1078:, the Irish Meteorological Service. Met Éireann issues a "Small Craft Warning" if winds of Beaufort force 6 (mean wind speed exceeding 22 knots) are expected up to 10 nautical miles offshore. Other warnings are issued by Met Éireann for Irish coastal waters, which are regarded as extending 30 miles out from the coastline, and the Irish Sea or part thereof: "Gale Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 8 are expected; "Strong Gale Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 9 or frequent gusts of at least 52 knots are expected.; "Storm Force Warnings" are issued if Beaufort force 10 or frequent gusts of at least 61 knots are expected; "Violent Storm Force Warnings" are issued if Beaufort force 11 or frequent gusts of at least 69 knots are expected; "Hurricane Force Warnings" are issued if winds of greater than 64 knots are expected.
1129:
storm (force wind) warning and hurricane-force wind warning. These designations were standardised nationally in 2008, whereas "light wind" can refer to 0 to 12 or 0 to 15 knots and "moderate wind" 12 to 19 or 16 to 19 knots, depending on regional custom, definition or practice. Prior to 2008, a "strong wind warning" would have been referred to as a "small craft warning" by
Environment Canada, similar to US terminology. (Canada and the USA have the Great Lakes in common.)
221:
938:
893:
850:
796:
748:
701:
653:
616:
579:
542:
505:
464:
427:
104:
950:
945:
900:
857:
809:
803:
761:
755:
708:
660:
1902:
40:
1128:
In Canada, maritime winds forecast to be in the range of 6 to 7 are designated as "strong"; 8 to 9 "gale force"; 10 to 11 "storm force"; 12 "hurricane force". Appropriate wind warnings are issued by
Environment Canada's Meteorological Service of Canada: strong wind warning, gale (force wind) warning,
1081:
This scale is also widely used in the
Netherlands, Germany, Greece, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malta, and Macau, although with some differences between them. Taiwan uses the Beaufort scale with the extension to 17 noted above. China also switched to this extended version without prior notice on the
117:
the century before). In the 18th century, naval officers made regular weather observations, but there was no standard scale and so they could be very subjective — one man's "stiff breeze" might be another's "soft breeze"—: Beaufort succeeded in standardising a scale. The scale was devised in
841:
Very high waves with long overhanging crests; resulting foam in great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind; on the whole the surface of the sea takes on a white appearance; rolling of the sea becomes heavy; visibility affected
884:
Exceptionally high waves; small- and medium-sized ships might be for a long time lost to view behind the waves; sea is covered with long white patches of foam; everywhere the edges of the wave crests are blown into foam; visibility affected
332:
also begin roughly at the end of level 12 of the
Beaufort scale, but are independent scales, although the TORRO scale wind values are based on the 3/2 power law relating wind velocity to Beaufort force.
958:
The
Beaufort scale is neither an exact nor an objective scale; it was based on visual and subjective observation of a ship and of the sea. The corresponding integral wind speeds were determined later,
1125:
if related to a tropical cyclone). A set of red warning flags (daylight) and red warning lights (night time) is displayed at shore establishments which coincide with the various levels of warning.
302:
205:
Meteorological Office, was responsible for this and for the addition of the land-based descriptors. The measures were slightly altered some decades later to improve its utility for
1943:
182:
The scale was made a standard for ship's log entries on Royal Navy vessels in the late 1830s and, in 1853, the
Beaufort scale was accepted as generally applicable at the
981:
Manual on Marine
Meteorological Services (2012 edition) defined the Beaufort Scale only up to force 12 and there was no recommendation on the use of the extended scale.
1775:[Decision No. 18/2021/QĐ-TTg of the Prime Minister: Regulations on forecasting, warning, communication of natural disaster and natural disaster risk levels].
320:= 9.5 is related to 24.5 m/s which is equal to the lower limit of "10 Beaufort". Using this formula the highest winds in hurricanes would be 23 in the scale. F1
1296:
In this scale the weather designations could be combined, and reported, for example, as "s.c." for snow and detached cloud or "g.r.q." for dark, rain and squally.
1853:
1431:
1694:
The names "storm" and "hurricane" on the
Beaufort scale refer only to wind strength, and do not necessarily mean that other severe weather (for instance, a
189:
In 1916, to accommodate the growth of steam power, the descriptions were changed to how the sea, not the sails, behaved and extended to land observations.
