Battles of Saratoga

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day, Riedesel proposed retreat, in which he was supported by Fraser. Burgoyne refused to consider it, insisting that retreat would be disgraceful. They finally agreed to conduct an assault on the American left flank with two thousand men, more than one-third of the army, on October 7. The army he was attacking, however, had grown in the interval. In addition to the return of Lincoln's detachment, militiamen and supplies continued to pour into the American camp, including critical increases in ammunition, which had been severely depleted in the first battle. The army Burgoyne faced on October 7 was more than 12,000 men strong and was led by a man who knew how much trouble Burgoyne was in. Gates had received consistent intelligence from the stream of deserters leaving the British lines and had also intercepted Clinton's response to Burgoyne's plea for help.

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Seeing that the advance was checked, and that Learned was preparing to attack the Breymann redoubt, Arnold moved toward that action, recklessly riding between the lines and remarkably emerging unhurt. He led the charge of Learned's men through the gap between the redoubts, which exposed the rear of Breymann's position, where Morgan's men had circled around from the far side. In furious battle, the redoubt was taken and Breymann was killed. Arnold's horse was hit in one of the final volleys, and Arnold's leg was broken by both shot and the falling horse. Major Armstrong finally caught up with Arnold to officially order him back to headquarters; he was carried back in a litter. Arnold wished that he was shot in the heart, knowing that if he died in the battle, he would have kept the fame as a heroic martyr.

1281: 455: 439: 270: 1101:'s light infantry. When Morgan's men reached an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman, they spotted British advance troops in the field. Fraser's column was slightly delayed and had not yet reached the field, while Hamilton's column had also made its way across a ravine and was approaching the field from the east through dense forest and difficult terrain. Riedesel's force, while it was on the road, was delayed by obstacles thrown down by the Americans. The sound of gunfire to the west prompted Riedesel to send some of his artillery down a track in that direction. The troops Morgan's men saw were an advance company from Hamilton's column. 1190: 1130: 1110: 422: 403: 386: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 319: 301: 290: 220: 189: 936: 233: 205: 804: 1443: 1037: 1726: 991: 1744: 54: 1261:). If Clinton left New York on September 22, "about ten days" after he wrote the letter, he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month. Burgoyne, running low on men and food, was still in a very difficult position, but he decided to wait in the hope that Clinton would arrive to save his army. Burgoyne wrote to Clinton on September 23, requesting some sort of assistance or diversion to draw Gates' army away. Clinton sailed from New York on October 3, and 1228:, carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials, and that Arnold remained at Gates' headquarters, receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers. Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin, however, disagrees with Luzader, arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates. 1178:, only to lose them in the next British charge. At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter; it was instead one of Burgoyne's aides, riding a richly dressed horse, who was the victim. The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point, and only the intervention of General Phillips, leading the 20th, made it possible for the 62nd to reform. In the memoir of Roger Lamb, a British soldier present at the battle, he wrote 1415: 867: 5679: 1628: 396: 1716: 886: 1166: 259: 247: 1033:

him into the ongoing feud between the two. These conditions had not yet reached a boil on September 19, but the day's events contributed to the situation. Gates had assigned the left wing of the defenses to Arnold, and assumed command himself of the right, which was nominally assigned to General Lincoln, whom Gates had detached in August with some troops to harass the British positions behind Burgoyne's army.

1431:, one of Morgan's men, could be a 19th-century fabrication. The fall of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck's large militia brigade (which roughly equaled the entire British reconnaissance force in size), broke the British will, and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments. Burgoyne was also very nearly killed by one of Morgan's marksmen; three shots hit his horse, hat, and waistcoat. 1525: 1427:

the American left, things were also not going well for the British. Morgan's men swept aside the Canadians and Native Americans to engage Fraser's regulars. Although slightly outnumbered, Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west. While General Fraser was mortally wounded in this phase of the battle, according to Luzader a frequently told story claiming it to be the work of

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escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln. Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington's command, which Gates granted, but instead of leaving he remained in his tent. There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp.

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Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible. As an escort, the generals took Fraser's Advanced Corps, with light troops and the 24th Foot on the right and the combined British grenadiers on the left, and a force drawn from all the German regiments in the army in the center. There were eight British cannon under Major Williams and two

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Riedesel left 500 men to guard the vital supply train and marched off toward the action with the rest of his column. Two of his companies advanced on the double and opened vicious fire on the American right, and Fraser's force threatened to turn the American left flank. In response to the latter threat, Arnold requested more forces, and Gates allowed him to dispatch

932:, the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne's army by Indians under Burgoyne's command. This massive outpouring of militia continued as the battle progressed (and Burgoyne had no way of obtaining reinforcements). This sealed Burgoyne's fate. By the end of the battle, Burgoyne's army totaled 5,791, and the effective colonial force was about 12,000 men. 1619:. Prior to the Battle of Saratoga, France did not fully aid the colonists. However, after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists, France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war, and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers, donations, loans, military arms, and supplies. 5014: 1352:

cannon under Captain Pausch. Leaving their camp between 10 and 11 am, they advanced about three-quarters of a mile (1 km) to Barber's wheat field on a rise above Mill Brook, where they stopped to observe the American position. While the field afforded some room for artillery to work, the flanks

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While Burgoyne's troop strength was nominally higher, he likely had only about 5,000 effective, battle-ready troops on October 7, as losses from the earlier battles in the campaign and desertions following the September 19 battle had reduced his forces. General Riedesel advised that the army retreat.

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instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne. Most of Burgoyne's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington, and his situation was becoming difficult. He needed to reach defensible winter quarters, requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany, and he decided to advance.

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in 1966. The park preserves a number of the buildings in the area and contains a variety of monuments. The Saratoga Monument obelisk has four niches, three of which hold statues of American commanders: Gates and Schuyler and of Colonel Daniel Morgan. The fourth niche, where Arnold's statue would go,

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In recognition of his contribution to the battles at Saratoga, General Arnold had his seniority restored (he had lost it after being passed over for promotion earlier in 1777). However, Arnold's leg wound kept him in bed five months. Later, while still unfit for field service but serving as military

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The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone, and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them, incapable of standing a regular engagement and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful

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As September passed into October it became clear that Clinton was not coming to help Burgoyne, who put the army on short rations on October 3. The next day, Burgoyne called a war council in which several options were discussed, but no conclusive decisions were made. When the council resumed the next

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Burgoyne had gained the field of battle, but suffered nearly 600 casualties. Most of these were to Hamilton's center column, where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company, and three quarters of the artillerymen were killed or wounded. American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously

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at strategic positions, who then picked off virtually every officer in the advance company. Morgan and his men then charged, unaware that they were headed directly for Burgoyne's main army. While they succeeded in driving back the advance company, Fraser's leading edge arrived just in time to attack

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Moving very cautiously, since the departure of his Native American support had deprived him of reliable reports on the American position, Burgoyne advanced to the south after crossing the Hudson. On September 18, the vanguard of his army had finally reached a position just north of Saratoga, about 4

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on October 13, but his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne. Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent that he would not receive relieving aid in time. This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold's spirited rallying of the American troops. Burgoyne's

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and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses. Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat, and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga, forcing him to surrender on October 17. News of Burgoyne's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into

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Arnold led the American chase, and then led Poor's men in an attack on the Balcarres redoubt. Balcarres had set up his defenses well, and the redoubt was held, in action so fierce that Burgoyne afterwards wrote, "A more determined perseverance than they showed … is not in any officer's experience".

