816:. The Court of Cassation is the supreme judicial court and the head of all judicial courts in Belgium. It has jurisdiction to overturn judgments and orders which are final in their nature for defect as being contrary to law, and the right to transfer actions and suits from one court to another. The chief courts are The Civil and Criminal Courts and The Commercial Courts. There are also special courts, which are The Assize Court, The Military Court, Workmen’s Court and The Juvenile Court. Other than these courts there are two more courts in Belgium. They are the Conseil d'Etat (Council of State) and the Cour Constitutionnelle (Constitutional Court). Both of these two courts have an obligation to monitor and administer other courts. To be specific, the Council of state is a court which is in charge of monitoring the administration in the courts. The applications from the public concerning the misjudgment of administrative organization are sent to the Council of state for examination. In the Constitutional court, the acts and ordinances of Belgium law are considered. Also, the exercise of power by public authority is supervised by the Constitutional court.
734:
between ‘public’ and ‘private’ law. The public law in
Belgium focuses on the cases concerning states, while the private law takes charge of the individual cases among citizens. The Civil code in Belgium is divided into three parts, the first dealing with persons, the second with property, and the third with different modes of acquiring property. The National Registry (Registres d’Etat Civil or Etat Civil) of Belgium has existed since the adoption of the Code Napoleon. The registers were kept in every individual village in Belgium, with the recording of all persons born in the village. The legal process held in the village was also recorded, such as marriage and decease. The National Registry was not only applied to Belgium citizens, but also to the foreigners who stayed in Belgium for at least 2 weeks. The recorded legal documents are only deleted or altered through the order of the Court.
706:
occupation was exclusively in French. The majority of sources were from the constitution of the United
Kingdom of the Netherlands, and most of the sources were copied from French texts. The new constitution of Belgium was not significantly insufficient with Belgium’s original sources. Thus, some Belgian lawyers have claimed that "the 1831 constitution cannot be seen as the product of a 'Belgian' legal tradition". Still, Belgium continuously produces and arranges the legal system. The Belgian constitutional law enacted in 1830 mainly presents the fundamental rights of the population. The constitutional laws in Belgium can only be amended by first dissolving the existing Parliament and Senate and electing new members of both houses. Amendments require the assent of two-thirds of the members of Parliament and Senate present at the sitting.
621:. The Napoleonic code is the French civil code which was issued between 1804 and 1810. It clearly presents the French legal system. Belgium’s constitution is influenced by earlier constitutions of the French and the Netherlands. Belgium is one of a few countries in the world where defendants are often denied the right to defend themselves. Belgium became an independent state in 1830 with the help of British government and there were restrictions on the parliamentary system of Belgium government. The language differences in Belgium have caused governmental and constitutional problems. Official languages are
769:). Other than the five major codes, a variety of special codes related to military objects, patents, railways, shipping, etc. In Belgium, a jurisprudence administered by the courts exists in order to interpret the law, but no jurisprudence can prevail against an article of the code. A judgement is never quoted before Belgian Court with the object of requiring the Court to state that such judgement should be considered as the law of the land, but it may be quoted simply as a basis for interpreting or explaining a law. Belgium carries out the codification in constant until today.
648:
43:
743:
under the first
Napoleon in 1795. The first legislation on commerce in Belgium was formed when the common law was found to be insufficient to deal with all the ramifications of commercial dealings and local customs. As the necessity of commercial law increase, diverse sets if customs were prepared and put into book form, having commercial law in view. The three principal books are “The Consulate of the Sea”, “The Judgements and Customs of Orleon” and “The Maritime Law of Wisby”.
2212:
563:
698:
783:
719:, Treaty on European Union, and EU Regulations and Directives. Belgium constitutes a single subject of international law. Thus, the regions and communities in Belgium cooperate when “concluding treaties or representing Belgium in international organizations”. The international law increased power since the constitution of Belgium and involves many provisions which directly influence public lives.
