420:, resources available, and infection control priorities. A recent study estimated that 40 percent of the world's population lacks adequate sanitary toilet facilities. This lack of access to basic sanitation has far reaching effects, leading to the spread of diseases and reducing overall quality of life. This has a correlation with the amount of bedpan usage, whether multi-use or single-use, as well as how they are cleaned. As of 2014, countries such as Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Mongolia, Norway, Thailand, Tunisia, and Uruguay, had rates of 93%–100% for multiple use bedpans. In other countries, single-use bedpans are more prevalent, such as in Australia, Canada, China, the UK, and the US, with rates varying from 46%–89%. Plastic bedpans are used mostly in the US (93%), Netherlands (100%), France (94%), China (100%), and Tunisia (91%), whereas steel bedpans are mainly used in Germany (91%) and Indonesia (80%). Macerators for single-use bedpans are predominantly used in Australia (73%) and the UK (95%), but not in Canada (48%), the US (7%), China (14%), and Thailand (8%). Bedpan washers use chemical disinfectants mainly in the US, Uruguay, Tunisia, and India, whereas heat is commonly used in Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, and Hong Kong. Only 13% of bedpans were fully sterilized worldwide. It was mentioned in Canada (14%), the US (31%), the Netherlands (20%), France (9%), China (20%), Egypt (19%) and Pakistan (18%) that water was used only for manual cleaning. This was the largest study to date on worldwide bedpan usage, with 93 countries participating and providing 1440 total responses.
210:, also known as a steam sterilizer or macerator. This jumpstarted the switch from stainless steel bedpans to pulp-made bedpans within the United Kingdom, mainly because the overall cost of using a macerator outweighed the cost of disposing of pulp materials. Furthermore, in the European Union, pulp products have recently been reclassified as medical devices, beginning in 2021. This means that these products must meet certain requirements and regulations to ensure their safety and efficacy for medical use. By categorizing pulp products as medical devices, the European Union recognizes their importance in healthcare settings due to their crucial role in maintaining hygiene and preventing infection spread. Utilizing disposable bedpans can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by lowering the risk of contamination during handling and disposal of the excretions.
464:
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washer the bedpan devices were observed for their efficacy in disinfection against C. diff and E. coli by using swabs of the devices shortly after the cycle, microorganisms were eluted and log-kill was calculated. This process showed evidence that the washer disinfector was highly efficacious in against both C. diff spores and E. coli colonies. However, it is important to note that not all countries have this technology and may use other methods of disinfecting for reusable bedpans or opt in for disposable bedpans. Reusable bedpans used multiple times after a disinfecting procedure carried out by hospital staff, whereas disposable bedpans are used once and then discarded right after use.
110:
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339:. For shared equipment, the CDC recommends cleaning and disinfecting before and after each use, and when compatible disinfectants are not available, guidance is to use a washer-disinfector or boiling water. Dedicated equipment cleaning and disinfectant are similar, but with an additional note to accommodate sanitization based on the risk level of the patient. For example, caregivers should wear gloves when emptying bedpans for those on
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increase the risk of adults developing urinary incontinence. Absorbent products are designed specifically to absorb or contain urine, and some are even reusable. There are various designs of absorbent products, and some may be better suited for individuals depending on their level of incontinence.
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are types of sturdy portable toilets that can be used outside the bed by individuals. For those with spinal cord injuries, shower commodes are a common part of assistive technology to help with bowel movements and bathing routines. Some concerns with shower commodes include long and frequent usage
61:
Bedpans can be either reusable or disposable, and include several different types. Reusable bedpans must be emptied, cleaned, and sanitized after each use and allow for urination or defecation while either sitting or lying in bed, as they are placed beneath the buttocks for use. Disposable bedpans
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when following instructions, which is an alternative to disposable bedpan waste management. This was proven by a trial where commercially available washer disinfectors were evaluated for efficacy and thermal disinfections against C. difficile spores and colonies of E. coli. After one cycle of the
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materials. Stainless steel is durable and easy to clean, but it may be cold, hard, and/or uncomfortable to use. Since the 1960s, disposable bedpans or single-use bedpan liners, made from either recycled wood pulp or biodegradable plastics, have become more popular. The first patent for disposable
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in the 16th century, when surgeons developed the urinals to manage male urinary incontinence. Female urinals do exist; however, they may be less easy to use compared to male urinals since they require a wider opening and this can lead to spillage, especially for bedridden individuals, for whom a
100:
in both size and function. Chamber pots are larger and usually have handles and a lid. A bedpan is smaller, since it is placed in the bed and positioned under the person for use. Bedpans can have lids, but most do not, as they are immediately emptied or disposed of after use. Bedpans have a long
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and then correlated them to corresponding sanitization procedures. As a result, Nightingale proposed several methods to improve the sanitary conditions in both military and civilian hospitals, including the addition of bedpans in order to reduce infection exposure from urine or
89:. This type of bedpan may be used for those who cannot raise their hips high enough or roll over onto a regular-size bedpan. Bedpans have a weight limit, which is different depending on the material and style of the bedpan. For people who are over those weight limits, a
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help to manage moderate to heavy incontinence. Choosing which product to use depends on a variety of different factors, such as gender, cost, and level of dependence on absorbent products, but all such products have an absorbent lining that prevents leakage and odor.