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led the British grenadiers in a bayonet charge, the Americans finally began shooting at close range. Acland fell, shot in both legs, and many of the grenadiers also went down. Their column was a total rout, and Poor's men advanced to take Acland and Williams prisoner and capture their artillery. On

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assumed command from Schuyler, whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat. Gates and Schuyler were from very different backgrounds and did not get along with each other. They had previously argued over command issues in the army's Northern Department.

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anticipated the maneuver and placed significant forces in his way. Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman's Farm, but it came at the cost of significant casualties. Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle, while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York

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Burgoyne had lost over 1,000 men in the two battles, leaving him outnumbered by roughly 3 to 1. American losses came to about 330 killed and wounded. Burgoyne had also lost several of his most effective leaders, his attempts to capture the American position had failed, and his forward line was now

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At this point, the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant. General Arnold, who was "betraying great agitation and wrath" in the American camp, and may have been drinking, rode out to join the action. Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return; Armstrong did

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In this battle an unusual number of officers fell, as our army abounded with young men of respectability at this time, who after several years of general peace anterior to the American revolution, were attracted to the profession of arms. Three subalterns of the 20th regiment on this occasion, the

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Arnold also realized such a flanking maneuver was likely, and petitioned Gates for permission to move his forces from the heights to meet potential movements, where the American skill at woodlands combat would be at an advantage. Gates, whose preferred strategy was to sit and wait for the expected

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The American camp had become a bed of rising intrigue ever since Arnold's return from Fort Stanwix. While he and Gates had previously been on reasonably good terms in spite of their prickly egos, Arnold managed to turn Gates against him by taking on officers friendly to Schuyler as staff, dragging

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Burgoyne's council discussed whether to attack the next day, and a decision was reached to delay further action at least one day, to September 21. The army moved to consolidate the position closer to the American line while some men collected their dead. The attack on the 21st was called off when

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The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British. Around 3 pm, Riedesel sent a messenger to Burgoyne for instructions. He returned two hours later with orders to guard the baggage train, but also to send as many men as he could spare toward the American right flank. In a calculated risk,

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of New York, but he failed to mention Arnold at all. The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success. Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent. Arnold protested, and the dispute

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The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action. Morgan's men had regrouped in the woods, and picked off officers and artillerymen. They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British

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Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left, and the need to control the heights there. After the morning fog lifted around 10 am, Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns. Baron Riedesel led the left column, consisting of the German troops and the

1217:). (If Arnold had been on the field, these forces might have instead faced the larger danger posed by Riedesel's force.) Fortunately for the American right, darkness set in, bringing an end to the battle. The Americans retreated back to their defenses, leaving the British on the field. 790:

was to progress from Ontario through western New York, following the Mohawk River, and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City. The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal, and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of

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and allowed to march back to Canada without their weapons. Burgoyne felt that Gates would not even consider such terms, asking instead to be conveyed to Boston, where they would sail back to Europe. After several days of negotiations, the two sides signed the capitulation.

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Gates, following the removal of Arnold from the field command, assumed command of the American left and gave the right to General Lincoln. When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne's movement to Gates, he ordered Morgan's riflemen out to the far left, with Poor's men

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He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga, and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position. He ordered

673:. The southern and western forces never arrived, and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York 15 miles (24 km) short of his goal. He fought two battles which took place 18 days apart on the same ground 9 miles (14 km) south of 951:'s strategic decisions also improved the situation for Gates' army. Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe. He was aware that Burgoyne was also moving, and he took some risks in July. He sent aid north in the form of Major General 1137:

There was then a lull in the fighting around 1:00 pm as Hamilton's men began to form up on the north side of the field, and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south. Learning that Morgan was in trouble, Gates ordered out two more regiments

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During this period there were almost daily clashes between pickets and patrols of the two armies. Morgan's sharpshooters, familiar with the strategy and tactics of woodland warfare, constantly harassed British patrols on the western flank.

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Six Army National Guard units (101st Eng Bn, 102nd Inf, 125th QM Co, 181st Inf, 182nd Inf and 192nd MP Bn) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Saratoga. There are now only thirty units in the U.S. Army with

1126:, who had ridden forward to observe the fire, returned to the American camp for reinforcements. As the British company fell back toward the main column, the leading edge of that column opened fire, killing a number of their own men. 1292:

had staged an attack against the British position at Fort Ticonderoga. Lincoln had collected 2,000 men at Bennington by early September. Brown and a detachment of 500 men captured poorly defended positions between Ticonderoga and

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The capture of Breymann's redoubt exposed the British camp, but darkness was setting in. An attempt by some Germans to retake the redoubt ended in capture as darkness fell and an unreliable guide led them to the American line.

1466:. A small contingent of Canadians occupied the ground between these two fortifications. Most of the retreating force headed for Balcarres' position, as Breymann's was slightly north and further away from the early action. 1663:, it shows a boot with spurs and the stars of a major general. It stands at the spot where Arnold was shot on October 7 charging Breymann's redoubt and is dedicated to "the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army". 548: 1455:

not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over. (A letter, written by a witness to proceedings in the camp, suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action.)

1516:, named after the convention that granted them safe passage back to Europe. However, the Continental Congress revoked the convention, and the Convention Army was kept in captivity until the end of the war. 998:

On September 7, Gates ordered his army to march north. A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights, just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles (16 km) south of

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Although he left the direction of the battle to subordinates, General Gates received a great deal of credit as the commanding general for the greatest American victory of the war to date. He may have

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by Native Americans under Burgoyne's command was widely published in newspapers throughout the colonies. This led to a massive turnout of colonial militia, outnumbering Burgoyne's army by two to one.

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The first phase of the battle lasted about one hour and cost Burgoyne nearly 400 men, including the capture of most of the grenadiers' command, and six of the ten field pieces brought to the action.

3401: 4724: 963:'s forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates' army in August, before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south. He also sent some of the best forces from his own army: Colonel 541: 8223: 8070: 1603:

and French entry into the war. This moved the conflict onto a global stage. As a consequence, Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the

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breached. After the second battle, Burgoyne lit fires at his remaining forward positions and withdrew under the cover of darkness. He withdrew his men 10–15 miles north, near present-day

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In the American camp, the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility. Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the

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It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field, directing some of the action. However, John Luzader, a former park historian at the

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City. Patriot militia forces continued to arrive, meanwhile, swelling the size of the American army. Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command.

3606: 1297:, and then spent several days ineffectually bombarding the fort. These men, and some of the prisoners they freed along the way, were back in the American camp by September 29. 4764: 1422:

The opening fire came between 2 and 2:30 pm from the British grenadiers. Poor's men held their fire, and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective. When Major

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The army was growing in size because of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors, the success at Bennington, and widespread outrage over the slaying of

859:, who commanded the rear of the army, to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south, and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15. 5178: 5193: 2866: 4611: 3565: 5109: 5008: 1446:

Troop dispositions and initial movements at the Battle of Bemis Heights. The only known contemporary American map showing the positions of the two armies was made by

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The defenses on the right side of the British camp were anchored by two redoubts. The outermost one was defended by about 300 men under the command of the Hessian

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forces were thrown back to the positions that they held before the September 19 battle, and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses.

