in the Bank of England and not redeemable until

470:

testified, "...the Bengal cultivator, before the war, had three months of feasting, five months of subsistence diet and four months of starvation". Moreover, if a labourer did not possess goods recoverable as cash, such as seed or cattle for ploughing, he would go into debt. Particularly during poor

449:

landowners were protected by law and custom, but those who cultivated the soil, with small or no landholdings, suffered persistent and increasing losses of land rights and welfare. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the power and influence of the landowners fell and that of the

2126:

A 2019 study by researchers in India and the US, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, was the first to use weather data to argue that wartime policies had exacerbated the Bengal famine. It concluded that British policies under Winston Churchill significantly contributed to the 1943

2066:

of grain markets through inter-provincial trade barriers. On this view, these policies were designed to serve British military goals at the expense of Indian interests, reflecting the War Cabinet's willingness to "supply the Army's needs and let the Indian people starve if necessary". Far from being

2056:

Sen acknowledges that British misgovernment played a role in the crisis but believes the main issue was a misunderstanding of the famine's cause. According to Sen, the British had put too much focus on measuring food shortages that didn't actually exist, rather than addressing the real problem: that

2040:

More recent analyses often stress political factors. Discussions of the government's role split into two broad camps: those which suggest that the government unwittingly caused or was unable to respond to the crisis, and those which assert that the government wilfully caused or ignored the plight of

1902:

called the situation "horrible beyond description". The images had a profound effect and marked "for many, the beginning of the end of colonial rule". Stephens' decision to publish them and to adopt a defiant editorial stance won accolades from many (including the Famine Inquiry Commission), and has

1881:

Beginning in mid-July 1943 and more so in August, however, these two newspapers began publishing detailed and increasingly critical accounts of the depth and scope of the famine, its impact on society, and the nature of British, Hindu, and Muslim political responses. A turning point in news coverage

1421:

Overall, the table shows the dominance of malaria as the cause of death throughout the famine, accounting for roughly 43% of the excess deaths in 1943 and 71% in 1944. Cholera was a major source of famine-caused deaths in 1943 (24%) but dropped to a negligible percentage (1%) the next year. Smallpox

996:

would have mandated a sizable increase in aid. In the early stages of the famine, the rationale for this was that the provincial government was expecting aid from the Government of India. It felt then its duty lay in maintaining confidence through propaganda that asserted that there was no shortage.

952:

On 8 August 1942, the Indian National Congress launched the Quit India movement as a nationwide display of nonviolent resistance. The British authorities reacted by imprisoning the Congress leaders. Without its leadership, the movement changed its character and took to sabotaging factories, bridges,

667:

price inflation in Bengal and other rice producing regions of India. Across India and particularly in Bengal, this caused a "derangement" of the rice markets. Particularly in Bengal, the price effect of the loss of Burmese rice was vastly disproportionate to the relatively modest size of the loss in

618:

The number of refugees who successfully reached India totalled at least 500,000; tens of thousands died along the way. In later months, 70 to 80% of these refugees were afflicted with diseases such as dysentery, smallpox, malaria, or cholera, with 30% "desperately so". The influx of refugees created

544:

necessitated that large tracts in western and central Bengal be left fallow; eastern Bengal had far fewer uncultivated fields. The annual flooding of these fallow fields created a breeding place for malaria-carrying mosquitoes; malaria epidemics lasted a month longer in the central and western areas

487:

Such exploitation, exacerbated by Muslim inheritance practices that divided land among multiple siblings, widened inequalities in land ownership. At the time, millions of Bengali agriculturalists held little or no land. In absolute terms, the social group which suffered by far the most of every form

291:

after controls were abandoned. Aid increased significantly when the British Indian Army took control of funding in October 1943, but effective relief arrived after a record rice harvest that December. Deaths from starvation declined, yet over half the famine-related deaths occurred in 1944 after the

2235:

Contemporaneous estimates included, in 1945, that of the Famine Inquiry Commission – appointed in 1944 by the Government of India and chaired by Sir John Woodhead – of around 1.5 million famine-related deaths out of Bengal's population of 60.3 million. That figure covered January 1943 to June 1944.

2061:

notes that the exchange entitlements view of this famine is generally accepted, he lends greater weight to the importance of a crop shortfall than does Sen, and goes on to largely reject Sen's emphasis on hoarding and speculation. He does not stop there but emphasises a "lack of political will" and

1555:

Disposal of corpses soon became a problem for the government and the public, as numbers overwhelmed cremation houses, burial grounds, and those collecting and disposing of the dead. Corpses lay scattered throughout the pavements and streets of Calcutta. In only two days of August 1943, at least 120

1541:

The disruption of core elements of society brought a catastrophic breakdown of sanitary conditions and hygiene standards. Large-scale migration resulted in the abandonment of the facilities and sale of the utensils necessary for washing clothes or preparation of food. Many people drank contaminated

1508:

In Calcutta, evidence of the famine was "... mainly in the form of masses of rural destitutes trekking into the city and dying on the streets". Estimates of the number of the sick who flocked to Calcutta ranged between 100,000 and 150,000. Once they left their rural villages in search of food,

1498:

The famine fell hardest on the rural poor. As the distress continued, families adopted increasingly desperate means for survival. First, they reduced their food intake and began to sell jewellery, ornaments, and smaller items of personal property. As expenses for food or burials became more urgent,

1457:

The two waves – starvation and disease – also interacted and amplified one another, increasing the excess mortality. Widespread starvation and malnutrition first compromised immune systems, and reduced resistance to disease led to death by opportunistic infections. Second, the social disruption and

1233:

left them less able to purchase food. The following table, derived from Arup Maharatna (1992), shows trends in excess mortality for 1943–44 as compared to prior non-famine years. Death rate is total number of deaths in a year (mid-year population) from all causes, per 1000. All death rates are with

1170:

Experts' disagreement over political issues can be found in differing explanations of the War Cabinet's refusal to allocate funds to import grain. Lizzie Collingham holds the massive global dislocations of supplies caused by World War II virtually guaranteed that hunger would occur somewhere in the

1157:

August 1943 Amery noted the spread of famine, and specifically stressed the effect upon Calcutta and the potential effect on the morale of European troops. The cabinet again offered only a relatively small amount, explicitly referring to it as a token shipment. The explanation generally offered for

982:

Throughout April 1942, British and Indian refugees fled Burma, many through Bengal, as the cessation of Burmese imports continued to drive up rice prices. In June, the Bengal government established price controls for rice, and on 1 July fixed prices at a level considerably lower than the prevailing

882:

As food prices rose and the signs of famine became apparent from July 1942, the Bengal Chamber of Commerce (composed mainly of British-owned firms) devised a Foodstuffs Scheme to provide preferential distribution of goods and services to workers in high-priority war industries, to prevent them from

515:

in the 1890s disrupted natural drainage and divided the region into innumerable poorly drained "compartments". Rail indirectly brought about excessive silting, which increased flooding and created stagnant water areas, damaging crop production and sometimes contributing to a partial shift away from

365:

Rice yield per acre had been stagnant since the beginning of the twentieth century; coupled with a rising population, this created pressures that were a leading factor in the famine. Bengal had a population of about 60 million in an area of 77,442 square miles, according to a 1941 census. Declining

2509:

due to any shortage of wheat; on the contrary, the Punjab ran a huge surplus. A shortage of rice throughout India in 1941 caused foodgrain prices in general to rise. Agriculturalists in the Punjab wished to hold onto stocks to a small extent to cover their own rice deficit, but more importantly to

2016:

Both the FAD and the FEE perspectives would agree that Bengal experienced at least some grain shortage in 1943 due to the loss of imports from Burma, damage from the cyclone, and brown-spot infestation. However, the FEE analyses do not consider shortage the main factor, while FAD-oriented scholars

1711:

in Midnapore breached major rail lines, severely hampering import by rail. As the depth and scope of the famine became unmistakable, the Provincial Government began setting up gruel kitchens in August 1943; the gruel, which often provided barely a survival-level caloric intake, was sometimes unfit

1670:

for the cyclone-stricken areas around Midnapore beginning in October 1942, the response of both the Bengal Provincial Government and the Government of India was slow. A "non-trivial" yet "pitifully inadequate" amount of aid began to be distributed from private charitable organisations in the early

1503:

Husbands deserted wives and wives husbands; elderly dependents were left behind in the villages; babies and young children were sometimes abandoned. According to a survey carried out in Calcutta during the latter half of 1943, some breaking up of the family had occurred in about half the destitute

1453:

Deaths from dysentery and diarrhoea peaked in December 1943, the same month as for malaria. Cholera deaths peaked in October 1943 but receded dramatically in the following year, brought under control by a vaccination program overseen by military medical workers. A similar smallpox vaccine campaign

1212:

largely resulted from a result of lack of vaccinations and the inability to quarantine patients, caused by general social disruption. According to social demographer Arup Maharatna, statistics for smallpox and cholera are probably more reliable than those for malaria, since their symptoms are more

878:

middle-class, socially mobile, educated, urban, and sympathetic to Western values and modernisation. Protecting their interests was a major concern of both private and public relief efforts. This placed the rural poor in direct competition for scarce basic supplies with workers in public agencies,

775:

The second prong, a "boat denial" policy, was designed to deny Bengali transport to any invading Japanese army. It applied to districts readily accessible via the Bay of Bengal and the larger rivers that flow into it. Implemented on 1 May after an initial registration period, the policy authorised

736:

Military build-up caused massive displacement of Bengalis from their homes. Farmland purchased for airstrip and camp construction is "estimated to have driven between 30,000 and 36,000 families (about 150,000 to 180,000 persons) off their land", according to the historian Paul Greenough. They were

564:

Throughout 1942 and early 1943, military and political events combined with natural disasters and plant disease to place widespread stress on Bengal's economy. While Bengal's food needs rose from increased military presence and an influx of refugees from Burma, its ability to obtain rice and other

479:

to use litigation to force debtors to sell all or part of their landholdings at a low price or forfeit them at auction. Debtors then became landless or land-poor sharecroppers and labourers, usually working the same fields they had once owned. The accumulation of household debt to a single, local,

1686:

There was also rampant corruption and nepotism in the distribution of government aid; often as much as half of the goods disappeared into the black market or into the hands of friends or relatives. Despite a long-established and detailed Famine Code that would have triggered a sizable increase in

1202:

Deaths by starvation had peaked by November 1943. Disease began its sharp upward turn around October 1943 and overtook starvation as the most common cause of death around December. Disease-related mortality then continued to take its toll through early-to-mid 1944. Among diseases, malaria was the

1080:

Corpses lay scattered over several thousand square miles of devastated land, 7,400 villages were partly or wholly destroyed, and standing flood waters remained for weeks in at least 1,600 villages. Cholera, dysentery and other water-borne diseases flourished. 527,000 houses and 1,900 schools were

867:

and the main supplier of armaments and textiles for the entire Asian theatre. To support its wartime mobilisation, the British Indian Government categorised the population into socioeconomic groups of "priority" and "non-priority" classes, according to their relative importance to the war effort.

2106:

For its part, the report of the Famine Commission (its members appointed in 1944 by the British Government of India and chaired by Sir John Woodhead, a former Indian Civil Service official in Bengal), absolved the British government from all major blame. It acknowledged some failures in its

1799:

This fall into lower income groups happened across a number of occupations. In absolute numbers, the hardest hit by post-famine impoverishment were women and landless agricultural labourers. In relative terms, those engaged in rural trade, fishing and transport (boatmen and bullock cart drivers)

1546:

Conditions in certain famine hospitals at this time ... were indescribably bad ... Visitors were horrified by the state of the wards and patients, the ubiquitous filth, and the lack of adequate care and treatment ... condition of patients was usually appalling, a large proportion suffering from

1499:

the items sold became larger and less replaceable. Eventually, families disintegrated; men sold their small farms and left home to look for work or to join the army, and women and children became homeless migrants, often travelling to Calcutta or another large city in search of organised relief:

973:

willingness to provide famine aid at a time when supplies were also needed for the war effort. In several ways the political and social disorder and distrust that were the effects and after-effects of rebellion and civil unrest placed political, logistical, and infrastructural constraints on the

379:

Prior to about 1920, the food demands of Bengal's growing population could be met in part by cultivating unused scrub lands. No later than the first quarter of the twentieth century, Bengal began to experience an acute shortage of such land, leading to a chronic and growing shortage of rice. Its

1873:

published editorials asserting that the famine was due solely to speculation and hoarding, while "berating local traders and producers, and praising ministerial efforts". News of the famine was also subject to strict war-time censorship – even use of the word "famine" was prohibited –

1610:

The robbing of graveyards for clothes, disrobing of men and women in out of way places for clothes ... and minor riotings here and there have been reported. Stray news has also come that women have committed suicide for want of cloth ... Thousands of men and women ... cannot go out to

1475:

medical facilities across the province were utterly insufficient for the task at hand. A long-standing system of rural patronage, in which peasants relied on large landowners to supply subsistence in times of crisis, collapsed as patrons exhausted their own resources and abandoned the peasants.

1097:

At about the same time, official forecasts of crop yields predicted a significant shortfall. However, crop statistics of the time were scant and unreliable. Administrators and statisticians had known for decades that India's agricultural production statistics were completely inadequate and "not

991:

On 11 March 1943, the provincial government rescinded its price controls, resulting in dramatic rises in the price of rice, due in part to soaring levels of speculation. The period of inflation between March and May 1943 was especially intense; May was the month of the first reports of death by

465:

Land-grabbing usually took place via informal credit markets. Many financial entities had disappeared during the Great Depression; peasants with small landholdings generally had to resort to informal local lenders to purchase basic necessities during lean months between harvests. As influential

2544:

or "surplus". Rice stocks were typically aged for at least two or three months after harvest, since the grain became much more palatable after this period. This ongoing process of deferred consumption had been interrupted by a rice shortfall two years before the famine, and some speculate that

2118:

Paul Greenough stands somewhat apart from other analysts by emphasising a pattern of victimization. In his account, Bengal was at base susceptible to famine because of population pressures and market inefficiencies, and these were exacerbated by a dire combination of war, political strife, and

2001:

Controversy about the causes of the famine has continued in the decades since. Attempting to determine culpability, research and analysis has covered complex issues such as the impacts of natural forces, market failures, failed policies or even malfeasance by governmental institutions, and war

1699:

from as far away as east Africa aided in relief efforts or sent donations of money, food and cloth. Markedly diverse political groups, including pro-war allies of the Raj and anti-war nationalists, each set up separate relief funds or aid groups. Though the efforts of these diverse groups were

1678:

According to Paul Greenough, the Provincial Government of Bengal delayed its relief efforts primarily because they had no idea how to deal with a provincial rice market crippled by the interaction of man-made shocks, as opposed to the far more familiar case of localised shortage due to natural

1589:

As a further consequence of the crisis, a "cloth famine" left the poorest in Bengal clothed in scraps or naked through the winter. The British military consumed nearly all the textiles produced in India by purchasing Indian-made boots, parachutes, uniforms, blankets, and other goods at heavily

1474:

Despite the organised and sometimes violent civil unrest immediately before the famine, there was no organised rioting when the famine took hold. However, the crisis overwhelmed the provision of health care and key supplies: food relief and medical rehabilitation were supplied too late, whilst

1228:

Regional differences in mortality rates were influenced by the effects of migration, and of natural disasters. In general, excess mortality was higher in the east (followed by west, centre, and north of Bengal in that order), even though the relative shortfall in the rice crop was worst in the

1224:

The mortality statistics present a confused picture of the distribution of deaths among age and gender groups. Although very young children and the elderly are usually more susceptible to the effects of starvation and disease, overall in Bengal it was adults and older children who suffered the

1194:

Early on, conditions drifted towards famine at different rates in different Bengal districts. The Government of India dated the beginning of the Bengal food crisis from the air raids on Calcutta in December 1942, blaming the acceleration to full-scale famine by May 1943 on the effects of price

987:

that destabilised prices again, causing another rushed scramble for rice, greatly to the benefit of the Calcutta black market. Between December 1942 and March 1943 the government made several attempts to "break the Calcutta market" by bringing in rice supplies from various districts around the

692:

The fall of Burma brought Bengal close to the war front; its impact fell more strongly on Bengal than elsewhere in India. Major urban areas, especially Calcutta, drew increasing numbers of workers into military industries and troops from many nations. Unskilled labourers from Bengal and nearby

662:

in March 1942 cut off the import of Burmese rice into India and Ceylon. Due in part to increases in local populations, prices for rice were already 69% higher in September 1941 than in August 1939. The loss of Burmese imports led to further increased demand on the rice-producing regions. This,

932:

The war escalated resentment and fear of the Raj among rural agriculturalists and business and industrial leaders in Greater Calcutta. The unfavourable military situation of the Allies after the fall of Burma led the US and China to urge the UK to enlist India's full cooperation in the war by

508:. River transport was integral to Bengal's economy, an irreplaceable factor in the production and distribution of rice. Roads were generally scarce and in poor condition, and Bengal's extensive railway system was employed largely for military purposes until the very late stages of the crisis. 370:

in famine reduction caused its population to increase by 43% between 1901 and 1941 – from 42.1 million to 60.3 million. Over the same period India's population as a whole increased by 37%. The economy was almost solely agrarian, but agricultural productivity was among the lowest in the world.

1803:

The "panicky responses" of the colonial state as it controlled the distribution of medical and food supplies in the wake of the fall of Burma had profound political consequences. "It was soon obvious to the bureaucrats in New Delhi and the provinces, as well as the GHQ (India)," wrote Sanjoy

1190:

Contemporary mortality statistics were to some degree under-recorded, particularly for the rural areas, where data collecting and reporting was rudimentary even in normal times. Thus, many of those who died or migrated were unreported. The principal causes of death also changed as the famine

1106:

The Famine Inquiry Commission's 1945 report singled out the first Japanese air raids on Calcutta in December 1942 as a causation. The attacks, largely unchallenged by Allied defences, continued throughout the week, triggering an exodus of thousands from the city. As evacuees travelled to the

700:

Nearly the full output of India's cloth, wool, leather and silk industries were sold to the military. In the system that the British Government used to procure goods through the Government of India, industries were left in private ownership rather than facing outright requisitioning of their

387:

writes, "Bengal's rice output in normal years was barely enough for bare-bones subsistence ... the province's margin over subsistence on the eve of the famine was slender." These conditions left a large proportion of the population continually on the brink of malnutrition or even starvation.

1458:

dismal conditions caused by a cascading breakdown of social systems brought mass migration, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor water quality and waste disposal, increased vermin, and unburied dead. All of these factors are closely associated with the increased spread of infectious disease.

1000:

When inter-provincial trade barriers were abolished on 18 May, prices temporarily fell in Calcutta, but soared in the neighbouring provinces of Bihar and Orissa when traders rushed to purchase stocks. The provincial government's attempts to locate and seize any hoarded stocks failed to find

807:

imposed inter-provincial trade barriers from mid-1942, preventing trade in domestic rice. Anxiety and soaring rice prices, triggered by the fall of Burma, were one underlying reason for the trade barriers. Trade imbalances brought on by price controls were another. The power to restrict

474:

Small landholders and sharecroppers acquired debts swollen by usurious rates of interest. Any poor harvest exacted a heavy toll; the accumulation of consumer debt, seasonal loans and crisis loans began a cycle of spiralling, perpetual indebtedness. It was then relatively easy for the

1422:

deaths were almost a mirror image: they made up a small percentage of excess deaths in 1943 (1%) but jumped in 1944 (24%). Finally, the sharp jump in the death rate from "All other" causes in 1943 is almost certainly due to deaths from pure starvation, which were negligible in 1944.

663:

according to the Famine Commission, was in a market in which the "progress of the war made sellers who could afford to wait reluctant to sell". The loss of imports from Burma provoked an aggressive scramble for rice across India, which sparked a dramatic and unprecedented surge in

2062:

the pressure of wartime priorities that drove the British government and the provincial government of Bengal to make fateful decisions: the "denial policies", the use of heavy shipping for war supplies rather than food, the refusal to officially declare a state of famine, and the

997:

After it became clear that aid from central government was not forthcoming, the provincial government felt they simply did not have the amount of food supplies that a declaration of famine would require them to distribute, while distributing more money might make inflation worse.

1690:

Since government relief efforts were initially limited at best, a large and diverse number of private groups and voluntary workers attempted to meet the alarming needs caused by deprivation. Communists, socialists, wealthy merchants, women's groups, private citizens from distant

375:

required deforestation and land reclamation. These activities damaged the natural drainage courses, silting up rivers and the channels that fed them, leaving them and their fertile deltas moribund. The combination of these factors caused stubbornly low agricultural productivity.

642:

targeting road and rail communication. Throughout this period, transportation of civil supplies was compromised by the railways' increased military obligations, and the dismantling of tracks carried out in areas of eastern Bengal in 1942 to hamper a potential Japanese invasion.

5150:, "Memo of Rice Mills Association", pp. 181–82 "Once the black market was introduced it was easily found out that the government had neither any reserve of stock for dumping on the market to preserve their nor an effective organisation to punish breaches of the control." 2526:

Bengal as a whole in 1943 was subject to acts of sabotage against institutions or offices of colonial rule, including 151 bomb explosions, 153 cases of severe damage to police stations or other public buildings, 4 police stations destroyed, and 57 cases of sabotage to roads

1207:

associated with social disruption, poor sanitation, contaminated water, crowded living conditions (as in refugee camps), and a wandering population – problems brought on after the October cyclone and flooding and then continuing through the crisis. The epidemic of

2233:(2007): "stimates of mortality in Bengal range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)." Paul R. Greenough (1982) suggested a total of 3.5 to 3.8 million famine-related deaths. 2002:

profiteering or other unscrupulous acts by private business. The questionable accuracy of much of the available contemporary statistical and anecdotal data is a complicating factor, as is the fact that the analyses and their conclusions are political and politicised.

2437:

produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for

203:

at that time, with between half and three-quarters of the rural poor subsisting in a "semi-starved condition". Stagnant agricultural productivity and a stable land base were unable to cope with a rapidly increasing population, resulting in both long-term decline in

1449:

was used as an insecticide in some other areas. This unequal distribution of anti-malarial measures may explain a lower incidence of malarial deaths in population centres, where the greatest cause of death was "all other" (probably migrants dying from starvation).

812:. Provincial governments began setting up trade barriers that prevented the flow of foodgrains (especially rice) and other goods between provinces. These barriers reflected a desire to see that local populations were well fed, thus forestalling local emergencies. 342:

use and 75% of its crops. Overall, Bengal produced one third of India's rice – more than any other single province. Rice accounted for 75–85% of daily food consumption, with fish being the second major food source, supplemented by small amounts of wheat.

1065:: "Though administrative failures were immediately responsible for this human suffering, the principal cause of the short crop production of 1942 was the epidemic ... nothing as devastating ... has been recorded in plant pathological literature". 18277: 2350:

For example, " and above the half share of the product that was the customary rent, the jotedars commonly recovered grain loans with 50% interest and seed loans with 100% interest at the time of harvest... they arbitrarily levied a wide variety of

2025:

was vastly underestimated, both during the famine and in later analyses. The signs of crop infestation by the fungus are subtle; given the social and administrative conditions at the time, local officials would very likely have overlooked them.

17567: 668:

terms of total consumption. Despite this, Bengal continued to export rice to Ceylon for months afterwards, even as the beginning of a food crisis began to become apparent. All this, together with transport problems created by the government's

7520:, pp. 127–128 "Finally, and perhaps most compellingly, responsible officials in the Revenue and Civil Supplies ministries simply did not know how to proceed with relief under the bizarre conditions that had developed by mid–1943". 1989:, was immediately banned by the British and 5,000 copies were seized and destroyed. One copy was hidden by Chittaprosad's family and is now in the possession of the Delhi Art Gallery. Another artist famed for his sketches of the famine was 7217:, pp. 229–230 "A section of the contractors has made a profession of selling girls to . There are places in Chittagong, Comilla and Noakhali where women sell themselves literally in hordes, and young boys act as pimps...". 219:

The financing of military escalation led to wartime inflation. Many workers received monetary wages rather than payment in kind with a portion of the harvest. When prices rose sharply, their wages failed to follow suit; this drop in

1564:

Bengal is a vast cremation ground, a meeting place for ghosts and evil spirits, a land so overrun by dogs, jackals and vultures that it makes one wonder whether the Bengalis are really alive or have become ghosts from some distant

1551:

The desperate condition of the healthcare did not improve appreciably until the army, under Viscount Wavell, took over the provision of relief supplies in October 1943. At that time medical resources were made far more available.

1166:

at the end of April 1944 asking for aid from the United States in shipping wheat in from Australia, but Roosevelt replied apologetically on 1 June that he was "unable on military grounds to consent to the diversion of shipping".

2107:

price controls and transportation efforts and laid additional responsibility at the feet of unavoidable fate, but reserved its broadest and most forceful finger-pointing for local politicians in the (largely Muslim) provincial

1623:

One of the classic effects of famine is that it intensifies the exploitation of women; the sale of women and girls, for example, tends to increase. The sexual exploitation of poor, rural, lower-caste and tribal women by the

1869:). In the early months of the famine, the government applied pressure on newspapers to "calm public fears about the food supply" and follow the official stance that there was no rice shortage. This effort had some success; 890:

Rural labourers and civilians not members of these groups received severely reduced access to food and medical care, generally available only to those who migrated to selected population centres. Otherwise, according to

2057:

the severe inflation had made food unaffordable for many people. This inflation created significant imbalances in people's ability to obtain food, which was the true driver of the famine. In stark contrast, although

410:

Structural changes in the credit market and land transfer rights pushed Bengal into recurring danger of famine and dictated which economic groups would suffer greatest hardship. The British Indian system of

5569: 5494: 2098:

referring to it as "naive". Instead, Roy attributes the delayed response to rivalry and misinformation spread about the famine within the local government, particularly by the Minister of Civil Supplies

783:, among other groups, staged protests denouncing the denial policies for placing draconian burdens on Bengali peasants; these were part of a nationalist sentiment and outpouring that later peaked in the 556:

mosquitoes. Tank and river water was susceptible to contamination by cholera; with tube wells being much safer. However, as many as one-third of the existing wells in wartime Bengal were in disrepair.

1122:

Several contemporary experts cite evidence of a much larger shortfall. Commission member Wallace Aykroyd argued in 1974 that there had been a 25% shortfall in the harvest of the winter of 1942, while

1723:

replaced Linlithgow that October, within two weeks he had requested military support for the transport and distribution of crucial supplies. This assistance was delivered promptly, including "a full

2009:

of the famine. The issue reflects a larger debate between two perspectives: one emphasises the importance of food availability decline (FAD) as a cause for famine, and another focuses on the

17167: 12315:. Vol. Replies to the Commission's questionnaire by the Associations concerned with tenants, Bar Associations, etc., and their oral evidence. Alipore: Bengal Government Press. Archived from 536:

East Bengal and west Bengal have different soils. The sandy soil of the east, and the lighter sedimentary earth of the Sundarbans, tended to drain more rapidly after the monsoon season than the

672:, were the direct causes of inter-provincial trade barriers on the movement of food grains, and contributed to a series of failed government policies that further exacerbated the food crisis. 8540:, p. 90: "The 1943–44 famine has become paradigmatic as an 'entitlements famine,' whereby speculation born of greed and panic produced an 'artificial' shortage of rice, the staple food." 1049:

across the region and increasing the spread of the crop disease. The fungus reduced the crop yield even more than the cyclone. After describing the horrific conditions he had witnessed, the

733:, reaching its peak in 1944–45. The accompanying rise in incomes and purchasing power fell disproportionately into the hands of industries in Calcutta (in particular, munitions industries). 2240:

anthropologist, estimated in 1944 that 3.5 million famine-related deaths had occurred in 1943; this was widely believed at the time, but subsequently rejected by many scholars as too high (

458:

gained power as grain or jute traders and, more importantly, by making loans to sharecroppers, agricultural labourers and ryots. They gained power over their tenants using a combination of

3722: 480:

informal creditor bound the debtor almost inescapably to the creditor/landlord; it became nearly impossible to settle the debt after a good harvest and simply walk away. In this way, the

9310: 898:, "vast areas of rural eastern India were denied any lasting state-sponsored distributive schemes". For this reason, the policy of prioritised distribution is sometimes discussed as one 4385: 9118: 1542:

rainwater from streets and open spaces where others had urinated or defecated. Particularly in the early months of the crisis, conditions did not improve for those under medical care:

300:

has been criticized for his role in the famine, with critics arguing that his war priorities and the refusal to divert food supplies to Bengal significantly worsened the situation.