824:
The court structure of
Belgium follows the French system due to French influence. The designation of type of courts for all cases are determined by the severity and size of the offence. When the sort of court with purview has been resolved, the case will be assigned to places to be considered. There
733:
Belgium is a federal state with a civil law system. Civil law system in
Belgium is inspired by Roman Law and largely influenced by the French legal system particularly by French Civil Code in 1804. This system differentiates with the common law system applied in other countries by making distinction
1156:
A treatise on
Belgian law containing a complete translation of the entire Code of commerce and Code of procedure, extracts from the Civil code on the subjects of inheritance, succession, marriage contracts, divorce and judicial separation, a translation of separate laws relating to patents, lettres
825:
is one difference with the court system of France in
Belgium, which is usage of language in the court. All the procedures held in the courts in Belgium depend on the location of the court, some use Dutch and some use French. There are also places which use both Dutch and French, typically Brussels.
680:
in the 19th century. The major clauses generally have remained unaltered. French codes are the typical example of a legal system in
Belgium affected by conquests of France. It was implemented in Belgium after Napoleon conquests in 1795. This remained unchanged since Belgium became a state in 1830.
760:
The laws in
Belgium are codified. Most of them are based on the civil laws from the code Napoleon, which has been modified to suit the spirit of modern times and customs of the country, and adapted from French. They have been adjusted in accordance with the Belgian laws. Large databases among the
742:
Commercial law in
Belgium is a collection of judicial rules governing matters arising out of commercial dealings. Commercial law mainly covers legal cases between transactions on commerce, trade and merchandise. Majority of the commercial legislations are based on code of commerce which is formed
714:
Among three major sources of law, which are legislation, customary law and general principles of law, the primary source of law in Belgium is legislation. The two persuasive sources of law which are case-law and academic writing are lesser than the three primary sources of law as Belgium does not
752:
significant role of Napoleonic code was the replacement of the feudal system of law which was the rest of the French monarchy. The Napoleonic code influenced the development of law systems for countries both throughout and outside Europe. Belgium law codes are adopted from the Napoleonic code.
705:
Belgium became independent in 1830 after Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and in the Southern Netherlands. The constitution of Belgium was officially proclaimed by the first Belgian parliament by means of the Belgian Constitutional Act. However, Belgium's legal system after 20 years of French
751:
The Napoleonic code (Code Napoléon) is the unified French civil code established by Napoleon in post-revolutionary France, 1804. The base of the codification is formed by Roman law with diverse customs. In the 19th century, the code was influential and fundamental to the world law system. The
2794:
812:. These areas are separated to twenty-six judicial districts and further separated to 209 judicial cantons. Among the five judicial areas, Brussels, Liege and Ghent belong to courts of appeal. The highest court is the
761:
codes have more than thousands of laws. There are five major codes, which are Code civil (The Civil Code), Code de commerce (The Commercial Code), Code penal (The Criminal Code), Code d'instruction criminelle (
2804:
676:, from 1714 to 1814. Belgium endeavored to make changes and amendments in their legal system which are mostly in French, Dutch and German. This change started to produce satisfactory results from the early
689:(ECHR) in November 1950, which is the day of its adoption, and finally ratified it in June 1955. Belgium also accepted the individual complaints procedure a few weeks after ratification, in July 1955.
2650:
3058:
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633:, which has official status in one district only. Parliamentary democracy usually ends up becoming a coalition government. Belgium is a federal state and has a civil law system.
1852:
163:
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2177:
3118:
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2199:
3018:
2268:
2125:
1897:
1157:
de mer (navigation certificates) and compositions to avoid insolvency, and a vocabulary of phrases and words used in the codes and laws which have a technical meaning
715:
provide the system of legal precedents. International law is also a crucial source in Belgium’s legal system, as Belgium is part of various European Union, such as
2092:
1984:
681:
Law system in Belgium gradually developed with constitutional reforms since 1970. Belgium has applied European legislation and given regard to decisions of the
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2014:
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1964:
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110:
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928:
Florini, A (2005). "Current Developments: I. The Codification of Private International Law: The Belgian Experience".