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conducted field investigations and excavations in and around the battlefield site, and recovered various artifacts and two human skeletons. As of mid-2023, the

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Burgoyne's failed campaign marked a major turning point in the war. General Burgoyne returned to England and was never given another commanding position in the

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Plan of battlefield of Saratoga, and views of John Neilson's house (which served as headquarters for Enoch Poor and Benedict Arnold) from south, east and inside

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led to the exposure of the plot. Arnold went on to serve under William Phillips, the commander of Burgoyne's right wing, in a 1781 expedition into Virginia.

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to follow. Burgoyne arrayed Hamilton's men with the 21st on the right, the 20th on the left, and the 62nd in the center, with the 9th held in reserve.

677:. He gained a victory in the first battle despite being outnumbered, but lost the second battle after the Americans returned with an even larger force. 7960: 6903: 6893: 4971: 1029:

miles (6.4 km) from the American defensive line, and skirmishes occurred between American scouting parties and the leading elements of his army.

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more than a decade earlier, France found an opportunity to undercut British power and ultimately of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the

6796: 3356: 1611:, and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations. Having been defeated by the British in the 7412: 6918: 5473: 5233: 5072: 5057: 4429: 1572:

as the commander-in-chief. Instead, he received the command of the main American army in the South. He led it to a disastrous defeat at the 1780

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was held in reserve behind Learned's line. In all, more than 8,000 Americans took the field that day, including about 1,400 men from Lincoln

688:, "was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory." 8208: 4421: 4177: 4095: 3155: 1946: 699:

from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due to logistical problems. He won a small tactical victory over American General

8065: 7989: 7478: 7417: 5129: 5047: 4456: 4066: 8020: 7726: 6929: 6274: 5218: 4893: 4406: 3026: 1779: 1774: 1015:. To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army. 7818: 8213: 7894: 7301: 6602: 6525: 5082: 5062: 4401: 3458: 3966: 8203: 8060: 7246: 6812: 6239: 6166: 5250: 4830: 4539: 4451: 4446: 1463: 7605: 7291: 5604: 4621: 4581: 4483: 4434: 4086: 426: 3933: 665:, hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from 8025: 7808: 7483: 6873: 6652: 5928: 5171: 4825: 4810: 3877: 3823: 1262: 744: 626: 367: 2858: 7984: 7276: 6531: 6224: 5381: 5354: 4366: 3736: 3713: 3658: 3631: 3600: 3551: 3504: 114: 8140: 7503: 6490: 5019: 4957: 4885: 4815: 4651: 4391: 4145: 4133: 1647: 4012: 3785: 3274: 8135: 8015: 7838: 7281: 7271: 7261: 6159: 5563: 5527: 5468: 5458: 4749: 3769: 8228: 8198: 8110: 7498: 7473: 7407: 7332: 7256: 6587: 6249: 6234: 5959: 5406: 5359: 5344: 5134: 5124: 4964: 4712: 4576: 3308: 3232: 3059: 2985: 2817: 816: 994:

Map showing the movements of the opposing armies in the Saratoga campaign, and plan of the Battles of Saratoga (inset)

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governor of Philadelphia, Arnold entered into treasonous correspondence with the British. He received command of the

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had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne's capture of Ticonderoga early in July, under the command of Major General

7813: 5725: 831:. One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 8130: 8080: 8050: 8035: 7889: 7535: 6997: 6937: 6878: 5888: 5812: 5802: 5581: 5238: 5114: 4707: 4473: 4216: 1508:

On October 17, Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates. The British and German troops were accorded the traditional

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at the cost of significant casualties. His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7

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in about ten days." (Fort Montgomery was an American post on the Hudson River, in the New York Highlands south of

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and plotted to hand it over to the British, only to flee into the British lines when the capture of his contact

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Burgoyne found himself trapped by much larger American forces with no relief, so he retreated to Saratoga (now

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Regiments, plus militia companies, in the center. A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General

1253:, who was commanding the British garrison in New York City. Clinton suggested that he could "make a push at 740: 80: 59: 17: 4682: 3975: 1007:. The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany, where it passed through a 8090: 7911: 6520: 6261: 5624: 5228: 5119: 4978: 4924: 4900: 4869: 4468: 1580: 1294: 1049:, on the river road, bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river. General 824: 224: 1638:

The battlefield and the site of Burgoyne's surrender have been preserved, and are now administered by the

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middle and southern colonies. The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three-way

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and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps, which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from

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In response to Burgoyne's surrender, Congress declared December 18, 1777, as a national day "for solemn

1539:. The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively. One British officer said: 721: 8218: 8125: 7550: 7402: 7204: 6547: 6398: 6343: 6182: 6053: 6031: 5682: 5539: 5509: 5411: 5099: 4908: 4544: 4122: 4052: 3351: 3346: 1671: 1616: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1189: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1109: 767: 654: 41: 7833: 7565: 3746: 7884: 7874: 7756: 7178: 7163: 6977: 6868: 6817: 6662: 6612: 6459: 6323: 6267: 6135: 6058: 5862: 5852: 5786: 5551: 5300: 5029: 4795: 4319: 4165: 4155: 3793: 1550: 890: 871: 685: 108: 3430:

Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 182nd Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 355–357.

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Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354–355.

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Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 102nd Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 195–196.

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and its partners have acquired and preserved 26 acres of the battlefield next to the national park.

959:, a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia. He ordered 750 men from 935: 273: 7173: 7158: 7107: 7082: 7052: 6972: 6962: 6773: 5847: 5832: 5533: 5396: 5276: 5139: 4784: 4160: 3181: 2454: 1600: 1493:. By the morning of October 8, he was back in the fortified positions he had held on September 16. 1289: 856: 770:

was approaching the two-year point, and the British changed their plans. They decided to split the

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Benjamin Franklin honored the victory in Saratoga and elsewhere by commissioning and designing

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How America Fought Its Wars: Military Strategy from the American Revolution to the Civil War

3022: 1036: 1004: 7965: 7916: 7017: 7012: 7002: 6748: 6500: 6495: 6244: 5954: 5908: 5521: 5515: 5322: 5034: 4561: 4515: 4376: 4253: 4248: 3398:"125th Quartermaster Company honored for storied lineage, service at Lexington and Concord" 3225:

General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"

2810:

General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"

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p. 171, Zebrowski Historical Services Publishing Company, Bloomingburg, New York, 1993.

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The battle on September 19 began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to

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The Life of General Daniel Morgan of the Virginia Line of the Army of the United States,

2129:

p. 171, Zebrowski Historical Services Publishing Company, Bloomingburg, New York, 1993.

2127:

The Life of General Daniel Morgan of the Virginia Line of the Army of the United States,

1928: 1583:

and praise"; it was the nation's first official observance of a holiday with that name.

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is empty. A more dramatic memorial to Arnold's heroism, that does not name him, is the

1404: 1266: 1008: 1003:; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer 1000: 835:. Furthermore, news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger's expedition down the 748: 674: 599: 5694: 684:) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17. His surrender, says historian 7746: 7706: 7530: 7238: 7112: 7087: 7047: 7032: 6982: 6913: 6883: 6740: 6699: 6083: 6048: 6010: 5883: 5545: 5497: 5491: 5483: 5431: 5223: 5188: 4510: 4290: 4285: 4226: 4170: 4075: 3903: 3883: 3862: 3829: 3732: 3709: 3690: 3673: 3654: 3637: 3627: 3596: 3578: 3557: 3547: 3521: 3500: 3228: 3177: 3055: 2981: 2813: 2482: 2151: 2130: 1592: 1569: 1274: 1086: 1040:

Initial dispositions and movements at the Battle of Freeman's Farm, 19 September 1777

990: 948: 771: 761: 728: 692: 650: 558: 309: 45: 3930: 1734: 1238:… an attack or even menace of an attack on Fort Montgomery must be of great use ... 743:

moved up from New York City and attempted to divert American attention by capturing

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Saratoga: A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution

3186:. Vol. 12. Charlottesville, Va.: Univ Press of Virginia. pp. 620–621. 1921: 1599:

decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal

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by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights.