225:
for those confined to beds and may be used in a hospital, nursing facility, or at home. There are many reasons someone may be confined to bed, necessitating the use of bedpans. These include permanent or long-term disease states with limited mobility such as
440:
are catheters that can be used for years and, akin to bedpans, come either as a one-time-use drainage bag or as a leg bag that can be cleaned or reused. While there are benefits to catheters, a common complication of long-term catheter use is asymptomatic
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outbreaks or used copper to treat infections or infectious complications. There are a variety of alternative disposal methods to ensure that infection spread is under control, such as bedpan washer disinfector machines and disposable bedpans.
205:
In particular, after the introduction and implementation of the Health
Technical Memorandum in the United Kingdom in 2007, now renamed Health Technical Memorandum 2030, it became mandatory to sterilize hospital equipment using an
875:"A review of Spaulding's classification system for effective cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of reusable medical devices: Viewed through a modern-day lens that will inform and enable future sustainability"
1353:
Mock, C. N.; Nugent, R.; Kobusingye, O.; Smith, K. R.; Hutton, G.; Chase, C. (2017-10-27). "Water Supply, Sanitation, and
Hygiene". In Mock, Charles N.; Nugent, Rachel; Kobusingye, Olive; Smith, Kirk R. (eds.).
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procedures for medical devices are established based on the device category. There are three categories of medical device types, which are generally agreed upon by international governing bodies, including the
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Popp, Walter; Zorigt, Khand; Borg, Michael Angelo; Zerafa, Simeone; Khamis, Nagwa; Damani, Nizam; Sowande, Abimbola; Friedman, Candice; Goldman, Carol; Lieske, Tim; Lee, Terrie; Richards, Judith (2015).
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combined, and have the largest capacity. Fracture or slipper bedpans are smaller than standard-size bedpans and have one flat end. These bedpans are designed specifically for people who have had a
296:
during use, offering protection and providing an extra measure of privacy. Some of these ergonomic designs require material that is more difficult to sterilize, and may become a reservoir for
335:. These categories are Critical Use, Semi-Critical Use, and Non-Critical Use. Bedpans are considered Non-Critical use, meaning the recommendation for cleaning is a low or intermediate level
316:
for bedridden individuals is important to reduce the risk of infection. Used bedpans contain bodily fluids and waste and can either be reused through disinfection or disposed of.
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have been utilized more recently for the cleaning of reusable bedpans rather than disinfectants, especially due to the risk of cross-contamination with viruses such as
70:
materials, and are disposed of after a single use. Disposable bedpans or liners rest inside a reusable bedpan, which is needed to support the user's weight during use.
950:
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1135:"Alkaline detergent combined with a routine ward bedpan washer disinfector cycle eradicates Clostridium difficile spores from the surface of plastic bedpans"
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being associated with skin breakdown and the development of pressure ulcers, but additional studies need to be conducted to further address safety concerns.
153:, who worked as a nurse in the United Kingdom from the mid to late 1800s, diagramed death rates and causes for soldiers in military hospitals during the
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bedpans have been developed, which support the person with a larger area of less-conductive plastic. There are also designs that completely cover the
19:
This article is about an item of medical equipment. For the
Bedford to London St Pancras railway line known colloquially as the "Bedpan service", see
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1237:"Global practices related to handling of faeces and urine in hospitals - results of an International Federation of Infection Control (IFIC) survey"
484:
Pantyliners, pads, and leakage guards for adults help to manage light to moderate incontinence, whereas undergarments, protective underwear, and
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provide an additional option for getting rid of fluid waste; however, fecal matter may still require the use of a bedpan or other instruments.
