29:
405:. Simplifying Teisserenc de Bort's vision, the IMO decided that the network should collect, calculate, and distribute monthly and annual averages for pressure, temperature, and precipitation from a well-distributed sample of land based on meteorological stations, in effect a global climatological database. The distribution standard was two stations within each ten-degree latitude/longitude quadrangle. Ultimately, the network comprises about 500 land stations between 80°N and 61°S. The first annual data set, for 1911, appeared in 1917.
47:; 1873–1951) was the first organization formed with the purpose of exchanging weather information among the countries of the world. It came into existence from the realization that weather systems move across country boundaries; and that knowledge of pressure, temperature, precipitations, etc., upstream and downstream are needed for
673:
Historical
Overview of Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller
412:
In
September 1929 the Copenhagen Conference of Directors set up a technical Commission For Climatology, which held a meeting at Innsbruck discussing issues such as the relationship between dynamic meteorology and climatology. At its 1934 Wiesbaden meeting the Commission designated the thirty-year
75:
confirmed the need for widespread measurement and uniform transnational measurement scales. In the early 19th century, countries began to share meteorological data, and on this basis a conference was held in
Cambridge in 1845 with representation by the leading British and European meteorologists,
823:
408:
Between the two world wars there were four further
Conferences of Directors, 1919 in Paris, 1923 in Utrecht, 1929 in Copenhagen and 1935 in Warsaw. The IMO did not acquire a permanent secretariat until 1926, and the latter's annual budget never exceeded US$ 20,000.
364:
was appointed president, and the head of
British Meteorological Office, Robert Scott was appointed secretary. There was however no separate funding. Also the directors agreed on a collaborative research effort with the
215:, on 23 August 1853, in the residence of M. Piercot, the Minister of the Interior. The governments represented at the first International Conference, and the names of the officers who attended were :
416:
The 1946 Conference of
Directors acknowledged the need for an organisation supported by governments. Preparations continued with conferences in 1947 in Washington DC and 1961 in Paris. In 1951 the
356:
1879 decided on the IMO establishment and elected an
International Meteorological Committee to prepare for the next Conference of Directors. The director of the Central Geophysical Observatory in
707:
207:, initiated the convening of the first true International Meteorological conference from late August through early September 1853. The conference opened its proceedings at
376:. The organization was further refined by electing an Executive Bureau and deciding upon the first permanent topic commission, the Commission for Terrestrial Magnetism.
457:
470:
341:). There they decided that membership would be the directors of national meteorological services. A Permanent Meteorological Committee was established with
463:
383:
established more commissions: the
Commission for Radiation and Insolation, and the Commission for Aeronautics. At the same year IMO published the first
591:
265:
671:
858:
742:
413:
period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. the baseline for measuring climate fluctuations.
848:
843:
424:
in direct succession of the IMO. The members of the WMO are representatives of their respective countries, not their weather services.
346:
718:
516:
Cawood, John (1977). "Terrestrial
Magnetism and the Development of International Collaboration in the Early Nineteenth Century".
853:
143:
824:
First
International Maritime Conference Held for Devising an Uniform System of Meteorological Observations at Sea (1853)
72:
417:
52:
258:
and member of the Naval Department or the Board of Trade with Henry James, captain royal engineers represented the
325:
pushed for the creation of an international body, and a second International Meteorological Congress was held in
137:
621:
149:
81:
68:
617:
110:
116:
Prussia – Dr. Palon Heinrich Ludwig von Bogusławski, Director of the Royal Prussian Observatory in Breslau (
223:
681:
187:
165:
395:
384:
251:
193:
652:
Suggestions on a Uniform System of Meteorological Observations: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute
366:
28:
795:
750:
445:
303:
200:
131:
84:, the founder of the Astronomical, Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory at Senftenberg (now
584:
605:
124:
646:
433:
342:
318:
772:
8:
549:
Report of the Fifteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
171:
48:
492:
828:
307:
290:
667:
498:
439:
361:
106:
99:
134:, Director-General of the Russian System of Magnetic and Meteorological Observation;
525:
357:
219:
175:
634:
109:, circumnavigator and meteorologist, professor at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (
650:
547:
369:
1882–1883. The first International Meteorological Tables were published in 1889.