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oldest of whom did not exceed the age of seventeen years, were buried together

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From 1972 to 1977, at the request of the National Park Service, archeologist

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Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 192nd Military Police Battalion.

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A British Soldier's Story: Roger Lamb's narrative of the American Revolution

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the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights. American Major General

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Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company.

3023:"The Battle of Saratoga – A Major Turning Point of The Revolutionary War" 1782:. Places 'Battles of Saratoga' in overall sequence and strategic context. 1604: 1414: 1411:

s command that were deployed when the action became particularly fierce.

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a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

866: 823:

valley. His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a

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pp. 61–62, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.

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Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered

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Further information on Burgoyne's surrender after these battles:

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led an invasion army of 7,200–8,000 men southward from Canada in the

653:, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the 79:, who refused to take his sword. The painting presently hangs in the 4044: 3377:

Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion

7731: 6388: 3786:"March To Saratoga General Burgoyne And The American Campaign 1777" 2962:

Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution

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p. 62, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.

1450:, who commanded the 5th Massachusetts Regiment in Nixon's Brigade. 6434: 4725:

Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site

1288:

Unknown to either side at Saratoga, General Lincoln and Colonel

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to propose terms of surrender. Riedesel suggested that they be

1265:

on October 6. The furthest north any of his troops reached was

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There are a number of ships named after the battles including

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the war as an American ally, although it had previously given

8224:

Battles of the American Revolutionary War in New York (state)

3517:

The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography, Volume 20

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American Revolutionary War § British northern strategy fails

649:(September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the 3750: 3047: 3927:

The Compleat Victory: Saratoga and the American Revolution

6583:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

3857:

The Generals of Saratoga: John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates

1804:

Referred to by some as "Gentleman Johnny" for his manners

1496:

On October 13, with his army surrounded, Burgoyne held a

955:, his most aggressive field commander, and Major General 1512:

as they marched out to surrender. The troops formed the

5724: 3534:

No Turning Point: The Saratoga Campaign in Perspective.

3180:(2002). Grizzard, Frank E. Jr.; Hoth, David R. (eds.). 2965:. Translated by Stone, William L. Albany: Joel Munsell. 1122:

Morgan's left, scattering his men back into the woods.

1019:

First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19)

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Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War

1756:, at Saratoga, depicted on a 1927 U.S. Commemorative 4765:

Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy

2859:"Letters change view of Benedict Arnold, Gen. Gates" 1321:

Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7)

1631:View of the battlefield from the visitor center of 1249:Burgoyne received a letter dated September 12 from 724:cannon which played an important role in Saratoga. 95:

September 19 (Friday) and October 7, 1777 (Tuesday)