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2949:
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68:
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The courts in Belgium are organized in a hierarchy. Belgium is divided into five main judicial areas, which are
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1649:
1086:"The Belgian Legal Tradition: From a Long Quest for Legal Independence to a Longing for Dependence?"
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92:
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2879:
2779:
Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation
2748:
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1413:
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213:
8:
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Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
2743:
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189:
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105:
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1954:
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2301:
2145:
2087:
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2019:
2009:
1994:
1989:
1939:
1907:
1892:
1867:
1803:
805:
230:
3083:
3043:
2552:
2034:
1959:
1929:
1679:
1330:
1036:
A Europe of rights : the impact of the ECHR on national legal systems
941:
3108:
1101:
259:
3162:
662:
1621:
1180:
793:
3059:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
797:
782:
697:
2999:
2805:
Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
2448:
1211:
809:
658:
614:
2870:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
1772:
896:
A Digest of the Laws of Belgium and of the French Code Napoléon
673:
3074:
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA
801:
2825:
Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
2940:
European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products
2830:
Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely
2641:
European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances
1054:
The Constitution of Belgium and the Belgian Civil Code
1083:
2800:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
2960:
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
3094:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland
2790:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
3175:
2820:Directive on the energy performance of buildings
1051:
3104:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt
672:in 1830, after a long period of domination by
3089:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA
2915:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
2193:
1788:
1196:
594:
2925:Directive on services in the internal market
2875:Directive on the legal protection of designs
1122:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3004:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College
2855:Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
2774:Directive 2000/43/EC on Anti-discrimination
2749:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)
930:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
2880:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive
2200:
2186:
1795:
1781:
1203:
1189:
1169:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
908:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
601:
587:
717:European Convention on Human Right (ECHR)
2860:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
2845:European units of measurement directives
2734:Copyright Duration Directive (93/98/EEC)
2604:Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011
1013:
781:
696:
646:
3024:Chacón Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA
2218:Judiciary and law of the European Union
1084:Heirbaut & Storme, D , M E (2006).
927:
14:
3176:
2739:Copyright Term Directive (2006/116/EC)
2646:Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006
2599:Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94
2232:Court of Justice of the European Union
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
893:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
2955:Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
2945:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
2661:Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation
2579:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1348/2000
2574:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001
2181:
1776:
1184:
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923:
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919:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
3145:Accountability in the European Union
1210:
1153:
965:
772:
755:
2930:Temporary and Agency Work Directive
2417:Commission and Council acting alone
970:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
687:European Convention on Human Rights
24:
1130:
1074:
1042:
1033:
1022:
974:
948:
916:
852:
819:
746:
668:The Belgian state was formed as a
25:
3195:
2840:European SEA Directive 2001/42/EC
2835:Environmental liability directive
1802:
1267:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
777:
737:
2754:Dangerous Preparations Directive
2679:Good Clinical Practice Directive
2210:
1504:2008–2009 financial crisis
709:
657:outdoor court, reconstructed at
561:
532:Belgium-United Kingdom relations
41:
2885:Measuring Instruments Directive
2714:Capital Requirements Directives
2629:Regulation on Community designs
968:The New Oxford Companion To Law
692:
3099:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
2810:End of Life Vehicles Directive
2402:Ordinary legislative procedure
1090:European Review of Private Law
550:Politics of the European Union
13:
1:
3069:Microsoft Corp. v. Commission
2920:Satellite and Cable Directive
2784:Information Society Directive
2614:Regulation on roaming charges
2332:Charter of Fundamental Rights
845:
537:Belgium-Netherlands relations
283:Sentence enforcement tribunal
220:Administrative jurisdictions
2965:Waste Incineration Directive
2900:Pressure Equipment Directive
2729:Conditional Access Directive
2584:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
2521:Principle of legal certainty
1052:Crabb & John, H (1922).