330:
159:
421:
259:
230:
with Victor Lahure, navy captain and general director of the Navy, represented
529:
502:
237:
P. Rothe, navy captain and director of the depot of marine charts represented
837:
543:
311:
181:
635:
Memories of the Bureau Of Meteorology Chapter 2: International Meteorology
400:
665:
451:
269:
244:
A. De la Marche, hydrographic engineer for the imperial navy represented
153:
64:
372:
The 1891 Conference of Directors of Meteorological Services convened in
282:
J. De Mattos Corroêa, captain-lieutenant of the Royal navy represented
255:
92:
69:
instruments to measure atmospheric phenomena and scales to compare them
117:
85:
391:
680:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. Archived from
289:
Alexis Gorkovenko, captain-lieutenant the Imperial navy represented
283:
208:
398:
proposed a telegraph-based worldwide weather station network, the
238:
231:
212:
204:
708:"The International Meteorological Organization (IMO) 1879–1950"
373:
326:
297:
296:
Carl Anton Pettersson, first lieutenant royal navy represented
276:
245:
333:, in September 1873 which agreed to begin preparations for an
323:
Suggestions on a Uniform System of Meteorological Observations
705:
575:
R.H.S. (1902). "The International Meteorological Committee".
380:
353:
228:
Academie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts
801:. World Meteorological Organization. 2011. pp. 6, 7–8
796:"Commission For Climatology: Over Eighty Years of Service"
714:
666:
Le Treut, H.; Somerville, R.; Cubasch, U.; Ding, Y.;
275:
Nils Ihlen, lieutenant of the royal navy represented
102:, Director of the Bogenhausen Observatory in Münich;
670:; Mokssit, A.; Peterson, T.; Prather, M. (2007).
95:, Director of the Imperial Observatory of Prague;
835:
618:"Bogusławski, Palon Heinrich Ludwig Pruss v. B."
390:In 1905 the Conference of Directors convened in
659:
268:, lieutenant of the Royal navy represented the
639:
434:Christophorus Henricus Didericus Buys Ballot
788:
770:
645:
773:"Meteorology as Infrastructural Globalism"
27:
335:International Meteorological Organization
41:International Meteorological Organization
17:International Meteorological Organization
647:Buys-Ballot, Christoph Heinrich Diedrich
597:
562:
542:
140:, committee chairman for the conference;
490:
73:atmospheric science in the 18th century
836:
574:
515:
494:Meteorological Essays and Observations
127:of the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität;
859:Organizations disestablished in 1953
379:The 1896 Conference of Directors in
144:Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen
817:
706:E. I. Sarukhanian and J.M. Walker.
420:became a specialized agency of the
67:brought significant development of
13:
849:Former international organizations
14:
870:
844:Organizations established in 1873
655:. Printing Office "The Industry".
418:World Meteorological Organization
53:World Meteorological Organization
544:Herschel, John Frederick William
349:, becoming the first president.
347:the Dutch meteorological service
764:
735:
699:
552:. London: Murray. p. xxix.
497:. London: T. and G. Underwood.
491:Daniell, John Frederic (1823).
138:John Frederick William Herschel
628:
622:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
611:
568:
556:
536:
509:
484:
184:, astronomer and geophysicist;
1:
427:
226:and general secretary of the
111:Humboldt University of Berlin
71:. Subsequent developments in
854:Meteorological organizations
749:. 2015-12-08. Archived from
224:Royal Observatory of Belgium
91:Austrian Empire (Bohemia) –
80:Austrian Empire (Bohemia) –
7:
82:John Parish von Senftenberg
51:. It was superseded by the
10:
875:
477:
460:(Netherlands), 1923 – 1935
436:(Netherlands), 1873 – 1879
188:Thomas MacDougall Brisbane
58:
530:10.1080/00033797700200321
385:International Cloud Atlas
252:Frederick William Beechey
21:
367:International Polar Year
396:Léon Teisserenc de Bort
25:11 September 1873
304:Matthew Fontaine Maury
201:Matthew Fontaine Maury
132:Adolph Theodor Kupffer
466:(Norway), 1935 – 1946
448:(France), 1896 – 1907
442:(Russia), 1879 – 1896
352:A second congress in
125:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
98:Kingdom of Bavaria –
753:on December 18, 2023
458:Ewoud van Everdingen
319:C. H. D. Buys Ballot
306:, lieutenant of the
33:(151 years ago)
546:(1846). "Address".