4972:General George Washington Resigning His Commission 3964:Monument to Arnold's leg at Saratoga, from pbs.org 3854: 1920: 850:had taken his army from New York City by sea on a 3976:Battle of Bemis' Heights, and Retreat of Burgoyne 3900:A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution 3766:"Saratoga National Historical Park – Tour Stop 7" 1353:were dangerously close to the surrounding woods. 1169:Modern view of the battleground of Freeman's Farm 807:Position of Burgoyne's forces, September 10, 1777 786:in 1777. The western pincer under the command of 8185: 4933:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door 795:, severing New England from the other colonies. 747:in the Hudson River highlands on October 6, and 3328: 2616:, narrator (2009-07-03). "Misfortunes of War". 1380:New York Regiments on the right, and Learned's 1158:, and Connecticut militia) from the brigade of 1053:commanded the center column, consisting of the 201: 185: 8031:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 6181: 5009:George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton 4377:Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association 3092: 1069:, which would attack the heights, and General 6167: 5710: 4060: 3898:Savas, Theodore P; Dameron, J. David (2005). 3879:Horatio Gates: Defender of American Liberties 3324:Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7 1146:) to support him, with additional regiments ( 542: 3624:Saratoga 1777: Turning Point of a Revolution 3128: 2978:Saratoga 1777: Turning Point of a Revolution 7144:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 4430:1788–89 United States presidential election 3882:. Columbia University Press. Archived from 3514:Historical Society of Pennsylvania (1896). 3472: 1462:, while the other was under the command of 229: 8021:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 6275:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 6174: 6160: 5717: 5703: 4067: 4053: 3176: 3068: 2606: 1775:List of American Revolutionary War battles 1591:Once news of Burgoyne's surrender reached 819:in June 1777 to gain control of the upper 556: 549: 535: 6084:Washington calls off invasion of New York 5402:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route 5145:Washington and Jefferson National Forests 4876:Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland) 4013:Animated History of the Saratoga Campaign 3952:Saratoga: The Tide Turns on the Frontier, 3825:The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World 3104: 3080: 2975: 2688: 2440: 1927:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1680:lineages that go back to the colonial era 310: 4540:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 4402:Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention 3536:Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 3495:Bennett, William J; Cribb, John (2008). 3317: 2958: 2856: 1742: 1724: 1714: 1626: 1523: 1441: 1413: 1335: 1279: 1188: 1164: 1128: 1108: 1093:frontal assault, grudgingly permitted a 1035: 989: 934: 884: 865: 839:valley had turned back after the failed 802: 5924:Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga) 4730:Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters 4622:John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations 4407:George Washington's political evolution 3959:War Boardgame on the Battle of Saratoga 3749:. National Park Service. Archived from 3238: 3111:Historic Society of Pennsylvania (1896) 2840: 2838: 2792: 2790: 2753: 2751: 2522: 2500: 2498: 2233: 2001: 1999: 1418:Benedict Arnold portrait by Thomas Hart 1243:Burgoyne to Clinton, September 23, 1777 983:ability. This unit came to be known as 778:from what they believed to be the more 447: 431: 14: 8186: 8026:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 5934:Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga) 5929:Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery 5512:(step-granddaughter, adopted daughter) 4811:Electoral history of George Washington 3520:. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 3116: 3048:Victor Brooks; Robert Hohwald (1999). 2959:Riedesel, Frederika Charlotte (1867). 2904: 2724: 2700: 2652: 2640: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2510: 2477:. New York University Press. pp. 2470: 2404: 2392: 2371: 2353: 2281: 2269: 2221: 2185: 2059: 1918: 1902: 1900: 1875: 1873: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1193:Map depicting the positions at 5:00 pm 1133:Map depicting the positions at 3:00 pm 1113:Map depicting the positions at 1:00 pm 1097:consisting of Daniel Morgan's men and 27:Part of the American Revolutionary War 7938: 7863: 7791: 7362: 6698: 6532:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 6193: 6155: 6141:Washington's Farewell to His Officers 6110:Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh 5698: 5474:Attempted theft of Washington's skull 5355:Founding Fathers of the United States 4178:Washington in the American Revolution 4074: 4048: 3609:from the original on 26 December 2023 3250: 3158:from the original on October 21, 2017 2775: 2095: 1960: 1263:captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton 1085:companies, to turn the American left 906: 530: 8141:Daughters of the American Revolution 7939: 6491:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 5130:Washington Masonic National Memorial 4958:General George Washington at Trenton 4816:Post-presidency of George Washington 4392:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 4183:Commander-in-chief, Continental Army 3706:Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor 3288: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2892: 2880: 2857:Williams, Stephen (March 26, 2016). 2835: 2823: 2787: 2763: 2748: 2736: 2712: 2676: 2664: 2628: 2594: 2546: 2534: 2495: 2428: 2416: 2380: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2257: 2245: 2209: 2197: 2173: 2161: 2107: 2083: 2071: 2047: 2035: 2023: 2011: 1996: 1972: 1923:The Birth of the Republic: 1763–1789 1648:National Register of Historic Places 798: 8209:Battles involving the United States 8136:Children of the American Revolution 8016:Timeline of the American Revolution 5818:Submarine attack in New York Harbor 5726:New York in the American Revolution 5469:George Washington Memorial Building 4535:Presidential Succession Act of 1792 3788:. New York Oxford University Press. 3747:"Saratoga National Historical Park" 3670:The Turning Point of the Revolution 3268: 1984: 1897: 1885: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1829: 1817: 24: 6797:European allies of King George III 6653:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 6588:Committee of Secret Correspondence 6250:No taxation without representation 5135:George Washington Memorial Parkway 5125:Washington University in St. Louis 3814: 3800:from the original on June 26, 2023 3589:Luzader, John F (6 October 2008). 3359:from the original on June 19, 2023 1737:medallion minted in Paris in 1783. 1484:Saratoga campaign § Surrender 1437: 25: 8240: 8163:Museum of the American Revolution 4325:Resignation as commander-in-chief 3944: 3725:Infantry Regiments of the US Army 3672:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat. 3448: 3295:Saratoga National Historical Park 1786:Saratoga National Historical Park 1644:Saratoga National Historical Park 1226:Saratoga National Historical Park 75:general, surrendering to General 8214:Battles of the Saratoga campaign 8051:Continental Currency dollar coin 8036:Women in the American Revolution 5803:New York and New Jersey campaign 5678: 5677: 5459:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association 5239:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 4944:Washington Crossing the Delaware 4382:Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves 4217:New York and New Jersey campaign 3929:(Oxford University Press, 2021) 3919:War of the Revolution, 2 Volumes 3876:Patterson, Samuel White (1941). 