800: 1716:

the supplies, and the resulting transportation bottleneck left very large piles of grain accumulating in the open air in several locations, including Calcutta's Botanical Garden.

208:

capita availability of rice and growing numbers of the land-poor and landless labourers. A high proportion laboured beneath a chronic and spiralling cycle of debt that ended in

21719: 1089:

rice crop of 1942. Their impact was felt in other aspects as well, as in some districts the cyclone was responsible for an increased incidence of malaria, with deadly effect.

18031: 2980: 1081:

lost, over 1,000 square miles of the most fertile paddy land in the province was entirely destroyed, and the standing crop over an additional 3,000 square miles was damaged.

10702:

Bhattacharya, Sanjoy; Zachariah, Benjamin (April 1999). "'A Great Destiny': the British Colonial State and the Advertisement of Post-War Reconstruction in India, 1942–45".

949:, broaching the post-war possibility of an autonomous political status for India in exchange for its full military support, but negotiations collapsed in early April 1942. 16783: 16183: 2575:(11.46 -6.29) / (31.77 – 19.46), then multiplied by 100 = 41.998% or approximately 42%. Discrepancy presumably due to rounding or truncation of tabular data presented in 22161: 14591: 2566:

In the table, the rate of total excess deaths from "All causes" for 1943 would be the figure over and above the 1937–41 baseline; specifically, it would be 31.77 – 19.46

1636:

An unknown number of children, some tens of thousands, were orphaned. Many others were abandoned, sometimes by the roadside or at orphanages, or sold for as much as two

14336: 2090:

attitudes towards Indian people. This is sometimes attributed to British anger over widespread Bengali nationalist sentiment and the perceived treachery of the violent

13944: 926:

Secret Cipher Telegram from C. in C. India to the UK War Office, dated 17 August 1942, describing the civil unrest in wake of the Quit India Resolution, 9 August 1942.

2376:, pp. 372, 374). According to the 1940 Land Revenue Board report, 46% of rural families owned two acres or less or were landless tenants. The 1946 survey by the 15942: 13960: 6238: 1687:

aid, and a statement privately circulated by the government in June 1943 that a state of famine might need to be formally declared, this declaration never happened.

1509:

their outlook for survival was grim: "Many died by the roadside – witness the skulls and bones which were to be seen there in the months following the famine."

11289: 4593: 2103:, who maintained there was no food shortage throughout the famine, while noting that there is little evidence of Churchill's views influencing War Cabinet policy. 415:, particularly in Bengal, was very complex, with rights unequally divided among three diverse economic and social groups: traditional absentee large landowners or 14280: 13883: 13855: 12999: 18823: 15921: 14600: 14287: 13421: 12491: 9312:

The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943

8568:, p. 90 "...the lack of political will to divert foodstuffs from the war effort rather than speculation... was mainly responsible for the famine"; 5137: 787:. The policies' wider impact – the extent to which they compounded or even caused the famine to occur one year later – has been the subject of much 338:(1945) described Bengal as a "land of rice growers and rice eaters". Rice dominated the agricultural output of the province, accounting for nearly 88% of its 22539: 14903: 14266: 13575: 13200: 11484: 1920: 1633:

writes that such women became permanent outcastes in a society that highly values female chastity, rejected by both their birth family and husband's family.

2591:

was the only major newspaper that had acquiesced to (or been persuaded by) government pressure to present the Quit India movement in a negative light (

1615:

Many women "took to staying inside a room all day long, emerging only when it was turn to wear the single fragment of cloth shared with female relatives".

13916: 13862: 13048: 21289: 14373: 13869: 13485: 9069:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

965:

The violence during the "Quit India" movement was internationally condemned, and hardened some sectors of British opinion against India; The historians

20351: 12895: 4545: 504:

Water provided the main source of transport during rainy seasons, and throughout the year in areas such as the vast delta of the coastal southeastern

18424: 18262: 17718: 14259: 13706: 13582: 1878:

later to remark that the UK government "seems virtually to have withheld from the British public knowledge that there was famine in Bengal at all".

823:

and led the enclave of wheat-eaters in Greater Calcutta to increase their demand for rice precisely when an impending rice shortage was feared. The

21714: 18856: 18818: 16173: 16163: 13559: 12939: 9166: 2899: 1147: 1153:

The tone of Linlithgow's warnings to Amery grew increasingly serious over the first half of 1943, as did Amery's requests to the War Cabinet; on 4

19635: 13996: 13308: 12448: 2397:, p. 220) Further, it was a vital link in "British supply lines around the southern tip of Africa to the Middle East, India and Australia".( 12045: 21486: 21193: 20578: 19277: 18219: 17640: 16128: 13815: 13117: 12307: 9319: 15814: 1707:

Grain began to flow to buyers in Calcutta after the inter-provincial trade barriers were abolished in May 1943, but on 17 July a flood of the

1425:

Though excess mortality due to malarial deaths peaked in December 1943, rates remained high throughout the following year. Scarce supplies of

1134:

Beginning as early as December 1942, high-ranking government officials and military officers (including John Herbert, the Governor of Bengal;

611:

The Japanese campaign for Burma set off an exodus of more than half of the one million Indians from Burma for India. The flow began after the

14607: 14570: 14547: 14068: 12990: 12960: 12417: 1547:

acute emaciation, with 'famine diarrhoea' ... Sanitary conditions in nearly all temporary indoor institutions were very bad to start with ...

749:

initiative in eastern and coastal Bengal. Its goal was to deny the expected invaders access to food supplies, transport and other resources.

745:

Anticipating a Japanese invasion of British India via the eastern border of Bengal, the British military launched a pre-emptive, two-pronged

14322: 20376: 16923: 14700: 14556: 14540: 14512: 13760: 12967: 11068: 10676:"Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part II)" 12215:

Abdullah, Abu Ahmed (Autumn 1980). "The Peasant Economy in Transition : The Rise of the Rich Peasant in Permanently Settled Bengal".

10641:"Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" 9104: 622:

By April 1942, Japanese warships and aircraft had sunk approximately 100,000 tons of merchant shipping in the Bay of Bengal. According to

22156: 20774: 19564: 19443: 17421: 17046: 15457: 14524: 14436: 14380: 14343: 13625: 9285: 2078:, accuses key figures in the British government (particularly Prime Minister Winston Churchill) of genuine antipathy toward Indians and 1242:

Cause-specific death rates during pre-famine and famine periods; relative importance of different causes of death during famine: Bengal

20550: 20499: 20414: 20229: 18191: 17743: 16178: 14429: 13161: 12582: 10875:

Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974".

10092: 1971: 1938:

is a fictional account of a young doctor and his wife in rural Bengal during the famine. It was adapted into a film of the same name (

21689: 20874: 20839: 20598: 20583: 20555: 19980: 19975: 19792: 18658: 17796: 17613: 17497: 17277: 16969: 15935: 14563: 12953: 12911: 11542:

Maharatna, Arup (1993). "Malaria Ecology, Relief Provision and Regional Variation in Mortality During the Bengal Famine of 1943–44".

2393:) was a vital asset in the Allied war effort. It was "one of the very few sources of natural rubber still controlled by the Allies".( 1033:

Bengal was affected by a series of natural disasters late in 1942. The winter rice crop was afflicted by a severe outbreak of fungal

4162: 22544: 20313: 20032: 19992: 19950: 18267: 18234: 15784: 13603: 13377: 13140: 13006: 12817: 2401:, p. 150) Churchill noted Ceylon's importance in maintaining the flow of oil from the Middle East, and considered its port of 1830: 1704:, with bitter accusations and counter-accusations of unfair treatment and favouritism, collectively they provided substantial aid. 1085:

The cyclone, floods, plant disease, and warm, humid weather reinforced each other and combined to have a substantial impact on the

9266: 9089:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

354:

rice. Sown in May and June and harvested in November and December, it produces about 70% of the total annual crop. Crucially, the

22788: 21762: 20757: 20371: 20325: 19930: 18255: 16231: 14679: 14476: 13513: 13013: 12925: 12861: 12572: 2833: 2426: 1135: 520:

rice cultivar towards less productive cultivars, and also created a more hospitable environment for water-borne diseases such as

10615: 9848: 21703: 21669: 21604: 20468: 20140: 20120: 20057: 20010: 17517: 16624: 16401: 16073: 14882: 14394: 13244: 12782: 12522: 12517: 7523: 765: 648: 21270: 20660: 20288: 17411: 17113: 16953: 16938: 16732: 16662: 15478: 15383: 14910: 14656: 14531: 13617: 13591: 13448: 13154: 13071: 12245: 10564: 10543: 10522: 10484: 10463: 10412: 10387: 10366: 10342: 10295: 10268: 10221: 10196: 10172: 10151: 10106: 10078: 10053: 10032: 10007: 9974: 9928: 9904: 9837: 9812: 9790: 9745: 9718: 9690: 9614: 9589: 9564: 9545: 9522: 9497: 9474: 9438: 75: 17: 7360: 21080: 20318: 19965: 19647: 19474: 19041: 18849: 18603: 18598: 18459: 18272: 18196: 17269: 16933: 15711: 15118: 15004: 14169: 13636: 13632: 13610: 13214: 12403: 8685: 2800: 2156: 1490:

wrote that it was "not just the problem of rice and the availability of rice. It was the problem of society in fragments".

1175:, whose failure would have been disastrous for the world and whose success was as a result prioritised above aid to India. 249: 12296: 2010: 21708: 21684: 21521: 19940: 19860: 17287: 17118: 16540: 15626: 15090: 14422: 14408: 13621: 12441: 11792:

Prayer, Mario (2001). "The Gandhians of Bengal: nationalism, social reconstruction and cultural orientations 1920–1942".

9293:. Vol. Appendices (I to IX) and Indian Land-System Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern. Alipore: Bengal Government Press. 1238:(that is, those attributable to the famine, over and above the normal incidence) as compared to rates from 1937 to 1941. 1010: 752:

First, a "denial of rice" policy was carried out in three southern districts along the coast of the Bay of Bengal –

11256:

Greenough, Paul R. (1999). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44".

11220:

Greenough, Paul R. (1983). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44".

10586:

The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s

21698: 20965: 20650: 20539: 20437: 17542: 17537: 17396: 16514: 16474: 15835: 15704: 15582: 15160: 14875: 14826: 14584: 14139: 13391: 13230: 13078: 12932: 11518:

Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943".

11038:

De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44".

9939: 9332:

The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. IV: The Bengal Famine and the New Viceroyalty, 15 June 1943–31 August 1944

6090: 5988: 2183: 1735:" and distribution to even the most distant rural areas began on a large scale. In particular, grain was imported from 612: 2274:, sometimes rice in one season and other crops in another, reducing rice's yearly proportion of its total crops sown ( 589: 22798: 20735: 20640: 20442: 19620: 19608: 18392: 17512: 17302: 17229: 16915: 16853: 16489: 15951: 14833: 14805: 14622: 14204: 13923: 13890: 12587: 10436: 10321: 9871: 9407: 9385: 9339: 1895: 1800:

suffered the most. In absolute numbers, agricultural labourers faced the highest rates of destitution and mortality.

1720: 623: 20020: 13106: 11433:

Law-Smith, Auriol (1989). "Response and responsibility: The government of India's role in the Bengal famine, 1943".

10983:

Cooper, Adrienne (1983). "Sharecroppers and Landlords in Bengal, 1930–50: the dependency web and its implications".

5956: 2291:, p. 78) The wheat-eating enclave in Calcutta were industrial workers who had come there from other provinces ( 1115:

Whether the famine resulted from crop shortfall or failure of land distribution has been much debated. According to

172:. An estimated 800,000–3.8 million people died, in the Bengal region (present-day Bangladesh and West Bengal), from 42: 22768: 21767: 21679: 21674: 21554: 20829: 20752: 20276: 20167: 20027: 19945: 19602: 19046: 18117: 18112: 18105: 17728: 17698: 16803: 16768: 16545: 15988: 15146: 15083: 14218: 14054: 13177: 11965:(1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". 11354:

Iqbal, Iftekhar (2009). "Return of the Bhadralok: Ecology and Agrarian Relations in Eastern Bengal, c. 1905–1947".

10896:

Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1992a). "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur".

9633: 13731: 11499: 11146:

Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation".

933:

negotiating a peaceful transfer of political power to an elected Indian body; this goal was also supported by the

22763: 22554: 21996: 21899: 20943: 20645: 20330: 20130: 19597: 19557: 19249: 18965: 18842: 18492: 18302: 18127: 18063: 18036: 17282: 16974: 16773: 16717: 15512: 15353: 15342: 15178: 14937: 14896: 14789: 14727: 14114: 13384: 13253: 13221: 2229:'s "widely quoted figure of 3 million". Sen estimated between 2.7 and 3 million deaths for the period 1943–1946. 2173: 2136: 1569:

By the summer of 1943, many districts of Bengal, especially in the countryside, had taken on the look of "a vast

816: 13901: 13469: 2861:"Mr Keynes and the forgotten holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44: Or, the macroeconomics of extreme demand compression" 22808: 22793: 21609: 21531: 21100: 20890: 20859: 20854: 20767: 20713: 20665: 20630: 20588: 20545: 20424: 20364: 20308: 20157: 20147: 19630: 19453: 19448: 18731: 18726: 18681: 18402: 17982: 16469: 15898: 15870: 15748: 15541: 14778: 14229: 14155: 13951: 13322: 13041: 12946: 12831: 12434: 11076:(Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from 9463:

Arguments for a Better World: Essays in Honor of Amartya Sen: Volume II: Society, Institutions, and Development

1717: 705:" were alleviated when military forces began distributing relief supplies between October 1942 and April 1943. 322: 309: 228:, many rice imports were lost as the region's market supplies and transport systems were disrupted by British " 20381: 11742:(Technical report). Helsinki: The United Nations University/World Institute for Development Economics Research 3774: 2981:"5 of the worst atrocities carried out by British Empire, after 'historical amnesia' claims | The Independent" 1183:

An estimated 0.8–3.8 million Bengalis died, out of a population of 60.3 million. According to Irish historian

22778: 22534: 21173: 21168: 21138: 21065: 20960: 20792: 20787: 20356: 20015: 19297: 19013: 18891: 18741: 18721: 18716: 18651: 18387: 18250: 18012: 17806: 17723: 17562: 17312: 16988: 16948: 16692: 15958: 15891: 15842: 15773: 15598: 15104: 15055: 14819: 14812: 14415: 14176: 13967: 13020: 12486: 10675: 10640: 2141: 12137: 10760:

Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45".

4606:, p. 5, "Army Proposal of 23 April submitted to Chief Civil Defence Commissioner, Bengal", as cited in 548:

Rural areas lacked access to safe water supplies. Water came primarily from large earthen tanks, rivers and

22738: 22722: 22692: 21347: 21329: 21320: 21311: 21303: 20762: 20680: 20675: 20386: 20335: 20283: 20177: 20172: 20162: 20005: 19516: 19436: 19335: 19026: 18701: 18397: 18292: 17972: 17864: 17764: 17683: 17234: 16682: 16438: 16032: 15928: 15303: 15264: 14183: 14018: 14003: 13930: 13909: 13727: 13405: 13191: 13184: 13168: 12879: 12838: 12810: 12634: 12527: 12409: 12370: 11308:

Hickman, John (2008). "Orwellian Rectification: Popular Churchill Biographies and the 1943 Bengal Famine".

10963: 9096: 9076: 2377: 2166: 2037:

of landless agricultural workers, transforming what should have been a local shortage into a major famine.

1935: 1809: 915: 846:

of 1945 characterised this "critical and potentially most dangerous stage" as a key policy failure. As one

484:

effectively dominated and impoverished the lowest tier of economic classes in several districts of Bengal.

225: 11886:

Roy, Tirthankar (30 December 2006). "Roots of Agrarian Crisis in Interwar India: Retrieving a Narrative".

22702: 22478: 21446: 20911: 20869: 20747: 20655: 20560: 20419: 20404: 19870: 19652: 19383: 19287: 19148: 18950: 18881: 18792: 18686: 18454: 18144: 18002: 17859: 17490: 17485: 17297: 16843: 16687: 16667: 16396: 16148: 15995: 15319: 15271: 14889: 14861: 14714: 14329: 14308: 13829: 13492: 13398: 12888: 12718: 12481: 11454:

Learmonth, A. T. A. (1957). "Some contrasts in the regional geography of malaria in India and Pakistan".

4509: 4309: 2079: 2017:

such as Peter Bowbrick hold that a sharp drop in the food supply was the pivotal determining factor. S.Y.

1940: 879:

war-related industries, and in some cases even politically well-connected middle-class agriculturalists.

582: 12365: 1486:

witnessed "children picking and eating undigested grains out of a beggar's diarrheal discharge". Author

768:, the governor of Bengal, issued an urgent directive in late March 1942 immediately requiring stocks of 652:

Map of Indian civilian exodus from Burma into Manipur, Bengal, and Assam, between January and July 1942.

22783: 22458: 22286: 21965: 21910: 21794: 21516: 21481: 21356: 21338: 21005: 20903: 20670: 20431: 20399: 19910: 19885: 19851: 19550: 19325: 19226: 19196: 19138: 19067: 19036: 18980: 18928: 18615: 18551: 18088: 18056: 17977: 17456: 17317: 17239: 17108: 17093: 17056: 16943: 16838: 16798: 16555: 16524: 16433: 16111: 16066: 15793: 15289: 15208: 15153: 15041: 14997: 14647: 14273: 14197: 14099: 13976: 13848: 13841: 13801: 13774: 13506: 13439: 13034: 12845: 12775: 12539: 10287: 10260: 10024: 9710: 9682: 7977: 809: 659: 574: 488:

of impoverishment and death during the Bengal famine of 1943 were the landless agricultural labourers.

9459:"Engaging Sen on gender relations: Cooperative conflicts, false perceptions and relative capabilities" 7726: 7232: 5269: 5267: 4409: 1045:

ravaged croplands, destroyed houses and killing thousands, at the same time dispersing high levels of

22803: 22657: 22622: 22350: 21855: 21661: 21526: 21342: 21263: 20834: 20780: 20725: 20447: 20000: 19958: 19925: 19531: 19282: 19143: 18409: 18149: 17987: 17960: 17889: 17824: 17738: 17710: 17507: 17406: 17103: 16928: 16778: 16590: 16494: 16411: 16206: 16168: 16138: 15695: 15612: 15397: 15257: 15229: 15062: 14967: 14757: 14190: 13264: 12918: 12734: 12613: 12576: 12076: 10207: 10098: 9393: 9262: 6247:, p. Appendix VI, Extracts of Reports from Commissioners and District Officers, pp. 225–27. 5153: 2100: 2029:

Academic consensus generally follows the FEE account, as formulated by Nobel Prize-winning economist

1986: 843: 405: 401: 38: 13462: 12316: 7805: 2661:

For example, in the 1937 Bengal Congress elections, Hindus won only 60 out of a total of 250 seats (

2213:

The estimates do not include Orissa. There has been a wide range of estimates since the famine. See

21915: 21799: 21541: 21451: 21351: 21324: 20938: 20527: 20505: 20258: 20047: 20037: 19970: 19890: 19875: 19642: 19345: 19330: 19269: 19206: 19153: 19077: 18711: 18644: 18593: 18078: 17934: 17909: 17678: 17307: 17259: 17249: 17209: 17199: 16833: 16788: 16748: 16722: 16702: 16479: 16428: 16386: 16267: 16251: 15434: 15411: 14663: 14464: 14457: 14121: 13781: 13753: 13746: 13133: 10950:

Chaudhuri, Binay Bhushan (1975). "The Process of Depeasantization in Bengal and Bihar, 1885–1947".

9829: 7861: 7710: 5264: 2674: 2669:). The provincial government of Bengal was essentially under Muslim control from 1937 until 1947, ( 2108: 1844: 1701: 780: 634:

acknowledged that the fleet was powerless to mount serious opposition to Japanese naval attacks on

13478: 13455: 12414: 11572: 10804: 6888: 6592: 6590: 1816:

said "...the final judgment on British rule in India". According to historian Benjamin R. Siegel:

22813: 22697: 22360: 22333: 22251: 21876: 21085: 21020: 20955: 20948: 20847: 20476: 20302: 20271: 20125: 20108: 19128: 18943: 18911: 18588: 18181: 18169: 18139: 17801: 17748: 17522: 17292: 17244: 17135: 17098: 17088: 17083: 16828: 16753: 16677: 16153: 15856: 15800: 15670: 15530: 15215: 14868: 14764: 14670: 14238: 14106: 14076: 14040: 14025: 13897: 13789: 13767: 13713: 13699: 13681: 13345: 13126: 12854: 12803: 11662: 10213: 10070: 9966: 9896: 9755: 9466: 9399: 5609: 5320: 5318: 2022: 1581: 1560:

commented in November 1943 on the levels of putrefaction, contamination, and vermin infestation:

1023: 831:

banned rice exports in June, followed by export bans in Bengal and its neighbouring provinces of

512: 261: 185: 11828: 11175:

Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44".

11077: 6874: 6872: 1466: 22773: 22509: 22281: 22171: 21646: 21594: 21090: 20982: 20824: 20804: 20593: 20573: 20532: 20510: 20245: 20199: 20135: 19499: 18938: 18865: 18536: 18176: 18132: 18007: 17939: 17929: 17894: 17532: 17527: 17376: 17189: 17184: 17130: 17051: 16821: 16816: 16793: 16629: 16116: 15548: 15441: 15243: 15194: 15097: 14990: 14960: 14743: 14631: 14357: 14148: 13739: 13720: 13690: 13237: 13207: 12560: 9656: 9575: 9246: 9087: 9067: 8747: 8686:"Putin exploits the lie machine but didn't invent it. British history is also full of untruths" 8255: 6587: 4445: 2834:"Profit Inflation, Keynes and the Holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44 | Economic and Political Weekly" 2801:"Putin exploits the lie machine but didn't invent it. British history is also full of untruths" 2237: 2074:

A related argument, present since the days of the famine but expressed at length by journalist

1062: 988:

province; however, these attempts to drive down prices by increasing supply were unsuccessful.

970: 942: 372: 241: 11857:

Ray, Rajat; Ray, Ratna (1975). "Zamindars and Jotedars: A Study of rural politics in Bengal".

10402: 10377: 10332: 10311: 10280:"'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44" 10133: 10064: 9890: 9866:. London, England: Athlone Press for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. pp. 280–314. 9823: 9774: 9704: 9508: 9458: 8822: 5315: 275:

was ineffective through the worst months of the crisis. It attempted to fix the price of rice

22612: 22340: 22234: 21315: 21223: 21216: 21183: 20997: 20814: 20809: 20797: 20692: 20618: 20520: 20295: 20065: 19585: 19577: 19521: 19511: 19413: 19398: 19340: 19236: 19211: 19123: 19072: 19062: 19021: 18975: 18970: 18906: 18706: 18497: 18370: 18355: 18224: 18201: 17919: 17769: 17693: 17645: 17635: 17224: 17172: 17157: 16598: 16519: 16448: 16236: 16201: 16143: 16059: 16039: 15762: 15605: 15471: 15427: 15167: 15132: 15125: 15048: 14946: 14387: 14364: 14211: 13822: 13359: 13099: 13085: 12768: 12690: 12684: 12512: 11814: 10512: 10455: 10425:(1980). "Famine Mortality: A Study of the Bengal Famine of 1943". In Eric J. Hobsbawm (ed.). 10279: 9918: 9737: 9600: 6869: 2320:

Census statistics were considerably more accurate than those for foodgrain production. (

2146: 1924: 1887: 1163: 769: 664: 553: 471:

crops, smallholders fell into cycles of debt, often eventually forfeiting land to creditors.

276: 82: 13657: 12399: 12380: 10933:

Chatterjee, Partha (1986). "The Colonial State and Peasant Resistance in Bengal 1920–1947".

10356: 10018: 9426: 7690: 1915:

famous. Women journalists who covered the famine included Freda Bedi reporting for Lahore's

22642: 22637: 21871: 21822: 21256: 21035: 20977: 20972: 20730: 20492: 19775: 19494: 19259: 18933: 18901: 18282: 18017: 17955: 17924: 17914: 17874: 17869: 17608: 17547: 17401: 17194: 17177: 16654: 15863: 15718: 15369: 15326: 15296: 15222: 15032: 15011: 13937: 13414: 13092: 12644: 11836:

Rangasami, Amrita (1985). "Failure of Exchange Entitlements Theory of Famine: A Response".

11404:

Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again".

6904: 2860: 1957: 1861: 1680: 753: 685: 467: 397: 288: 11907:

Roy, Tirthankar (2007). "A delayed revolution: environment and agrarian change in India".

11734: 11658:"The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history" 6701: 4733: 922: 8: 22647: 22632: 22587: 22562: 22529: 22199: 22106: 21976: 21930: 21860: 21832: 21827: 21817: 21809: 21564: 21232: 21070: 21060: 21040: 21025: 20987: 20933: 20452: 20409: 20080: 19707: 19526: 19431: 19370: 19315: 19292: 18573: 18566: 18561: 18360: 18297: 18287: 18083: 18051: 18022: 17416: 17371: 17335: 17254: 17061: 17038: 16811: 16634: 16406: 16315: 15981: 15755: 15633: 15589: 15111: 14245: 14011: 13538: 13368: 13352: 13301: 12664: 12591: 12532: 11709: 11088:

Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques".

10250: 10143: 5169: 2230: 2058: 1724: 1599: 1204: 1184: 993: 911: 895: 892: 784: 715: 639: 384: 189: 11768: 11339:

The political study of nature – socio-ecological transformation of a North Bengal region

10188:

Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II

9378:

The Pinnell Archive on the Bengal Famine: Evidence to the Famine Inquiry Commission 1944

9358: 552:. In the dry season, partially drained tanks became a further breeding area for malaria- 22727: 22652: 22627: 22597: 22298: 22179: 22116: 22041: 21886: 21837: 21693: 21456: 21431: 21360: 21133: 21108: 21055: 20864: 20393: 20085: 20075: 19935: 19880: 19625: 19504: 19489: 19458: 19360: 19350: 19133: 19097: 18990: 18960: 18921: 18517: 18502: 18469: 18419: 18382: 18159: 18122: 17992: 17899: 17854: 17849: 17688: 17673: 17652: 17582: 17557: 17502: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17078: 16578: 16453: 16423: 16376: 16343: 16158: 15974: 15807: 15732: 15686: 15656: 15564: 15404: 15069: 14953: 14847: 14798: 14736: 14492: 14443: 14252: 13876: 13531: 13329: 12659: 12283: 12256: 12224: 12173: 12125: 12068: 12003: 11986:

Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements".

11978: 11950: 11895: 11874: 11845: 11801: 11721: 11697: 11644: 11636: 11597: 11559: 11471: 11421: 11379: 11371: 11325: 11273: 11245: 11237: 11208: 11192: 11163: 11105: 11055: 11026: 10921: 10913: 10863: 10855: 10777: 10748: 10719: 10603: 10448: 10352: 10232: 10182: 10088: 9991: 9626: 9534: 9360:

Sketch of the Medical Topography or Climate and Soils, of Bengal and the N.W. Provinces

9029: 6167: 3963: 2075: 1866: 1611:

attend their usual work outside for want of a piece of cloth to wrap round their loins.

1522: 1172: 1034: 958: 954: 946: 757: 730: 381: 12348: 12185:

Weigold, Auriol (1999). "Famine management: The Bengal famine (1942–1944) revisited".