722:
542:Belgium–Luxembourg relations
280:Family and juvenile tribunal
7:
2950:Universal Service Directive
2786:(first Copyright directive)
2724:Computer Programs Directive
2704:Biocidal Products Directive
2589:Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
1016:Introduction To Belgian Law
828:
765:) and the Code judiciaire (
685:. Also, Belgium signed the
10:
3200:
3140:European Anti-Fraud Office
2609:Customs Regulation 3295/94
2471:European Enforcement Order
763:Code of Criminal Procedure
726:
640:
636:
270:Tribunal of first instance
159:Chamber of Representatives
3153:
3127:
2988:
2975:Water Framework Directive
2970:Waste framework directive
2890:Medical Devices Directive
2719:Clinical Trials Directive
2699:Best available technology
2684:Data Protection Directive
2669:
2566:
2430:
2394:
2345:
2287:
2237:European Court of Justice
2224:
2159:
2111:
2073:
1810:
1734:
1640:
1567:
1558:
1499:
1490:
1404:
1395:
1353:
1344:
1237:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
1222:
683:European Court of Justice
527:Belgium-Germany relations
2895:Posted Workers Directive
2759:Data Retention Directive
729:Civil law (legal system)
661:based on an original at
522:France-Belgium relations
2910:Resale Rights Directive
2516:Precautionary principle
2422:Commission acting alone
1272:Long nineteenth century
840:Prostitution in Belgium
670:constitutional monarchy
487:Communities and regions
3114:Van Duyn v Home Office
3039:Coleman v Attridge Law
2980:Working Time Directive
2531:Principle of conferral
2407:Consultation procedure
2269:Relationship with ECHR
2259:Civil Service Tribunal
1853:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1546:Science and technology
1242:Burgundian Netherlands
894:Butaye, Emile (1918).
789:
787:Law Courts of Brussels
702:
665:
3158:European Union portal
2935:Trade Marks Directive
2506:Maximum harmonisation
2501:Minimum harmonisation
2486:Home state regulation
1154:Todd, Ernest (1905).
785:
700:
650:
277:Correctional tribunal
2456:Direct applicability
2444:Acquis communautaire
2386:Digital Services Act
1722:World Heritage Sites
1257:Austrian Netherlands
1247:Southern Netherlands
1102:10.54648/ERPL2006038
1014:De Bondt, W (2017).
613:The legal system of
318:Justice of the peace
111:Elisabeth of Belgium
69:Constitutional Court
3009:Apostolides v Orams
2744:Cosmetics Directive
2466:European labour law
2369:Framework Directive
2307:Single European Act
2279:European civil code
2074:States with limited
1252:Spanish Netherlands
942:10.1093/iclq/lei015
294:Enterprise tribunal
34:Politics of Belgium
2865:Landfill Directive
2850:Habitats Directive
2764:Database Directive
2656:Rome II Regulation
2511:Preliminary ruling
1277:Belgian Revolution
1262:Brabant Revolution
835:Divorce in Belgium
814:Court of Cassation
790:
703:
666:
643:History of Belgium
568:Belgium portal
236:Court of Cassation
190:De Croo Government
136:Federal Parliament
106:Duchess of Brabant
3171:
3170:
3135:Court of Auditors
2694:Battery Directive
2635:Societas Europaea
2594:EU-Eco-regulation
2496:Incidental effect
2412:Consent procedure
2312:Maastricht Treaty
2274:Public Prosecutor
2247:Advocates General
2175:
2174:
1770:
1769:
1730:
1729:
1554:
1553:
1486:
1485:
1473:Political parties
1424:Foreign relations
1391:
1390:
773:Courts in Belgium
756:The Belgium codes
678:industrialization
611:
610:
515:Foreign relations
467:Political parties
199:Alexander De Croo
16:(Redirected from
3191:
3119:Van Gend en Loos
2905:Rental Directive
2317:Amsterdam Treaty
2216:
2215:
2214:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2112:Dependencies and
1811:Sovereign states
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1011:
972:
971:
966:Cane, P (2009).