3704:Randall, Willard Sterne (1990). 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3339: 3299: 3262: 3190:from the original on 2017-10-21. 3183:General Orders, 17 December 1777 3029:from the original on 18 May 2013 1531:, depicting Arnold's injured leg 1331: 852:campaign to capture Philadelphia 453: 437: 420: 401: 394: 384: 372: 361: 350: 339: 328: 317: 299: 288: 268: 257: 245: 231: 218: 203: 187: 52: 8204:Battles involving Great Britain 8146:Sons of the American Revolution 4965:Washington at Verplanck's Point 4881:Washington Monument (Baltimore) 4750:President's House, Philadelphia 4587:State of the Union Address 1790 3772:from the original on 2009-02-28 3689:. University of Alabama Press. 3568:from the original on 2023-12-26 3487: 3461:from the original on 2015-06-03 3451:"The US Navy Aircraft Carriers" 3277:from the original on 2011-02-27 3170: 3140: 3041: 3015: 2994: 2969: 2952: 2869:from the original on 2016-03-31 2850: 2802: 2464: 2365: 2140: 2119: 1949:from the original on 2014-11-03 1798: 1633:Saratoga National Historic Park 1327:Second Saratoga order of battle 169:British surrender on 17 October 8046:Continental currency banknotes 7134:Staten Island Peace Conference 5823:Staten Island Peace Conference 5504:George Washington Parke Custis 5437:American Philosophical Society 5199:America the Beautiful quarters 5043:George Washington on Horseback 4995:The Washington Family portrait 4342:Washington Before Boston Medal 4090:President of the United States 3667: 3621: 3497:The American Patriot's Almanac 3009: 3005: 2980:. Oxford: Osprey. p. 87. 2946: 2934: 2922: 2886: 2844: 2796: 2757: 2718: 2706: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2576: 2540: 2528: 2504: 2458: 2422: 2359: 2347: 2311: 2275: 2215: 2203: 2179: 2167: 2113: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 1935: 1912: 1852: 923:. On August 19, Major General 718:supplies, ammunition, and guns 13: 1: 7864: 6840:German supporters of Congress 6538:Massachusetts Circular Letter 5970:Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga 5234:250th Anniversary half dollar 5194:D.C. and territories quarters 5015:Reception at Trenton painting 4806:Washington and Lee University 4775:James River and Kanawha Canal 4617:Federal judicial appointments 4232:Battle of the Assunpink Creek 3626:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 3054:. Da Capo Press. p. 78. 1811: 1586: 755: 81:United States Capitol Rotunda 60:Surrender of General Burgoyne 6521:Committees of correspondence 5506:(step-grandson, adopted son) 5120:George Washington University 4979:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 4870:The Apotheosis of Washington 4469:Cabinet of the United States 4397:1785 Mount Vernon Conference 3764: 3722: 3703: 3684: 3668:Nickerson, Hoffman (1967) . 3588: 3539: 3494: 3478: 3323: 3256: 3244: 3134: 3122: 3098: 3074: 3001: 2910: 2898: 2829: 2781: 2769: 2742: 2730: 2600: 2588: 2564: 2552: 2516: 2471:Martin, James Kirby (1997). 2446: 2434: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2335: 2323: 2299: 2287: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2191: 2101: 2089: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1906: 1891: 1879: 1864: 1840: 1823: 1519: 1477: 1231: 1073:led the right wing with the 1011:between the heights and the 919:, and was encamped south of 745:Forts Clinton and Montgomery 627:Forts Clinton and Montgomery 7: 8158:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 7363: 7189:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 7174:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 6948:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 6603:Declaration of Independence 6568:Second Continental Congress 5813:New York Prison Ships begin 5782:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 5745:First Liberty poles erected 4951:The Passage of the Delaware 4745:Second Presidential Mansion 4113:Second Continental Congress 3822:Creasy, Sir Edward (1908). 3796:. Oxford University Press. 3792: 3648: 3622:Morrissey, Brendan (2000). 3540:Ketchum, Richard M (1997). 3513: 3334: 3110: 3086: 2976:Morrissey, Brendan (2000). 1768: 825:victory at Fort Ticonderoga 811:British Lieutenant General 10: 8245: 8041:Financial costs of the war 6548:First Continental Congress 6399:Royal Proclamation of 1763 6344:Second Rockingham ministry 6183:American Revolutionary War 5950:Setauket Spy Ring launched 5540:Elizabeth Washington Lewis 5167:Washington–Franklin Issues 4740:First Presidential Mansion 4545:Proclamation of Neutrality 4447:1792 presidential election 4123:First Continental Congress 4101:Commander-in-Chief of the 4096:Senior Officer of the Army 3982:"Battle of Freeman's Farm" 3917:Ward, Christopher (1952). 3848:. New York: Stein and Day. 3723:Sawicki, James A. (1981). 3708:. William Morrow and Inc. 3595:. New York: Savas Beatie. 3532:Corbett, Theodore. (2012) 3352:American Battlefield Trust 3271:"France in the Revolution" 1672:American Battlefield Trust 1646:, which was listed on the 1481: 1343:at Battle of Bemis Heights 1324: 1023: 768:American Revolutionary War 759: 655:American Revolutionary War 42:American Revolutionary War 8229:Saratoga County, New York 8199:1777 in the United States 8008: 7977: 7953: 7949: 7934: 7895:Constitutional Convention 7875:Society of the Cincinnati 7870: 7859: 7784: 7679: 7523: 7516: 7461: 7380: 7373: 7369: 7358: 7315: 7237: 7223: 7197: 7164:Carlisle Peace Commission 7126: 6998:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 6927: 6852: 6805: 6772: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6694: 6663:Hutchinson letters affair 6630: 6613:Articles of Confederation 6473: 6460:Proclamation of Rebellion 6372: 6324:First Rockingham ministry 6301: 6268:All men are created equal 6207: 6203: 6189: 6136:British evacuate New York 6123: 6102: 6067: 6059:Battle of Fort St. George 6024: 5988: 5942: 5889:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 5871: 5863:Battle of Fort Washington 5795: 5774: 5758: 5732: 5663: 5597: 5482: 5332: 5302:The War that Made America 5030:Princeton Battle Monument 4824: 4796:Society of the Cincinnati 4794:President General of the 4675: 4632: 4577:Thanksgiving Proclamation 4484:Secretary of the Treasury 4415: 4365: 4193:Washington's headquarters 4166:Battle of the Monongahela 4132: 4082: 3861:. Yale University Press. 3844:Furneaux, Rupert (1971). 3783: 3768:. National Park Service. 3311:November 6, 2009, at the 3223:Hubbard, Robert Ernest. 2808:Hubbard, Robert Ernest. 2694: 1719:Saratoga Monument obelisk 1622: 1273:of the prominent Patriot 1104: 891:Portrait of John Burgoyne 872:Portrait of Horatio Gates 570: 506: 472: 281: 179: 109:Saratoga County, New York 87: 51: 39: 34: 8194:1777 in New York (state) 7159:Entry of France into war 6774:Kingdom of Great Britain 5848:Battle of Valcour Island 5843:Execution of Nathan Hale 5833:Battle of Harlem Heights 5534:Augustine Washington Jr. 5294:Turn: Washington's Spies 5140:George Washington Bridge 4785:Congressional Gold Medal 4464:Title of "Mr. President" 4198:office and sleeping tent 4161:Battle of Fort Necessity 3998:"The Battle of Saratoga" 3745: 3651:The Real Benedict Arnold 3546:. New York: Henry Holt. 3294: 1791: 1601:Franco-American alliance 1269:, where they raided the 709:Battle of Freeman's Farm 443:Friedrich Adolf Riedesel 7890:Ratification Day (1784) 7215:Second Anglo-Mysore War 6899:Northern after Saratoga 6879:New York and New Jersey 6553:Continental Association 6450:Conciliatory Resolution 6309:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 6282:Consent of the governed 6079:runs aground at Montauk 6054:Battle of Klock's Field 6032:Battle of Young's House 5965:Attack on German Flatts 5919:Battle of Staten Island 5584:(2nd great-grandfather) 5204:American Women quarters 5110:Washington, D.C. statue 5025:Trenton Battle Monument 5001:Washington at Princeton 4693:Ferry Farm boyhood home 4567:Slave Trade Act of 1794 4501:Oath Administration Act 4387:Continental Association 4330:Badge of Military Merit 4222:Delaware River crossing 3784:Bird, Harrison (1963). 