2089:
1526:"Clinical assessment, design and performance testing of mobile shower commodes for adults with spinal cord injury: an exploratory review"
452:, or urinal bottles, are common instruments used by not only those who are bedridden, but also those en route to get rid of liquid waste
702:
324:
288:. Pressure ulcers can be caused by prolonged use and the supporting areas of the bedpan being too small. In order to reduce this risk,
1729:
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392:. Washer disinfectors are instruments used to disinfect used bedpans at high temperatures of at least 80 °C to 85 °C.
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2014:
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181:, and after the 1960s, bedpan materials expanded to include plastics and disposable substances. The initial bedpan patent
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Health
Technical Memorandum 01-01: Decontamination of reusable medical devices - Part A (Management and environment)
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was patented in the United States in June 1976 and relied mainly on wood pulp products as the primary material.
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bedpan that has been dated to the 16th or 17th century. At that time, bedpans were made from materials including
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926:"Environmental Cleaning Procedures | Environmental Cleaning in Global Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC"
849:"Environmental Cleaning Procedures | Environmental Cleaning in Global Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC"
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Disinfector machines have been shown to be efficacious against common bacterial infections such as
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2005:
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Disease
Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 7): Injury Prevention and Environmental Health
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was created in the United States in the 1940s. Today, most bedpans are made of stainless steel,
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1282:"The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis: Toilets that Make Compost"
1281:
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Wilde, Mary H.; Fader, Mandy; Ostaszkiewicz, Joan; Prieto, Jacqui; Moore, Katherine (2013).
1174:"Washer disinfector and alkaline detergent efficacy against C. difficile on plastic bedpans"
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single handle that can double as a spout, either for urine entry or for emptying after use.
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242:. Additionally, individuals may be confined to bed temporarily as a result of a short-term
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2009:
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766:"A disposable bedpan system using an improved disposal unit and self-supporting bedpans"
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indications dating back to the 19th century, as some copper workers appeared immune to
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1454:"A historical perspective and evolution of the treatment of male urinary incontinence"
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Alfa, Michelle J.; Olson, Nancy; Buelow-Smith, Louise; Murray, Brenda-Lee (2013).
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1330:"1 in 3 people globally do not have access to safe drinking water – UNICEF, WHO"
1083:"COVID-19: considerations for the safe management and disposal of human excreta"
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Hatt, Savannah; Schindler, Bryan; Bach, Diana; Greene, Christine (2020-07-01).
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530:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 648.
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369:, steel does not have an inherent ability to disinfect. Copper has had some
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Patient care in community practice: a handbook of non-medicinal healthcare
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455:````. The use of portable urinals has a long history, dating back to the
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149:. Bedpans were not a commonplace item in hospitals until the late 1800s.
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976:"Toward a Safer and Cleaner Way: Dealing With Human Waste in Healthcare"
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583:"bedpan, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary"
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of a person who is confined to a bed and therefore not able to use a
1399:"Urinary Bag Decontamination for Long-term Use: A Systematic Review"
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Bedpan use varies significantly among countries based on social and
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632:"Florence Nightingale understood the power of visualizing science"
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Using stainless steel or plastic reusable bedpans poses a risk of
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in 1572, and one of the oldest known bedpans is on display in the
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bedpan can be used, which includes tapered edges for durability.
2687:
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1806:
1637:
1586:"Managing Incontinence Using Technology, Devices, and Products"
718:
Department of Health
Estates & Facilities Division (2007).
652:
559:"Bed pan, England, 1501-1700 | Science Museum Group Collection"
523:
366:
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130:
51:
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1503:(2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 46–47.
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Green glazed earthenware bedpan from the 16th or 17th century
43:
1524:
Friesen, Emma; Theodoros, Deborah; Russell, Trevor (2013).
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744:"Medical Device Coordination Group Document MDCG 2021-24"
333:
European Centre for
Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
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Newman, Diane K.; Fader, Mandy; Bliss, Donna Z. (2004).
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For individuals who are bedridden or experience urinary
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811:
809:
678:"Bed Pans: Why They're Useful and How to Pick Yours"
524:
Bunker
Rosdahl, Caroline; Kowalski, Mary T. (2008).
