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trial. Krauss supported the
Austrian belief in the existence of an association in Mantua and of committees in other provinces, communicating with Mazzini and expatriates in Switzerland, attempts by Carlo Montanari to map the fortifications of Mantua and Verona, a plan by the Trentine patriot Igino Sartena for an attempt on Radetzky's life, another plan to capture Franz Josef on his visit to Venice (both of which plans Poma and Speri had in the end quashed as impractical).
310:), which showed up how little success Radetzky's policy had had in winning over the region's population and nobility to the Habsburg regime. These failed visits led Radetzky to issue two proclamations (on 22 February and 19 July 1851) decreeing that anyone found in possession of 'revolutionary' writings would be sentenced to 1 to 5 years in prison, reimposing the state of siege, holding the city collectively responsible for housing secret societies (even unknowingly).
570:, who Tazzoli had authorised to publish the sermons Tazzoli had written in jail. Tazzoli had done a great service to the Roman Catholic Church when, under Austrian interrogation, he had written that the Mantuan clergy were as faithful to the revolt as to Catholic tradition, "with spirit adhering to the social and practical value of men's education and training ... and to implement what was necessary to be free. May God forgive me."
559:, found in 1867, were missing). The Andreani kept the discovery secret and asked their absent Austrian contractors to speed up the work by working at night. The Austrians' absence allowed the wall-workers to transport the corpses to a city cemetery in great secrecy. Funeral rites for the remains were finally celebrated some months after this, when Mantua became part of the
551:, the Austrian commander ordered work to reinforce Mantua's fortifications. As part of those works it proved necessary to excavate the sand needed for the work on the city walls and in doing so the chiefs of works from the Andreani family (father and son) recovered what were identified as the martyrs' remains (only those of
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in 1849 led to a hardening in the
Austrian government's attitude. In just one year, from August 1848 to August 1849, the Austrians carried out 961 hangings and executions, requisitioned many expatriates' goods and imposed heavy taxes and extraordinary taxes on the people. The repressive policy was
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The
Austrian trial on 13 November ended with the death sentence being pronounced for all ten defendants. Tazzoli, Poma, Scarsellini, Canal, and Zambelli will later be hanged, while through the intervention of Corti the sentence for Paganoni, Mangili, Quintavalle, Ottonelli and Faccioli was turned
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The
Austrian police and occupying government evidently exaggerated the society's extent, putting most of the prisoners under torture. Most confessed, some died before they could do so, and Pezzotto even chose to commit suicide in his cell at the Castello di Milano. In the end 110 people came to
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With a renewal in the repressive climate, the
Austrian police increased their surveillance activities in Mantua and on 1 January 1852 commissioner Rossi found a folder of 25 francs from a Mazzinian loan during a raid on the home of Luigi Pesci, communal esattore of
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in order to avoid further capital punishments. The
Vatican replied on 1 September, mentioning that a mediation with the Austrian government did take place, but there was not much hope. Should the priests be found guilty, they will have to be
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since 1707. It was the capital of a small but quite rich dukedom, as well as being of some military importance, both for the quality of its fortifications but also for its geographic position, allowing it to control the route between the
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Discontent in the region grew yet more and the patriots began to organise and meet secretly. A section organised itself in Mantua, with its first meeting on 2 November 1850 attended by 10 patriots, including the engineers
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directly carried out by field marshal
Radetzky, governor general, but strongly supported from the imperial court in Vienna. In all, they allowed no ambiguity as to the occupying power's real intentions.
259:) to hold the Lombard and Venetic patriots, imprisoned for their opposition to the Austrian occupation. The French had also thought the city suitable for a prison when, on 20 February 1810, the
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on 23 April 1814. It was thus logical that, from 1815 onwards, the
Austrians turned the whole city into a kind of large stronghold, perhaps the strongest one in the Lombardy-Veneto.
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Tazzoli did not give into his interrogators, led by the judicial auditor Alfred Krauss, but the police managed to decipher the register thanks to informing by the
Mantuan lawyer
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had united the
Sardinian army and countless volunteers from Lombardy, Veneto and many other Italian regions, but the defeat of his force by Radetzky at
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Belfiore: Costituti, documenti tradotti dal tedesco ed altri materiali inediti del processo ai Comitati insurrezionali del Lombardo-Veneto (1852-1853)
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Belfiore: Costituti, documenti tradotti dal tedesco ed altri materiali inediti del processo ai Comitati insurrezionali del Lombardo-Veneto (1852-1853)
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Belfiore: Costituti, documenti tradotti dal tedesco ed altri materiali inediti del processo ai Comitati insurrezionali del Lombardo-Veneto (1852-1853)
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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and other members in Mantua, Verona, Brescia and Venice, with 110 patriots being arrested in total, as well as 30 (including
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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The trial lasted from January 1852 till March 1853, and the first death sentences were pronounced in December 1852.
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and are named after the site where the sentence was carried out, in the valley of Belfiore at the south entrance to
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were a group of pro-independence fighters condemned to death by hanging between 1852 and 1853 during the Italian
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and Montanari imprisoned in Mantua in 1853", retouched reduction, lithograph
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The rite of defrocking of Tazzoli and Ottonelli took place on 24 November.
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in a letter sent on 20 July 1852, asking for an intercession with emperor
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The original of the lithograph of the imprisoned martyrs is in the
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Group of pro-independence fighters during the Italian Risorgimento
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The atmosphere became even worse with two visits by emperor
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The five convicts were hanged in Belfiore on 7 November.
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was executed in Mantua for leading a rebellion in two of
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and marked the failure of all re-pacification policies.
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a machine-translated version of the Italian article.
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1310:Third Rome
574:References
543:After the
517:Tito Speri
498:Executions
353:Tito Speri
345:Carlo Poma
204:Giacomelli
165:Tito Speri
72:in Italian
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135:talk page
25:45°9′24″N
798:Timeline
555:and don
485:degraded
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111:provide
1216:Museums
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389:Vicenza
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296:Venice
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226:Veneto
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1273:Other
592:Milan
441:Speri
381:Padua
367:, in
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196:Speri
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437:Poma
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