3731:: Wyvern Publications. 1919:Morgan, Edmund (1956). 1491:Schuylerville, New York 1095:reconnaissance in force 713:Battle of Bemis Heights 669:; the goal was to take 8151:Sons of the Revolution 7880:Treaty of Paris (1783) 7210:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 7205:Cherokee–American wars 6818:Franco-American Treaty 6673:Philadelphia Tea Party 6643:Treaty of Paris (1763) 6622:Confederation Congress 6215:American Enlightenment 6016:Boyd and Parker ambush 5980:Cherry Valley massacre 5960:West Point established 5858:Battle of White Plains 5853:Battle of Pell's Point 5838:Great Fire of New York 5150:Washington Square Park 4938:Revolutionary War Door 4755:Germantown White House 4657:Washington and slavery 4550:Neutrality Act of 1794 3916: 3897: 3875: 3852: 3846:The Battle of Saratoga 3843: 3821: 3685:Pancake, John (1985). 3347:"Saratoga Battlefield" 1761: 1738: 1720: 1635: 1546: 1532: 1451: 1419: 1344: 1285: 1240: 1194: 1187: 1170: 1134: 1114: 1041: 995: 944: 899: 880: 808: 590:Slaying of Jane McCrea 490:(at time of surrender) 282:Commanders and leaders 63:, an 1822 portrait by 8096:Washington's Birthday 7901:The Federalist Papers 7885:Evacuation Day (1783) 6938:Lexington and Concord 6638:French and Indian War 6578:Olive Branch Petition 6089:Battle of Fort Slongo 5996:Battle of Stony Point 5899:Siege of Fort Stanwix 5808:Battle of Long Island 5766:Battle of Golden Hill 5464:Mount Vernon replicas 5422:General of the Armies 5397:Washington's Crossing 5229:Washington half eagle 4859:Washington's Birthday 4780:Mountain Road Lottery 4647:The Washington Papers 4496:Judiciary Act of 1789 4259:Battle of White Marsh 4244:Philadelphia campaign 4151:French and Indian War 3853:Mintz, Max M (1990). 3499:. Thomas Nelson Inc. 3335:Oxford Academic Group 2618:The Revolutionary War 1746: 1728: 1718: 1661:John Watts de Peyster 1640:National Park Service 1630: 1613:French and Indian War 1566:conspired with others 1541: 1527: 1460:Heinrich von Breymann 1445: 1417: 1339: 1283: 1236: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1132: 1112: 1051:James Inglis Hamilton 1039: 993: 938: 888: 869: 841:Siege of Fort Stanwix 815:moved south from the 806: 507:Casualties and losses 459:Heinrich von Breymann 130:42.99889°N 73.63750°W 8101:Jefferson's Birthday 8091:Pulaski Memorial Day 7098:Guilford Court House 6749:Continental Congress 6526:Committees of safety 6501:Daughters of Liberty 6496:Virginia Association 6245:Rights of Englishmen 5955:Battle of Cobleskill 5909:Battle of Bennington 5828:Landing at Kip's Bay 5522:Mary Ball Washington 5516:Augustine Washington 5510:Eleanor Parke Custis 5387:Cherry-tree anecdote 5270:A More Perfect Union 5219:Silver bullion coins 5078:New York City statue 4642:Presidential library 4516:Militia Acts of 1792 4457:Reception at Trenton 4254:Battle of Germantown 4249:Battle of Brandywine 4000:. 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Houghton Mifflin. 3649:Murphy, Jim (2007). 3148:"States give thanks" 2622:The Military Channel 2372:Hagist, Don (2004). 1943:"Springfield Armory" 921:Stillwater, New York 833:Battle of Bennington 707:in the September 19 7229:colony or location) 7184:Newburgh Conspiracy 7043:Sullivan Expedition 6563:Provincial Congress 6354:Fox–North coalition 6293:Settler colonialism 6240:Freedom of religion 6197:American Revolution 6131:Newburgh Conspiracy 6094:Battle of Johnstown 6006:Sullivan Expedition 5894:Battle of Fort Anne 5578:(great-grandfather) 5564:Lawrence Washington 5528:Lawrence Washington 5442:American Revolution 5286:We Fight to Be Free 5251:Cultural depictions 5162:U.S. Postage stamps 5115:West Point monument 5100:Philadelphia statue 4985:Unfinished portrait 4849:Washington Monument 4718:Woodlawn Plantation 4523:Coinage Act of 1792 4452:Second inauguration 4303:Newburgh Conspiracy 4281:Sullivan Expedition 4276:Battles of Saratoga 4237:Battle of Princeton 3306:Saratoga activities 1372:) on the left; the 979:, chosen for their 657:. 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Washington 5407:1751 Barbados trip 5296:(2014–2017 series) 5184:Washington quarter 5095:Perth Amboy statue 5083:Wall Street statue 5063:Mexico City statue 4990:Lansdowne portrait 4801:Washington College 4790:Thanks of Congress 4713:Whiskey distillery 4528:United States Mint 4506:Nonintercourse Act 4474:Secretary of State 4435:First inauguration 4269:Battle of Monmouth 4018:2020-05-31 at the 3969:2019-12-05 at the 3936:2021-10-07 at the 3178:Washington, George 1762: 1739: 1731:Libertas Americana 1721: 1636: 1533: 1452: 1420: 1405:Abraham Ten Broeck 1345: 1286: 1195: 1171: 1135: 1115: 1042: 1005:Tadeusz Kościuszko 996: 945: 907:American situation 900: 881: 817:province of Quebec 809: 675:Saratoga, New York 274:Brunswick–Lüneburg 8219:Conflicts in 1777 8179: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8170: 7930: 7929: 7917:Shays's Rebellion 7855: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7780: 7779: 7747:Richard Henry Lee 7512: 7511: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7198:Related conflicts 7068:Connecticut Farms 6848: 6847: 6741:Thirteen Colonies 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6149: 6148: 6011:Battle of Newtown 5884:Saratoga campaign 5692: 5691: 5546:Samuel Washington 5498:John Parke Custis 5492:Martha Washington 5432:American Foxhound 5312:(2020 miniseries) 5304:(2006 miniseries) 5257:George Washington 5224:Washington nickel 5209:Washington dollar 5189:50 State Quarters 5172:1932 bicentennial 5068:Morristown statue 4926:George Washington 4918:George Washington 4910:George Washington 4902:George Washington 4887:George Washington 4562:Pinckney's Treaty 4511:Whiskey Rebellion 4291:Siege of Yorktown 4286:Yorktown campaign 4227:Battle of Trenton 4171:Forbes Expedition 4138:Revolutionary War 4076:George Washington 3738:978-0-9602404-3-2 3715:978-1-55710-034-4 3660:978-0-395-77609-4 3633:978-1-85532-862-4 3602:978-1-932714-44-9 3553:978-0-8050-6123-9 3506:978-1-59555-267-9 2863:The Daily Gazette 1766: 1765: 1748:The Surrender of 1617:Revolutionary War 1570:George Washington 1275:Livingston family 1144:3rd New Hampshire 985:Morgan's Riflemen 949:George Washington 904: 903: 799:British situation 772:Thirteen Colonies 762:Saratoga campaign 741:Sir Henry Clinton 651:Saratoga campaign 640: 639: 560:Saratoga campaign 525: 524: 502: 497: 491: 486: 481: 175: 174: 46:Saratoga campaign 16:(Redirected from 8236: 8121:Sesquicentennial 8081:Independence Day 7985:Founding Fathers 7951: 7950: 7936: 7935: 7861: 7860: 7789: 7788: 7521: 7520: 7378: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7360: 7359: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7058:Cape St. Vincent 6733: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6696: 6695: 6668:Boston Tea Party 6593:Halifax Resolves 6543:Suffolk Resolves 6334:Grafton ministry 6329:Chatham ministry 6225:Colonial history 6205: 6204: 6191: 6190: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6153: 6152: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5696: 5695: 5681: 5680: 5655:Harry Washington 5615:Caroline Branham 5377:Virginia dynasty 5365:Federalist Party 5345:List of articles 5259:(1984 miniseries 5246:Mount Washington 5214:Lafayette dollar 5053:Baltimore statue 4844:Washington state 4839:Washington, D.C. 4582:Farewell Address 4489:Secretary of War 4479:Attorney General 4103:Continental Army 4069: 4062: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4028:. 