10584: 9650: 9240: 9212: 6025: 6023: 5753: 5482: 4935: 3454: 1158:

the refusals included insufficient shipping, particularly in light of Allied plans to

808:

inter-provincial trade was given to provincial governments in November 1941 under the

722:. Construction of airfields displaced the civilian population and increased inflation. 22682: 22672: 22572: 22184: 22081: 21982: 21970: 21949: 21938: 21905: 21651: 21624: 21506: 21441: 21436: 21411: 21406: 21376: 21237: 21188: 21030: 20567: 20090: 19905: 19895: 19839: 19615: 19484: 19388: 19378: 19201: 19118: 19102: 19031: 18998: 18800: 18556: 18546: 18541: 18444: 18429: 18164: 18046: 18041: 17904: 17884: 17879: 17791: 17786: 17603: 17552: 17363: 17162: 17026: 16727: 16381: 15965: 15849: 15739: 15679: 15640: 15573: 15555: 15521: 15464: 15418: 15362: 15187: 14925: 14917: 14854: 14707: 14301: 13833: 13294: 13273: 12983: 12726: 12555: 12352: 12287: 12241: 12177: 12129: 12072: 12032: 12011: 11878: 11824: 11701: 11689: 11675: 11657: 11563: 11425: 11383: 11329: 11249: 11200: 11167: 11134: 11059: 10925: 10867: 10823: 10781: 10752: 10723: 10655: 10623: 10560: 10539: 10518: 10499: 10480: 10459: 10432: 10408: 10383: 10362: 10338: 10317: 10291: 10264: 10238: 10217: 10192: 10168: 10147: 10120: 10112: 10102: 10074: 10049: 10028: 10003: 9970: 9945: 9924: 9900: 9877: 9867: 9833: 9808: 9800: 9786: 9761: 9741: 9714: 9686: 9660: 9637: 9610: 9585: 9560: 9541: 9518: 9493: 9470: 9434: 9413: 9403: 9364: 9345: 9335: 9306: 9294: 9272: 9250: 9218: 9174: 8693: 8659: 6171: 6098: 3690: 2932: 2907: 2880: 2808: 2777: 2364:

Two contemporary reports – the 1940 Report of the Land Revenue Commission of Bengal (

2271: 2049: 1962: 1759:

Land alienation in Bengal, 1940–41 to 1944–45: number of sales of occupancy holdings

1752: 1658: 1517: 1437:(Atabrine) were distributed almost solely to the military and to "priority classes"; 1159: 1143: 966: 938: 934: 828: 824: 578: 297: 153: 112: 11648: 11212: 11109: 10790: 7018: 6384: 22524: 22403: 22313: 22308: 22293: 22229: 22209: 22086: 21955: 21920: 21894: 21789: 21784: 21776: 21747: 21491: 21426: 21163: 21045: 20926: 20705: 20515: 20070: 20042: 19834: 19807: 19702: 19479: 19408: 19403: 19393: 19320: 18916: 18873: 18696: 18484: 18439: 18434: 18334: 18307: 18154: 17965: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17779: 17668: 17623: 17444: 17353: 17125: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16983: 16712: 16672: 16603: 16305: 16133: 16123: 16093: 15884: 15877: 15821: 15485: 15250: 15236: 15139: 15076: 15027: 14840: 14693: 14640: 14450: 14401: 14315: 13545: 13522: 13055: 12344: 12275: 12194: 12165: 12117: 12108:

Tinker, Hugh (1975). "A forgotten long march: the Indian exodus from Burma, 1942".

12096: 12060: 11995: 11974: 11916: 11866: 11764: 11679: 11671: 11626: 11618: 11551: 11463: 11442: 11413: 11363: 11342: 11317: 11285: 11265: 11229: 11184: 11155: 11126: 11097: 11047: 10992: 10938: 10905: 10884: 10847: 10819: 10769: 10740: 10711: 9995: 9782: 9083: 9063: 6157: 6020: 5426: 4625: 2872: 2380:, found that 77% did not own sufficient land to provide subsistence for themselves. 2178: 2161: 2005:

The degree of crop shortfall in late 1942 and its impact in 1943 has dominated the

1891: 1813: 1667: 847: 316: 272: 200: 19003: 13064: 10556:

The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947

347: 22707: 22577: 22473: 22463: 22345: 22256: 22224: 21944: 21724: 21075: 20697: 20487: 20482: 19797: 19221: 18896: 18886: 18784: 18667: 18583: 18507: 18449: 18414: 18095: 18073: 17997: 17774: 16898: 16893: 16883: 16876: 16644: 16499: 16484: 16310: 16193: 15907: 15619: 15534: 15492: 15390: 15333: 15201: 14983: 14974: 14503: 14085: 14061: 13315: 12710: 12654: 12476: 12421: 11819: 10554: 10533: 10474: 10426: 10254: 10186: 10162: 10043: 9985: 9676: 9489: 9035: 5069: 2217:, pp. 214–231), especially table 5.1 on page 215, for a review of the data. 2151: 1732: 884: 836: 820: 761: 541: 462:

through the transfer of debts and mortgages, and parcel-by-parcel land-grabbing.

149: 117: 16019: 12064: 11588:

Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51".

11537:(PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom). 11130: 10302:

An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at

8395: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 2954: 2221:, p. 6) suggested a range of 2.1–3 million, deriving the lower figure from 863:

The loss of Burma reinforced the strategic importance of Calcutta as the hub of

22433: 22398: 22368: 22271: 22046: 21960: 21866: 21847: 21739: 21729: 21511: 21416: 21050: 20341: 20204: 19802: 19687: 19423: 19355: 19307: 19244: 19163: 19092: 18955: 18691: 18610: 18578: 18524: 18474: 18464: 18365: 18186: 18068: 17844: 16979: 16707: 16697: 16509: 16418: 16371: 16366: 16338: 16295: 16290: 16226: 15914: 15450: 15376: 13428: 13287: 12567: 12279: 11555: 11321: 11159: 11051: 10715: 9914: 9857:: Subordinate Officials and the Reliability of India's Agricultural Statistics" 9628:

Agricultural Trends in India, 1891–1947: Output, Availability, and Productivity

9040: 9036:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 8990: 7411: 6400: 5825: 4919: 2287:

Wheat was considered a staple by many in Calcutta, but nowhere else in Bengal.(

2095: 2006: 1805: 1748: 1216: 864: 852: 832: 804: 746: 680: 233: 12198: 12169: 12156:

Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India".

12121: 11870: 11446: 11417: 11391:

Iqbal, Iftekhar (2011). "The Boat Denial Policy and the Great Bengal Famine".

11367: 11233: 11188: 11101: 10996: 10909: 10888: 10773: 10744: 10404:

Global Muckraking: 100 Years of Investigative Journalism from Around the World

9892:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

9765: 9602:

Propaganda and Information in Eastern India 1939–45: A Necessary Weapon of War

8890: 7917: 6987: 6717: 6265: 6178: 6039: 5362: 4888: 4709: 4669: 3514: 688:, July 1943. Calcutta became a hub for hundreds of thousands of Allied troops. 22757: 22712: 22662: 22607: 22582: 22514: 22453: 22413: 22383: 22146: 21752: 21634: 21619: 21476: 21461: 21421: 21384: 20189: 19918: 19824: 19758: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19692: 19682: 19216: 19176: 18512: 18375: 18100: 17618: 17577: 16905: 16861: 16758: 16333: 16272: 16241: 16221: 16216: 15725: 13650: 13499: 13338: 12608: 12036: 11693: 10942: 9881: 9664: 9581: 9514: 9417: 9389: 9368: 9349: 9298: 9254: 9222: 9178: 8697: 8335: 7893: 6320: 6318: 6316: 5972: 5692: 5287: 4829: 3706: 2911: 2884: 2876: 2812: 2541: 2406: 2063: 1990: 1708: 1570: 1479: 1069: 1058: 631: 293: 271:

The provincial government never formally declared a state of famine, and its

213: 12747: 10503: 10284:

Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future

10242: 9953: 9949: 9276: 8587: 6202: 5402: 5350: 5226: 5224: 4862: 4860: 4749: 4198: 4104: 4102: 4061: 4059: 3842: 3840: 3240: 2746: 2044: 675: 283:

which encouraged sellers to withhold stocks, leading to hyperinflation from

22617: 22567: 22443: 22318: 21629: 21589: 21549: 21471: 21401: 21178: 21123: 20916: 20214: 20209: 19829: 19780: 19737: 19712: 19672: 19082: 17628: 17598: 17145: 16608: 16325: 16211: 16024: 15828: 14128: 14033: 13664: 13027: 12791: 12669: 12356: 12266:

Goswami, Omkar (1990). "The Bengal Famine of 1943: Re-examining the Data".

12015: 11920: 11776: 11204: 11138: 10659: 9730: 9641: 9242:

Bengal Famine (1943): As Revealed in a Survey of the Destitutes in Calcutta

8279: 8053: 6335: 6333: 3995: 3993: 3598: 3438: 3129: 3059: 3057: 2068: 2021:

Padmanabhan and later Mark Tauger, in particular, argue that the impact of

1945: 1638: 1630: 1534: 1526: 1430: 1196: 1046: 827:

prohibited the export of foodgrains outside the province two months later.

459: 438: 280: 209: 181: 169: 12100: 12087:

Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II".

10731:

Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal".

10498:. Translated by N. Chakravarty. Bombay, India: People's Publishing House. 10124: 9999: 9142: 8878: 8483: 8112: 7272: 6960: 6372: 6313: 6190: 4876: 4126: 1429:(the most common malaria medication) were very frequently diverted to the 1017: 22717: 22687: 22677: 22667: 22423: 22418: 22388: 22276: 22244: 22219: 22189: 22126: 22051: 21574: 21396: 21333: 21280: 21118: 19819: 19770: 19191: 19186: 19171: 19087: 18834: 18757: 18529: 17733: 17348: 17343: 17071: 16888: 16871: 16763: 16391: 16358: 16300: 16282: 16246: 15663: 15649: 15311: 13987: 13808: 13793: 13147: 12674: 12649: 12618: 12507: 11962: 11779:(2018). "Profit Inflation, Keynes and the Holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44". 11017:

Datta, V. N. (2002). "The Cripps Mission, Its Failure and Significance".

10422: 9700: 9672: 9006: 8231: 7849: 7547: 7332: 6781: 6753: 6523: 5801: 5593: 5221: 5197: 4857: 4697: 4465: 4369: 4114: 4099: 4083: 4056: 4044: 3837: 2226: 2083: 2030: 1912: 1848: 1598:" faced increasingly dire scarcity. Swami Sambudhanand, president of the 1446: 1116: 1042: 412: 367: 339: 284: 257: 165: 157: 99: 12426: 12410:

Hungry Bengal – War, Famine, Riots, and the End of Empire 1939–1946

12228: 11805: 11725: 11640: 11375: 11346: 11030: 9864:

The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of Africa and India

6817: 6330: 6289: 4801: 3990: 3879: 3614: 3363: 3069: 3054: 22602: 22592: 22483: 22438: 22393: 22328: 22261: 22194: 22076: 22056: 22016: 21584: 21579: 21248: 21158: 21010: 20224: 20219: 20194: 19814: 19717: 19573: 17572: 17464: 16866: 16550: 16348: 15018: 14771: 14750: 13643: 12976: 12904: 12679: 12639: 12007: 11954: 11899: 11849: 11622: 11601: 11277: 11117:

Dyson, Tim (1991). "On the demography of South Asian famines part II".

10859: 10607: 9208: 8559: 8379: 7833: 6932: 6501: 6499: 5769: 5386: 4641: 3530: 3201: 2467:

Sources agree that the impetus came from the military; see for example

2091: 1967: 1835: 1736: 1696: 1487: 1230: 719: 627: 505: 264:). The relative impact of each of these factors on the death toll is a 221: 192:, and women and children became homeless migrants, often travelling to 173: 161: 90:. These photographs made world headlines and spurred government action. 19542: 18767: 12301:. Vol. With Minutes of Dissent. Alipore: Bengal Government Press. 11573:"Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission" 11475: 11241: 11196: 10917: 10303: 8543: 6805: 6150:"Falsehoods and myths in famine research: The Bengal famine and Daoud" 5965:, Documents 59, 71, 72, 74, 98, 139, 157, 207, 219, as cited in 5725: 5299: 4493: 3746: 3558: 248:

due to a wartime shortage of shipping. More proximate causes included

22266: 22121: 22096: 22091: 22036: 22021: 21599: 21466: 21389: 21148: 21113: 17066: 15281: 14686: 14483: 14294: 14092: 14047: 11941:

Sen, Amartya (1976). "Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements".

11684: 11631: 10139: 9606: 6547: 6162: 6149: 4681: 3339: 3113: 2442:, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example 2430: 2390: 2188: 2034: 1646:

was roughly equal to 37 kilograms (82 lb)), or as little as one

1483: 1470:

A family on the sidewalk in Calcutta during the Bengal famine of 1943

1442: 1434: 1139: 875: 870: 594: 549: 16639: 13568: 11999: 11269: 10851: 8902: 8455: 7650: 7602: 6496: 4992: 4789: 4333: 3642: 1537:

by Indian police. The caption read "His name was Kshetramohan Naik."

710: 22499: 22468: 22448: 22428: 22373: 22323: 22214: 22141: 22111: 22061: 21496: 21128: 20921: 20464: 19181: 17469: 16504: 13552: 13280: 11467: 10838:

Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943".

9540:. New York, NY: Reader's Digest Press, distributed by E.P. Dutton. 8467: 7051: 7049: 4761: 4577: 4429: 1209: 1050: 602: 537: 417: 87: 18636: 10594:

Bekker, Konrad (Summer 1951). "Land Reform Legislation in India".

8448:, pp. 21–23 "The conclusion is inescapable: famines are 7586: 5785: 5121: 3809: 1930:

The famine has been portrayed in novels, films and art. The novel

1234:

respect to the population in 1941. Percentages for 1943–44 are of

974:

Government of India that contributed to later famine-driven woes.

296:

crisis had abated, as a result of disease. British Prime Minister

22519: 22504: 22136: 22131: 22101: 22031: 22026: 22011: 22006: 21294: 21153: 19697: 18762: 12415:

BBC/OU: The things we forgot to remember – The Bengal famine

11532: 9427:"Despatch on operations in Burma 15 December 1941 to 20 May 1942" 9271:. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. 8767: 7097: 6833: 6677: 6652: 6650: 6117: 5085: 4951: 4248: 4246: 3658: 3103: 3101: 2433:: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told that he simply 2402: 1983:

Hungry Bengal: a tour through Midnapur District in November, 1943

1692: 1426: 1057:

Padmanabhan wrote that the outbreak was similar in impact to the

1038: 598: 525: 521: 423: 327: 253: 237: 193: 177: 12046:"Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" 12023:

Sen, Amartya (1990). "Individual freedom as social commitment".

10379:

How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj

9760:. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1943. 9167:"Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study" 8603: 8096: 7905: 7136: 7046: 6769: 6360: 5917: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4777: 4150: 2900:"Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study" 1911:, to publish similar images; the latter would make photographer 366:

mortality rates, induced in part by the pre-1943 success of the

22408: 22378: 22303: 22151: 22071: 22066: 21614: 21569: 16051: 14162: 12760: 12471: 10116: 9963:

Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944

9577:

Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan

9102: 8962: 8926: 8660:"Churchill's legacy leaves Indians questioning his hero status" 8639: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6977: 6975: 6350: 6348: 4909: 4907: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 3980: 3978: 3795: 3793: 2933:"Churchill's legacy leaves Indians questioning his hero status" 2778:"Churchill's legacy leaves Indians questioning his hero status" 2087: 1603: 1073: 635: 12335:

Passmore, R. (1951). "Famine in India: an historical survey".

10805:"The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" 8363: 7941: 7220: 6647: 6610: 6472: 5656: 5545: 5442: 5035: 5033: 5031: 4243: 3411: 3098: 1981:

A contemporary sketchbook of iconic scenes of famine victims,

326:

Rice farmers ploughing a rice field with water buffaloes near

21641: 21559: 21366: 21143: 19254: 14350: 9987:

The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943

7953: 7821: 7666: 7511: 7284: 6793: 6741: 6689: 6436: 6424: 6226: 5646: 5644: 5629: 5185: 5097: 5057: 4963: 4817: 4481: 4186: 1728: 1666:

Aside from the relatively prompt but inadequate provision of

1146:, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in India, and Admiral 496: 358:

in rice production in 1942 occurred during the all-important

10962: 10450:

Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation

10431:. Published for Sameeksha Trust by Oxford University Press. 9706:

Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal Since 1770

9433:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. pp. 1–111. 8854: 8735: 8323: 8237: 8219: 8171: 7997: 7771: 7769: 7559: 7401: 7399: 7124: 7034: 6999: 6972: 6667: 6665: 6345: 6255: 6253: 5338: 4904: 4565: 4357: 4222: 3975: 3951: 3790: 22239: 22204: 21015: 19677: 18229: 10514:

Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India

10164:

The Demography of Famines: an Indian Historical Perspective

8723: 8575: 7576: 7574: 7451: 7439: 7348: 7114: 7112: 7085: 5905: 5713: 5533: 5109: 5028: 5016: 4980: 4263: 4261: 3869: 3867: 3674: 3042: 2734: 1976:

Darkening Days: Being a Narrative of Famine-Stricken Bengal

1950:

The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made

868:

Members of the "priority" classes were largely composed of

429: 350:

in Bengal. By far the most important is the winter crop of

11534:

The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective

11492:

Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India

11456:

Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)

9261: 9148: 9124: 8896: 8884: 8788: 8786: 8489: 8439: 8351: 8299: 7811: 7732: 7716: 7696: 7553: 7541: 7278: 6993: 6966: 6910: 6898: 6878: 6787: 6723: 6711: 6529: 6406: 6378: 6339: 6324: 6295: 6271: 6244: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6105: 6045: 6008: 5934: 5932: 5813: 5807: 5707: 5680: 5668: 5641: 5523: 5521: 5488: 5436: 5408: 5368: 5356: 5293: 5273: 5230: 5203: 5179: 5159: 4941: 4882: 4866: 4755: 4739: 4715: 4703: 4675: 4533: 4415: 4375: 4285: 4204: 4168: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4065: 4050: 4010: 4008: 3999: 3969: 3885: 3846: 3728: 3574: 3478: 3327: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3207: 3135: 3075: 2752: 2304: 2292: 2275: 2258: 1585:

Mother with child on a Calcutta street. Bengal famine 1943

1092: 819:

banned exports of wheat; this increased the perception of

779:

These policies had important political ramifications. The

565:

grains was restricted by inter-provincial trade barriers.

334:

The Government of India's Famine Inquiry Commission report

12254: 11517: 11290:"Without Churchill, India's Famine Would Have Been Worse" 10454:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: 9944:. Calcutta, India: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Ltd. 9754: 8978: 8950: 8711: 8427: 8128: 8086: 8084: 8031: 8029: 8027: 7929: 7923: 7899: 7855: 7766: 7678: 7626: 7614: 7427: 7396: 7320: 7308: 7296: 7248: 7164: 6729: 6662: 6622: 6575: 6511: 6484: 6460: 6250: 5615: 5240: 5209: 5004: 4071: 3852: 3696: 3630: 3387: 3369: 3315: 3279: 3165: 3063: 2373: 2369: 2308: 1438: 676:

1942–1945: Military build-up, inflation, and displacement

10382:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 8627: 8519: 8195: 8069: 8014: 8012: 7793: 7781: 7742: 7571: 7109: 7061: 6845: 6412: 5944: 5885: 4345: 4273: 4258: 4032: 4020: 3864: 3428: 3426: 3351: 3291: 3032: 3030: 1855:

Calcutta's two leading English-language newspapers were

1747:

The famine's aftermath greatly accelerated pre-existing

1478:

Families also disintegrated, with cases of abandonment,

310:

British Raj § Famines, epidemics, and public health

11004:

Das, Debarshi (2008). "A relook at the Bengal Famine".

10428:

Peasants in History: Essays in Honour of Daniel Thorner

10304:

UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series)

9678:

Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics

8810: 8783: 7881: 7638: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7260: 7073: 6920: 6563: 6301: 6277: 6214: 5929: 5518: 5470: 5252: 4845: 4210: 4005: 3586: 3399: 3375: 3252: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2758: 2082:, an antipathy arising mainly from a desire to protect 1978:

recounts horrific events from a woman's point of view.

1595: 355: 18824:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

13422:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

11755:

Padmanabhan, S. Y. (1973). "The Great Bengal Famine".

10313:

India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat

8866: 8798: 8615: 8531: 8507: 8495: 8415: 8311: 8243: 8140: 8081: 8041: 8024: 7384: 7152: 6129: 6071: 6059: 5857: 5741: 5414: 4721: 4657: 4297: 3927: 3762: 3546: 1824: 1441:(then relatively new and considered "miraculous") and 1178: 764: – that were expected to have surpluses of rice. 22540:

List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

17278:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

12305: 12294: 11341:(PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 10874: 10701: 10048:. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Pip International Publications. 9283: 9152: 8938: 8842: 8461: 8207: 8183: 8009: 7965: 7499: 7204: 6604: 6505: 6448: 5557: 5374: 5045: 4998: 4795: 4613: 4339: 4138: 3524: 3502: 3423: 3267: 3230: 3228: 3189: 3141: 3027: 3015: 2365: 1618: 1110: 858: 250:

large-scale natural disasters in south-western Bengal

196:

or other large cities in search of organised relief.

11800:: 1–93, 95–161, 163–231, 233–297, 299–331, 333–363. 9557:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

7754: 6535: 3939: 3903: 3213: 3177: 2998: 2722: 2694: 984: 855:

and food shortage into famine and widespread death.