969:
The
Beaufort scale was extended in 1946 when forces 13 to 17 were added. However, forces 13 to 17 were intended to apply only to special cases, such as
2005:
740:
Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests break into spindrift; foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind
1963:
1832:
183:
1572:
1940:
1306:
1975:
1773:"Quyết định số 18/2021/QĐ-TTg của Thủ tướng Chính phủ: Quy định về dự báo, cảnh báo, truyền tin thiên tai và cấp độ rủi ro thiên tai"
1958:
209:. Nowadays, meteorologists typically express wind speed in kilometres or miles per hour or, for maritime and aviation purposes,
1798:
1545:
1528:
1499:
1749:
1984:
1950:
fact sheet on the history of the
Beaufort Scale, including various scales and photographic depictions of the sea state.
930:
The air is filled with foam and spray; sea is completely white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected
1861:
1807:
1555:
1378:
978:
263:
113:
The scale that carries Beaufort's name had a long and complex evolution from the previous work of others (including
1517:
Experimenting on a Small Planet: A History of Scientific Discoveries, a Future of Climate Change and Global Warming
1442:
1740:
788:
High waves; dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind; sea begins to roll; spray affects visibility
2036:
1828:
1717:
689:
Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind;
194:
17:
1122:
973:. Nowadays, the extended scale is used in Taiwan, mainland China and Vietnam, which are often affected by
2031:
198:
146:
1712:
1702:) is present. To avoid confusion, strong wind warnings will often speak of e.g. "hurricane-force winds".
1996:
608:
Moderate waves taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed; chance of some spray
2041:
123:
1645:
645:
Large waves begin to form; the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere; probably some spray
1337:
213:, but Beaufort scale terminology is still sometimes used in weather forecasts for shipping and the
142:
1623:
534:
Large wavelets; crests begin to break; foam of glassy appearance; perhaps scattered white horses
493:
Small wavelets still short but more pronounced; crests have a glassy appearance but do not break
1990:
1369:
Defining the Wind: The Beaufort Scale, and How a 19th-Century Admiral Turned Science into Poetry
2021:
1979:
1857:
1576:
1110:
231:
1520:
1491:
1327:
1322:
648:
Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty
1772:
1098:
179:, from "just sufficient to give steerage" to "that which no canvas sails could withstand".
1883:
8:
404:
135:
1367:
145:
in the 1830s, when it was adopted officially. It was first used during the 1831-1836
1913:
1551:
1524:
1495:
1406:
1374:
1317:
1067:
1667:
1811:
1699:
1114:
1097:
In the United States of America, winds of force 6 or 7 result in the issuance of a
970:
409:
245:
119:
107:
57:
1598:
1947:
1416:
1083:
225:
Data graphic showing Beaufort wind force in scale units, knots and metres/second
1432:"National Meteorological Library and Archive Fact sheet 6 – The Beaufort Scale"
1137:
Beaufort's name was also attached to the Beaufort scale for weather reporting:
399:
214:
202:
172:
157:
1953:
1410:
1082:
morning of 15 May 2006, and the extended scale was immediately put to use for
1075:
171:
numbers, but related qualitative wind conditions to effects on the sails of a
2026:
2015:
1917:
1118:
1106:
206:
31:
1985:
The Beaufort Scale and Weather Diaries of Rear Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort
1695:
1332:
1102:
497:
325:
114:
39:
845:
Seldom experienced inland; trees uprooted; considerable structural damage
611:
Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters
1352:
1071:
394:
336:
329:
257:
210:
127:
696:
Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt when walking against the wind
339:
in the scale are for conditions in the open ocean, not along the shore.
2000:
1487:
1438:
190:
176:
168:
161:
150:
131:
88:
220:
1908:
1342:
1087:
910:
690:
84:
44:
937:
892:
849:
312:
is the equivalent wind speed at 10 metres above the sea surface and
27:
Empirical measure describing wind speed based on observed conditions
795:
747:
700:
652:
615:
578:
541:
504:
463:
426:
1800:
Manual on Marine Meteorological Services: Volume I – Global Aspect
1113:" being issued instead of the latter two if the winds relate to a
456:
Ripples with appearance of scales are formed, without foam crests
103:
974:
321:
949:
944:
899:
856:
537:
Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; light flags extended
1519:(second ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Verlag. p.