280:
Some downsides to using bedpans include the risk of
117:
The word bedpan was first seen in the literature of
1530:
920:
918:
704:
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office
365:and the environment. Compared to other metals like
261:for immobile patients with the following concerns:
1028:
816:Toney-Butler, Tammy J.; Gaston, Gwendolyn (2023),
815:
707:. Vol. 526. U.S. Patent Office. p. 1075.
273:, high fall risk, increased injury potential, and
1451:
1403:Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing
1265:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
806:
3006:
1583:
1081:Hallam C, Denton A, Thirkell G (December 2020).
915:
1452:Chong, Julio T.; Simma-Chiang, Vannita (2017).
951:"Caregiver Exposure to Chemotherapy | OncoLink"
824:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
325:Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
300:; there have been improvements in cleaning and
284:, lack of privacy, and the potential to spread
1579:
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308:Cleaning, sterilization, and infection control
2160:
1663:
1031:"Metallic copper as an antimicrobial surface"
873:Rowan NJ, Kremer T, McDonnell G (June 2023).
722:(Revised ed.). Stationery Office Books.
265:, such as hip or lower extremities, profound
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1227:
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1128:
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1029:Grass G, Rensing C, Solioz M (March 2011).
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1241:International Journal of Infection Control
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169:In the 20th century, bedpans were made of
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789:
42:is a device used as a receptacle for the
16:Toilet device for someone confined to bed
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108:
25:
257:Current nursing guidance suggests that
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2939:History of water supply and sanitation
2825:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
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1035:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
763:
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343:in order to avoid exposure to toxins.
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2015:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
1651:
1279:
1178:American Journal of Infection Control
1139:American Journal of Infection Control
973:
675:
467:Portable toileting and support tools.
213:
1360:. The World Bank. pp. 171–198.
879:The Science of the Total Environment
701:United States Patent Office (1941).
563:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
165:Patent for disposable bedpans, 1976
2994:Workers' right to access the toilet
2944:Human right to water and sanitation
506:, used for male patients' urination
13:
2576:Toilet-related injuries and deaths
2090:reform debate in the United States
329:Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
73:Regular bedpans look similar to a
14:
3031:
2790:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue
2117:(Category Health care by country)
608:"The Bedpan and its Significance"
2954:Infection prevention and control
2129:
2128:
1636:
1602:10.1097/00006199-200411006-00007
1087:Infection Prevention in Practice
676:Staff, Gold Years (2022-10-27).
312:Managing proper hygiene and the
2542:Privatization of public toilets
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892:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162976
866:
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757:
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1826:Academic health science centre
1499:Harman, Robin J., ed. (2002).
711:
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551:
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320:Sterilization and disinfection
1:
2063:Health information management
2048:health information technology
1786:Health information management
1366:10.1596/978-1-4648-0522-6_ch9
770:Journal of Clinical Pathology
510:
460:bedpan may be better suited.
2810:Public toilets in Bratislava
2038:Translational bioinformatics
1542:10.3109/17483107.2012.704656
1458:Neurourology and Urodynamics
1415:10.1097/WON.0b013e3182800305
1286:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1099:10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100085
974:Apple, Michael (July 2016).
438:Indwelling urinary catheters
7:
2480:(combined toilet and bidet)
2174:
2068:Consumer health informatics
818:"Nursing Bedpan Management"
764:Gibson GL (December 1973).
492:
10:
3036:
2581:Toilet Revolution in China
1191:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.028
1151:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.326
606:Senior, Rob (2021-02-17).
104:
30:Different Types of Bedpans
18:
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2860:
2772:
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2645:
2604:
2487:
2287:
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2058:Public health informatics
1994:
1971:Electronic health records
1941:
1905:
1849:
1841:Supervised injection site
1794:
1781:Allied health professions
1748:
1685:
1253:10.3396/IJIC.v11i1.004.15
527:Textbook of basic nursing
123:Science Museum of London.
85:or are recovering from a
2845:Toilets in New York City
2795:Modern Toilet Restaurant
2527:Islamic toilet etiquette
992:10.1177/1937586715619739
350:Oval stainless steel pan
2749:Fecal sludge management
2708:Urine collection device
2693:Urinal deodorizer block
2658:Female urination device
2006:Medical image computing
1956:Artificial intelligence
1596:(Supplement): S42–S48.
1280:Shane, Andi L. (2009).
412:Global usage of bedpans
2979:Sustainable sanitation
2964:Reuse of human excreta
2043:Translational medicine
1298:10.3201/eid1509.090668
1255:(inactive 2024-09-12).