626:, Commander-in-Chief of the army in India, both the 11928:Schneer, Richard (1947). "Famine in Bengal: 1943". 11712:(2010). "Revisiting the Bengal Famine of 1943–44". 11485:"Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" 9775:"The Prime Minister and the Indian Army's Last War" 7188: 6948: 6857: 5869: 3915: 3891: 3825: 3088: 3086: 3084: 17126:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 10447: 10397:Schiffrin, Anya (2014). "Ian Stephens, Editorial, 10334:Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods 10020:Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study 9825:Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food 9729: 9625: 9533: 9330:Mansergh, Nicholas; Lumby, E. W. R., eds. (1973). 7176: 3303: 3225: 1898:circulated them among policy makers". In Britain, 1004: 245: 11736:The Entitlement Approach to Famine: An Assessment 11609:Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". 5845: 3787:, chapter 6, see for example the map on page 187. 3490: 3153: 2421: 2419: 1742: 1512: 1445:were sprayed only around military installations. 559: 224:left them less able to purchase food. During the 22755: 18819:Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765 10209:Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire 9807:. New York, NY: Mariner Books; Reissue edition. 9757:The Bulletin of the U.S. Army Medical Department 3081: 2540:In this context, "carryover" is not the same as 1187:"the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million". 1129: 669: 229: 138:Estimated 800,000 to 3.8 million in Bengal alone 12364:Tauger, Mark B.; Sen, Amartya (24 March 2011). 12136: 11148:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 10066:India at War: The Subcontinent and World War II 9862:. In Dewey, Clive; Hopkins, Anthony G. (eds.). 9506: 8003: 2394: 2094:uprising. Others have critiqued this view with 86:on 22 August 1943 showing famine conditions in 21487:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 12309:Report of the Land Revenue Commission, Vol. VI 12138:"Tushar Kanti Ghosh, 96, a newspaper baron..." 11145: 9287:Report of the Land Revenue Commission, Vol. II 4839: 2416: 2245: 2222: 1808:'s vehement editorials, helped strengthen the 740: 454:rose. Particularly in less developed regions, 21264: 19558: 18850: 18652: 16067: 12776: 12752: 12442: 12379:Tauger, Mark B.; Sen, Amartya (12 May 2011). 12298:Report of the Land Revenue Commission, Vol. I 12268:The Indian Economic and Social History Review 10673: 10638: 9920:Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter 9554: 9329: 9055: 9022: 6695: 5994: 5962: 5091: 5063: 4974: 4957: 4913: 4894: 4823: 3984: 2522: 2520: 2167:British Raj#Famines, epidemics, public health 962:Congress recruiters proposed open rebellion. 568: 427:; and, at the lower socioeconomic level, the 11393:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 10895: 10798:. Agricultural Economics Society Conference. 10407:. New York, NY: New Press. pp. 177–79. 10205: 9598: 9016: 8860: 8609: 8225: 8177: 8059: 7947: 7815: 7720: 7656: 7608: 7565: 7537: 7457: 7103: 7055: 7024: 7012: 6981: 6914: 6775: 6683: 6390: 6354: 6029: 6002: 5978: 5923: 5719: 5551: 5344: 5075: 4929: 4898: 4783: 4647: 4635: 4631: 4599: 4539: 4527: 4499: 4471: 4455: 4395: 4379: 4363: 4176: 4156: 3712: 3608: 3580: 3048: 2528: 2472: 2455: 1927:, who wrote from a nationalist perspective. 1847:, published graphic photos of the famine by 945:, responded to the new pressure through the 794: 22157:List of cities in West Bengal by population 11754: 11482: 10614: 10538:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 10479:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 9573: 9486:Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change 8757: 8341: 8201: 5779: 5686: 5674: 5635: 5623: 5599: 5448: 5115: 5039: 5022: 4519: 3393: 3107: 2429:wrote to the Secretary of State for India, 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 1974:'s collection of stories based on reality, 1882:came on 22 August 1943, when the editor of 694: 630:in London and the commander of the British 279:through price controls which resulted in a 59:Famine in British India during World War II 23: 21271: 21257: 19565: 19551: 18864: 18857: 18843: 18659: 18645: 16074: 16060: 12783: 12769: 12449: 12435: 12187:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 11435:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 11019:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 10932: 10877:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 10351: 9821: 9356: 8761: 7226: 6111: 6014: 5819: 5079: 4319: 4252: 3799: 3636: 3568: 3464: 2517: 1493: 1142:the Secretary of State for India; General 212:and the loss of their landholdings due to 24: 17288:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 17168:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 12456: 12378: 12363: 12255:Famine Inquiry Commission (August 1945). 12155: 11835: 11683: 11630: 11541: 11530: 11453: 11432: 11255: 11219: 11174: 10949: 10396: 10309: 10230: 10160: 9960: 9799: 9559:. New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. 9507:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). 9461:. In Basu, Kaushik; Kanbur, Ravi (eds.). 9032:inflation figures are based on data from 8996: 8984: 8956: 8912: 8717: 8651: 8633: 8385: 8134: 8122: 7935: 7871: 7867: 7827: 7775: 7700: 7684: 7672: 7632: 7620: 7533: 7517: 7433: 7417: 7405: 7378: 7374: 7366: 7342: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7302: 7290: 7254: 7242: 7214: 7198: 7170: 7118: 7091: 7028: 6938: 6894: 6882: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6763: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6707: 6671: 6656: 6641: 6628: 6616: 6581: 6517: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6394: 6366: 6283: 6259: 6232: 6161: 6053: 5759: 5735: 5539: 5191: 5175: 5163: 5143: 5131: 5103: 4925: 4807: 4607: 4487: 4459: 4351: 4267: 4172: 4077: 3873: 3819: 3732: 3687: chapter 5, particularly p. 107 3592: 3460: 3357: 3333: 3261: 2764: 2740: 2604: 2592: 2576: 2410: 2370:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh (1946) 2241: 2214: 977: 605:and eventually on to India, January 1942. 540:or heavy clay regions of western Bengal. 433:(peasant) smallholders and dwarfholders, 22545:Discrimination against Bengalis in India 21278: 19454:Social impact of Indian television drama 17230:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 12334: 12238:Winston Churchill: his times, his crimes 12214: 11587: 11570: 11087: 11066: 10802: 10788: 10730: 10181: 9805:The Hinge of Fate: World War II, Vol. IV 9772: 9574:Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2005). 9429:. In Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (eds.). 9305: 9082: 9062: 8968: 8932: 8920: 8753: 8741: 8445: 8329: 8305: 8273: 8269: 8075: 8063: 7799: 7787: 7748: 7238: 7130: 7067: 7040: 6942: 6851: 6839: 6147: 6123: 6091:"Did Churchill Cause the Bengal Famine?" 6033: 5950: 5839: 5603: 4851: 4571: 4391: 4327: 4291: 4279: 4237: 3752: 3668: 3648: 3620: 3604: 3540: 3536: 3444: 3381: 2700: 2649: 2637: 2554: 2451: 2439: 2218: 2200: 2043: 1907:and the Indian Communist Party's organ, 1834: 1831:Media coverage of the 1943 Bengal famine 1657: 1580: 1516: 1504:population which reached the city. 1465: 1215: 1101: 1016: 921: 709: 679: 647: 588: 531: 495: 321: 199:Bengal's economy had been predominantly 32:This is an accepted version of this page 19572: 18329: 16232:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 12265: 12184: 11985: 11927: 11775: 11708: 11655: 11608: 11307: 10837: 10759: 10559:. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. 10445: 10337:. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. 10277: 10249: 10237:. Baroda, India: Padmaja Publications. 9699: 9648: 9531: 9456: 9449: 9375: 9234:, typescript. British Library Doc D792. 9136: 9105:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 9000: 8908: 8872: 8832: 8816: 8729: 8683: 8645: 8621: 8597: 8581: 8569: 8565: 8553: 8549: 8537: 8513: 8501: 8477: 8433: 8421: 8409: 8373: 8293: 8289: 8249: 8146: 8106: 8047: 8035: 8018: 7991: 7924:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946 7911: 7900:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946 7887: 7856:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946 7843: 7736: 7704: 7644: 7596: 7529: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7445: 7421: 7370: 7354: 7266: 7146: 7079: 6926: 6827: 6600: 6596: 6557: 6553: 6541: 6307: 6220: 6077: 5982: 5938: 5911: 5879: 5863: 5795: 5775: 5747: 5731: 5616:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946 5575: 5527: 5500: 5476: 5420: 5396: 5324: 5309: 5277: 5234: 4986: 4945: 4870: 4811: 4771: 4603: 4587: 4555: 4551: 4451: 4439: 4423: 4315: 4216: 4192: 4093: 4089: 3740: 3700: 3697:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946 3624: 3432: 3417: 3370:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946 3195: 3064:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946 3036: 2978: 2858: 2798: 2728: 2716: 2633: 2629: 2468: 2447: 2425:In late January 1943, for example, the 2374:Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946 2338: 1433:. Advanced anti-malarial drugs such as 1093:October 1942: Unreliable crop forecasts 714:Hawker Hurricane Mark IIBs and IICs of 315:From the late 19th century through the 14: 22756: 17518:Securities and Exchange Board of India 16625:National Geological Monuments of India 14630: 14608:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 12518:Economy of India under the British Raj 12107: 12086: 12043: 12022: 11961: 11940: 11856: 11812: 11791: 11732: 11403: 11284: 10982: 10593: 10589:(Doctoral thesis). Harvard University. 10531: 10510: 10493: 10472: 10421: 10234:Some Aspects of the Indian War Economy 10087: 10016: 9913: 9483: 9424: 9384: 9229: 9012: 8972: 8944: 8916: 8848: 8828: 8804: 8773: 8657: 8593: 8525: 8473: 8405: 8401: 8389: 8369: 8357: 8345: 8317: 8285: 8265: 8261: 8213: 8189: 8118: 8102: 8090: 7983: 7971: 7959: 7839: 7592: 7580: 7505: 7390: 7210: 7158: 6135: 6065: 5998: 5966: 5899: 5895: 5875: 5831: 5791: 5650: 5563: 5460: 5456: 5432: 5392: 5380: 5332: 5305: 5258: 5246: 5215: 4835: 4767: 4743: 4727: 4687: 4663: 4515: 4435: 4323: 4303: 4026: 4014: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3858: 3520: 3508: 3484: 3468: 3405: 3321: 3285: 3273: 3171: 3147: 3123: 3119: 3009: 2712: 2673:, p. 13) including the office of 2670: 2662: 2645: 2641: 2625: 2443: 2321: 2288: 969:and Tim Harper believe it reduced the 500: Satellite view of the Sundarbans 21252: 19546: 18838: 18640: 18328: 17442: 17318:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 17283:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 17024: 16576: 16091: 16055: 15479:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 14911:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 14557:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 14513:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 13618:Rape during the occupation of Germany 12764: 12751: 12430: 11390: 11353: 11116: 11016: 10683:The National Medical Journal of India 10648:The National Medical Journal of India 10131: 10094:Food Administration in India, 1939–47 9983: 9937: 9888: 9846: 9779:The Indian Army in the Two World Wars 9727: 9103:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 9033: 7245:, pp. 221–223, 177–178, 155–157. 6454: 5662: 5619: 5464: 5452: 5281: 5051: 5010: 4651: 4619: 4583: 4523: 4475: 4419: 4144: 4038: 3803: 3784: 3768: 3756: 3716: 3684: 3448: 3219: 3183: 2545:supplies had not yet fully recovered. 2476: 2398: 1700:sometimes marred by Hindu and Muslim 1533:, five thousand copies of which were 593:Indian refugees flee Burma along the 14601:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 13633:Rape during the liberation of France 12404:South Asian American Digital Archive 12261:. Madras: Government of India Press. 12025:India International Centre Quarterly 11336: 10552: 10062: 10041: 9671: 9623: 9207: 9164: 7760: 7194: 6863: 6154:Journal of International Development 5891: 4691: 3815: 3780: 3680: 3021: 2955:"Remembering WW2's forgotten famine" 2897: 2511: 2405:"the only really good base" for the 2368:) and the field survey published in 2352: 2157:List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones 1461: 1068:The Bengal cyclone came through the 21522:Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) 18666: 17313:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 17235:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 16924:Autonomous administrative divisions 12366:"The Truth About the Bengal Famine" 12235: 11949:(31/33): 1273+1275+1277+1279–1280. 11906: 11885: 11769:10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000303 11025:. Indian History Congress: 644–52. 11003: 10582: 10375: 10330: 9238: 9153:Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984 8792: 8777: 8462:Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984 7182: 7142: 6954: 6605:Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984 6569: 6506:Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984 4340:Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984 3831: 3664: 3652: 3564: 3552: 3525:Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984 3496: 3345: 3309: 3297: 3234: 3159: 2115:on 5 October noted disapprovingly. 1865:(edited by independence campaigner 1825:Media coverage and other depictions 1179:Famine, disease, and the death toll 1011:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone 899: 851:rice; this policy helped transform 788: 421:; the upper-tier "wealthy peasant" 265: 56: 22739:Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons 17303:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 14827:German invasion of the Netherlands 13107:Weather events during World War II 12492:Indian famines during British rule 12217:The Bangladesh Development Studies 12207: 12110:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 11988:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 11979:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349 11037: 10792:How Sen's Theory Can Cause Famines 9532:Aykroyd, Wallace Ruddell (1975) . 9380:. British Library Doc EUR Doc 911. 9200: 7660: 5851: 5835: 5127: 4503: 4180: 3348:, pp. Chapter XI, pp. 96–111. 3092: 2979:Osborne, Samuel (14 August 2017). 2493: 2480: 2272:produced more than one crop a year 1727:of... 15,000 soldiers...military 1619:Exploitation of women and children 1111:1942–1943: Shortfall and carryover 859:Mid-1942: Prioritised distribution 57: 22825: 17498:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 17240:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 16525:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 15458:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 12393: 11813:Rodger, George (10 August 1942). 10616:"The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made" 9923:. London, England: Anthem Press. 9318:. London: H.M.S.O. Archived from 8684:Monbiot, George (30 March 2022). 4999:Bhattacharya & Zachariah 1999 4796:Bhattacharya & Zachariah 1999 2799:Monbiot, George (30 March 2022). 1996: 1751:processes leading to poverty and 1653: 702: 180:and other diseases aggravated by 21555:Darjeeling Himalayan hill region 21352:Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli) 16081: 16018: 12790: 11909:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 11676:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x 10511:Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). 9634:University of Pennsylvania Press 9158: 8677: 6634: 6148:Bowbrick, Peter (2 March 2022). 6141: 6083: 6050:Annexures I and II to Appendix V 5894:, pp. 253–254, as cited in 2655: 2618: 2582: 2569: 2560: 2548: 2534: 2499: 2486: 2461: 2383: 2305:Famine Inquiry Commission (1945a 2259:Famine Inquiry Commission (1945a 2011:failure of exchange entitlements 1952:. Also well-known are the novel 1859:(at the time British-owned) and 1021:Brown spot disease: symptoms of 391: 74: 19278:Proposed states and territories 16541:History of India (1947–present) 11757:Annual Review of Phytopathology 11294:International Churchill Society 11070:Famine in the twentieth century 10622:. 29 April 2003. Archived from 10017:Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007b) . 9728:Brown, Judith Margaret (1991). 9165:Safi, Michael (29 March 2019). 9149:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 9125:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 8897:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 8885:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 8658:Limaye, Yogita (20 July 2020). 8490:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 7812:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 7733:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 7717:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 7697:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 7554:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 7542:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 7279:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6994:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6967:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6911:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6899:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6879:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6788:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6724:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6712:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6530:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6407:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6379:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6340:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6325:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6296:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6272:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6245:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6209:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6197:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6185:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 6046:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5808:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5708:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5489:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5451:, pp. 11, 23, as cited in 5437:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5409:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5369:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5357:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5294:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5274:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5231:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5204:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5180:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 5160:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4942:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4883:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4867:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4756:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4740:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4716:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4704:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4676:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4416:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4376:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4205:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4169:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4133:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4121:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4109:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4066:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4051:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 4000:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 3970:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 3886:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 3847:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 3802:, pp. 32, 38, as cited in 3729:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 3247:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 3208:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 3136:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 3076:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 2972: 2947: 2925: 2898:Safi, Michael (29 March 2019). 2891: 2859:Patnaik, Utsa (December 2017). 2852: 2826: 2753:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 2358: 2344: 2327: 2314: 2298: 2293:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 2281: 2276:Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a 2264: 2252: 1948:in 1973. The film is listed in 1662:Orphans who survived the famine 1576: 1005:October 1942: Natural disasters 905: 441:), and agricultural labourers. 22789:British Empire in World War II 21605:Protected areas of West Bengal 21585:Western plateau and high lands 20631:Bangladesh Planning Commission 17308:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 17260:Special Protection Group (SPG) 17250:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 15705:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 13415:Territorial changes of Germany 13323:Indonesian National Revolution 12306:Government of Bengal (1940c). 12295:Government of Bengal (1940a). 11967:Cambridge Journal of Economics 11611:Journal of Economic Literature 10964:"Chittaprosad's Bengal Famine" 10789:Bowbrick, Peter (March 1985). 10674:Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002b). 10639:Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). 10517:. Cambridge University Press. 9555:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). 9425:Wavell, Archibald P. (2015) . 9284:Government of Bengal (1940b). 9195: 7735:, pp. 62–63, 75, 139–40; 2792: 2770: 2706: 2471:, p. 154). Some, such as 2309:Bulletin of the U.S. Army 1943 2184:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 1743:Economic and political effects 1513:Sanitation and undisposed dead 613:bombing of Rangoon (1941–1942) 560:Pre-famine shocks and distress 13: 1: 22535:Ethnic communities in Kolkata 20415:International Crimes Tribunal 18403:Engineering colleges in India 18032:Electronics and semiconductor 17245:National Security Guard (NSG) 16989:World Heritage Sites in India 16577: 15105:Japanese invasion of Thailand 15056:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 14820:German invasion of Luxembourg 13201:Mediterranean and Middle East 12349:10.1016/s0140-6736(51)93295-3 11943:Economic and Political Weekly 11888:Economic and Political Weekly 11838:Economic and Political Weekly 11794:Revista studi degli orientali 11781:Economic and Political Weekly 11590:Economic and Political Weekly 11577:Economic and Political Weekly 11337:Hunt, Joseph Michael (1987). 11006:Economic and Political Weekly 10191:. New York, NY: Basic Books. 10135:World War II: A Short History 9599:Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2013). 9395:Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal 9217:. Lahore, India: Lion Press. 7373:, pp. 547–548, 562–563; 6005:, pp. 128, 142, 185–188. 5997:, pp. 133–141, 155–158; 5455:, p. 185. Also cited in 3972:, pp. 23–24, 28–29, 103. 2683: 1130:1942–1944: Refusal of imports 303: 22723:Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 22693:Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury 22162:Cities and towns by district 21715:Parliamentary constituencies 21694:All India Trinamool Congress 19951:Proclamation of Independence 19931:Legislative election in 1954 17293:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 17114:State legislative assemblies 17025: 16954:States and union territories 16663:Biogeographic classification 15012:Invasion of the Soviet Union 14701:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 14019:Independent State of Croatia 12635:Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 12528:Indian independence movement 12385:The New York Review of Books 12371:The New York Review of Books 11571:Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). 10840:The Journal of Asian Studies 10824:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X 10358:An Economic History of India 10310:Panigrahi, Devendra (2004). 10045:Malaria in Bengal, 1860–1920 9941:Famines in Bengal, 1770–1943 9510:Encyclopedia of World War II 9097:American Antiquarian Society 9077:American Antiquarian Society 8915:. Cited approvingly in 8238:Chittaprosad's Bengal Famine 6814:, pp. 207–208, 218–225. 4179:, pp. 40–41, 110, 191; 2378:Indian Statistical Institute 2223:Dyson & Maharatna (1991) 2194: 1936:Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 1810:Indian independence movement 1220:Map of Bengal districts 1943 1037:, while, on 16–17 October a 916:Indian independence movement 583:Arakan Campaign 1942–43 491: 226:Japanese occupation of Burma 7: 22703:Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 21447:Great Bengal famine of 1770 20840:Water supply and sanitation 20033:Political crisis in 2006–08 19042:Water supply and sanitation 18687:Great Bengal famine of 1770 18460:Water supply and sanitation 17443: 17225:Border Security Force (BSF) 16970:National monuments of India 16092: 15996:End of World War II in Asia 15836:Western invasion of Germany 15343:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 15320:Second Battle of El Alamein 14890:Hundred Regiments Offensive 14862:Battle of the Mediterranean 14715:Italian invasion of Albania 12889:Air warfare of World War II 12590:(Commander-in-Chief of the 12482:Great Bengal famine of 1770 12240:. London; New York: Verso. 12065:10.1080/0306615031000169125 11823:. Time Inc. pp. 61–7. 11596:(4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. 11483:Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). 11131:10.1080/0032472031000145446 10575: 10361:. New York, NY: Routledge. 10316:. New York, NY: Routledge. 10306:. Retrieved 9 February 2016 10167:. Oxford University Press. 9961:Greenough, Paul R. (1982). 9938:Ghosh, Kali Charan (1944). 9822:Collingham, Lizzie (2012). 9431:The Fall of Burma 1941–1943 9151:, p. 107, as cited in 7703:, p. 214, as cited in 5491:, pp. 32, 65, 66, 236. 2865:Studies in People's History 2395:Axelrod & Kingston 2007 2174:Persian famine of 1917–1919 2137:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 2130: 741:March 1942: Denial policies 10: 22830: 22459:Santiniketan Leather Goods 21532:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 21517:Partition of Bengal (1947) 21482:Partition of Bengal (1905) 21194:Inventions and discoveries 21174:National Martyrs' Memorial 19911:Partition of Bengal (1947) 19886:Partition of Bengal (1905) 18929:Public distribution system 18732:Indian famine of 1899–1900 18727:Indian famine of 1896–1897 18682:Deccan famine of 1630–1632 17513:Central Statistical Office 17119:State legislative councils 17094:Union Council of Ministers 15922:Naval bombardment of Japan 15290:First Battle of El Alamein 15209:Battle of Christmas Island 15154:Japanese invasion of Burma 14918:Italian invasion of Greece 14834:German invasion of Belgium 14806:German invasion of Denmark 14779:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 14648:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 12912:Comparative military ranks 12540:Japanese invasion of Burma 12280:10.1177/001946469002700403 12053:Journal of Peasant Studies 11556:10.1177/026272809301300101 11322:10.1177/025764300902400205 11160:10.1177/001946469102800303 11090:Oxford Development Studies 11067:Devereux, Stephen (2000). 11052:10.1177/025764300502200101 10985:Journal of Peasant Studies 10716:10.1177/026272809901900105 10288:Princeton University Press 10261:Princeton University Press 10132:Lyons, Michael J. (2016). 10025:Cambridge University Press 9773:Callahan, Raymond (2011). 9711:Cambridge University Press 9683:Cambridge University Press 9386:Wavell, Archibald Percival 9363:. London: John Churchill. 9239:Das, Tarakchandra (1949). 7213:, p. 29, as cited in 7197:, p. 87, as cited in 5233:, p. 58, as cited in 4869:, p. 30, as cited in 4840:Dyson & Maharatna 1991 4378:, p. 27, as cited in 2579:, p. 243, Table 5.5). 2409:and the defence of India.( 2366:Government of Bengal 1940b 2246:Dyson & Maharatna 1991 1828: 1008: 909: 874:, who were upper-class or 810:Defence of India Act, 1939 575:Japanese invasion of Burma 572: 569:Japanese invasion of Burma 395: 307: 168:and eastern India) during 22736: 22658:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 22623:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 22553: 22492: 22359: 22351:Ghosts in Bengali culture 22170: 21995: 21929: 21885: 21846: 21808: 21775: 21761: 21738: 21699:Communist Party (Marxist) 21660: 21600:Sandakphu (Highest point) 21540: 21527:Bangladesh Liberation War 21375: 21361:Devil's tree (Saptaparni) 21343:White-throated kingfisher 21302: 21287: 21210: 21099: 20996: 20902: 20898: 20889: 20758:Natural gas and petroleum 20626: 20617: 20463: 20257: 20253: 20244: 20116: 20107: 20056: 19991: 19959:Bangladesh Liberation War 19850: 19746: 19665: 19661: 19593: 19584: 19467: 19444:Films about social issues 19422: 19369: 19306: 19268: 19235: 19162: 19111: 19055: 19012: 18989: 18872: 18811: 18776: 18750: 18742:Bihar famine of 1966–1967 18722:Great Famine of 1876–1878 18717:Bihar famine of 1873–1874 18674: 18483: 18393:Medical colleges in India 18348: 18344: 18324: 18243: 18212: 17948: 17817: 17757: 17709: 17661: 17591: 17543:Foreign exchange reserves 17538:Foreign direct investment 17508:Economic Advisory Council 17478: 17455: 17451: 17438: 17362: 17334: 17268: 17255:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 17217: 17208: 17153: 17144: 17037: 17033: 17020: 16962: 16914: 16852: 16741: 16653: 16635:Sacred mountains of India 16617: 16589: 16585: 16572: 16533: 16462: 16357: 16324: 16281: 16260: 16207:Indus Valley Civilisation 16192: 16104: 16100: 16087: 16011: 15843:Bratislava–Brno offensive 15783: 15774:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 15511: 15398:Allied invasion of Sicily 15352: 15258:Aleutian Islands campaign 15230:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 15177: 15168:Greek famine of 1941–1944 15063:Second Battle of Changsha 14968:German invasion of Greece 14936: 14813:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 14788: 14726: 14621: 14502: 14228: 14138: 13986: 13689: 13680: 13438: 13263: 13155:North and Central Pacific 13116: 12878: 12871: 12798: 12758: 12753:Links to related articles 12702: 12627: 12614:Chittaprosad Bhattacharya 12601: 12577:Governor-General of India 12548: 12500: 12487:Bihar famine of 1873–1874 12464: 12199:10.1080/00856409908723360 12170:10.1017/s0026749x00008714 12122:10.1017/S0022463400017069 11871:10.1017/S0026749X00004881 11447:10.1080/00856408908723118 11418:10.1017/S0026749X06002435 11368:10.1017/s0026749x08003661 11234:10.1017/s0026749x00007538 11189:10.1017/s0026749x00007319 11102:10.1080/13600810120088859 10997:10.1080/03066158308438206 10910:10.1017/s0026749x00010076 10889:10.1080/00856408408723049 10774:10.1017/S0026749X00010556 10745:10.1017/S0026749X00015274 10456:"The Great Bengal Famine" 10231:Natarajan, M. S. (1946). 10206:Mukherjee, Janam (2015). 10099:Stanford University Press 9777:. In Roy, Kaushik (ed.). 9357:McClelland, John (1859). 9263:Famine Inquiry Commission 9230:Braund, H. B. L. (1944). 9127:, p. 83; details in 6644:, p. 243, Table 5.5) 5995:Mansergh & Lumby 1973 5963:Mansergh & Lumby 1973 4406:; note refers to page 59. 2413:, pp. 152, 155, 162) 2142:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 2101:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1402: 1382: 1362: 1342: 1322: 1302: 1282: 1262: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1191:progressed in two waves. 844:Famine Inquiry Commission 795:Provincial trade barriers 695:unprecedented upward turn 684:American soldiers at the 406:Great Depression in India 402:Bengal Tenancy Act (1885) 232:" for rice and boats (a " 134: 126: 105: 95: 80:From the photo spread in 73: 66: 22799:Famines in British India 21704:Indian National Congress 21452:Indian Rebellion of 1857 21325:Banglar Mati Banglar Jol 20528:President Guard Regiment 20038:Bangladesh Rifles revolt 19946:General election in 1970 19891:Prime Minister of Bengal 18712:Rajputana famine of 1869 18702:Agra famine of 1837–1838 17679:Multi Commodity Exchange 17298:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 15435:Allied invasion of Italy 15412:Solomon Islands campaign 15161:Third Battle of Changsha 14758:First Battle of Changsha 14664:Second Sino-Japanese War 13604:German military brothels 13470:United States war crimes 12044:Tauger, Mark B. (2003). 