963:
946:
945:
925:
914:
913:
907:
899:
891:
617:is based on the
603:
596:
589:
566:
565:
564:
265:Court of assizes
243:Appellate courts
224:Council of State
152:Stephanie D'Hose
45:
29:
28:
21:
3199:
3198:
3194:
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3192:
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3189:
3188:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3149:
3123:
3019:Cassis de Dijon
2984:
2709:Birds Directive
2665:
2619:Brussels Regime
2562:
2548:State liability
2536:Proportionality
2491:Indirect effect
2437:
2435:
2426:
2390:
2341:
2283:
2264:European lawyer
2220:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2176:
2171:
2155:
2113:
2107:
2093:Northern Cyprus
2075:
2069:
1985:North Macedonia
1806:
1801:
1771:
1766:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1726:
1707:Public holidays
1636:
1612:Life expectancy
1550:
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1059:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1032:
1023:
1012:
975:
964:
949:
926:
917:
901:
900:
892:
853:
848:
831:
822:
820:Court structure
780:
775:
758:
749:
747:Napoleonic code
740:
731:
725:
712:
701:Flag of Belgium
695:
645:
639:
619:Napoleonic code
607:
578:
574:Other countries
562:
560:
555:
554:
546:
517:
507:
506:
497:Arrondissements
482:
472:
471:
461:
430:
399:
368:
336:
325:
324:
313:Police tribunal
309:
289:Labour tribunal
253:Court of labour
248:Court of appeal
216:
206:
205:
185:
183:Federal Cabinet
175:
174:
168:Eliane Tillieux
138:
128:
127:
84:
74:
73:
59:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3184:Law of Belgium
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Database right
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:ATEX directive
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:CLP Regulation
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2542:Staatenverbund
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2381:Recommendation
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2167:European Union
2163:
2161:
2160:Other entities
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2114:other entities
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2060:United Kingdom
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Czech Republic
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:Law of Europe
1800:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Communications
1518:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1478:Prime Minister
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:Extreme points
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:Royal Question
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1289:
1284:
1282:Crisis of 1870
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Gallia Belgica
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1129:
1096:(5): 645–683.
1073:
1041:
1021:
973:
947:
936:(2): 499–519.
915:
850:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
837:
830:
827:
821:
818:
779:
778:Type of courts
776:
774:
771:
757:
754:
748:
745:
739:
738:Commercial law
736:
724:
721:
711:
708:
694:
691:
638:
635:
609:
608:
606:
605:
598:
591:
583:
580:
579:
577:
576:
570:
557:
556:
553:
552:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
502:Municipalities
499:
494:
489:
483:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
464:
463:
462:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
433:
432:
431:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
407:
402:
401:
400:
398:
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
371:
370:
369:
367:
366:
359:
354:
349:
343:
337:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
308:
307:
304:
300:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
285:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:Civil tribunal
267:
257:
256:
255:
250:
240:
239:
238:
228:
227:
226:
217:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
195:Prime Minister
186:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
156:
155:
154:
139:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
114:
113:
103:
102:
101:
85:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
66:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:CHP Directive
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Four freedoms
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Direct effect
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Lisbon Treaty
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Merger Treaty
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:General Court
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Faroe Islands
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:South Ossetia
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Liechtenstein
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
969:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
922:
920:
911:
905:
897:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
851:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
826:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
784:
770:
768:
767:Judicial Code
764:
753:
744:
735:
730:
720:
718:
710:Source of law
707:
699:
690:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
664:
660:
656:
655:
654:ancien régime
649:
644:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
604:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
584:
582:
581:
575:
572:
571:
569:
559:
558:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
516:
511:
510:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
476:
475:
468:
465:
458:
455:
453:
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3044:Costa v ENEL
3034:Ciarán Tobin
2633:
2553:Subsidiarity
2540:
2476:Gold-plating
2103:Transnistria
2065:Vatican City
1847:
1650:Architecture
1627:Prostitution
1582:Demographics
1536:Trade unions
1514:Central bank
1440:
1429:Human rights
1409:Constitution
1383:Subdivisions
1336:State reform
1331:Congo Crisis
1309:World War II
1155:
1118:cite journal
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693:Constitution
667:
652:
612:
480:Subdivisions
362:
306:Minor claims
303:Minor crimes
260:Trial courts
123:Royal Family
57:Constitution
26:
3109:Tanja Kreil
2996:ECJ Rulings
2567:Regulations
2322:Nice Treaty
2297:Rome Treaty
2141:Isle of Man
2076:recognition
2045:Switzerland
1980:Netherlands
1446:enforcement
1292:World War I
18:Belgian law
3163:Law portal
3054:Francovich
3049:Factortame
2671:Directives
2433:Principles
2395:Procedures
2359:Regulation
2015:San Marino
1975:Montenegro
1955:Luxembourg
1935:Kazakhstan
1838:Azerbaijan
1717:Television
1697:Literature
1602:Irreligion
1592:Healthcare
1468:Parliament
1319:occupation
1302:occupation
1159:. Belgium.