1347:
1312:
808:
802:
760:
754:
707:
659:
167:
The initial scale of 13 classes (zero to 12) did not reference
91:
to observed conditions at sea or on land. Its full name is the
72:
47:-force") storm at sea, the highest rated on the Beaufort scale
1969:
1091:
960:
but the values in different units were never made equivalent.
819:
791:
Slight structural damage (chimney pots and slates removed)
718:
193:
rotations to scale numbers were standardised only in 1923.
66:
888:
Very rarely experienced; accompanied by widespread damage
571:
Small waves becoming longer; fairly frequent white horses
1074:
in the United Kingdom, and in the Sea Area Forecast from
184:
First International Meteorological Conference in Brussels
30:"Violent storm" redirects here. For the video game, see
1959:
Historical Wind Speed Equivalents Of The Beaufort Scale
459:
Direction shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes
266:
69:
75:
63:
60:
1901:
1366:
743:Twigs break off trees; generally impedes progress
574:Raises dust and loose paper; small branches moved
296:
1966:showing effects on land/sea effects at each step.
1743:[Basic terminology for weather forecast]
230:Wind speed on the Beaufort scale is based on the
2013:
1690:
1688:
1833:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1713:"FAQ for Marine: 2. Beaufort Wind Scale Table?"
297:{\displaystyle ={\frac {13}{8}}{\sqrt {B^{3}}}}
1396:
1394:
1392:
1685:
164:in Britain giving regular weather forecasts.
1426:
1424:
1405:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
201:(later Sir George Simpson), director of the
1941:National Meteorological Library and Archive
1389:
1101:, with force 8 or 9 winds bringing about a
1976:Ireland's Beaufort was Windscale Inventor
1421:
1481:
1417:reprinted in 2003 by Dover Publications.
219:
102:
38:
1972:, cites the original definition formula
1573:"T-Scale: Origins and Scientific Basis"
1400:
1307:Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
316:is Beaufort scale number. For example,
14:
2014:
1466:
1403:Principles of Meteorological Analysis
1364:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
906:
863:
815:
1829:"JetStream Max: Wind and Sea Scales"
1543:
1490:, England: Stanley Thornes. p.
767:
714:
666:
624:
587:
550:
513:
472:
435:
386:
160:, who was later to set up the first
1750:China Meteorological Administration
1514:
1484:Fundamentals of Weather and Climate
24:
1987:—The history of the Beaufort Scale
1570:
1282:visibility (unusual transparency)
905:
496:Wind felt on face; leaves rustle;
25:
2053:
1934:
1808:World Meteorological Organization
1469:Encyclopedia of world climatology
979:World Meteorological Organization
964:
1854:"Wetterlexikon - Beaufort-Skala"
1132:
1094:retain force 12 as the maximum.
948:
943:
936:
898:
891:
855:
848:
807:
801:
794:
759:
753:
746:
706:
699:
658:
651:
614:
577:
540:
503:
462:
425:
56:
2006:US Economic Costs of High Winds
1894:
1876:
1846:
1821:
1791:
1765:
1733:
1705:
1660:
1638:
1401:Saucier, Walter Joseph (1955).
342:
1718:Central Weather Administration
1648:. Royal Meteorological Society
1616:
1591:
1564:
1537:
1508:
1475:
1460:
814:
217:warnings given to the public.
13:
1:
1912:. 29 April 1873. p. 10.
1358:
1119:hurricane-force wind warning
175:, then the main ship of the
7:
1779:(in Vietnamese). p. 60
1624:"Beaufort wind force scale"
1299:
141:, and refined until he was
10:
2058:
1884:"昨日实行新标准"珍珠"属强台风_新闻中心_新浪网"
1547:Environmental Oceanography
134:officer, while serving on
98:
29:
1997:Beaufort wind force scale
1777:Vietnam Government Portal
1066:The scale is used in the
371:
368:
93:Beaufort wind force scale
1946:13 November 2017 at the
1753:(in Chinese). p. 10
1515:Hay, William W. (2016).
1482:McIlveen, Robin (1991).
1467:Oliver, John E. (2005).