11656:Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). 11531:Maharatna, Arup (1992). 10952:Indian Historical Review 10803:Bowbrick, Peter (1986). 10583:Ali, Tariq Omar (2012). 10535:Hunger: A Modern History 10376:Roy, Tirthankar (2019). 10278:Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). 10161:Maharatna, Arup (1996). 9990:. Basingstoke, England: 9984:Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). 9830:Penguin Publishing Group 9732:Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope 7241:, pp. 158, 183–86; 6897:, p. 265, note 92; 6842:, pp. 170, 186–187. 6397:, pp. 268, 383–384. 6126:, pp. 112–114, 273. 6048:, pp. 223–225 5665:, pp. 282, 312–313. 5463:, pp. 176–179, and 5146:, pp. 105, quoting 2877:10.1177/2348448917725856 2688: 2675:Prime Minister of Bengal 1845:Communist Party of India 781:Indian National Congress 624:General Archibald Wavell 39:latest accepted revision 22769:1943 disasters in India 22698:Michael Madhusudan Dutt 22334:Pather Panchali (novel) 22252:Prostitution in Kolkata 21720:Assembly constituencies 21685:Human Rights Commission 21021:Bangladeshi nationalism 20775:Export Processing Zones 18912:National Pension System 17523:Enforcement Directorate 16984:Indian-origin religions 16975:National parks of India 16784:Highest point by states 16546:Economic liberalisation 15857:Second Guangxi campaign 15712:Philippines (1944–1945) 15216:Battle of the Coral Sea 15119:Fall of the Philippines 14765:Battle of South Guangxi 14671:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 14077:Italian Social Republic 12420:14 October 2010 at the 12400:Bengal Famine materials 12059:(1). Routledge: 45–72. 11894:(52): 5389, 5391–5400. 11663:Economic History Review 11498:(1): 71. Archived from 10968:The Wall Street Journal 10256:Famine: A Short History 10214:Oxford University Press 10071:Oxford University Press 10042:Kazi, Ihtesham (2004). 9967:Oxford University Press 9897:Oxford University Press 9649:Bose, Chunilal (1930). 9467:Oxford University Press 9400:Oxford University Press 9376:Pinnell, L. G. (1944), 9034:Clark, Gregory (2017). 8758:Bayly & Harper 2005 7914:, p. 134, Table 8. 7611:, pp. 14, 175–176. 5162:, pp. 1, 144–145; 5116:Bayly & Harper 2005 5040:Bayly & Harper 2005 5023:Bayly & Harper 2005 4520:Bayly & Harper 2005 3420:, pp. 2–3, 92, 96. 3108:Bayly & Harper 2005 2236:K. P. Chattopadhyay, a 2086:power but sourced from 2048:British Prime Minister 1606:, stated in July 1943: 1494:Population displacement 1024:Cochliobolus miyabeanus 242:Churchill's war cabinet 186:population displacement 22764:1940s health disasters 22510:Economy of West Bengal 22282:Architecture of Bengal 21709:Bharatiya Janata Party 21647:Tiger Hill, Darjeeling 20533:Special Security Force 20319:Presidential elections 20200:Chittagong Hill Tracts 19993:Republic of Bangladesh 19966:Provisional Government 19747:Classical and Medieval 19250:Caste-related violence 18966:Universal basic income 18866:Social issues in India 18493:Arts and entertainment 18128:Science and technology 18064:Information technology 17744:Government initiatives 16640:Sacred rivers of India 16630:Sacred groves of India 16184:Science and technology 15442:Armistice of Cassibile 15244:Battle of Dutch Harbor 15195:Battle of the Java Sea 15098:Attack on Pearl Harbor 14998:Syria–Lebanon campaign 14991:Battle of South Shanxi 14961:Invasion of Yugoslavia 14744:Battle of the Atlantic 14358:Korean Liberation Army 14071:(until September 1943) 14028:(until September 1944) 14006:(until September 1944) 12735:Churchill's Secret War 12602:Artists, photographers 12561:Churchill war ministry 11733:Osmani, S. R. (1993). 10943:10.1093/past/110.1.169 10553:Yong, Tan Tai (2005). 10532:Vernon, James (2009). 10446:Sen, Amartya (1981a). 9657:University of Calcutta 9536:The Conquest of Famine 9484:Arnold, David (1991). 9457:Agarwal, Bina (2008). 9247:University of Calcutta 8648:, p. 33-34,38–39. 7962:, pp. 23, 24, 48. 6369:, pp. 41–42, 211. 3960:, pp. 2–4, 11–12. 2248:, p. 281). 2238:University of Calcutta 2147:Great famine of Greece 2053: 1852: 1822: 1663: 1613: 1586: 1567: 1549: 1538: 1506: 1471: 1221: 1083: 1061:that caused the Irish 1028: 978:1942–1943: Price chaos 943:British prime minister 927: 723: 689: 653: 606: 545:with slower drainage. 501: 373:Agricultural expansion 331: 22809:India in World War II 22794:Famines in Bangladesh 22613:Jagadish Chandra Bose 22235:Rabindra Nritya Natya 21610:Rivers of West Bengal 21502:Bengal famine of 1943 21316:Emblem of West Bengal 21184:Oriental magpie-robin 20743:Energy and resources: 20521:Village Defence Party 19449:Freedom of expression 18737:Bengal famine of 1943 18707:Orissa famine of 1866 18450:Socio-economic issues 18398:Law colleges in India 18388:Universities in India 17636:Reserve Bank of India 16439:Independence movement 16237:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 15606:Second Battle of Guam 15502:Bengal famine of 1943 15472:Second Battle of Kiev 15428:Battle of the Dnieper 15133:Battle of Wake Island 15005:East African campaign 14947:Battle of South Henan 14592:atrocities by Germans 14365:Korean Volunteer Army 13346:Occupation of Germany 13100:Music in World War II 12513:Demand-pull inflation 12458:Bengal famine of 1943 12101:10.3366/brs.2009.0004 11930:Science & Society 10496:Rural Bengal in Ruins 10494:Sen, Bhowani (1945). 10473:Sen, Amartya (2011). 10331:Ray, Bharati (2005). 10063:Khan, Yasmin (2015). 10000:10.1057/9780230289819 9847:Dewey, Clive (1978). 9801:Churchill, Winston S. 9738:Yale University Press 9624:Blyn, George (1966). 7532:, pp. 555, 557; 6095:The Churchill Project 4195:, pp. 50, 67–70. 4092:, pp. 703, 715; 3451:, pp. 1346–1351. 3300:, pp. 5393–5394. 2047: 1925:Kalyani Bhattacharjee 1838: 1818: 1661: 1608: 1584: 1562: 1544: 1520: 1501: 1469: 1219: 1213:easily recognisable. 1164:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1102:Air raids on Calcutta 1078: 1020: 971:British War Cabinet's 925: 785:"Quit India" movement 713: 683: 651: 592: 532:Soil and water supply 499: 325: 146:Bengal famine of 1943 68:Bengal famine of 1943 18:Bengal Famine of 1943 22779:20th-century famines 22643:Satyendranath Tagore 22638:Abanindranath Tagore 21680:Legislative Assembly 20438:Forced disappearance 20230:World Heritage Sites 19298:Separatist movements 17724:Economic development 17568:Voluntary guidelines 17563:Industrial licensing 16693:Environmental issues 16475:Non-Aligned Movement 16252:Seleucid–Mauryan war 15892:Surrender of Germany 15370:Battle of West Hubei 15327:Guadalcanal campaign 15297:Battle of Stalingrad 15223:Battle of Madagascar 13997:Albania protectorate 13784:(formerly Swaziland) 13493:Wehrmacht war crimes 13309:Expulsion of Germans 13093:Art and World War II 12991:British contribution 12940:Governments in exile 12645:Bhabani Bhattacharya 12158:Modern Asian Studies 12082:on 18 February 2017. 11921:10.1093/oxrep/grm011 11859:Modern Asian Studies 11406:Modern Asian Studies 11356:Modern Asian Studies 11222:Modern Asian Studies 11177:Modern Asian Studies 10898:Modern Asian Studies 10762:Modern Asian Studies 10733:Modern Asian Studies 10144:Taylor & Francis 9785:. pp. 311–334. 9632:. 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London, England: 9889:Dyson, Tim (2018). 9334:. London: H.M.S.O. 9003:, pp. 721–724. 8899:, pp. 100–102. 8795:, pp. 129–130. 8780:, pp. 129–130. 8764:, pp. 144–145. 8744:, pp. 274–275. 8732:, pp. 238–240. 8612:, pp. 251–252. 8600:, pp. 716–717. 8584:, pp. 190–191. 8360:, pp. 178–179. 8344:, pp. 11, 23; 8332:, pp. 111–114. 8125:, pp. 177–179. 7902:, pp. 339–340. 7846:, pp. 55, 215. 7830:, pp. 136–137. 7818:, pp. 140–142. 7814:, pp. 2, 106; 7723:, pp. 140–142. 7675:, pp. 131–132. 7448:, pp. 557–558. 7424:, pp. 559–560. 7381:, pp. 236–238. 7357:, pp. 548–551. 7293:, pp. 230–233. 7229:, pp. 147–148. 7133:, pp. 220–221. 7058:, pp. 239–240. 7043:, pp. 229–230. 7031:, pp. 166–167. 6996:, pp. 139–140. 6885:, pp. 227–228. 6802:, pp. 243–244. 6778:, pp. 128–129. 6750:, pp. 41, 251. 6726:, pp. 136–137. 6572:, pp. 31, 136. 6445:, pp. 262–263. 6433:, pp. 263–264. 6274:, pp. 41, 116. 6187:, pp. 108–109. 6036:, pp. 191–218. 5926:, pp. 186–187. 5914:, pp. 174–179. 5834:, pp. 47, 52; 5653:, pp. 173–174. 5399:, pp. 716–717. 5371:, pp. 40, 104. 5194:, pp. 106–107. 5166:, pp. 104–105. 5106:, pp. 239–240. 5094:, pp. 418–419. 5082:, pp. 180–181. 5013:, pp. 644–646. 4989:, pp. 716–717. 4960:, pp. 101–102. 4814:, pp. 559–560. 4786:, pp. 47, 131. 4746:, pp. 48, 280. 4718:, pp. 23, 193. 4694:, pp. 291–294. 4678:, pp. 17, 192. 4574:, pp. 98, 139. 4490:, pp. 120–121. 4255:, pp. 115–122. 4240:, pp. 221–222. 4159:, pp. 131–132. 4041:, pp. 273–274. 3861:, pp. 194–195. 3759:, pp. 273–274. 3719:, pp. 272–273. 3571:, pp. 176–177. 3555:, pp. 135–140. 3543:, pp. 472–473. 3324:, pp. 203–204. 3288:, pp. 200–204. 3174:, pp. 433–434. 3126:, pp. 167–168. 3110:, pp. 284–285. 2755:, pp. 109–110. 2743:, pp. 299–309. 2665:, p. 141 2505:Note that this was 2479:, p. 282) and 2450:, pp. 30–31), 2355:, pp. 256–257) 2225:and the upper from 2080:Indian independence 1921:Vasudha Chakravarti 1760: 1600:Ramakrishna Mission 1525:famine victim from 1243: 912:Quit India Movement 900:cause of the famine 896:Sanjoy Bhattacharya 716:No. 67 Squadron RAF 640:Quit India movement 511:The development of 356:(debated) shortfall 348:seasonal rice crops 190:British Indian Army 29:Page version status 22728:Nihar Ranjan Gupta 22653:Raja Ram Mohan Roy 22628:Sarat Chandra Bose 22598:Bidhan Chandra Roy 22299:Bengali literature 22180:Bengal Renaissance 21887:Medinipur division 21457:Bengal Renaissance 21432:East India Company 21109:Amar Shonar Bangla 20830:Telecommunications 19936:Six point movement 19881:Bengal Renaissance 19861:Portuguese Bengala 19766:Classical empires: 19288:Religious violence 19149:Female infanticide 19134:Child prostitution 18951:Standard of living 18455:Standard of living 18145:Telecommunications 17662:Financial services 17583:Atmanirbhar Bharat 17503:Finance Commission 16668:Biosphere reserves 16424:Bengal Renaissance 16412:Commander-in-Chief 16377:East India Company 15975:Surrender of Japan 15808:Battle of Iwo Jima 15657:Belgrade offensive 15070:Siege of Leningrad 14954:Battle of Shanggao 14883:British Somaliland 14848:Dunkirk evacuation 14799:Norwegian campaign 14737:Invasion of Poland 14564:Japanese prisoners 13532:Italian war crimes 13463:British war crimes 13378:Soviet occupations 13162:South-West Pacific 13049:Allied cooperation 13007:Military equipment 12660:Madhusree Mukerjee 12628:Directors, writers 12523:Governor of Bengal 11623:10.1257/jel.45.1.5 11310:Studies in History 11119:Population Studies 11040:Studies in History 10935:Past & Present 10626:on 9 February 2016 10620:The New York Times 10290:. pp. 38–91. 9992:Palgrave Macmillan 9307:Mansergh, Nicholas 9030:Retail Price Index 8572:, pp. 20, 33. 8552:, pp. 25–28; 7719:, pp. 62–63; 7699:, pp. 61–62; 6696:Bhattacharya 2002a 5710:, pp. 34, 37. 5312:, pp. 55, 57. 5296:, pp. 55, 98. 5249:, pp. 38, 50. 5218:, pp. 36, 38. 5092:Bandyopadhyay 2004 5064:Bandyopadhyay 2004 4975:Bhattacharya 2002b 4958:Bhattacharya 2002b 4914:Bhattacharya 2002a 4895:Bhattacharya 2002a 4838:, pp. 36–38; 4824:Bhattacharya 2002a 4650:, pp. 58–67; 4634:, pp. 67–74; 4502:, pp. 63–65; 4474:, pp. 61–63; 4418:, pp. 25–26; 4029:, pp. 99–100. 3985:Bhattacharya 2002b 3715:, pp. 63–64; 3521:Ray & Ray 1975 3249:, pp. 4, 203. 2473:J. Mukherjee (2015 2456:J. Mukherjee (2015 2427:Viceroy Linlithgow 2076:Madhusree Mukerjee 2054: 2023:brown-spot disease 1960:and the 1980 film 1867:Tushar Kanti Ghosh 1853: 1843:, an organ of the 1758: 1664: 1587: 1539: 1472: 1241: 1222: 1205:waterborne disease 1173:Operation Overlord 1136:Viceroy Linlithgow 1035:brown spot disease 1029: 928: 731:monetary inflation 724: 690: 654: 607: 513:railways in Bengal 502: 382:Economic historian 332: 260:and flooding, and 35: 22784:Bengal Presidency 22751: 22750: 22745: 22744: 22683:Dwarkanath Tagore 22673:Swami Vivekananda 22573:Kazi Nazrul Islam 22389:Bengal Patachitra 22374:Banglar Rosogolla 22185:Bengali calendars 22082:Jaynagar Majilpur 21991: 21990: 21983:South 24 Parganas 21966:North 24 Parganas 21911:Paschim Medinipur 21795:Paschim Bardhaman 21690:Political parties 21652:Siliguri Corridor 21625:Brahmaputra River 21507:Direct Action Day 21442:Bengal Presidency 21437:Battle of Plassey 21412:Cooch Behar State 21407:Mallabhum kingdom 21246: 21245: 21206: 21205: 21202: 21201: 20944:Human trafficking 20885: 20884: 20706:Bangladeshi taka 20613: 20612: 20609: 20608: 20382:Upazila Parishads 20372:City corporations 20331:Foreign relations 20326:Political parties 20314:General elections 20240: 20239: 20103: 20102: 20099: 20098: 19926:Language Movement 19906:Direct Action Day 19896:Lahore Resolution 19840:Battle of Plassey 19754:Founding kingdom: 19540: 19539: 19326:Human trafficking 19139:Child trafficking 19068:Domestic violence 19037:Natural disasters 19032:Manual scavenging 18892:Farmers' suicides 18832: 18831: 18801:Akaler Shandhaney 18634: 18633: 18630: 18629: 18626: 18625: 18320: 18319: 18316: 18315: 17865:Jammu and Kashmir 17491:Finance ministers 17434: 17433: 17430: 17429: 17422:Women in politics 17397:Political parties 17330: 17329: 17326: 17325: 17136:Chief Secretaries 17109:State governments 17104:Cabinet Secretary 17057:Foreign relations 17016: 17015: 17012: 17011: 16568: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16556:COVID-19 pandemic 16429:Political reforms 16049: 16048: 16007: 16006: 15850:Battle of Okinawa 15749:Burma (1944–1945) 15583:Mariana and Palau 15363:Tunisian campaign 15188:Fall of Singapore 15112:Fall of Hong Kong 14855:Battle of Britain 14708:Operation Himmler 14617: 14616: 14281:Dutch East Indies 13924:Southern Rhodesia 13676: 13675: 13576:Genocide of Serbs 13479:German war crimes 13456:Soviet war crimes 13449:Allied war crimes 13295:Division of Korea 13274:Chinese Civil War 13072:Strategic bombing 12984:Manhattan Project 12745: 12744: 12727:Akaler Shandhaney 12556:Winston Churchill 12343:(6677): 303–307. 12247:978-1-78873-577-3 12141:The Baltimore Sun 11286:Herman, Arthur L. 10566:978-81-321-0347-9 10545:978-0-674-04467-8 10524:978-1-108-42596-4 10486:978-0-674-06047-0 10465:978-0-19-828463-5 10414:978-1-59558-993-4 10389:978-3-030-17708-9 10368:978-1-134-87945-8 10344:978-0-7619-3409-7 10297:978-1-4008-6581-9 10270:978-0-691-12237-3 10223:978-0-19-061306-8 10198:978-0-465-00201-6 10174:978-0-19-563711-3 10153:978-1-315-50943-3 10108:978-0-8047-0447-2 10097:. Palo Alto, CA: 10080:978-0-19-975349-9 10055:978-984-32-1795-0 10034:978-0-521-04985-6 10009:978-0-230-23183-2 9976:978-0-19-503082-2 9930:978-1-84331-225-3 9906:978-0-19-882905-8 9899:. pp. 185–. 9839:978-1-101-56131-7 9814:978-0-395-41058-5 9792:978-90-04-21145-2 9747:978-0-300-05125-4 9736:. New Haven, CT: 9720:978-0-521-26694-9 9692:978-0-521-30448-1 9616:978-1-136-84795-0 9591:978-0-14-192719-0 9566:978-81-250-2596-2 9547:978-0-88349-054-9 9524:978-0-8160-6022-1 9499:978-0-631-15119-7 9476:978-0-19-155371-4 9440:978-1-4738-6360-6 9017:J. Mukherjee 2015 8861:J. Mukherjee 2015 8610:J. Mukherjee 2015 8528:, pp. 52–53. 8436:, pp. 39–40. 8348:, pp. 65–67. 8308:, pp. 19–21. 8226:J. Mukherjee 2015 8178:J. Mukherjee 2015 8060:J. Mukherjee 2015 7950:, pp. 67–71. 7948:J. Mukherjee 2015 7816:J. Mukherjee 2015 7721:J. Mukherjee 2015 7657:J. Mukherjee 2015 7609:J. Mukherjee 2015 7583:, pp. 34–35. 7566:J. Mukherjee 2015 7538:J. Mukherjee 2015 7458:J. Mukherjee 2015 7104:J. Mukherjee 2015 7094:, pp. 48–50. 7056:J. Mukherjee 2015 7025:J. Mukherjee 2015 7013:J. Mukherjee 2015 6982:J. Mukherjee 2015 6915:J. Mukherjee 2015 6776:J. Mukherjee 2015 6684:J. Mukherjee 2015 6391:J. Mukherjee 2015 6355:J. Mukherjee 2015 6211:, pp. 40–41. 6099:Hillsdale College 6030:J. Mukherjee 2015 6003:J. Mukherjee 2015 5979:J. Mukherjee 2015 5924:J. Mukherjee 2015 5720:J. Mukherjee 2015 5638:, pp. 69–71. 5554:, pp. 78–79. 5552:J. Mukherjee 2015 5542:, pp. 93–96. 5411:, pp. 58–59. 5359:, pp. 55–58. 5345:J. Mukherjee 2015 5130:, pp. 2, 5; 5076:Chakrabarty 1992a 4930:J. Mukherjee 2015 4899:J. Mukherjee 2015 4784:J. Mukherjee 2015 4758:, pp. 16–17. 4648:J. Mukherjee 2015 4638:, pp. 21–23. 4636:Bhattacharya 2013 4632:J. Mukherjee 2015 4600:J. Mukherjee 2015 4540:J. Mukherjee 2015 4528:J. Mukherjee 2015 4500:J. Mukherjee 2015 4472:J. Mukherjee 2015 4462:, pp. 94–95. 4456:J. Mukherjee 2015 4396:J. Mukherjee 2015 4380:J. Mukherjee 2015 4364:J. Mukherjee 2015 4207:, pp. 19–20. 4177:J. Mukherjee 2015 4157:J. Mukherjee 2015 4017:, pp. 96–97. 3771:, pp. 14–15. 3743:, pp. 10–11. 3713:J. Mukherjee 2015 3609:J. Mukherjee 2015 3607:, p. PE-18; 3581:J. Mukherjee 2015 3447:, p. PE-21; 3408:, pp. 55–56. 3336:, pp. 61–84. 3138:, pp. 32–33. 3049:J. Mukherjee 2015 3024:, pp. 33–37. 2840:. 17 October 2018 2529:Chakrabarty 1992a 2050:Winston Churchill 1963:Akaler Shandhaney 1797: 1796: 1753:income inequality 1683:and speculation. 1462:Social disruption 1419: 1418: 1148:Louis Mountbatten 1144:Claude Auchinleck 985:natural disasters 967:Christopher Bayly 939:Winston Churchill 893:medical historian 825:Central Provinces 815:In January 1942, 579:Indian Ocean raid 298:Winston Churchill 262:rice crop disease 240:, while aid from 142: 141: 47:19 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 22821: 22804:Famines in India 22404:Dhaniakhali Sari 22314:Professor Shonku 22309:Lalmohan Ganguly 22294:Bengali language 22230:Rabindra Sangeet 22087:Jiaganj Azimganj 21856:Dakshin Dinajpur 21777:Burdwan division 21773: 21772: 21748:Matua Mahasangha 21492:Anushilan Samiti 21427:Nawabs of Bengal 21273: 21266: 21259: 21250: 21249: 21226: 21219: 20900: 20899: 20896: 20895: 20768:Renewable energy 20714:Financial system 20709: 20701: 20698:Bangladesh Bank 20688:Finance sectors: 20624: 20623: 20425:Attorney General 20365:Local government 20346: 20336:Foreign policies 20255: 20254: 20251: 20250: 20141:Cities and towns 20114: 20113: 20048:Protests in 2013 20043:Battle of Begums 19854:and Pakistan era 19835:Nawabs of Bengal 19808:Bengal Sultanate 19663: 19662: 19591: 19590: 19567: 19560: 19553: 19544: 19543: 19532:Police brutality 19321:Groom kidnapping 19283:Ethnic relations 19144:Female foeticide 18859: 18852: 18845: 18836: 18835: 18697:Doji bara famine 18661: 18654: 18647: 18638: 18637: 18589:Physical culture 18410:Ethnic relations 18346: 18345: 18326: 18325: 18308:Mumbai Consensus 17860:Himachal Pradesh 17749:Numbering system 17739:Green revolution 17614:Historical Forex 17453: 17452: 17440: 17439: 17412:Scheduled groups 17215: 17214: 17151: 17150: 17035: 17034: 17022: 17021: 17004:Tourism in India 16999:History of India 16994:Culture of India 16604:Geology of India 16587: 16586: 16574: 16573: 16505:Naxal Insurgency 16500:White Revolution 16495:Green Revolution 16102: 16101: 16089: 16088: 16076: 16069: 16062: 16053: 16052: 16042: 16035: 16028: 16025:World portal 16023: 16022: 15998: 15991: 15984: 15977: 15968: 15961: 15954: 15945: 15938: 15931: 15924: 15917: 15910: 15901: 15894: 15887: 15885:Prague offensive 15880: 15878:Battle of Berlin 15873: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15822:Vienna offensive 15817: 15810: 15803: 15801:Battle of Manila 15796: 15776: 15767: 15758: 15751: 15742: 15735: 15728: 15721: 15714: 15707: 15700: 15691: 15682: 15675: 15666: 15659: 15652: 15645: 15636: 15629: 15622: 15615: 15608: 15601: 15594: 15585: 15578: 15569: 15560: 15551: 15544: 15542:Korsun–Cherkassy 15537: 15526: 15504: 15495: 15488: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15460: 15453: 15444: 15437: 15430: 15423: 15414: 15407: 15400: 15393: 15386: 15384:Bombing of Gorky 15379: 15372: 15365: 15345: 15338: 15329: 15322: 15315: 15306: 15299: 15292: 15285: 15274: 15267: 15260: 15253: 15251:Battle of Midway 15246: 15239: 15237:Battle of Gazala 15232: 15225: 15218: 15211: 15204: 15197: 15190: 15170: 15163: 15156: 15149: 15147:Battle of Borneo 15142: 15140:Malayan campaign 15135: 15128: 15121: 15114: 15107: 15100: 15093: 15086: 15084:Bombing of Gorky 15079: 15077:Battle of Moscow 15072: 15065: 15058: 15051: 15044: 15037: 15021: 15014: 15007: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14977: 14970: 14963: 14956: 14949: 14929: 14920: 14913: 14906: 14899: 14892: 14885: 14878: 14871: 14864: 14857: 14850: 14843: 14841:Battle of France 14836: 14829: 14822: 14815: 14808: 14801: 14781: 14774: 14767: 14760: 14753: 14746: 14739: 14717: 14710: 14703: 14696: 14694:Munich Agreement 14689: 14682: 14673: 14666: 14659: 14650: 14643: 14628: 14627: 14610: 14603: 14594: 14587: 14580: 14579:Soviet prisoners 14573: 14566: 14559: 14550: 14543: 14534: 14527: 14520: 14519:German prisoners 14515: 14495: 14486: 14479: 14472: 14467: 14460: 14453: 14446: 14439: 14432: 14425: 14418: 14411: 14404: 14397: 14390: 14383: 14376: 14367: 14360: 14353: 14346: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14318: 14311: 14304: 14297: 14290: 14283: 14276: 14269: 14262: 14255: 14248: 14241: 14221: 14214: 14207: 14200: 14193: 14186: 14179: 14172: 14165: 14158: 14151: 14131: 14124: 14117: 14110: 14102: 14095: 14088: 14079: 14072: 14064: 14057: 14055:French Indochina 14050: 14043: 14036: 14029: 14021: 14014: 14007: 13999: 13979: 13970: 13963: 13954: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13912: 13905: 13902:from August 1944 13893: 13886: 13879: 13872: 13865: 13858: 13851: 13844: 13837: 13825: 13818: 13811: 13804: 13797: 13785: 13777: 13770: 13763: 13756: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13723: 13716: 13709: 13702: 13687: 13686: 13667: 13660: 13653: 13646: 13639: 13628: 13613: 13606: 13599: 13594: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13562: 13555: 13548: 13546:Nanjing Massacre 13541: 13534: 13525: 13523:Nuremberg trials 13516: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13488: 13481: 13472: 13465: 13458: 13451: 13431: 13424: 13417: 13408: 13401: 13394: 13387: 13380: 13373: 13364: 13355: 13348: 13341: 13334: 13325: 13318: 13311: 13304: 13297: 13290: 13283: 13276: 13256: 13247: 13240: 13233: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13203: 13194: 13187: 13180: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13129: 13127:Asia and Pacific 13109: 13102: 13095: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13067: 13058: 13056:Mulberry harbour 13051: 13044: 13037: 13030: 13023: 13016: 13009: 13002: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12970: 12963: 12956: 12949: 12942: 12935: 12928: 12921: 12914: 12907: 12898: 12891: 12876: 12875: 12864: 12857: 12848: 12841: 12834: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12806: 12785: 12778: 12771: 12762: 12761: 12749: 12748: 12588:Archibald Wavell 12451: 12444: 12437: 12428: 12427: 12388: 12375: 12360: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12321: 12314: 12302: 12291: 12262: 12251: 12232: 12202: 12181: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12143:. 31 August 1994 12133: 12104: 12083: 12081: 12075:. Archived from 12050: 12040: 12019: 11982: 11958: 11937: 11924: 11903: 11882: 11853: 11832: 11809: 11788: 11772: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11741: 11729: 11705: 11687: 11652: 11634: 11605: 11584: 11567: 11538: 11527: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11504: 11489: 11479: 11450: 11429: 11400: 11387: 11350: 11333: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11281: 11258:Social Scientist 11253: 11216: 11171: 11142: 11113: 11084: 11082: 11075: 11063: 11034: 11013: 11000: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10959: 10946: 10937:(110): 169–204. 10929: 10892: 10871: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10809: 10799: 10797: 10785: 10756: 10727: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10645: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10611: 10590: 10570: 10549: 10528: 10507: 10490: 10469: 10453: 10442: 10418: 10393: 10372: 10348: 10327: 10301: 10274: 10246: 10227: 10212:. New York, NY: 10202: 10178: 10157: 10128: 10084: 10059: 10038: 10013: 9980: 9957: 9956:on 9 April 2017. 9952:. Archived from 9934: 9910: 9885: 9861: 9843: 9828:. New York, NY: 9818: 9796: 9769: 9751: 9735: 9724: 9696: 9668: 9645: 9631: 9620: 9605:. New York, NY: 9595: 9580:. New York, NY: 9570: 9551: 9539: 9528: 9513:. New York, NY: 9503: 9488:. New York, NY: 9480: 9444: 9421: 9381: 9372: 9353: 9326: 9325:on 9 April 2017. 9324: 9317: 9302: 9292: 9280: 9268:Report on Bengal 9258: 9235: 9232:Famine in Bengal 9226: 9214:Bengal Lamenting 9190: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9162: 9156: 9146: 9140: 9132: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9100: 9094: 9080: 9074: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9026: 9020: 9010: 9004: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8781: 8771: 8765: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8563: 8557: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8404:, p. 1280; 8399: 8393: 8383: 8377: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8342:Padmanabhan 1973 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8283: 8277: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8217: 8211: 8205: 8202:Best movies 2003 8199: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8116: 8110: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8022: 8016: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7730: 7724: 7714: 7708: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7208: 7202: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7022: 7016: 7010: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6908: 6902: 6892: 6886: 6876: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6660: 6654: 6645: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6594: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6343: 6337: 6328: 6322: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6163:10.1002/jid.3635 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6043: 6037: 6027: 6018: 6012: 6006: 5992: 5986: 5976: 5970: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5889: 5883: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5789: 5783: 5780:Mahalanobis 1944 5773: 5767: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5690: 5687:Mahalanobis 1944 5684: 5678: 5675:Mahalanobis 1944 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5639: 5636:Mahalanobis 1944 5633: 5627: 5624:Mahalanobis 1944 5613: 5607: 5600:Mahalanobis 1944 5597: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5449:Padmanabhan 1973 5446: 5440: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5322: 5313: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5271: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5228: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5173: 5167: 5157: 5151: 5141: 5135: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4939: 4933: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4864: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4645: 4639: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4597: 4591: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4513: 4507: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4469: 4463: 4449: 4443: 4433: 4427: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4389: 4383: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4330:, p. PE-25. 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4294:, p. PE-25. 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4097: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3936:, pp. 8–10. 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3813: 3807: 3797: 3788: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3750: 3744: 3731:, pp. 8–9; 3726: 3720: 3710: 3704: 3694: 3688: 3678: 3672: 3662: 3656: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3618: 3612: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3534: 3528: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3458: 3452: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3394:Mahalanobis 1944 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3096: 3090: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2678: 2659: 2653: 2624:See for example 2622: 2616: 2612: 2600: 2586: 2580: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2515: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2465: 2459: 2423: 2414: 2387: 2381: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2342: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2302: 2296: 2285: 2279: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2211: 2179:Tebhaga movement 2162:Drought in India 2020: 1954:So Many Hungers! 1896:State Department 1814:Jawaharlal Nehru 1761: 1757: 1721:Archibald Wavell 1668:humanitarian aid 1596:priority classes 1244: 1240: 1156: 1125: 1056: 801:Indian provinces 346:There are three 337: 317:Great Depression 273:humanitarian aid 266:matter of debate 207: 78: 69: 64: 63: 21: 22829: 22828: 22824: 22823: 22822: 22820: 22819: 22818: 22754: 22753: 22752: 22747: 22746: 22741: 22732: 22708:Sister Nivedita 22578:Anil Kumar Gain 22549: 22488: 22474:Sundarban Honey 22464:Shantipuri sari 22355: 22257:Pohela Boishakh 22166: 21998: 21987: 21925: 21916:Purba Medinipur 21881: 21842: 21804: 21800:Purba Bardhaman 21766: 21757: 21734: 21725:CID West Bengal 21670:Chief Ministers 21656: 21536: 21371: 21298: 21283: 21277: 21247: 21242: 21229: 21222: 21215: 21198: 21169:National Emblem 21139:Government Seal 21095: 21066:Public holidays 20992: 20881: 20820:Infrastructure: 20721:Stock Exchange: 20707: 20699: 20605: 20459: 20344: 20236: 20121:Administrative: 20095: 20052: 19987: 19876:Sepoy Rebellion 19866:British Bengal: 19846: 19798:Delhi Sultanate 19742: 19657: 19580: 19571: 19541: 19536: 19463: 19418: 19365: 19346:Organised crime 19331:Illegal housing 19302: 19264: 19231: 19207:Menstrual taboo 19158: 19154:Street children 19107: 19078:Family planning 19051: 19008: 18985: 18868: 18863: 18833: 18828: 18807: 18793:Distant Thunder 18772: 18746: 18670: 18668:Famine in India 18665: 18635: 18622: 18594:Public holidays 18479: 18425:Life expectancy 18340: 18339: 18312: 18239: 18208: 18113:Pharmaceuticals 17944: 17813: 17753: 17719:COVID-19 impact 17705: 17657: 17587: 17474: 17447: 17426: 17358: 17322: 17264: 17204: 17200:District Courts 17140: 17131:Chief Ministers 17029: 17008: 16958: 16910: 16848: 16822:Western coastal 16817:Eastern coastal 16804:Mountain passes 16737: 16723:Protected areas 16649: 16645:Stones of India 16613: 16581: 16560: 16529: 16515:Space programme 16485:Sino-Indian War 16480:Five-Year Plans 16458: 16353: 16320: 16311:Delhi Sultanate 16277: 16268:Middle kingdoms 16261:Middle Kingdoms 16256: 16188: 16096: 16083: 16080: 16050: 16045: 16038: 16031: 16017: 16015: 16003: 15994: 15987: 15980: 15973: 15964: 15957: 15950: 15941: 15936:Atomic bombings 15934: 15927: 15920: 15913: 15906: 15897: 15890: 15883: 15876: 15869: 15862: 15855: 15848: 15841: 15834: 15827: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15792: 15779: 15772: 15761: 15754: 15747: 15738: 15731: 15724: 15717: 15710: 15703: 15694: 15685: 15678: 15669: 15662: 15655: 15648: 15639: 15632: 15627:Eastern Romania 15625: 15620:Warsaw Uprising 15618: 15613:Tannenberg Line 15611: 15604: 15599:Western Ukraine 15597: 15588: 15581: 15572: 15563: 15554: 15547: 15540: 15529: 15520: 15507: 15500: 15491: 15484: 15477: 15470: 15463: 15456: 15449: 15440: 15433: 15426: 15417: 15410: 15403: 15396: 15391:Battle of Kursk 15389: 15382: 15375: 15368: 15361: 15348: 15341: 15332: 15325: 15318: 15309: 15302: 15295: 15288: 15279: 15270: 15263: 15256: 15249: 15242: 15235: 15228: 15221: 15214: 15207: 15202:St Nazaire Raid 15200: 15193: 15186: 15173: 15166: 15159: 15152: 15145: 15138: 15131: 15124: 15117: 15110: 15103: 15096: 15089: 15082: 15075: 15068: 15061: 15054: 15047: 15040: 15026: 15017: 15010: 15003: 14996: 14989: 14984:Anglo-Iraqi War 14982: 14975:Battle of Crete 14973: 14966: 14959: 14952: 14945: 14932: 14923: 14916: 14909: 14904:Eastern Romania 14902: 14895: 14888: 14881: 14874: 14867: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14832: 14825: 14818: 14811: 14804: 14797: 14784: 14777: 14770: 14763: 14756: 14749: 14742: 14735: 14722: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14692: 14685: 14678: 14669: 14662: 14655: 14646: 14639: 14613: 14606: 14599: 14590: 14583: 14578: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14546: 14539: 14530: 14523: 14518: 14511: 14498: 14491: 14482: 14475: 14470: 14465:Western Ukraine 14463: 14456: 14449: 14442: 14435: 14428: 14421: 14414: 14409:Northeast China 14407: 14400: 14393: 14386: 14379: 14372: 14363: 14356: 14349: 14342: 14335: 14328: 14321: 14314: 14307: 14300: 14293: 14286: 14279: 14272: 14265: 14258: 14251: 14244: 14237: 14224: 14217: 14210: 14203: 14196: 14189: 14182: 14175: 14168: 14161: 14154: 14147: 14134: 14127: 14120: 14115:Slovak Republic 14113: 14105: 14098: 14091: 14086:Empire of Japan 14084: 14075: 14067: 14060: 14053: 14046: 14039: 14032: 14024: 14017: 14010: 14002: 13995: 13982: 13975: 13966: 13959: 13950: 13943: 13936: 13929: 13922: 13915: 13908: 13896: 13889: 13882: 13875: 13868: 13861: 13854: 13847: 13840: 13828: 13821: 13814: 13807: 13800: 13788: 13780: 13773: 13766: 13759: 13752: 13745: 13738: 13726: 13719: 13712: 13705: 13698: 13672: 13663: 13656: 13649: 13642: 13631: 13616: 13609: 13602: 13598:Sexual violence 13597: 13590: 13581: 13574: 13567: 13558: 13551: 13544: 13537: 13530: 13521: 13512: 13505: 13498: 13491: 13484: 13477: 13468: 13461: 13454: 13447: 13434: 13427: 13420: 13413: 13404: 13397: 13390: 13383: 13376: 13367: 13358: 13351: 13344: 13337: 13328: 13321: 13316:Greek Civil War 13314: 13307: 13300: 13293: 13286: 13279: 13272: 13259: 13252: 13243: 13236: 13229: 13220: 13213: 13206: 13199: 13190: 13183: 13176: 13167: 13160: 13153: 13146: 13141:South-East Asia 13139: 13132: 13125: 13112: 13105: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13063: 13054: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13005: 13000:Military awards 12998: 12989: 12982: 12975: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12924: 12917: 12910: 12903: 12894: 12887: 12867: 12860: 12853: 12844: 12837: 12830: 12825: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12794: 12789: 12754: 12746: 12741: 12719:Distant Thunder 12698: 12655:Thomas Keneally 12623: 12597: 12544: 12496: 12477:Famine in India 12460: 12455: 12422:Wayback Machine 12396: 12391: 12325: 12323: 12322:on 9 April 2017 12319: 12312: 12248: 12210: 12208:Further reading 12205: 12146: 12144: 12089:British Scholar 12079: 12048: 12000:10.2307/1882681 11844:(41): 1747–52. 