468:
351:
166:
125:It is a green, glazed
114:
31:
2934:Ecological sanitation
2835:Toilet History Museum
2785:Hundertwasser Toilets
2727:Feces-related aspects
2646:Urine-related aspects
2547:Swachh Bharat Mission
2032:Computational biology
1933:Universal precautions
1645:at Wikimedia Commons
782:10.1136/jcp.26.12.925
479:Old age and multiple
466:
349:
259:bedpans are indicated
164:
112:
29:
2850:Bryant Park restroom
2698:Urinal (health care)
2517:Honeywagon (vehicle)
2026:Behavior informatics
1047:10.1128/AEM.02766-10
504:Urinal (health care)
151:Florence Nightingale
96:Bedpans differ from
2949:Improved sanitation
2800:National Poo Museum
2744:Defecation postures
2605:Jobs and activities
2507:Bathroom privileges
2463:Urine-diverting dry
2010:imaging informatics
1918:Cultural competence
382:Washer disinfectors
314:cleaning of bedpans
232:Parkinson's disease
228:Alzheimer's disease
2898:Groom of the Stool
2663:Interactive urinal
2617:Restroom attendant
1996:Health informatics
1771:Healthcare science
469:
457:French Renaissance
352:
214:Use and Indication
167:
115:
32:
3020:Medical equipment
3002:
3001:
2622:Sanitation worker
2612:Manual scavenging
2240:Toilet seat riser
2142:
2141:
1906:Skills / training
1830:Teaching hospital
1641:Media related to
1510:978-0-85369-450-2
1470:10.1002/nau.23429
1375:978-1-4648-0522-6
3027:
2989:World Toilet Day
2984:Waste management
2974:Sewage treatment
2861:Historical terms
2840:Toilets in Japan
2522:Incontinence pad
2512:Bathroom reading
2274:Toilet rim block
2262:Holder/dispenser
2225:Electronic bidet
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2020:Neuroinformatics
1961:Connected health
1672:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1590:Nursing Research
1581:
1570:
1569:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1464:(3): 1169–1175.
1449:
1443:
1442:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1193:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1041:(5): 1541–1547.
1026:
1020:
1019:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
955:www.oncolink.org
947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
922:
913:
912:
894:
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
845:
839:
838:
837:
836:
813:
804:
803:
793:
761:
755:
754:
748:
740:
734:
733:
715:
709:
708:
698:
692:
691:
689:
688:
673:
667:
666:
664:
663:
649:
643:
642:
640:
639:
628:
622:
621:
619:
618:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
579:
573:
572:
570:
569:
555:
549:
548:
546:
544:
521:
304:to combat this.
219:Bedpans are used
201:
186:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2922:
2856:
2768:
2759:Open defecation
2722:
2718:Urine diversion
2713:Urine deflector
2641:
2632:Toilet training
2600:
2586:Toilet Twinning
2489:
2483:
2434:(self-cleaning)
2397:Passenger train
2330:Container-based
2283:
2178:
2173:
2143:
2138:
2120:
2074:
2073:
2072:
1990:
1937:
1901:
1877:Overutilization
1845:
1836:Pharmacy school
1802:Assisted living
1790:
1744:
1681:
1676:
1634:
1633:
1582:
1573:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1497:
1493:
1450:
1446:
1395:
1391:
1376:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1278:
1274:
1258:
1257:
1232:
1223:
1170:
1166:
1131:
1124:
1079:
1072:
1027:
1023:
972:
968:
959:
957:
949:
948:
944:
935:
933:
924:
923:
916:
871:
867:
858:
856:
847:
846:
842:
834:
832:
814:
807:
776:(12): 925–928.
762:
758:
746:
742:
741:
737:
730:
716:
712:
699:
695:
686:
684:
674:
670:
661:
659:
651:
650:
646:
637:
635:
630:
629:
625:
616:
614:
604:
600:
591:
589:
581:
580:
576:
567:
565:
557:
556:
552:
542:
540:
538:
522:
518:
513:
495:
426:
414:
310:
282:pressure ulcers
271:major surgeries
216:
197:
182:
179:stainless steel
107:
87:hip replacement
83:pelvic fracture
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:Skibidi Toilet
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2490:policy aspects
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2252:Toilet cleaner
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:United Kingdom
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Digital health
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:3D bioprinting
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:Bedside manner
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1822:Medical school
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1632:
1631:
1571:
1536:(4): 267–274.