1055:> 200 km/h
1051:> 108 knots
985:Extended Beaufort scale
143:Hydrographer of the Navy
1672:Encyclopædia Britannica
1575:. TORRO. Archived from
977:. Internationally, the
422:Smoke rises vertically
43:A ship in a force 12 ("
1980:John de Courcy Ireland
1858:Deutscher Wetterdienst
1810:. 2012. Archived from
1111:tropical storm warning
1061:
1053:> 125 mph
298:
232:empirical relationship
227:
110:
48:
2037:Scales in meteorology
1365:Huler, Scott (2004).
1328:Extratropical cyclone
1323:Enhanced Fujita scale
299:
223:
162:Meteorological Office
106:
87:measure that relates
42:
1599:"The Beaufort Scale"
1338:Saffir–Simpson scale
1099:small craft advisory
264:
108:Sir Francis Beaufort
1864:on 12 December 2013
1274:ugly (threatening)
1105:, force 10 or 11 a
986:
876:28.5–32.6 m/s
833:24.5–28.4 m/s
780:20.8–24.4 m/s
771:Strong/severe gale
732:17.2–20.7 m/s
681:13.9–17.1 m/s
637:10.8–13.8 m/s
349:
2032:Marine meteorology
1954:Film of Wind Scale
1579:on 5 February 2012
1544:Beer, Tom (1997).
1117:), and force 12 a
1068:Shipping Forecasts
1043:184–200 km/h
1039:100–108 knots
1031:166–183 km/h
1019:149–165 km/h
1007:133–148 km/h
984:
693:begins to be seen
419:Sea like a mirror
347:
294:
228:
111:
49:
2008:at NOAA Economics
1571:Maiden, Terence.
1530:978-3-319-27402-7
1501:978-0-7487-4079-6
1448:on 2 October 2012
1318:Douglas sea scale
1294:
1293:
1123:hurricane warning
1059:
1058:
971:tropical cyclones
956:
955:
874:103–117 km/h
563:5.5–7.9 m/s
526:3.4–5.4 m/s
485:1.6–3.3 m/s
448:0.3–1.5 m/s
292:
278:
16:(Redirected from
2049:
2042:Irish inventions
1993:with Scott Huler
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:news.sina.com.cn
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1860:. Archived from
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1844:
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1841:
1839:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1788:
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1758:
1746:
1737:
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1730:
1728:
1726:
1721:. 14 August 2024
1709:
1703:
1700:tropical cyclone
1692:
1683:
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1680:
1678:
1668:"Beaufort Scale"
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1658:
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1646:"Beaufort Scale"
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1506:
1505:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1441:. Archived from
1436:
1428:
1419:
1414:
1398:
1384:
1372:
1234:passing showers
1170:detached clouds
1140:
1139:
1115:tropical cyclone
1041:115–125 mph
1029:104–114 mph
1027:90–99 knots
1015:81–89 knots
1003:72–80 knots
987:
983:
961:
952:
947:
940:
922:≥ 32.7 m/s
902:
895:
870:56–63 knots
859:
852:
831:89–102 km/h
827:48–55 knots
811:
805:
798:
774:41–47 knots
763:
757:
750:
726:34–40 knots
710:
703:
675:28–33 knots
662:
655:
631:22–27 knots
618:
600:8–10.7 m/s
594:17–21 knots
581:
557:11–16 knots
554:Moderate breeze
544:
507:
466:
429:
350:
346:
303:
301:
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293:
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120:Francis Beaufort
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2051:
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2012:
2011:
1991:Radio interview
1964:Howtoons Poster
1948:Wayback Machine
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1429:
1422:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1361:
1302:
1178:drizzling rain
1146:Interpretation
1135:
1084:Typhoon Chanchu
1064:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1017:93–103 mph
1016:
1006:
1004:
991:
967:
959:
926:
921:
920:≥ 118 km/h
919:
917:
916:≥ 64 knots
881:11.5–16 m
880:
875:
873:
871:
837:
832:
830:
828:
823:
806:
784:
779:
778:75–88 km/h
777:
775:
758:
737:5.5–7.5 m
736:
731:
730:62–74 km/h
729:
727:
722:
685:
680:
679:50–61 km/h
678:
676:
671:
641:
636:
635:39–49 km/h
634:
632:
604:
599:
598:29–38 km/h
597:
595:
567:
562:
561:20–28 km/h
560:
558:
531:0.6–1.2 m
530:
525:
524:12–19 km/h
523:
521:
520:7–10 knots
490:0.3–0.6 m
489:
484:
482:
480:
452:
447:
445:
443:
415:
407:
402:
397:
381:
376:
372:Land conditions
365:
354:
348:Beaufort scale
345:
286:
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147:"Darwin voyage"
101:
59:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1970:Beaufort scale
1967:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1936:
1935:External links
1933:
1931:
1930:
1893:
1875:
1845:
1820:
1817:on 5 May 2017.