11745: 11743: 11739: 11714:History Ireland 11710:Ó Gráda, Cormac 11508: 11506: 11505:on 9 April 2017 11502: 11487: 11298: 11296: 11270:10.2307/3518012 11083:on 16 May 2017. 11080: 11073: 10991:(2–3): 227–55. 10973: 10971: 10852:10.2307/2056974 10828: 10826: 10807: 10795: 10692: 10690: 10678: 10664: 10662: 10643: 10629: 10627: 10578: 10573: 10567: 10546: 10525: 10487: 10466: 10439: 10415: 10390: 10369: 10345: 10324: 10298: 10271: 10251:Ó Gráda, Cormac 10224: 10199: 10175: 10154: 10109: 10081: 10056: 10035: 10010: 9977: 9931: 9915:Fraser, Bashabi 9907: 9874: 9859: 9840: 9815: 9793: 9748: 9721: 9693: 9617: 9592: 9567: 9548: 9525: 9500: 9490:Wiley-Blackwell 9477: 9452: 9447: 9441: 9410: 9342: 9322: 9315: 9290: 9203: 9201:Primary sources 9198: 9193: 9183: 9181: 9163: 9159: 9147: 9143: 9130: 9123: 9119: 9109: 9107: 9092: 9084:McCusker, J. J. 9072: 9064:McCusker, J. J. 9060: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9027: 9023: 9019:, pp. 2–6. 9015:, p. 185; 9011: 9007: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8967: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8911:, p. 179; 8907: 8903: 8895: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8859: 8855: 8847: 8843: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8791: 8784: 8772: 8768: 8762:Collingham 2012 8760:, p. 286; 8756:, p. 273; 8752: 8748: 8740: 8736: 8728: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8702: 8700: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8656: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8608: 8604: 8592: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8564: 8560: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8512: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8472: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8400: 8396: 8384: 8380: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8340: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8304: 8300: 8284: 8280: 8264:, p. 175; 8260: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8145: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8121:, p. 341; 8117: 8113: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8062:, p. 125; 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8025: 8017: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7988:fourth footnote 7982: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7731: 7727: 7715: 7711: 7695: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7659:, p. 180; 7655: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7540:, p. 174; 7536:, p. 169; 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7369:, p. 127; 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341:, p. 232; 7337: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7301: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7237: 7233: 7227:Collingham 2012 7225: 7221: 7209: 7205: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7145:, p. 397; 7141: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7117: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6957:, pp. 5–6. 6953: 6949: 6941:, p. 342; 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6909: 6905: 6893: 6889: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6822: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762:, p. 141; 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710:, p. 268; 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6648: 6642:Maharatna (1992 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6603:, p. 542; 6595: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556:, p. 146; 6552: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6331: 6323: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6112:Collingham 2012 6110: 6106: 6101:. 8 April 2015. 6089: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6028: 6021: 6015:Collingham 2012 6013: 6009: 5993: 5989: 5977: 5973: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5890: 5886: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5820:Rothermund 2002 5818: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5790: 5786: 5774: 5770: 5762:, p. 109, 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5618:, p. 338; 5614: 5610: 5598: 5594: 5585: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5519: 5510: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5447: 5443: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5323: 5316: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5276:, p. 112; 5272: 5265: 5261:, p. 1280. 5257: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5178:, p. 106; 5174: 5170: 5158: 5154: 5148:Navanati Papers 5142: 5138: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5080:Chatterjee 1986 5078:, p. 791; 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4940: 4936: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4905: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690:, p. 279; 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4598: 4594: 4586:, p. 272; 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4554:, p. 154; 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526:, p. 274; 4514: 4510: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4470: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4434: 4430: 4422:, p. 282; 4414: 4410: 4401: 4390: 4386: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4320:Rothermund 2002 4318:, p. 715; 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4259: 4253:Rothermund 2002 4251: 4244: 4236: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4175:, p. 222; 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3838: 3834:, p. 5394. 3830: 3826: 3818:, p. 127; 3814: 3810: 3800:McClelland 1859 3798: 3791: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3751: 3747: 3727: 3723: 3711: 3707: 3699:, p. 341; 3695: 3691: 3679: 3675: 3667:, p. 128; 3663: 3659: 3647: 3643: 3637:Chatterjee 1986 3635: 3631: 3619: 3615: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3569:Chatterjee 1986 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3465:Chatterjee 1986 3459: 3455: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3099: 3091: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3055: 3051:, pp. 6–7. 3047: 3043: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2985:The Independent 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2896: 2892: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715:, p. 202; 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2660: 2656: 2650:Devereux (2001) 2638:Bowbrick (1986) 2623: 2619: 2610: 2598: 2587: 2583: 2577:Maharatna (1992 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2518: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2466: 2462: 2446:, p. 53), 2424: 2417: 2388: 2384: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2345: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2303: 2299: 2286: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2215:Maharatna (1996 2212: 2201: 2197: 2152:Famine in India 2133: 2018: 1999: 1941:Distant Thunder 1833: 1827: 1745: 1733:Royal Air Force 1656: 1621: 1594:not among the " 1579: 1515: 1496: 1464: 1251: 1247:Cause of death 1181: 1160:invade Normandy 1154: 1132: 1123: 1113: 1104: 1095: 1054: 1031: 1030: 1013: 1007: 980: 947:Cripps' mission 930: 929: 918: 910:Main articles: 908: 885:Indian Railways 861: 853:market failures 821:food insecurity 805:princely states 797: 743: 726: 725: 678: 660:fall of Rangoon 656: 655: 609: 608: 585: 573:Main articles: 571: 562: 542:Soil exhaustion 534: 516:the productive 494: 408: 394: 335: 314: 312: 306: 230:denial policies 205: 154:Bengal province 122: 91: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22827: 22817: 22816: 22814:Burma campaign 22811: 22806: 22801: 22796: 22791: 22786: 22781: 22776: 22771: 22766: 22749: 22748: 22743: 22742: 22737: 22734: 22733: 22731: 22730: 22725: 22720: 22715: 22710: 22705: 22700: 22695: 22690: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22660: 22655: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22585: 22580: 22575: 22570: 22565: 22559: 22557: 22551: 22550: 22548: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22500:Bengali people 22496: 22494: 22490: 22489: 22487: 22486: 22481: 22476: 22471: 22466: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22434:Jaynagarer Moa 22431: 22426: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22399:Darjeeling tea 22396: 22391: 22386: 22381: 22379:Banglar Muslin 22376: 22371: 22369:Baluchari sari 22365: 22363: 22357: 22356: 22354: 22353: 22348: 22343: 22341:Bengali cinema 22338: 22337: 22336: 22331: 22326: 22321: 22316: 22311: 22306: 22296: 22291: 22290: 22289: 22287:Bengal temples 22279: 22274: 22272:Raksha Bandhan 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22248: 22247: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22176: 22174: 22168: 22167: 22165: 22164: 22159: 22154: 22149: 22144: 22139: 22134: 22129: 22124: 22119: 22114: 22109: 22104: 22099: 22094: 22089: 22084: 22079: 22074: 22069: 22064: 22059: 22054: 22049: 22047:Hugli-Chuchura 22044: 22039: 22034: 22029: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22009: 22003: 22001: 21993: 21992: 21989: 21988: 21986: 21985: 21980: 21974: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21947: 21942: 21935: 21933: 21927: 21926: 21924: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21908: 21903: 21897: 21891: 21889: 21883: 21882: 21880: 21879: 21877:Uttar Dinajpur 21874: 21869: 21864: 21858: 21852: 21850: 21848:Malda division 21844: 21843: 21841: 21840: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21814: 21812: 21806: 21805: 21803: 21802: 21797: 21792: 21787: 21781: 21779: 21770: 21759: 21758: 21756: 21755: 21750: 21744: 21742: 21736: 21735: 21733: 21732: 21730:Kolkata Police 21727: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21706: 21701: 21696: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21666: 21664: 21658: 21657: 21655: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21638: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21607: 21602: 21597: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21546: 21544: 21538: 21537: 21535: 21534: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21512:Noakhali riots 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21417:Sher Shah Suri 21414: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21394: 21393: 21392: 21381: 21379: 21373: 21372: 21370: 21369: 21363: 21354: 21345: 21336: 21327: 21318: 21308: 21306: 21300: 21299: 21288: 21285: 21284: 21276: 21275: 21268: 21261: 21253: 21244: 21243: 21241: 21240: 21235: 21228: 21227: 21220: 21212: 21211: 21208: 21207: 21204: 21203: 21200: 21199: 21197: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21105: 21103: 21097: 21096: 21094: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21081:Radio stations 21078: 21073: 21068: 21063: 21058: 21053: 21051:Bengal studies 21048: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21028: 21023: 21018: 21013: 21008: 21002: 21000: 20994: 20993: 20991: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20969: 20968: 20963: 20953: 20952: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20931: 20930: 20929: 20924: 20914: 20908: 20906: 20893: 20887: 20886: 20883: 20882: 20880: 20879: 20878: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20844: 20843: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20801: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20777: 20772: 20771: 20770: 20765: 20763:Nuclear energy 20760: 20755: 20750: 20740: 20739: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20718: 20717: 20716: 20711: 20703: 20700:(central bank) 20695: 20685: 20684: 20683: 20681:Tea production 20678: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20661:Pharmaceutical 20658: 20653: 20648: 20643: 20633: 20627: 20621: 20615: 20614: 20611: 20610: 20607: 20606: 20604: 20603: 20602: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20565: 20564: 20563: 20561:Special Branch 20558: 20553: 20548: 20536: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20524: 20523: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20497: 20496: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20473: 20471: 20461: 20460: 20458: 20457: 20456: 20455: 20450: 20445: 20440: 20429: 20428: 20427: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20402: 20391: 20390: 20389: 20387:Union councils 20384: 20379: 20377:Municipalities 20374: 20361: 20360: 20359: 20354: 20352:Constituencies 20342:Jatiya Sangsad 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20322: 20321: 20316: 20311: 20300: 20299: 20298: 20293: 20292: 20291: 20284:Prime Minister 20281: 20280: 20279: 20263: 20261: 20248: 20242: 20241: 20238: 20237: 20235: 20234: 20233: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20182: 20181: 20180: 20175: 20173:National parks 20170: 20165: 20160: 20150: 20145: 20144: 20143: 20138: 20133: 20128: 20117: 20111: 20105: 20104: 20101: 20100: 20097: 20096: 20094: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20062: 20060: 20054: 20053: 20051: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20024: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20006:Military coups 20003: 20001:Famine of 1974 19997: 19995: 19989: 19988: 19986: 19985: 19984: 19983: 19978: 19973: 19968: 19955: 19954: 19953: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19915: 19914: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19901:Famine of 1943 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19871:Famine of 1770 19863: 19857: 19855: 19848: 19847: 19845: 19844: 19843: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19825:Mughal period: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19811: 19810: 19805: 19803:Khalji dynasty 19800: 19795: 19793:Islamic rulers 19785: 19784: 19783: 19778: 19773: 19763: 19762: 19761: 19750: 19748: 19744: 19743: 19741: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19669: 19667: 19659: 19658: 19656: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19639: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19605: 19600: 19594: 19588: 19582: 19581: 19570: 19569: 19562: 19555: 19547: 19538: 19537: 19535: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19508: 19507: 19502: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19471: 19469: 19465: 19464: 19462: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19441: 19440: 19439: 19428: 19426: 19420: 19419: 19417: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19375: 19373: 19367: 19366: 19364: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19343: 19341:Illegal mining 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19312: 19310: 19304: 19303: 19301: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19274: 19272: 19266: 19265: 19263: 19262: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19245:Caste politics 19241: 19239: 19233: 19232: 19230: 19229: 19224: 19219: 19214: 19209: 19204: 19199: 19197:Women's health 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19168: 19166: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19129:Child marriage 19126: 19121: 19115: 19113: 19109: 19108: 19106: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19093:Nuclear family 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19059: 19057: 19053: 19052: 19050: 19049: 19047:Water disputes 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19027:Climate change 19024: 19018: 19016: 19010: 19009: 19007: 19006: 19001: 18995: 18993: 18987: 18986: 18984: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18956:Street vendors 18953: 18948: 18947: 18946: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18925: 18924: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18882:Communications 18878: 18876: 18870: 18869: 18862: 18861: 18854: 18847: 18839: 18830: 18829: 18827: 18826: 18821: 18815: 18813: 18809: 18808: 18806: 18805: 18797: 18789: 18780: 18778: 18774: 18773: 18771: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18754: 18752: 18748: 18747: 18745: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18692:Chalisa famine 18689: 18684: 18678: 18676: 18672: 18671: 18664: 18663: 18656: 18649: 18641: 18632: 18631: 18628: 18627: 18624: 18623: 18621: 18620: 18619: 18618: 18608: 18607: 18606: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18570: 18569: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18534: 18533: 18532: 18522: 18521: 18520: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18489: 18487: 18481: 18480: 18478: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18406: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18380: 18379: 18378: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18352: 18350: 18342: 18341: 18338: 18337: 18330: 18322: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18314: 18313: 18311: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18283:Income Tax Act 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18259: 18258: 18247: 18245: 18241: 18240: 18238: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18216: 18214: 18210: 18209: 18207: 18206: 18205: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18173: 18172: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18125: 18120: 18118:Pulp and paper 18115: 18110: 18109: 18108: 18106:Iron and Steel 18103: 18093: 18092: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18066: 18061: 18060: 18059: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18028: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17969: 17968: 17963: 17952: 17950: 17946: 17945: 17943: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17890:Madhya Pradesh 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17825:Andhra Pradesh 17821: 17819: 17815: 17814: 17812: 17811: 17810: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17789: 17784: 17783: 17782: 17772: 17767: 17761: 17759: 17755: 17754: 17752: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17729:Liberalisation 17726: 17721: 17715: 17713: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17703: 17702: 17701: 17696: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17665: 17663: 17659: 17658: 17656: 17655: 17650: 17649: 17648: 17643: 17633: 17632: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17595: 17593: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17494: 17493: 17482: 17480: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17472: 17467: 17461: 17459: 17449: 17448: 17436: 17435: 17432: 17431: 17428: 17427: 17425: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17368: 17366: 17360: 17359: 17357: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17340: 17338: 17332: 17331: 17328: 17327: 17324: 17323: 17321: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17274: 17272: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17221: 17219: 17212: 17206: 17205: 17203: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17181: 17180: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17154: 17148: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17122: 17121: 17116: 17106: 17101: 17099:Civil Services 17096: 17091: 17089:Prime Minister 17086: 17084:Vice President 17081: 17076: 17075: 17074: 17069: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17043: 17041: 17031: 17030: 17018: 17017: 17014: 17013: 17010: 17009: 17007: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16980:Nature worship 16977: 16972: 16966: 16964: 16960: 16959: 16957: 16956: 16951: 16949:Municipalities 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16926: 16920: 16918: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16908: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16896: 16886: 16881: 16880: 16879: 16869: 16864: 16858: 16856: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16774:Extreme points 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16745: 16743: 16739: 16738: 16736: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16718:National parks 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16678:Climate change 16675: 16670: 16665: 16659: 16657: 16651: 16650: 16648: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16621: 16619: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16595: 16593: 16583: 16582: 16570: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16562: 16561: 16559: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16537: 16535: 16531: 16530: 16528: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16510:Smiling Buddha 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16466: 16464: 16460: 16459: 16457: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16415: 16414: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16387:1857 rebellion 16384: 16379: 16374: 16372:Princely state 16369: 16363: 16361: 16355: 16354: 16352: 16351: 16346: 16344:European trade 16341: 16336: 16330: 16328: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16291:Medieval India 16287: 16285: 16279: 16278: 16276: 16275: 16270: 16264: 16262: 16258: 16257: 16255: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16227:Yavana Kingdom 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16198: 16196: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16174:Paper currency 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16120: 16119: 16114: 16108: 16106: 16098: 16097: 16085: 16084: 16079: 16078: 16071: 16064: 16056: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16043: 16036: 16029: 16012: 16009: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15992: 15985: 15971: 15970: 15969: 15955: 15952:South Sakhalin 15948: 15947: 15946: 15932: 15925: 15918: 15911: 15904: 15903: 15902: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15846: 15839: 15832: 15825: 15818: 15811: 15804: 15797: 15789: 15787: 15781: 15780: 15778: 15777: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15752: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15729: 15722: 15715: 15708: 15701: 15692: 15683: 15676: 15667: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15637: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15609: 15602: 15595: 15586: 15579: 15570: 15561: 15552: 15545: 15538: 15527: 15517: 15515: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15505: 15498: 15497: 15496: 15489: 15475: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15431: 15424: 15415: 15408: 15401: 15394: 15387: 15380: 15377:Battle of Attu 15373: 15366: 15358: 15356: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15346: 15339: 15330: 15323: 15316: 15307: 15300: 15293: 15286: 15277: 15276: 15275: 15268: 15254: 15247: 15240: 15233: 15226: 15219: 15212: 15205: 15198: 15191: 15183: 15181: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15171: 15164: 15157: 15150: 15143: 15136: 15129: 15126:Battle of Guam 15122: 15115: 15108: 15101: 15094: 15087: 15080: 15073: 15066: 15059: 15052: 15049:Battle of Kiev 15045: 15038: 15024: 15023: 15022: 15008: 15001: 14994: 14987: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14964: 14957: 14950: 14942: 14940: 14934: 14933: 14931: 14930: 14921: 14914: 14907: 14900: 14893: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14865: 14858: 14851: 14844: 14837: 14830: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14794: 14792: 14786: 14785: 14783: 14782: 14775: 14768: 14761: 14754: 14747: 14740: 14732: 14730: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14690: 14676: 14675: 14674: 14667: 14653: 14652: 14651: 14636: 14634: 14625: 14619: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14611: 14604: 14597: 14596: 14595: 14588: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14560: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14548:United Kingdom 14544: 14537: 14536: 14535: 14516: 14508: 14506: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14496: 14489: 14488: 14487: 14480: 14468: 14461: 14454: 14447: 14440: 14433: 14426: 14419: 14412: 14405: 14398: 14391: 14384: 14377: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14361: 14347: 14340: 14333: 14326: 14319: 14312: 14305: 14298: 14291: 14284: 14277: 14270: 14263: 14256: 14249: 14242: 14234: 14232: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14222: 14215: 14208: 14201: 14194: 14187: 14180: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14144: 14142: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14132: 14125: 14118: 14111: 14103: 14096: 14089: 14082: 14081: 14080: 14065: 14058: 14051: 14044: 14037: 14030: 14022: 14015: 14008: 14000: 13992: 13990: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13980: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13957: 13956: 13955: 13952:British Empire 13945:United Kingdom 13941: 13934: 13927: 13920: 13913: 13906: 13894: 13887: 13880: 13873: 13866: 13859: 13852: 13845: 13838: 13826: 13819: 13812: 13805: 13798: 13786: 13778: 13771: 13764: 13761:Czechoslovakia 13757: 13750: 13743: 13736: 13724: 13717: 13710: 13703: 13695: 13693: 13684: 13678: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13661: 13658:Rape of Manila 13654: 13647: 13640: 13629: 13614: 13607: 13595: 13588: 13587: 13586: 13579: 13565: 13564: 13563: 13556: 13549: 13535: 13528: 13527: 13526: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13510: 13496: 13489: 13475: 13474: 13473: 13466: 13459: 13444: 13442: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13432: 13429:United Nations 13425: 13418: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13388: 13374: 13365: 13356: 13349: 13342: 13335: 13326: 13319: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13288:Decolonization 13284: 13277: 13269: 13267: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13250: 13249: 13248: 13234: 13227: 13226: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13197: 13196: 13195: 13188: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13165: 13158: 13151: 13144: 13137: 13122: 13120: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13075: 13068: 13061: 13060: 13059: 13052: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13017: 13010: 13003: 12996: 12995: 12994: 12980: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12964: 12961:United Kingdom 12957: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12884: 12882: 12873: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12858: 12851: 12850: 12849: 12842: 12835: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12807: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12788: 12787: 12780: 12773: 12765: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12739: 12731: 12723: 12715: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12665:Cormac Ó Gráda 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12631: 12629: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12585: 12580: 12570: 12568:Mahatma Gandhi 12565: 12564: 12563: 12552: 12550: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12504: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12461: 12454: 12453: 12446: 12439: 12431: 12425: 12424: 12412: 12407: 12395: 12394:External links 12392: 12390: 12389: 12376: 12361: 12332: 12303: 12292: 12274:(4): 445–463. 12263: 12252: 12246: 12233: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12182: 12164:(3): 649–721. 12153: 12134: 12105: 12084: 12041: 12020: 11983: 11959: 11938: 11925: 11904: 11883: 11854: 11833: 11815:"75,000 Miles" 11810: 11789: 11773: 11752: 11730: 11706: 11653: 11606: 11585: 11568: 11539: 11528: 11515: 11480: 11468:10.2307/621155 11451: 11430: 11401: 11399:(1–2): 271–82. 11388: 11362:(6): 1325–53. 11351: 11334: 11316:(2): 235–243. 11305: 11282: 11264:(7/8): 11–47. 11217: 11172: 11143: 11114: 11085: 11064: 11035: 11014: 11001: 10980: 10970:. 19 July 2011 10960: 10947: 10930: 10904:(4): 791–814. 10893: 10872: 10835: 10800: 10786: 10768:(4): 699–727. 10757: 10728: 10699: 10671: 10636: 10612: 10591: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10565: 10550: 10544: 10529: 10523: 10508: 10491: 10485: 10470: 10464: 10443: 10437: 10419: 10413: 10394: 10388: 10373: 10367: 10349: 10343: 10328: 10322: 10307: 10296: 10275: 10269: 10247: 10228: 10222: 10203: 10197: 10179: 10173: 10158: 10152: 10129: 10107: 10085: 10079: 10060: 10054: 10039: 10033: 10014: 10008: 9981: 9975: 9958: 9935: 9929: 9911: 9905: 9886: 9872: 9844: 9838: 9819: 9813: 9797: 9791: 9781:. Boston, MA: 9770: 9752: 9746: 9725: 9719: 9697: 9691: 9669: 9646: 9621: 9615: 9596: 9590: 9571: 9565: 9552: 9546: 9529: 9523: 9504: 9498: 9481: 9475: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9439: 9422: 9408: 9390:Moon, Penderel 9382: 9373: 9354: 9340: 9327: 9309:, ed. (1971). 9303: 9281: 9259: 9236: 9227: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9157: 9141: 9117: 9101:1800–present: 9054: 9041:MeasuringWorth 9021: 9005: 8997:Greenough 1982 8989: 8987:, p. 262. 8985:Greenough 1982 8977: 8961: 8959:, p. 138. 8957:Greenough 1982 8949: 8937: 8925: 8913:Rangasami 1985 8901: 8889: 8887:, p. 105. 8877: 8865: 8863:, p. 185. 8853: 8841: 8831:, p. 43; 8821: 8819:, p. 161. 8809: 8807:, p. 423. 8797: 8782: 8766: 8746: 8734: 8722: 8720:, p. 375. 8718:Greenough 1983 8710: 8676: 8650: 8638: 8634:Law-Smith 1989 8626: 8614: 8602: 8586: 8574: 8558: 8542: 8530: 8518: 8506: 8494: 8492:, p. 195. 8482: 8480:, p. 717. 8476:, p. 50; 8466: 8454: 8438: 8426: 8414: 8408:, p. 50; 8394: 8386:Greenough 1982 8378: 8362: 8350: 8334: 8322: 8320:, p. 424. 8310: 8298: 8278: 8276:, p. 256. 8272:, p. 23; 8268:, p. 43; 8254: 8242: 8230: 8228:, p. 139. 8218: 8206: 8194: 8182: 8180:, p. 173. 8170: 8149:, p. 42, 8139: 8137:, p. 177. 8135:Schiffrin 2014 8127: 8123:Schiffrin 2014 8111: 8095: 8093:, p. 148. 8080: 8078:, p. 261. 8068: 8066:, p. 261. 8052: 8040: 8023: 8008: 7996: 7986:, p. 52, 7976: 7964: 7952: 7940: 7938:, p. 212. 7936:Maharatna 1992 7928: 7916: 7904: 7892: 7890:, p. 172. 7880: 7874:, pp. 184 7872:Greenough 1982 7868:Greenough 1980 7860: 7858:, p. 342. 7848: 7842:, p. 36; 7832: 7828:Greenough 1982 7820: 7804: 7802:, p. 323. 7792: 7790:, p. 213. 7780: 7778:, p. 140. 7776:Greenough 1982 7765: 7763:, p. 215. 7753: 7751:, p. 194. 7741: 7739:, p. 558. 7725: 7709: 7701:Greenough 1980 7689: 7687:, p. 136. 7685:Greenough 1982 7677: 7673:Greenough 1982 7665: 7649: 7647:, p. 552. 7637: 7635:, p. 129. 7633:Greenough 1982 7625: 7623:, p. 213. 7621:Greenough 1980 7613: 7601: 7595:, p. 41; 7585: 7570: 7568:, p. 176. 