1056:. Belgium.
846:References
727:See also:
663:Oudenaarde
641:See also:
2558:Supremacy
2526:Recasting
2436:and terms
2364:Directive
2225:Judiciary
2131:Gibraltar
1950:Lithuania
1607:Languages
1587:Education
1541:Transport
1453:Judiciary
1419:Executive
1414:Elections
1373:Mountains
1346:Geography
1165:cite book
1110:140370217
1062:cite book
904:cite book
898:. London.
723:Civil law
492:Provinces
404:Regional
340:European
334:elections
214:Judiciary
164:President
148:President
3178:Category
2376:Decision
2337:Opt-outs
2289:Treaties
2151:Svalbard
2136:Guernsey
2083:Abkhazia
2030:Slovenia
2025:Slovakia
2000:Portugal
1858:Bulgaria
1757:Category
1632:Religion
1572:Abortion
1463:Monarchy
1458:Military
1397:Politics
1314:invasion
1297:invasion
1216:articles
1034:Keller.
829:See also
794:Brussels
373:Federal
99:Philippe
82:Monarchy
64:Taxation
3084:Nordsee
3000:Caselex
2449:EUR-Lex
2242:members
2055:Ukraine
2005:Romania
1965:Moldova
1923:Ireland
1918:Iceland
1913:Hungary
1903:Germany
1898:Georgia
1888:Finland
1883:Estonia
1878:Denmark
1863:Croatia
1848:Belgium
1843:Belarus
1833:Austria
1828:Armenia
1823:Andorra
1818:Albania
1741:Outline
1670:Cuisine
1642:Culture
1597:Honours
1560:Society
1531:Tourism
1509:Banking
1492:Economy
1358:Climate
1224:History
1212:Belgium
1038:. Alec.
810:Antwerp
659:Bokrijk
637:History
615:Belgium
332:Recent
89:Monarch
3079:Metock
3064:Kolpak
3014:Bosman
2355:Acquis
2146:Jersey
2088:Kosovo
2050:Turkey
2040:Sweden
2020:Serbia
2010:Russia
1995:Poland
1990:Norway
1970:Monaco
1940:Latvia
1908:Greece
1893:France
1868:Cyprus
1762:Portal
1685:waffle
1665:Comics
1660:Cinema
1622:People
1526:Energy
1378:Rivers
1287:Empire
1214:
1108:
808:, and
674:France
631:German
623:French
435:Local
143:Senate
3128:Fraud
2989:Cases
2651:REACH
2121:Åland
2035:Spain
1960:Malta
1930:Italy
1748:Index
1712:Sport
1702:Music
1617:Media
1577:Crime
1368:Lakes
1106:S2CID
802:Ghent
798:Liège
627:Dutch
3029:Chen
2347:Acts
1692:Flag
1680:wine
1675:Beer
1434:LGBT
1171:link
1124:link
1068:link
910:link
806:Mons
629:and
457:2024
452:2018
447:2012
442:2006
426:2024
421:2019
416:2014
411:2009
395:2024
390:2019
385:2014
380:2010
363:2024
357:2019
352:2014
347:2009
93:list
3002:):
1655:Art
1441:Law
1098:doi
938:doi
651:An
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