1790:
1764:
1732:
1704:
1684:
1659:
1637:
1615:
1590:
1563:
1556:
1536:
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1056:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:83–92 mph
1001:
997:
996:
993:
966:
965:Extended scale
963:
954:
953:
941:
934:
931:
928:
923:
914:
908:
904:
903:
896:
889:
886:
882:
877:
872:64–72 mph
868:
867:Violent storm
865:
861:
860:
853:
846:
843:
839:
838:9–12.5 m
834:
829:55–63 mph
825:
817:
813:
812:
799:
792:
789:
786:
781:
776:47–54 mph
772:
769:
765:
764:
751:
744:
741:
738:
733:
728:39–46 mph
724:
716:
712:
711:
704:
697:
694:
687:
682:
677:32–38 mph
673:
670:Moderate gale,
668:
664:
663:
656:
649:
646:
643:
638:
633:25–31 mph
629:
628:Strong breeze
626:
622:
621:
619:
612:
609:
606:
601:
596:19–24 mph
592:
589:
585:
584:
582:
575:
572:
569:
564:
559:13–18 mph
555:
552:
548:
547:
545:
538:
535:
532:
527:
518:
517:Gentle breeze
515:
511:
510:
508:
501:
500:moved by wind
494:
491:
486:
483:6–11 km/h
479:4–6 knots
477:
474:
470:
469:
467:
460:
457:
454:
449:
442:1–3 knots
440:
437:
433:
432:
430:
423:
420:
417:
412:
391:
388:
384:
383:
378:
375:Sea conditions
373:
370:
369:Sea conditions
367:
362:
359:
356:
344:
341:
306:
305:
289:
285:
277:
274:
269:
248:
224:
215:severe weather
207:meteorologists
195:George Simpson
158:Robert FitzRoy
156:under Captain
100:
97:
53:Beaufort scale
26:
18:Beaufort force
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2054:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Hazard scales
2020:
2019:
2017:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1856:(in German).
1855:
1849:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1647:
1641:
1625:
1619:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1557:0-8493-8425-7
1553:
1550:. CRC Press.
1549:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1489:
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1478:
1470:
1463:
1444:
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1433:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:1-4000-4884-2
1376:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1354:
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1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
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1246:
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1238:
1237:
1233:
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1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:misty (hazy)
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:dark, gloomy
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1133:Weather scale
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:storm warning
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:broadcast on
1069:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
988:
982:
980:
976:
972:
962:
951:
946:
942:
939:
935:
932:
929:
924:
918:≥ 73 mph
915:
912:
909:
901:
897:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:37–52 ft
878:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:29–41 ft
835:
826:
821:
818:
810:
804:
800:
797:
793:
790:
787:
783:23–32 ft
782:
773:
770:
766:
762:
756:
752:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:18–25 ft
734:
725:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
695:
692:
688:
686:4–5.5 m
684:13–19 ft
683:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
647:
644:
639:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
613:
610:
607:
602:
593:
591:Fresh breeze
590:
586:
583:
580:
576:
573:
570:
566:3.5–6 ft
565:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
528:
522:8–12 mph
519:
516:
512:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492:
487:
478:
476:Light breeze
475:
471:
468:
465:
461:
458:
455:
453:0–0.3 m
450:
446:2–5 km/h
441:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:
418:
413:
411:
406:
401:
396:
392:
389:
385:
382:warning flag
379:
374:
363:
360:
357:
352:
351:
340:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
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315:
311:
287:
283:
275:
272:
267:
259:
256:
252:
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244:
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222:
218:
216:
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208:
204:
200:
196:
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174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:
148:
144:
140:
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133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
109:
105:
96:
94:
90:
86:
80:
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
32:Violent Storm
19:
1921:. Retrieved
1907:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:the original
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1823:
1812:the original
1799:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1748:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1696:thunderstorm
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1626:. Met Office
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1566:
1546:
1539:
1516:
1510:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1402:
1368:
1333:Fujita scale
1305:
1295:
1136:
1127:
1103:gale warning
1096:
1080:
1065:
968:
957:
933:Devastation
927:≥ 14 m
925:≥ 46 ft
785:7–10 m
640:9–13 ft
603:6–10 ft
481:4–7 mph
444:1–3 mph
403:< 2
398:< 1
393:< 1
343:Modern scale
337:Wave heights
335:
326:Fujita scale
317:
313:
309:
307:
254:
250:
242:
238:
229:
188:
181:
166:
152:
137:
128:hydrographer
124:Rear Admiral
115:Daniel Defoe
112:
92:
52:
50:
36:
1903:"The Times"
1868:14 February
1838:10 December
1783:7 September
1757:7 September
1725:7 September
1677:27 November
1652:27 November
1630:27 November
1471:. Springer.