7558: 7546: 7534:Greenough 1982 7522: 7518:Greenough 1982 7510: 7498: 7496:, p. 559. 7486: 7484:, p. 545. 7474: 7472:, p. 553. 7462: 7450: 7438: 7436:, p. 236. 7434:Maharatna 1992 7426: 7418:Greenough 1982 7410: 7408:, p. 127. 7406:Greenough 1982 7395: 7393:, p. 185. 7383: 7379:Maharatna 1992 7375:Greenough 1982 7367:Greenough 1982 7359: 7347: 7345:, p. 235. 7343:Greenough 1982 7339:Greenough 1980 7331: 7329:, p. 232. 7327:Greenough 1980 7319: 7317:, p. 231. 7315:Greenough 1980 7307: 7305:, p. 210. 7303:Greenough 1980 7295: 7291:Greenough 1980 7283: 7281:, p. 166. 7271: 7269:, p. 162. 7259: 7257:, p. 233. 7255:Greenough 1980 7247: 7243:Greenough 1982 7231: 7219: 7215:Greenough 1980 7203: 7199:Greenough 1980 7187: 7175: 7173:, p. 229. 7171:Greenough 1980 7163: 7161:, p. 248. 7151: 7135: 7123: 7119:Natarajan 1946 7108: 7096: 7092:Natarajan 1946 7084: 7082:, p. 699. 7072: 7070:, p. 236. 7060: 7045: 7033: 7029:Greenough 1982 7017: 7015:, p. 125. 6998: 6986: 6984:, p. 141. 6971: 6969:, p. 138. 6959: 6947: 6939:Greenough 1980 6931: 6929:, p. 196. 6919: 6917:, p. 135. 6903: 6895:Maharatna 1992 6887: 6883:Greenough 1980 6881:, p. 67; 6868: 6856: 6854:, p. 248. 6844: 6832: 6824:Greenough 1980 6816: 6812:Greenough 1980 6804: 6800:Maharatna 1992 6792: 6780: 6768: 6766:, p. 378. 6764:Maharatna 1992 6760:Greenough 1982 6752: 6748:Maharatna 1992 6740: 6738:, p. 240. 6736:Maharatna 1992 6728: 6716: 6714:, p. 136. 6708:Maharatna 1992 6700: 6698:, p. 102. 6688: 6676: 6674:, p. 268. 6672:Maharatna 1992 6661: 6657:Maharatna 1992 6646: 6633: 6631:, p. 243. 6629:Maharatna 1992 6621: 6617:Maharatna 1992 6609: 6599:, p. 75; 6586: 6584:, p. 212. 6582:Greenough 1980 6574: 6562: 6560:, p. 711. 6546: 6534: 6522: 6520:, p. 282. 6518:Maharatna 1992 6510: 6495: 6493:, p. 279. 6491:Maharatna 1992 6483: 6479:Maharatna 1992 6471: 6469:, p. 270. 6467:Maharatna 1992 6459: 6457:, p. 284. 6447: 6443:Maharatna 1992 6435: 6431:Maharatna 1992 6423: 6419:Maharatna 1992 6411: 6399: 6395:Maharatna 1992 6393:, p. 78; 6383: 6381:, p. 120. 6371: 6367:Maharatna 1992 6359: 6357:, p. 194. 6344: 6329: 6327:, p. 118. 6312: 6310:, p. 701. 6300: 6288: 6284:Maharatna 1993 6276: 6264: 6262:, p. 210. 6260:Maharatna 1992 6249: 6237: 6233:Greenough 1980 6225: 6223:, p. 555. 6213: 6201: 6199:, p. 116. 6189: 6177: 6140: 6138:, p. 193. 6128: 6116: 6114:, p. 153. 6104: 6082: 6070: 6068:, p. 194. 6058: 6054:Greenough 1980 6052:, as cited in 6038: 6019: 6017:, p. 152. 6007: 6001:, p. 52; 5987: 5971: 5955: 5953:, p. 205. 5943: 5941:, p. 441. 5928: 5916: 5904: 5884: 5878:, as cited in 5868: 5856: 5844: 5838:, p. 30; 5824: 5822:, p. 119. 5812: 5800: 5794:, p. 39; 5784: 5778:, p. 12; 5768: 5760:Greenough 1982 5752: 5740: 5738:, p. 109. 5736:Greenough 1982 5734:, p. 40; 5724: 5712: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5640: 5628: 5608: 5606:, p. 357. 5602:, p. 71; 5592: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5540:Greenough 1982 5532: 5530:, p. 548. 5517: 5493: 5481: 5479:, p. 543. 5469: 5441: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5395:, p. 36; 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5347:, p. 111. 5337: 5327:, p. 543 5314: 5308:, p. 50; 5298: 5286: 5284:, p. 282. 5280:, p. 74; 5263: 5251: 5239: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5192:Greenough 1982 5184: 5176:Greenough 1982 5168: 5164:Greenough 1982 5152: 5144:Greenough 1982 5136: 5132:Law-Smith 1989 5120: 5118:, p. 286. 5108: 5104:Panigrahi 2004 5096: 5084: 5068: 5066:, p. 418. 5056: 5054:, p. 340. 5044: 5042:, p. 248. 5027: 5025:, p. 247. 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4977:, p. 102. 4962: 4950: 4944:, p. 30; 4934: 4926:Greenough 1980 4918: 4903: 4897:, p. 39; 4887: 4885:, p. 101. 4875: 4856: 4844: 4842:, p. 287. 4828: 4826:, p. 103. 4816: 4808:Greenough 1982 4800: 4788: 4776: 4774:, p. 563. 4770:, p. 51; 4760: 4748: 4742:, p. 24; 4732: 4730:, p. 280. 4720: 4708: 4696: 4680: 4668: 4666:, p. 270. 4656: 4640: 4624: 4622:, p. 276. 4612: 4608:Greenough 1982 4592: 4590:, p. 717. 4576: 4564: 4544: 4532: 4518:, p. 45; 4508: 4492: 4488:Greenough 1982 4480: 4464: 4460:Greenough 1982 4454:, p. 67; 4444: 4442:, p. 717. 4438:, p. 45; 4428: 4426:, p. 154. 4408: 4398:, p. 217 4394:, p. 66; 4384: 4368: 4366:, p. 150. 4356: 4352:Greenough 1982 4344: 4332: 4326:, p. 50; 4308: 4306:, p. 101. 4296: 4284: 4282:, p. 222. 4272: 4268:Natarajan 1946 4257: 4242: 4221: 4219:, p. 715. 4209: 4197: 4185: 4173:Greenough 1980 4161: 4149: 4147:, p. 278. 4137: 4135:, p. 103. 4125: 4113: 4098: 4082: 4078:Greenough 1982 4070: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4004: 3989: 3987:, p. 101. 3974: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3876:, p. 206. 3874:Maharatna 1992 3863: 3851: 3849:, p. 128. 3836: 3824: 3820:Learmonth 1957 3808: 3789: 3773: 3761: 3755:, p. 73; 3745: 3733:Natarajan 1946 3721: 3705: 3689: 3683:, p. 42; 3673: 3671:, p. 469. 3657: 3641: 3639:, p. 179. 3629: 3613: 3597: 3593:Greenough 1982 3585: 3573: 3567:, p. 29; 3557: 3545: 3529: 3523:, p. 84; 3513: 3511:, p. 230. 3501: 3489: 3477: 3461:Chaudhuri 1975 3453: 3437: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3384:, p. 469. 3374: 3372:, p. 382. 3362: 3360:, p. 670. 3358:Washbrook 1981 3350: 3338: 3334:Greenough 1982 3326: 3314: 3312:, p. 244. 3302: 3290: 3278: 3276:, p. 185. 3266: 3262:Greenough 1982 3251: 3239: 3237:, p. 113. 3224: 3222:, p. 158. 3212: 3200: 3188: 3186:, p. 279. 3176: 3164: 3152: 3150:, p. 433. 3140: 3128: 3122:, p. 36; 3112: 3097: 3080: 3068: 3066:, p. 338. 3053: 3041: 3026: 3014: 2997: 2971: 2946: 2935:. 20 July 2020 2924: 2890: 2871:(2): 197–210. 2851: 2825: 2791: 2780:. 20 July 2020 2769: 2767:, p. 300. 2765:Greenough 1982 2757: 2745: 2741:Greenough 1982 2733: 2721: 2719:, p. 201. 2705: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2654: 2634:A. Sen (1981b) 2630:A. Sen (1981a) 2617: 2605:Greenough 1999 2595:, p. 355 2593:Greenough 1983 2581: 2568: 2559: 2555:Mukerjee (2010 2547: 2533: 2531:, p. 813) 2516: 2498: 2485: 2483:, p. 12). 2460: 2458:, p. 93). 2452:Mukerjee (2010 2415: 2411:Churchill 1986 2382: 2357: 2343: 2326: 2313: 2311:, p. 28). 2297: 2295:, p. 31). 2280: 2278:, p. 10). 2263: 2251: 2242:Greenough 1982 2231:Cormac Ó Gráda 2219:Devereux (2000 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2129: 2096:Tirthankar Roy 2059:Cormac Ó Gráda 2007:historiography 1998: 1997:Historiography 1995: 1944:) by director 1829:Main article: 1826: 1823: 1806:Mahatma Gandhi 1795: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1744: 1741: 1655: 1654:Relief efforts 1652: 1620: 1617: 1578: 1575: 1514: 1511: 1495: 1492: 1463: 1460: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1185:Cormac Ó Gráda 1180: 1177: 1140:Leo Amery 1131: 1128: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1003: 979: 976: 920: 919: 907: 904: 865:heavy industry 860: 857: 796: 793: 756:(or Barisal), 747:scorched-earth 742: 739: 708: 707: 677: 674: 646: 645: 587: 586: 570: 567: 561: 558: 533: 530: 493: 490: 468:M. A. Ispahani 393: 390: 385:Cormac Ó Gráda 330:, Bengal, 1944 308:Main article: 305: 302: 238:trade barriers 234:scorched earth 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 121: 120: 115: 109: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 79: 71: 70: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22826: 22815: 22812: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22800: 22797: 22795: 22792: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22780: 22777: 22775: 22774:1943 in India 22772: 22770: 22767: 22765: 22762: 22761: 22759: 22740: 22735: 22729: 22726: 22724: 22721: 22719: 22716: 22714: 22713:Mother Teresa 22711: 22709: 22706: 22704: 22701: 22699: 22696: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22663:Rani Rashmoni 22661: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22608:Nandalal Bose 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22583:Ritwik Ghatak 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22560: 22558: 22556: 22552: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22505:Bihari people 22503: 22501: 22498: 22497: 22495: 22491: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22479:Tangail Saree 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22454:Nakshi kantha 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22414:Fazli (mango) 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22384:Bankura horse 22382: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22366: 22364: 22362: 22358: 22352: 22349: 22347: 22344: 22342: 22339: 22335: 22332: 22330: 22327: 22325: 22322: 22320: 22317: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22301: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22288: 22285: 22284: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22246: 22243: 22242: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22177: 22175: 22173: 22169: 22163: 22160: 22158: 22155: 22153: 22150: 22148: 22145: 22143: 22140: 22138: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22120: 22118: 22115: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22105: 22103: 22100: 22098: 22095: 22093: 22090: 22088: 22085: 22083: 22080: 22078: 22075: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22065: 22063: 22060: 22058: 22055: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22030: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22013: 22010: 22008: 22005: 22004: 22002: 22000: 21994: 21984: 21981: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21951: 21948: 21946: 21943: 21940: 21937: 21936: 21934: 21932: 21928: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21907: 21904: 21901: 21898: 21896: 21893: 21892: 21890: 21888: 21884: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21853: 21851: 21849: 21845: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21815: 21813: 21811: 21807: 21801: 21798: 21796: 21793: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21782: 21780: 21778: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21764: 21760: 21754: 21753:Bangla Pokkho 21751: 21749: 21746: 21745: 21743: 21741: 21740:Rights groups 21737: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21695: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21667: 21665: 21663: 21659: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21636: 21635:Hooghly River 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21621: 21620:Damodar River 21618: 21616: 21613: 21612: 21611: 21608: 21606: 21603: 21601: 21598: 21596: 21593: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21547: 21545: 21543: 21539: 21533: 21530: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21477:Sovabazar Raj 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21462:Bardhaman Raj 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21422:Mughal Empire 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21391: 21388: 21387: 21386: 21385:Gauda Kingdom 21383: 21382: 21380: 21378: 21374: 21368: 21364: 21362: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21313: 21310: 21309: 21307: 21305: 21304:State symbols 21301: 21297: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21282: 21274: 21269: 21267: 21262: 21260: 21255: 21254: 21251: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21230: 21225: 21221: 21218: 21214: 21213: 21209: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21106: 21104: 21102: 21098: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21026:Bengalization 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21003: 21001: 20999: 20995: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20967: 20964: 20962: 20959: 20958: 20957: 20954: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20936: 20935: 20932: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20919: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20912:Ethnic groups 20910: 20909: 20907: 20905: 20901: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20888: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20852: 20851: 20849: 20845: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20822: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20785: 20784: 20782: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20748:Energy policy 20746: 20745: 20744: 20741: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20723: 20722: 20719: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20704: 20702: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20690: 20689: 20686: 20682: 20679: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20638: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20628: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20616: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20562: 20559: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20537: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20474: 20472: 20470: 20466: 20462: 20454: 20451: 20449: 20446: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20420:Chief Justice 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20405:Supreme Court 20403: 20401: 20398: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20388: 20385: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20369: 20368: 20366: 20362: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20349: 20348: 20343: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20306: 20304: 20301: 20297: 20294: 20290: 20287: 20286: 20285: 20282: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20273: 20270: 20269: 20268: 20265: 20264: 20262: 20260: 20256: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20243: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20190:Bay of Bengal 20188: 20187: 20186: 20183: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20155: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20142: 20139: 20137: 20136:Sub-districts 20134: 20132: 20129: 20127: 20124: 20123: 20122: 20119: 20118: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20106: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20063: 20061: 20059: 20055: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20028:1990 Uprising 20026: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19998: 19996: 19994: 19990: 19982: 19979: 19977: 19974: 19972: 19969: 19967: 19964: 19963: 19962: 19960: 19956: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19941:1969 Uprising 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19923: 19922: 19920: 19919:East Pakistan 19916: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19868: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19849: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19827: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19791: 19790: 19789: 19786: 19782: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19768: 19767: 19764: 19760: 19759:Gauda Kingdom 19757: 19756: 19755: 19752: 19751: 19749: 19745: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19733:Kanva dynasty 19731: 19729: 19728:Shunga Empire 19726: 19724: 19723:Maurya Empire 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19693:Suhma kingdom 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19670: 19668: 19664: 19660: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19613: 19612: 19610: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19595: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19583: 19579: 19575: 19568: 19563: 19561: 19556: 19554: 19549: 19548: 19545: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19522:Superstitions 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19500:Homosexuality 19498: 19497: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19472: 19470: 19466: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19445: 19442: 19438: 19435: 19434: 19433: 19430: 19429: 19427: 19425: 19421: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19376: 19374: 19372: 19368: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19313: 19311: 19309: 19305: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19275: 19273: 19271: 19267: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19242: 19240: 19238: 19234: 19228: 19225: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19177:Bride burning 19175: 19173: 19170: 19169: 19167: 19165: 19161: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19116: 19114: 19110: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19060: 19058: 19054: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19019: 19017: 19015: 19011: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18996: 18994: 18992: 18988: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18945: 18942: 18941: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18923: 18920: 18919: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18877: 18875: 18871: 18867: 18860: 18855: 18853: 18848: 18846: 18841: 18840: 18837: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18814: 18810: 18803: 18802: 18798: 18795: 18794: 18790: 18787: 18786: 18782: 18781: 18779: 18775: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18755: 18753: 18749: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18679: 18677: 18673: 18669: 18662: 18657: 18655: 18650: 18648: 18643: 18642: 18639: 18617: 18614: 18613: 18612: 18609: 18605: 18602: 18601: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18568: 18565: 18564: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18531: 18528: 18527: 18526: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18515: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18488: 18486: 18482: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18385: 18384: 18381: 18377: 18374: 18373: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18347: 18343: 18336: 18332: 18331: 18327: 18323: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18298:Insurance Act 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18288:Companies Act 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18257: 18254: 18253: 18252: 18249: 18248: 18246: 18242: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18217: 18215: 18211: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18171: 18168: 18167: 18166: 18163: 18162: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18134: 18133:Biotechnology 18131: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18098: 18097: 18094: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18071: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18058: 18055: 18054: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18037:Entertainment 18035: 18033: 18030: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18005: 18004: 18001: 18000: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17958: 17957: 17954: 17953: 17951: 17947: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17935:Uttar Pradesh 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17822: 17820: 17816: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17794: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17781: 17778: 17777: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17762: 17760: 17756: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17716: 17714: 17712: 17708: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17691: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17666: 17664: 17660: 17654: 17651: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17638: 17637: 17634: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17619:Digital rupee 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17601: 17600: 17597: 17596: 17594: 17590: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17578:Make in India 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17533:Foreign trade 17531: 17529: 17528:External debt 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17492: 17489: 17488: 17487: 17484: 17483: 17481: 17477: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17462: 17460: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17441: 17437: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17367: 17365: 17361: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17341: 17339: 17337: 17333: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17271: 17267: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17222: 17220: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17207: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17190:Chief Justice 17188: 17186: 17185:Supreme Court 17183: 17179: 17176: 17175: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17155: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17143: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17111: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17064: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17052:Energy policy 17050: 17048: 17045: 17044: 17042: 17040: 17036: 17032: 17028: 17023: 17019: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16967: 16965: 16961: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16921: 16919: 16917: 16913: 16907: 16904: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16891: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16878: 16875: 16874: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16855: 16851: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16812:Indo-Gangetic 16810: 16809: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16740: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16660: 16658: 16656: 16652: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16622: 16620: 16616: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16592: 16588: 16584: 16580: 16575: 16571: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16536: 16532: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16520:The Emergency 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16467: 16465: 16461: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16413: 16410: 16409: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16360: 16356: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16327: 16323: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16284: 16280: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16265: 16263: 16259: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16242:Kushan Empire 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16217:Mahajanapadas 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16195: 16191: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16109: 16107: 16103: 16099: 16095: 16090: 16086: 16077: 16072: 16070: 16065: 16063: 16058: 16057: 16054: 16041: 16037: 16034: 16030: 16027: 16026: 16021: 16014: 16013: 16010: 15997: 15993: 15990: 15986: 15983: 15979: 15978: 15976: 15972: 15967: 15963: 15962: 15960: 15959:Kuril Islands 15956: 15953: 15949: 15944: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15933: 15930: 15926: 15923: 15919: 15916: 15912: 15909: 15905: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15893: 15889: 15886: 15882: 15879: 15875: 15872: 15868: 15865: 15861: 15858: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15840: 15837: 15833: 15830: 15826: 15823: 15819: 15816: 15812: 15809: 15805: 15802: 15798: 15795: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15786: 15782: 15775: 15771: 15766: 15765: 15760: 15759: 15757: 15753: 15750: 15746: 15741: 15737: 15736: 15734: 15730: 15727: 15726:Syrmian Front 15723: 15720: 15716: 15713: 15709: 15706: 15702: 15699: 15698: 15693: 15690: 15689: 15684: 15681: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15672:Market Garden 15668: 15665: 15661: 15658: 15654: 15651: 15647: 15644: 15643: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15621: 15617: 15614: 15610: 15607: 15603: 15600: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15587: 15584: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15571: 15568: 15567: 15562: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15550: 15546: 15543: 15539: 15536: 15532: 15531:Monte Cassino 15528: 15525: 15524: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15514: 15510: 15503: 15499: 15494: 15490: 15487: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15476: 15473: 15469: 15466: 15462: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15448: 15443: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15432: 15429: 15425: 15422: 15421: 15416: 15413: 15409: 15406: 15402: 15399: 15395: 15392: 15388: 15385: 15381: 15378: 15374: 15371: 15367: 15364: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15355: 15351: 15344: 15340: 15337: 15336: 15331: 15328: 15324: 15321: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15308: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15294: 15291: 15287: 15284: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15269: 15266: 15262: 15261: 15259: 15255: 15252: 15248: 15245: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15231: 15227: 15224: 15220: 15217: 15213: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15199: 15196: 15192: 15189: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15176: 15169: 15165: 15162: 15158: 15155: 15151: 15148: 15144: 15141: 15137: 15134: 15130: 15127: 15123: 15120: 15116: 15113: 15109: 15106: 15102: 15099: 15095: 15092: 15088: 15085: 15081: 15078: 15074: 15071: 15067: 15064: 15060: 15057: 15053: 15050: 15046: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15034: 15029: 15025: 15020: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15006: 15002: 14999: 14995: 14992: 14988: 14985: 14981: 14976: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14965: 14962: 14958: 14955: 14951: 14948: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14939: 14935: 14928: 14927: 14922: 14919: 14915: 14912: 14908: 14905: 14901: 14898: 14897:Baltic states 14894: 14891: 14887: 14884: 14880: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14859: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14838: 14835: 14831: 14828: 14824: 14821: 14817: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14787: 14780: 14776: 14773: 14769: 14766: 14762: 14759: 14755: 14752: 14748: 14745: 14741: 14738: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14729: 14725: 14716: 14712: 14709: 14705: 14702: 14698: 14695: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14677: 14672: 14668: 14665: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14654: 14649: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14638: 14637: 14635: 14633: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14620: 14609: 14605: 14602: 14598: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14582: 14581: 14577: 14572: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14561: 14558: 14554: 14549: 14545: 14542: 14541:United States 14538: 14533: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14522: 14521: 14517: 14514: 14510: 14509: 14507: 14505: 14501: 14494: 14490: 14485: 14481: 14478: 14477:Quốc dân Đảng 14474: 14473: 14469: 14466: 14462: 14459: 14455: 14452: 14448: 14445: 14441: 14438: 14434: 14431: 14427: 14424: 14420: 14417: 14413: 14410: 14406: 14403: 14399: 14396: 14392: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14371: 14366: 14362: 14359: 14355: 14354: 14352: 14348: 14345: 14341: 14338: 14334: 14331: 14327: 14324: 14320: 14317: 14313: 14310: 14306: 14303: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14285: 14282: 14278: 14275: 14271: 14268: 14264: 14261: 14257: 14254: 14250: 14247: 14243: 14240: 14236: 14235: 14233: 14231: 14227: 14220: 14216: 14213: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14195: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14181: 14178: 14177:Liechtenstein 14174: 14171: 14167: 14164: 14160: 14157: 14153: 14150: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14141: 14137: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14087: 14083: 14078: 14074: 14073: 14070: 14066: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14038: 14035: 14031: 14027: 14023: 14020: 14016: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13998: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13989: 13985: 13978: 13974: 13969: 13965: 13964: 13962: 13961:United States 13958: 13953: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13892: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13864: 13860: 13857: 13853: 13850: 13846: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13824: 13820: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13806: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13765: 13762: 13758: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13718: 13715: 13711: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13692: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13679: 13666: 13662: 13659: 13655: 13652: 13651:Comfort women 13648: 13645: 13641: 13638: 13635: / 13634: 13630: 13627: 13624: / 13623: 13620: / 13619: 13615: 13612: 13611:Camp brothels 13608: 13605: 13601: 13600: 13596: 13593: 13589: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13566: 13561: 13557: 13554: 13550: 13547: 13543: 13542: 13540: 13536: 13533: 13529: 13524: 13520: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13500:The Holocaust 13497: 13494: 13490: 13487: 13486:forced labour 13483: 13482: 13480: 13476: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13437: 13430: 13426: 13423: 13419: 13416: 13412: 13407: 13403: 13400: 13396: 13393: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13375: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13357: 13354: 13350: 13347: 13343: 13340: 13339:Marshall Plan 13336: 13333: 13332: 13327: 13324: 13320: 13317: 13313: 13310: 13306: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13292: 13289: 13285: 13282: 13278: 13275: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13251: 13246: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13235: 13232: 13228: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13212: 13209: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13193: 13192:Eastern Front 13189: 13186: 13185:Western Front 13182: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13170: 13166: 13163: 13159: 13156: 13152: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13130: 13128: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13083: 13080: 13079:Puppet states 13076: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13062: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13036: 13032: 13029: 13025: 13022: 13021:Naval history 13018: 13015: 13011: 13008: 13004: 13001: 12997: 12992: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12969: 12968:United States 12965: 12962: 12958: 12955: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12941: 12937: 12934: 12930: 12927: 12923: 12920: 12916: 12913: 12909: 12906: 12902: 12897: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12870: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12852: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12836: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12824: 12819: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12786: 12781: 12779: 12774: 12772: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12757: 12750: 12737: 12736: 12732: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12693: 12692: 12691:The Statesman 12688: 12687: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12609:Zainul Abedin 12607: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12547: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12452: 12447: 12445: 12440: 12438: 12433: 12432: 12429: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12405: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12386: 12382: 12377: 12373: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12333: 12318: 12311: 12310: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12264: 12260: 12259: 12253: 12249: 12243: 12239: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12213: 12212: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12154: 12142: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12095:(2): 166–96. 12094: 12090: 12085: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12047: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12031:(1): 101–15. 12030: 12026: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11994:(3): 433–64. 11993: 11989: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11936:(2): 168–179. 11935: 11931: 11926: 11922: 11918: 11915:(2): 239–50. 11914: 11910: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11865:(1): 81–102. 11864: 11860: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11777:Patnaik, Utsa 11774: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11753: 11738: 11737: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11540: 11536: 11535: 11529: 11526:(4): 337–400. 