1516:
1509:
1491:
1444:
1409:(3): 299–308.
1389:
1374:
1345:
1321:
1272:
1221:
1184:(7): 761–764.
1164:
1145:(4): 381–383.
1122:
1070:
1021:
966:
942:
914:
865:
840:
805:
756:
735:
728:
710:
693:
668:
644:
623:
612:American Nurse
598:
574:
550:
537:978-0781765213
536:
515:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
501:
494:
491:
471:Mobile shower
425:
422:
418:cultural norms
413:
410:
309:
306:
298:microorganisms
215:
212:
196:bedpan liners
106:
103:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3032:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Public health
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Toilet (room)
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Flying toilet
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Female urinal
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Unisex public
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:Toilet humour
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2279:Trap (U-bend)
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:United States
2083:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:in healthcare
2033:
2030:
2028:in healthcare
2027:
2024:
2022:in healthcare
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:(4): 100085.
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
956:
952:
946:
931:
927:
921:
919:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
854:
850:
844:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
810:
801:
797:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
752:
745:
739:
731:
729:9780113227983
725:
721:
714:
706:
705:
697:
683:
679:
672:
658:
654:
648:
633:
627:
613:
609:
602:
588:
584:
578:
564:
560:
554:
539:
533:
529:
528:
520:
516:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
490:
487:
486:adult diapers
482:
481:comorbidities
477:
474:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
446:
444:
439:
435:
431:
421:
419:
409:
406:
405:
400:
399:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
371:antimicrobial
368:
364:
360:
359:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
317:
315:
305:
303:
302:sterilization
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
220:
211:
209:
203:
200:
194:
190:
185:
180:
176:
172:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
111:
102:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
68:biodegradable
65:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2913:Privy midden
2734:Anal hygiene
2627:Slopping out
2596:Vacuum truck
2571:Toilet plume
2561:
2502:Adult diaper
2488:Cultural and
2372:Incinerating
2257:Toilet paper
2205:Bidet shower
2194:
2053:Telemedicine
1986:Telemedicine
1981:Nanomedicine
1817:Nursing home
1635:
1593:
1589:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1500:
1494:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1356:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1261:cite journal
1244:
1240:
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855:. 2023-05-04
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657:www.aahn.org
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634:. 2020-05-10
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2908:Pail closet
2893:Gong farmer
2878:Close stool
2873:Chamber pot
2820:Shit Museum
2473:Vermifilter
2377:Intelligent
2267:Orientation
2230:Flushometer
2112:New Zealand
1867:End-of-life
1749:Professions
1679:Health care
1334:www.who.int
1292:(9): 1540.
930:www.cdc.gov
853:www.cdc.gov
587:www.oed.com
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401:spores and
275:obstetrical
155:Crimean War
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3009:Categories
2969:Sanitation
2918:Reredorter
2903:Night soil
2739:Defecation
2552:Toilet god
2537:Latrinalia
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2368:(Scouting)
2340:Dual flush
2325:Composting
2079:By country
1943:Technology
1882:Palliative
1710:Philosophy
1700:Guidelines
1339:2023-08-02
960:2023-08-02
936:2023-08-01
885:: 162976.
859:2023-07-31
835:2023-07-26
822:StatPearls
687:2023-07-27
682:Gold Years
662:2023-07-26
638:2023-07-27
617:2023-07-26
592:2023-07-26
568:2023-07-26
511:References
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356:spreading
331:, and the
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184:US2243791A
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1928:Education
1923:Diagnosis
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1550:1748-3107
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1306:1080-6040
1216:210085302
1200:0196-6553
1000:1937-5867
909:257706175
751:Europa.Eu
653:"Bedpans"
543:March 29,
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358:infection
294:genitalia
290:ergonomic
286:infection
263:fractures
223:toileting
208:autoclave
199:US3962732
147:porcelain
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2927:See also
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2805:Outhouse
2673:Pee curl
2417:Portable
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2355:Freezing
2320:Chemical
2300:Arborloo
2295:Aircraft
2190:Ballcock
2134:Category
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1795:Settings
1766:Pharmacy
1756:Medicine
1705:Industry
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1618:15586147
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1208:31911070
1159:23040603
1117:34316567
1065:21193661
1016:12896749
1008:26747841
901:36963674
830:29763153
493:See also
473:commodes
361:through
240:dementia
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3015:Toilets
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