1353:TORRO scale
1076:Met Éireann
1072:BBC Radio 4
995:Wind speed
824:whole gale
723:fresh gale
642:3–4 m
605:2–3 m
568:1–2 m
529:2–4 ft
488:1–2 ft
451:0–1 ft
408:0–0.2
358:Description
330:TORRO scale
2016:Categories
2001:Met Office
1741:"天气预报基本术语"
1488:Cheltenham
1439:Met Office
1411:1082907714
1359:References
1210:lightning
672:near gale
439:Light air
380:Associated
361:Wind speed
191:Anemometer
177:Royal Navy
169:wind speed
132:Royal Navy
89:wind speed
1918:0140-0460
1909:The Times
1583:4 January
1373:. Crown.
1343:Sea state
1290:wet, dew
1226:overcast
1162:blue sky
1088:Hong Kong
911:Hurricane
691:spindrift
498:wind vane
416:0 m
414:0 ft
322:tornadoes
136:HMS
85:empirical
45:hurricane
1944:Archived
1300:See also
1266:thunder
1242:squally
990:Beaufort
975:typhoons
353:Beaufort
253:= 1.625
241:= 0.836
138:Woolwich
118:1805 by
1978:—by Dr
1154:active
913:-force
377:(photo)
328:and T2
324:on the
173:frigate
122:(later
99:History
1923:3 July
1916:
1608:6 July
1554:
1527:
1498:
1452:13 May
1409:
1377:
1348:Squall
1313:CLIWOC
1143:Symbol
992:number
366:height
355:number
308:where
153:Beagle
130:and a
83:is an
1815:(PDF)
1804:(PDF)
1745:(PDF)
1603:RMetS
1446:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1258:snow
1250:rain
1202:hail
1092:Macau
820:Storm
390:Calm
258:knots
211:knots
126:), a
2027:Wind
1925:2020
1914:ISSN
1870:2014
1840:2023
1785:2024
1759:2024
1727:2024
1679:2015
1654:2015
1632:2015
1610:2021
1585:2012
1552:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1454:2011
1407:OCLC
1375:ISBN
1186:fog
1121:(or
1109:("a
1090:and
719:Gale
405:km/h
395:knot
364:Wave
151:HMS
51:The
1698:or
1062:Use
1048:17
1036:16
1024:15
1012:14
1000:13
907:12
864:11
816:10
410:m/s
400:mph
246:m/s
199:CBE
149:of
2018::
1999:.
1906:.
1886:.
1831:.
1806:.
1747:.
1715:.
1687:^
1670:.
1601:.
1523:.
1521:26
1494:.
1492:40
1486:.
1437:.
1423:^
1415:,
1391:^
1086:.
768:9
715:8
667:7
625:6
588:5
551:4
514:3
473:2
436:1
387:0
273:13
234::
203:UK
197:,
186:.
95:.
73:ər
67:oʊ
1927:.
1890:.
1872:.
1842:.
1787:.
1761:.
1729:.
1681:.
1656:.
1634:.
1612:.
1587:.
1560:.
1533:.
1504:.
1456:.
1413:.
1383:.
1287:w
1279:v
1271:u
1263:t
1255:s
1247:r
1239:q
1231:p
1223:o
1215:m
1207:l
1199:h
1191:g
1183:f
1175:d
1167:c
1159:b
1151:a
822:,
721:,
318:B
314:B
310:v
304:)
288:3
284:B
276:8
268:=
260:(
255:B
251:v
243:B
239:v
79:/
76:t
70:f
64:b
61:ˈ
58:/
34:.
20:)
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