11525: 11521: 11516: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11486: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11462:(23): 37–59. 11461: 11457: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11412:(2): 421–40. 11411: 11407: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11306: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11254:Reprinted as 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11228:(3): 353–86. 11227: 11223: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11183:(2): 205–35. 11182: 11178: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11154:(3): 281–97. 11153: 11149: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11125:(2): 279–97. 11124: 11120: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11096:(3): 245–63. 11095: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11071: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10981: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10846:(3): 541–66. 10845: 10841: 10836: 10825: 10821: 10818:(2): 105–24. 10817: 10813: 10806: 10801: 10794: 10793: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10739:(3): 463–91. 10738: 10734: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10710:(1): 71–100. 10709: 10705: 10700: 10688: 10684: 10677: 10672: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10602:(3): 319–36. 10601: 10597: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10568: 10562: 10558: 10557: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10537: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10478: 10477: 10471: 10467: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10451: 10444: 10440: 10438:0-19-561215-9 10434: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10400: 10399:The Statesman 10395: 10391: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10336: 10335: 10329: 10325: 10323:1-135-76812-9 10319: 10315: 10314: 10308: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10229: 10225: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10089:Knight, Henry 10086: 10082: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10067: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10040: 10036: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9988: 9982: 9978: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9893: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9873:0-485-17621-1 9869: 9865: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9758: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9582:Penguin Books 9579: 9578: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9553: 9549: 9543: 9538: 9537: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9515:Facts on File 9512: 9511: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9455: 9454: 9442: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9409:0-19-211723-8 9405: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9341:0-11-580079-4 9337: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9289: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9237: 9233: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9150: 9145: 9139:, p. 79. 9138: 9134: 9126: 9121: 9106: 9098: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9058: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9002: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8974: 8970: 8969:Bowbrick 1986 8965: 8958: 8953: 8947:, p. 50. 8946: 8941: 8934: 8933:Bowbrick 1985 8929: 8923:, p. 71. 8922: 8921:Mukerjee 2014 8918: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8898: 8893: 8886: 8881: 8875:, p. 39. 8874: 8869: 8862: 8857: 8851:, p. 43. 8850: 8845: 8838: 8835:, p. 24 8834: 8830: 8825: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8794: 8789: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8754:Mukerjee 2010 8750: 8743: 8742:Mukerjee 2010 8738: 8731: 8726: 8719: 8714: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8665: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8642: 8636:, p. 64. 8635: 8630: 8624:, p. 39. 8623: 8618: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8583: 8578: 8571: 8567: 8562: 8556:, p. 90. 8555: 8551: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8516:, p. 10. 8515: 8510: 8504:, p. 91. 8503: 8498: 8491: 8486: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8464:, p. 18. 8463: 8458: 8451: 8447: 8446:Devereux 2000 8442: 8435: 8430: 8424:, p. 74. 8423: 8418: 8412:, p. 76. 8411: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8354: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8331: 8330:Bowbrick 1986 8326: 8319: 8314: 8307: 8306:Devereux 2000 8302: 8296:, p. 90. 8295: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8274:Devereux 2001 8271: 8270:Devereux 2000 8267: 8263: 8258: 8252:, p. 42. 8251: 8246: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8216:, p. 37. 8215: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8192:, p. 36. 8191: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8168: 8156: 8148: 8143: 8136: 8131: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8109:, p. 42. 8108: 8104: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8077: 8076:Mukerjee 2010 8072: 8065: 8064:Mukerjee 2010 8061: 8056: 8050:, p. 43. 8049: 8044: 8038:, p. 57. 8037: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8015: 8013: 8005: 8000: 7994:, p. 42. 7993: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7974:, p. 48. 7973: 7968: 7961: 7956: 7949: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7913: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7889: 7884: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7857: 7852: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7800:Callahan 2011 7796: 7789: 7788:Mukerjee 2010 7784: 7777: 7772: 7770: 7762: 7757: 7750: 7749:Mukerjee 2010 7745: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7707:, p. 176 7706: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7663:, p. 40. 7662: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7599:, p. 77. 7598: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7567: 7562: 7556:, p. 69. 7555: 7550: 7544:, p. 75. 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7508:, p. 38. 7507: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7460:, p. 29. 7459: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7423: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7402: 7400: 7392: 7387: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7328: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7304: 7299: 7292: 7287: 7280: 7275: 7268: 7263: 7256: 7251: 7244: 7240: 7239:Mukerjee 2010 7235: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7201:, p. 229 7200: 7196: 7191: 7185:, p. 44. 7184: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7149:, p. 45. 7148: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7131:Mukerjee 2010 7127: 7121:, p. 48. 7120: 7115: 7113: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7068:Mukerjee 2010 7064: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7042: 7041:Mukerjee 2010 7037: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6978: 6976: 6968: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6945:, p. 27. 6944: 6943:Bowbrick 1986 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6913:, p. 2; 6912: 6907: 6901:, p. 68. 6900: 6896: 6891: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6866:, p. 13. 6865: 6860: 6853: 6852:Mukerjee 2010 6848: 6841: 6840:Mukerjee 2010 6836: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6790:, p. 68. 6789: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6749: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6666: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6643: 6640:Derived from 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6607:, p. 12. 6606: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6591: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6543: 6538: 6532:, p. 87. 6531: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6508:, p. 13. 6507: 6502: 6500: 6492: 6487: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6421:, p. 41. 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6326: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6309: 6304: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6246: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6222: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6198: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6124:Mukerjee 2010 6120: 6113: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6080:, p. 32. 6079: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6056:, p. 214 6055: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6035: 6034:Mukerjee 2010 6031: 6026: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5985:, p. 53. 5984: 5980: 5975: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5951:Mukerjee 2010 5947: 5940: 5935: 5933: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5902:, p. 174 5901: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5866:, p. 73. 5865: 5860: 5854:, p. 34. 5853: 5848: 5842:, p. 73. 5841: 5840:Mukerjee 2014 5837: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5810:, p. 15. 5809: 5804: 5798:, p. 58. 5797: 5793: 5788: 5782:, p. 71. 5781: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5750:, p. 40. 5749: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5722:, p. 10. 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5689:, p. 72. 5688: 5683: 5677:, p. 71. 5676: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5604:Mansergh 1971 5601: 5596: 5589: 5577: 5572: 5566:, p. 66. 5565: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5502: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5467:among others. 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5439:, p. 32. 5438: 5434: 5429: 5423:, p. 10. 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5383:, p. 51. 5382: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5335:, p. 32. 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5217: 5212: 5206:, p. 34. 5205: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5182:, p. 33. 5181: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5134:, p. 49. 5133: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5001:, p. 99. 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4959: 4954: 4948:, p. 40. 4947: 4943: 4938: 4932:, p. 89. 4931: 4927: 4922: 4916:, p. 39. 4915: 4910: 4908: 4901:, p. 42. 4900: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4854:, p. 95. 4853: 4852:Mukerjee 2010 4848: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4798:, p. 77. 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4706:, p. 32. 4705: 4700: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4605: 4602:, p. 9; 4601: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4572:Mukerjee 2010 4568: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4506:, p. 13. 4505: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4478:, p. 52. 4477: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4392:Mukerjee 2010 4388: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4354:, p. 90. 4353: 4348: 4342:, p. 12. 4341: 4336: 4329: 4328:Mukherji 1986 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4292:Mukherji 1986 4288: 4281: 4280:Mukerjee 2010 4276: 4270:, p. 49. 4269: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4239: 4238:Mukerjee 2010 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4123:, p. 29. 4122: 4117: 4111:, p. 24. 4110: 4105: 4103: 4096:, p. 20. 4095: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4068:, p. 28. 4067: 4062: 4060: 4053:, p. 23. 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4002:, p. 25. 4001: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3948:, p. 11. 3947: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3912:, p. 67. 3911: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3888:, p. 98. 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3833: 3828: 3822:, p. 56. 3821: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3753:Mukerjee 2014 3749: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3703:, p. 73. 3702: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3669:S. Bose 1982b 3666: 3661: 3655:, p. 60. 3654: 3650: 3649:S. Bose 1982b 3645: 3638: 3633: 3627:, p. 75. 3626: 3622: 3621:S. Bose 1982b 3617: 3611:, p. 39. 3610: 3606: 3605:Mukherji 1986 3601: 3595:, p. 66. 3594: 3589: 3583:, p. 60. 3582: 3577: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3541:S. Bose 1982b 3538: 3537:Mukherji 1986 3533: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3499:, p. 60. 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3446: 3445:Mukherji 1986 3441: 3435:, p. 12. 3434: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3396:, p. 70. 3395: 3390: 3383: 3382:S. Bose 1982b 3378: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3264:, p. 84. 3263: 3258: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3198:, p. 73. 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3162:, p. 61. 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3095:, p. 13. 3094: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3078:, p. 10. 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3039:, p. 20. 3038: 3033: 3031: 3023: 3018: 3012:, p. 68. 3011: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2934: 2928: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2779: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2731:, p. 19. 2730: 2725: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2701:Devereux 2000 2697: 2693: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2651: 2647: 2646:Islam (2007a) 2643: 2642:Tauger (2003) 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626:A. Sen (1977) 2621: 2614: 2607:, p. 43 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2589:The Statesman 2585: 2578: 2572: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2543: 2542:excess supply 2537: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469:Ó Gráda (2009 2464: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448:Ó Gráda (2008 2445: 2441: 2440:Mansergh 1971 2436: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2407:Eastern Fleet 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2341:, p. 5). 2340: 2336: 2330: 2324:, p. 22) 2323: 2317: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2113:The Statesman 2110: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2064:Balkanisation 2060: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1994: 1992: 1991:Zainul Abedin 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1932:Ashani Sanket 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:The Statesman 1879: 1877: 1876:The Statesman 1872: 1871:The Statesman 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857:The Statesman 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1779: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1749:socioeconomic 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1718:Field Marshal 1713: 1710: 1709:Damodar River 1705: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1583: 1574: 1572: 1571:charnel house 1566: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1532: 1531:Hungry Bengal 1528: 1524: 1519: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:child-selling 1476: 1468: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1245: 1239: 1237: 1236:excess deaths 1232: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1127: 1124:L. G. Pinnell 1120: 1118: 1108: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1070:Bay of Bengal 1066: 1064: 1060: 1059:potato blight 1052: 1048: 1047:fungal spores 1044: 1040: 1036: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1012: 1002: 998: 995: 989: 986: 975: 972: 968: 963: 960: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 924: 917: 913: 903: 901: 897: 894: 888: 886: 880: 877: 873: 872: 866: 856: 854: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 806: 802: 792: 790: 786: 782: 777: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 738: 734: 732: 721: 717: 712: 706: 704: 698: 696: 687: 682: 673: 671: 666: 661: 650: 644: 641: 637: 633: 632:Eastern Fleet 629: 625: 620: 616: 614: 604: 600: 596: 591: 584: 580: 576: 566: 557: 555: 551: 546: 543: 539: 529: 527: 523: 519: 514: 509: 507: 498: 489: 485: 483: 478: 472: 469: 463: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 439:sharecroppers 436: 432: 431: 426: 425: 420: 419: 414: 407: 403: 399: 392:Land-grabbing 389: 386: 383: 377: 374: 369: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 341: 329: 324: 320: 318: 311: 301: 299: 295: 294:food security 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 244:was limited, 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 217: 215: 214:land grabbing 211: 202: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160:(present-day 159: 158:British India 155: 151: 147: 137: 133: 129: 125: 119: 116: 114: 111: 110: 108: 104: 101: 100:British India 98: 94: 89: 85: 84: 83:The Statesman 77: 72: 65: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 22618:Meghnad Saha 22568:Satyajit Ray 22493:Demographics 22444:Manasa chali 22319:Tarini Khuro 22107:Krishnanagar 21630:Teesta River 21590:Ganges Delta 21550:Bengal Basin 21501: 21472:Jhargram Raj 21402:Sena dynasty 21293: 21179:Notuner Gaan 21124:Bengal tiger 21006:Architecture 20966:Universities 20917:Bangladeshis 20904:Demographics 20846: 20819: 20779: 20742: 20720: 20687: 20671:Shipbuilding 20635: 20540:Intelligence 20506:Border Guard 20500:Paramilitary 20477:Armed Forces 20432:Human rights 20400:Constitution 20363: 20345:(parliament) 20340: 20266: 20215:Ganges Delta 20210:Ganges Basin 20184: 20152: 19957: 19917: 19900: 19865: 19830:Bengal Subah 19787: 19765: 19753: 19738:Gupta Empire 19673:Vedic period 19607: 19512:Human rights 19468:Other issues 19414:Tuberculosis 19399:Malnutrition 19237:Caste system 19212:Prostitution 19124:Child labour 19083:Joint family 19073:Dowry system 19063:Cohabitation 19022:Conservation 18976:Unemployment 18971:Urbanisation 18907:Debt bondage 18902:Land reforms 18799: 18791: 18783: 18736: 18574:Martial arts 18498:Architecture 18371:Demographics 18356:Caste system 18333:Society and 17983:Construction 17765:By net worth 17599:Indian rupee 17402:Reservations 17270:Intelligence 17173:Human rights 17158:Constitution 16916:Subdivisions 16609:Indian Plate 16599:Fossil Parks 16534:Contemporary 16449:World War II 16443: 16326:Early Modern 16316:Vijayanagara 16212:Vedic period 16082:India topics 16033:Bibliography 16016: 15829:Project Hula 15794:Vistula–Oder 15763: 15696: 15687: 15671: 15641: 15590: 15574: 15565: 15556: 15522: 15501: 15419: 15334: 15310: 15280: 15031: 14924: 14869:North Africa 14571:Soviet Union 14525:Soviet Union 14451:Soviet Union 14219:Vatican City 14129:Vichy France 14034:German Reich 13931:Soviet Union 13917:South Africa 13910:Sierra Leone 13863:Newfoundland 13682:Participants 13665:Marocchinate 13369: 13360: 13330: 13208:North Africa 13169:Indian Ocean 13028:Nazi plunder 12919:Cryptography 12792:World War II 12733: 12725: 12717: 12709: 12689: 12685:Ian Stephens 12670:Satyajit Ray 12457: 12384: 12369: 12340: 12336: 12324:. Retrieved 12317:the original 12308: 12297: 12271: 12267: 12258:Final Report 12257: 12237: 12220: 12216: 12193:(1): 63–77. 12190: 12186: 12161: 12157: 12145:. Retrieved 12140: 12113: 12109: 12092: 12088: 12077:the original 12056: 12052: 12028: 12024: 11991: 11987: 11973:(1): 33–59. 11970: 11966: 11963:Sen, Amartya 11946: 11942: 11933: 11929: 11912: 11908: 11891: 11887: 11862: 11858: 11841: 11837: 11818: 11797: 11793: 11787:(42): 33–43. 11784: 11780: 11760: 11756: 11744:. Retrieved 11735: 11720:(4): 36–39. 11717: 11713: 11670:(S1): 5–37. 11667: 11661: 11614: 11610: 11593: 11589: 11583:(11): 71–75. 11580: 11576: 11547: 11543: 11533: 11523: 11519: 11507:. Retrieved 11500:the original 11495: 11491: 11459: 11455: 11441:(1): 49–65. 11438: 11434: 11409: 11405: 11396: 11392: 11359: 11355: 11347:1721.1/74964 11338: 11313: 11309: 11297:. 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Bose 1990 6554:Ó Gráda 2009 6549: 6542:Ó Gráda 2015 6537: 6525: 6513: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6414: 6402: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6342:, p. 1. 6308:S. Bose 1990 6303: 6298:, p. 2. 6291: 6286:, p. 4. 6279: 6267: 6240: 6228: 6221:Brennan 1988 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6156:: jid.3635. 6153: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6094: 6085: 6078:Ó Gráda 2008 6073: 6061: 6049: 6041: 6010: 5990: 5983:Ó Gráda 2015 5974: 5969:, p. 53 5958: 5946: 5939:A. Sen 1981b 5919: 5912:Ó Gráda 2009 5907: 5887: 5882:, p. 50 5880:Ó Gráda 2015 5871: 5864:Aykroyd 1975 5859: 5847: 5827: 5815: 5803: 5796:A. Sen 1981a 5787: 5776:Ó Gráda 2015 5771: 5763: 5755: 5748:Ó Gráda 2015 5743: 5732:Ó Gráda 2015 5727: 5715: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5631: 5611: 5595: 5583: 5576:Brennan 1988 5571: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5528:Brennan 1988 5508: 5501:Brennan 1988 5496: 5484: 5477:Brennan 1988 5472: 5444: 5428: 5421:Ó Gráda 2007 5416: 5404: 5397:S. Bose 1990 5388: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5328: 5325:Brennan 1988 5310:Ó Gráda 2015 5301: 5289: 5278:Aykroyd 1975 5254: 5242: 5237:, p. 71 5235:Weigold 1999 5211: 5199: 5187: 5171: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4987:S. Bose 1990 4982: 4953: 4946:Ó Gráda 2015 4937: 4921: 4890: 4878: 4873:, p. 56 4871:A. Sen 1981a 4847: 4831: 4819: 4812:Brennan 1988 4803: 4791: 4779: 4772:Brennan 1988 4763: 4751: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4643: 4627: 4615: 4610:, p. 89 4604:Pinnell 1944 4595: 4588:S. Bose 1990 4579: 4567: 4559: 4556:Brennan 1988 4552:Ó Gráda 2009 4547: 4542:, p. 9. 4535: 4511: 4495: 4483: 4467: 4452:Weigold 1999 4447: 4440:S. Bose 1990 4431: 4424:Ó Gráda 2009 4411: 4399: 4387: 4382:, p. 66 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4316:S. Bose 1990 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4217:S. Bose 1990 4212: 4200: 4193:A. Sen 1981a 4188: 4183:, p. 2. 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4094:Ó Gráda 2008 4090:S. Bose 1990 4085: 4073: 4046: 4034: 4022: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3924:, p. 8. 3917: 3905: 3900:, p. 2. 3893: 3881: 3854: 3827: 3811: 3806:, p. 58 3776: 3764: 3748: 3741:Brennan 1988 3736: 3724: 3708: 3701:A. Sen 1981a 3692: 3676: 3660: 3644: 3632: 3625:Ó Gráda 2009 3616: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3560: 3548: 3532: 3527:, p. 9. 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3472: 3456: 3440: 3433:Ó Gráda 2015 3418:C. Bose 1930 3413: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3242: 3215: 3210:, p. 4. 3203: 3196:Weigold 1999 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3115: 3071: 3044: 3037:Ó Gráda 2008 3017: 2988:. Retrieved 2984: 2974: 2962:. Retrieved 2958: 2949: 2937:. Retrieved 2927: 2915:. Retrieved 2904:The Guardian 2903: 2893: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2842:. Retrieved 2837: 2828: 2816:. Retrieved 2805:The Guardian 2804: 2794: 2782:. Retrieved 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2729:Ó Gráda 2007 2724: 2717:A. Sen 1981a 2708: 2703:, p. 5. 2696: 2666: 2657: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2571: 2562: 2550: 2536: 2506: 2501: 2496:, p. 8) 2488: 2463: 2444:A. Sen (1977 2434: 2389:Ceylon (now 2385: 2360: 2346: 2339:A. Sen 1981a 2334: 2329: 2316: 2300: 2283: 2266: 2254: 2234: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2073: 2069:Utsa Patnaik 2055: 2039: 2028: 2015: 2004: 2000: 1987:Chittaprosad 1982: 1980: 1975: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1946:Satyajit Ray 1939: 1931: 1929: 1916: 1909:People's War 1908: 1904: 1900:The Guardian 1899: 1888:Ian Stephens 1883: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1841:People's War 1840: 1819: 1802: 1798: 1746: 1714: 1706: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1635: 1631:Bina Agarwal 1625: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1592: 1588: 1577:Cloth famine 1568: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1530: 1527:Chittaprosad 1507: 1502: 1497: 1477: 1473: 1456: 1452: 1431:black market 1424: 1420: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1201: 1197:Ganges Delta 1193: 1189: 1182: 1169: 1152: 1133: 1121: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1067: 1063:Great Famine 1043:storm surges 1032: 1022: 999: 990: 981: 964: 951: 937:in Britain. 935:Labour Party 931: 906:Civil unrest 889: 881: 869: 862: 841: 814: 798: 778: 774: 766:John Herbert 751: 744: 735: 727: 718:lined up at 703:cloth famine 699: 691: 657: 621: 617: 610: 563: 547: 535: 517: 510: 503: 486: 481: 476: 473: 464: 460:debt bondage 455: 451: 446: 442: 434: 428: 422: 416: 409: 378: 364: 359: 351: 345: 333: 313: 281:black market 270: 218: 210:debt bondage 198: 182:malnutrition 170:World War II 145: 143: 135:Total deaths 81: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 22718:Amartya Sen 22688:Sukumar Ray 22678:Sarada Devi 22668:Ramakrishna 22424:Gobindobhog 22419:Garad Saree 22361:GI products 22277:Ratha Yatra 22245:Dol Purnima 22220:Chhau dance 22127:Murshidabad 22052:Cooch Behar 21872:Murshidabad 21823:Cooch Behar 21575:Rarh region 21397:Pala Empire 21334:Fishing cat 21281:West Bengal 21119:Bengal fire 20835:Real estate 20781:Agriculture 20753:Electricity 20651:Electronics 20636:Industries: 20511:Coast Guard 20469:enforcement 20448:LGBT rights 20205:Cox's Bazar 19820:Baro-Bhuyan 19788:Sultanates: 19708:Shaishunaga 19517:Prohibition 19356:Vigilantism 19270:Communalism 19260:Reservation 19192:Eve teasing 19187:Dowry death 19172:Acid attack 19088:Infertility 19014:Environment 18934:Remittances 18758:British Raj 18616:Traditional 18293:Banking Act 18278:SARFESI Act 18192:Electricity 18013:Oil and gas 18003:Electricity 17956:Agriculture 17940:West Bengal 17930:Uttarakhand 17895:Maharashtra 17734:Licence Raj 17689:Black money 17548:Remittances 17392:Nationalism 17377:Citizenship 17210:Enforcement 17195:High Courts 17072:Rajya Sabha 16733:sanctuaries 16683:Earthquakes 16655:Environment 16470:Integration 16444:1943 famine 16392:British Raj 16359:Late modern 16283:Middle Ages 16247:Alchon Huns 16159:Mathematics 16149:Linguistics 15764:Bodenplatte 15650:Gothic Line 14876:West Africa 14423:Philippines 14402:Netherlands 14267:Czech lands 14205:Switzerland 14149:Afghanistan 14100:Philippines 13968:Puerto Rico 13884:Philippines 13870:New Zealand 13856:Netherlands 13809:Free France 13560:Prosecution 13361:Osoaviakhim 13231:West Africa 13215:East Africa 12862:Conferences 12675:Amartya Sen 12650:Sugata Bose 12619:Sunil Janah 12573:Victor Hope 12508:British Raj 12223:(4): 1–20. 12147:21 November 12116:(1): 1–15. 11617:(1): 5–38. 11550:(1): 1–26. 11299:24 December 11046:(1): 1–43. 10883:(1): 1–26. 10829:1 September 10812:Food Policy 10689:(2): 101–40 9209:Bedi, Freda 9196:Works cited 9110:29 February 9081:1700–1799: 9061:1634–1699: 9013:Tauger 2009 8973:Tauger 2003 8945:A. Sen 1977 8917:Osmani 1993 8849:Siegel 2018 8829:Siegel 2018 8805:Islam 2007a 8774:Herman 2010 8594:Wavell 1973 8526:A. Sen 1977 8474:A. Sen 1977 8452:political." 8406:A. Sen 1977 8402:A. Sen 1976 8390:A. Sen 1977 8370:A. Sen 1977 8358:Tauger 2009 8346:Tauger 2003 8318:Islam 2007a 8286:A. Sen 1976 8266:Siegel 2018 8262:Tauger 2009 8214:Siegel 2018 8190:Siegel 2018 8119:A. Sen 2011 8103:A. Sen 1977 8091:Vernon 2009 7984:A. Sen 1977 7972:Siegel 2018 7960:Siegel 2018 7840:A. Sen 1977 7593:Siegel 2018 7581:Siegel 2018 7506:A. Sen 1977 7391:A. Sen 1990 7211:B. Sen 1945 7159:Cooper 1983 6136:Tauger 2009 6066:Tauger 2009 5999:A. Sen 1977 5967:A. Sen 1977 5900:Tauger 2009 5896:Islam 2007a 5876:Braund 1944 5832:A. Sen 1977 5792:A. Sen 1977 5651:Tauger 2009 5564:Tauger 2003 5461:Tauger 2009 5457:Tauger 2003 5433:Braund 1944 5393:A. Sen 1977 5381:A. Sen 1977 5333:A. Sen 1977 5306:A. Sen 1977 5259:A. Sen 1976 5247:A. Sen 1977 5216:A. Sen 1977 4836:A. Sen 1977 4768:A. Sen 1977 4744:Knight 1954 4728:Knight 1954 4688:Knight 1954 4664:Knight 1954 4516:A. Sen 1977 4436:A. Sen 1977 4324:A. Sen 1977 4304:Knight 1954 4027:Wavell 2015 4015:Wavell 2015 3958:Tinker 1975 3946:Tinker 1975 3934:Tinker 1975 3922:Tinker 1975 3910:Rodger 1942 3898:Tinker 1975 3859:Tauger 2009 3509:Cooper 1983 3485:Bekker 1951 3469:Arnold 1991 3406:Islam 2007b 3322:Islam 2007b 3286:Islam 2007b 3274:Islam 2007b 3172:Islam 2007a 3148:Islam 2007a 3124:Tauger 2009 3120:A. Sen 1977 3010:Arnold 1991 2713:A. Sen 1980 2671:Fraser 2006 2663:Prayer 2001 2477:Iqbal (2010 2322:Knight 1954 2289:Knight 1954 2227:Amartya Sen 2084:imperialist 2031:Amartya Sen 1917:The Tribune 1913:Sunil Janah 1849:Sunil Janah 1702:communalism 1697:expatriates 1695:and Indian 1447:Paris Green 1400:All causes 1117:Amartya Sen 994:Famine Code 839:that July. 665:demand-pull 413:land tenure 368:British Raj 340:arable land 285:speculation 258:tidal waves 166:West Bengal 22758:Categories 22603:Jyoti Basu 22593:Jamini Roy 22484:Tulaipanji 22439:Madurkathi 22394:Chhau mask 22329:Kiriti Roy 22262:Durga Puja 22195:Chalchitra 22190:Patachitra 22077:Jalpaiguri 22057:Darjeeling 22017:Berhampore 21997:Cities and 21979:(declared) 21977:Sundarbans 21973:(declared) 21952:(declared) 21941:(declared) 21902:(declared) 21863:(declared) 21861:Berhampore 21833:Jalpaiguri 21828:Darjeeling 21818:Alipurduar 21662:Governance 21580:Sundarbans 21189:Water lily 21164:Mango tree 21159:Bengal cat 21056:Literature 21011:Bangaliana 20939:Corruption 20726:Chittagong 20708:(currency) 20641:Automotive 20267:Executive: 20259:Government 20225:Sundarbans 20220:Hatirjheel 20195:Bengal Fan 20066:Chittagong 19815:Sur Empire 19718:Gangaridai 19626:Literature 19574:Bangladesh 19527:Disability 19432:Censorship 19361:Cybercrime 19316:Corruption 19293:Secularism 18567:television 18557:Literature 18361:Corruption 18084:Television 18052:Healthcare 17973:Automotive 17920:Tamil Nadu 17787:Labour law 17770:Demography 17573:NITI Aayog 17479:Governance 17465:BSE SENSEX 17417:Secularism 17372:Censorship 17163:Penal Code 17062:Parliament 17039:Government 16844:Waterfalls 16688:Ecoregions 16551:Pokhran-II 16349:Bengal War 16164:Metallurgy 15864:West Hunan 15697:Pointblank 15033:Silver Fox 15019:Summer War 14772:Winter War 14751:Phoney War 14532:Azerbaijan 14493:Yugoslavia 14388:Luxembourg 14230:Resistance 13977:Yugoslavia 13842:Luxembourg 13644:Sook Ching 13440:War crimes 13042:Technology 13035:Opposition 12977:Lend-Lease 12954:Australian 12947:Home front 12905:Blitzkrieg 12855:Casualties 12846:Commanders 12818:Operations 12680:Mrinal Sen 12640:Freda Bedi 12337:The Lancet 10693:8 February 10665:8 February 9766:1080593128 8669:18 October 6455:Dyson 1991 5663:Dewey 1978 5620:Dewey 1978 5465:Iqbal 2010 5453:Dyson 2018 5282:Iqbal 2011 5052:Brown 1991 5011:Datta 2002 4652:Iqbal 2011 4620:Iqbal 2011 4584:Iqbal 2011 4524:Iqbal 2011 4476:Ghosh 1944 4420:Iqbal 2011 4145:Iqbal 2011 4039:Iqbal 2011 3804:Iqbal 2010 3785:Iqbal 2010 3769:Iqbal 2010 3757:Iqbal 2011 3717:Iqbal 2011 3685:Iqbal 2010 3475:dwindled". 3473:per capita 3449:Iqbal 2009 3220:Dyson 2018 3184:Dyson 1991 2838:www.epw.in 2684:References 2399:Lyons 2016 2270:Some land 2092:Quit India 2035:real wages 1968:Mrinal Sen 1956:(1947) by 1892:Washington 1793:1,230,000 1790:1,491,000 1737:the Punjab 1673:bhadraloks 1488:Freda Bedi 1380:All other 1250:Pre-famine 1231:real wages 1051:mycologist 1041:and three 1009:See also: 871:bhadraloks 789:discussion 720:Chittagong 628:War Office 595:Prome Road 550:tube wells 506:Sundarbans 396:See also: 304:Background 246:ostensibly 222:real wages 174:starvation 162:Bangladesh 22525:Rajbanshi 22267:Bhai Dooj 22122:Midnapore 22097:Kharagpur 22092:Kalimpong 22042:Bishnupur 22037:Bardhaman 22022:Balurghat 21900:Bishnupur 21838:Kalimpong 21768:districts 21763:Divisions 21542:Geography 21467:Nadia Raj 21390:Shashanka 21279:State of 21149:Jackfruit 21114:Bangamata 21086:Sexuality 21031:Calendars 20956:Education 20949:Terrorism 20848:Transport 20736:2011 scam 20493:Air Force 20303:Elections 20272:President 20168:Mountains 20131:Districts 20126:Divisions 20109:Geography 19490:Sexuality 19480:Feudalism 19475:Colourism 19459:Fake news 19384:Epidemics 19351:Terrorism 19098:Polyandry 18991:Education 18961:Transport 18944:Clearance 18599:Sculpture 18552:Festivals 18518:Webcomics 18470:Sexuality 18420:Languages 18383:Education 18213:Regulator 18160:Transport 18057:Hospitals 17993:Education 17961:Livestock 17925:Telangana 17915:Rajasthan 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