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5495: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5370:Federalist Era 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5261: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4854:Mount Rushmore 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4676:Life and homes 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4662:Town Destroyer 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4320:Evacuation Day 4317: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4022: 4010: 3994: 3978: 3973: 3961: 3956: 3946: 3945:External links 3943: 3941: 3940: 3923: 3914: 3908: 3895: 3873: 3867: 3850: 3841: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3794:"Dean R. Snow" 3790: 3781: 3762: 3743: 3737: 3720: 3714: 3701: 3695: 3682: 3665: 3659: 3646: 3632: 3619: 3601: 3586: 3552: 3537: 3530: 3511: 3505: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3479:Bennett (2008) 3471: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3338: 3327: 3316: 3298: 3287: 3261: 3257:Ketchum (1997) 3249: 3245:Ketchum (1997) 3237: 3233:978-1476678627 3213: 3169: 3139: 3135:Pancake (1985) 3127: 3123:Luzader (2008) 3115: 3103: 3099:Pancake (1985) 3091: 3079: 3075:Randall (1990) 3067: 3061:978-1580970020 3060: 3040: 3014: 2993: 2987:978-1855328624 2986: 2968: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2911:Luzader (2008) 2903: 2899:Luzader (2008) 2891: 2879: 2849: 2834: 2830:Luzader (2008) 2822: 2818:978-1476678627 2801: 2786: 2782:Luzader (2008) 2774: 2770:Ketchum (1997) 2762: 2747: 2743:Luzader (2008) 2735: 2731:Luzader (2008) 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2614:Charles Kuralt 2605: 2601:Luzader (2008) 2593: 2589:Ketchum (1997) 2581: 2569: 2565:Ketchum (1997) 2557: 2553:Ketchum (1997) 2545: 2533: 2521: 2517:Ketchum (1997) 2509: 2494: 2487: 2463: 2447:Luzader (2008) 2439: 2435:Ketchum (1997) 2427: 2415: 2411:Ketchum (1997) 2403: 2399:Luzader (2008) 2391: 2387:Ketchum (1997) 2379: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2336:Luzader (2008) 2328: 2324:Ketchum (1997) 2316: 2304: 2300:Ketchum (1997) 2292: 2288:Ketchum (1997) 2280: 2268: 2264:Ketchum (1997) 2256: 2252:Ketchum (1997) 2244: 2242:, pp. 352, 355 2240:Ketchum (1997) 2232: 2228:Ketchum (1997) 2220: 2208: 2196: 2192:Ketchum (1997) 2184: 2172: 2160: 2139: 2118: 2106: 2102:Ketchum (1997) 2094: 2090:Ketchum (1997) 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2030:Ketchum (1997) 2022: 2018:Ketchum (1997) 2010: 2006:Ketchum (1997) 1995: 1991:Ketchum (1997) 1983: 1979:Ketchum (1997) 1971: 1967:Ketchum (1997) 1959: 1934: 1911: 1907:Ketchum (1997) 1896: 1892:Ketchum (1997) 1884: 1880:Ketchum (1997) 1869: 1865:Luzader (2008) 1857: 1845: 1841:Ketchum (1997) 1828: 1824:Ketchum (1997) 1815: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1747: 1740: 1735:Augustin Dupré 1722: 1624: 1621: 1588: 1585: 1521: 1518: 1498:council of war 1479: 1476: 1464:Lord Balcarres 1439: 1436: 1429:Timothy Murphy 1333: 1330: 1322: 1319: 1306:George Clinton 1235: 1233: 1230: 1117:Morgan placed 1106: 1103: 1099:Henry Dearborn 1079:light infantry 1067:62nd regiments 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 908: 905: 902: 901: 882: 877:Gilbert Stuart 857:Baron Riedesel 800: 797: 760:Main article: 757: 754: 720:, notably the 638: 637: 635: 634: 629: 624: 623: 622: 617: 615:Freeman's Farm 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 571: 568: 567: 554: 553: 546: 539: 531: 523: 522: 521:6,222 captured 515: 509: 508: 504: 503: 496:(first battle) 492: 480:(first battle) 475: 474: 470: 469: 381: 284: 283: 279: 278: 277: 276: 266: 254: 242: 227: 198: 182: 181: 177: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170: 167: 161:Bemis Heights: 158: 157: 147: 143: 142: 103: 101: 97: 96: 93: 85: 84: 49: 48: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8241: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 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7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7272:New Hampshire 7270: 7268: 7267:Massachusetts 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6919:Naval battles 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6854:Campaigns and 6851: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6658:Gaspee affair 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 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5879:Meigs Raid 5630:Oney Judge 5392:River Farm 5310:Washington 4928:(Trumbull) 4904:(Ceracchi) 4831:depictions 4688:Birthplace 4683:Early life 4557:Jay Treaty 4417:Presidency 4367:Other U.S. 3909:193271412X 3890:2017-08-24 3868:0300047789 3836:2017-08-24 3776:2009-06-23 3757:2009-06-23 3613:18 October 3572:2020-10-18 3465:2016-06-06 3408:2012-02-29 3281:2013-06-29 3125:, p. xxiii 2873:2016-03-28 2488:0814755607 1953:2009-07-26 1812:References 1587:French aid 1559:John André 1555:West Point 1325:See also: 1290:John Brown 1259:West Point 1255:Montgomery 1160:Enoch Poor 756:Background 695:to divide 605:Bennington 580:Hubbardton 517:440 killed 335:Enoch Poor 121:73°38′15″W 118:42°59′56″N 105:Stillwater 67:depicting 7990:Diplomacy 7978:Political 7961:Prisoners 7865:Aftermath 7839:Vergennes 7814:de Grasse 7809:d'Estaing 7799:Louis XVI 7737:Jefferson 7702:Dickinson 7646:St. Clair 7631:Nicholson 7606:Lafayette 7566:Duportail 7536:Alexander 7504:Shelburne 7388:Arbuthnot 7227:(by 7093:Pensacola 7053:Gibraltar 7028:St. Lucia 6993:Princeton 6705:Campaigns 6558:Minutemen 6474:Colonials 6430:Townshend 6359:Loyalists 6302:Royalists 5560:(brother) 5554:(brother) 5548:(brother) 5500:(stepson) 5038:sculpture 5003:paintings 4826:Memorials 4708:Gristmill 4633:Views and 4422:timeline) 4036:9 October 4004:9 October 3988:9 October 3206:ignored ( 3196:cite book 3010:Nickerson 3006:Morrissey 2784:, p. xxii 2459:Nickerson 1657:Civil War 1597:Louis XVI 1520:Aftermath 1478:Surrender 1232:Interlude 1221:wounded. 1083:grenadier 1047:47th Foot 585:Fort Anne 512:90 killed 239:Loyalists 7954:Military 7707:Franklin 7680:Civilian 7661:Sullivan 7651:Schuyler 7581:Hamilton 7556:Claghorn 7524:Military 7517:Colonial 7499:Sandwich 7462:Civilian 7408:Carleton 7403:Campbell 7398:Burgoyne 7381:Military 7307:Virginia 7282:New York 7262:Maryland 7252:Delaware 7113:Yorktown 7048:Savannah 7023:Monmouth 7008:Saratoga 6914:Yorktown 6904:Southern 6894:Northern 6884:Saratoga 6856:theaters 6717:Colonies 6708:Theaters 6511:Patriots 6421:up i.p.o 6409:Currency 6394:Molasses 6077:Culloden 5683:Category 5590:(nephew) 5542:(sister) 5524:(mother) 5518:(father) 5447:patriots 5412:Category 5318:Hamilton 5179:Currency 4912:(Canova) 4889:(Houdon) 4355:Blueskin 4119:Delegate 4109:Delegate 4016:Archived 3967:Archived 3934:Archived 3804:June 26, 3798:Archived 3770:Archived 3642:43419003 3607:Archived 3566:Archived 3562:41397623 3481:, p. 456 3459:Archived 3363:June 19, 3357:Archived 3309:Archived 3275:Archived 3259:, p. 447 3188:Archived 3156:Archived 3089:, p. 168 3077:, p. 372 3027:Archived 2949:, p. 368 2937:, p. 367 2925:, p. 366 2901:, p. 287 2889:, p. 365 2867:Archived 2847:, p. 362 2832:, p. 285 2799:, p. 364 2772:, p. 400 2760:, p. 361 2745:, p. 286 2721:, p. 360 2697:, p. 223 2685:, p. 358 2673:, p. 353 2637:, p. 333 2603:, p. 271 2555:, p. 376 2543:, p. 405 2507:, p. 343 2437:, p. 515 2425:, p. 319 2389:, p. 367 2350:, p. 310 2338:, p. 240 2326:, p. 362 2314:, p. 309 2302:, p. 360 2266:, p. 356 2254:, p. 357 2218:, p. 300 2206:, p. 299 2182:, p. 216 2170:, p. 180 2116:, p. 288 2092:, p. 337 2080:, p. 296 2056:, p. 265 2044:, p. 189 2032:, p. 332 2020:, p. 320 2008:, p. 348 1981:, p. 335 1947:Archived 1909:, p. 368 1894:, p. 371 1882:, p. 405 1867:, p. 230 1855:, p. 436 1843:, p. 395 1826:, p. 355 1769:See also 1705:Saratoga 1697:Saratoga 1689:Saratoga 1659:General 1595:, King 1302:Congress 1267:Clermont 1119:marksmen 1077:and the 1001:Saratoga 977:Virginia 973:Maryland 947:General 846:General 780:Loyalist 749:Kingston 703:and the 693:strategy 632:Kingston 610:Saratoga 600:Oriskany 488:15,000+ 483:12,000+ 473:Strength 100:Location 8076:theater 7834:Suffren 7824:Luzerne 7742:Laurens 7712:Hancock 7697:Carroll 7616:Lincoln 7596:de Kalb 7586:Hopkins 7484:Germain 7474:Amherst 7413:Clinton 7374:British 7364:Leaders 7257:Georgia 7088:Cowpens 7033:Grenada 6983:Trenton 6930:battles 6909:Western 6764:Marines 6711:Battles 5333:Related 5020:Statues 4703:Fishery 4612:Cabinet 4346:Horses 4121:to 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Battles of Saratoga

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