473:(U.K.), 1946 – 1951
471:Nelson King Johnson
454:(U.K.), 1907 – 1923
452:William Napier Shaw
172:George Biddell Airy
49:weather forecasting
18:
625:volume 3, page 58.
464:Theodor Hesselberg
222:, director of the
16:
771:Paul N. Edwards.
518:Annals of Science
446:Éleuthère Mascart
440:Heinrich von Wild
362:Heinrich von Wild
107:Georg Adolf Erman
100:Johann von Lamont
37:
36:
866:
818:WikiSource links
811:
810:
808:
806:
800:
792:
786:
785:
783:
782:
777:
768:
762:
761:
759:
758:
743:"History of IMO"
739:
733:
732:
730:
729:
723:
717:. Archived from
712:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
686:
679:
663:
657:
656:
643:
637:
632:
626:
615:
609:
595:
589:
588:
572:
566:
560:
554:
553:
540:
534:
533:
513:
507:
506:
488:
358:Saint Petersburg
310:represented the
220:Adolphe Quetelet
176:Astronomer Royal
32:
31:
19:
15:
874:
873:
869:
868:
867:
865:
864:
863:
834:
833:
829:Marin H. Jansen
820:
815:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
793:
789:
780:
778:
775:
769:
765:
756:
754:
741:
740:
736:
727:
725:
721:
710:
704:
700:
690:
688:
684:
677:
664:
660:
644:
640:
633:
629:
616:
612:
596:
592:
573:
569:
561:
557:
541:
537:
514:
510:
489:
485:
480:
430:
331:Austria-Hungary
266:Marin H. Jansen
160:William Whewell
61:
26:
12:
11:
5:
872:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
832:
831:
826:
819:
816:
813:
812:
787:
763:
747:public.wmo.int
734:
698:
658:
638:
627:
610:
590:
567:
565:, p. xxxi
555:
535:
524:(6): 551–587.
508:
482:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
429:
426:
422:United Nations
345:, director of
321:'s 1872 paper
316:
315:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
263:
260:United Kingdom
249:
242:
235:
198:
197:
191:
185:
179:
169:
166:Humphrey Lloyd
163:
157:
150:George Peacock
147:
141:
135:
128:
121:
114:
103:
96:
89:
60:
57:
35:
34:
23:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
871:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
797:
791:
774:
767:
752:
748:
744:
738:
724:on 2021-05-27
720:
716:
709:
702:
687:on 2014-09-23
683:
676:
675:
669:
668:Mauritzen, C.
662:
654:
653:
648:
642:
636:
631:
624:
623:
619:
614:
607:
603:
599:
598:Herschel 1846
594:
586:
582:
578:
571:
564:
563:Herschel 1846
559:
551:
550:
545:
539:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
504:
500:
496:
495:
487:
483:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
425:
423:
419:
414:
410:
406:
404:
402:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
360:, Swiss born
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
313:
312:United States
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
267:
264:
261:
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
195:
194:John Phillips
192:
190:, astronomer;
189:
186:
183:
182:Edward Sabine
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
164:
162:, astronomer;
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
78:
77:
74:
70:
66:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
30:
24:
20:
803:. Retrieved
790:
779:. Retrieved
766:
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
746:
737:
726:. Retrieved
719:the original
701:
689:. Retrieved
682:the original
672:
661:
651:
641:
630:
620:
613:
604:, p. 69–73,
601:
593:
580:
576:
570:
558:
548:
538:
521:
517:
511:
493:
486:
415:
411:
407:
399:
389:
378:
371:
351:
338:
334:
322:
317:
227:
199:
196:, geologist.
168:, physicist;
146:, geologist;
62:
44:
40:
38:
805:1 September
343:Buys Ballot
270:Netherlands
154:Dean of Ely
76:including:
65:Renaissance
22:Established
838:Categories
781:2011-06-01
757:2023-10-12
728:2022-06-27
503:1033707236
428:Presidents
256:Royal Navy
254:, captain
123:Prussia –
105:Prussia –
93:Karl Kreil
602:Report...
392:Innsbruck
203:, of the
130:Russia –
649:(1872).
284:Portugal
209:Brussels
674:(eds.))
478:Sources
403:Mondial
239:Denmark
232:Belgium
213:Belgium
205:US Navy
118:Wrocław
86:Žamberk
59:History
691:7 July
577:Nature
501:
401:Réseau
374:Munich
327:Vienna
298:Sweden
291:Russia
277:Norway
246:France
174:, the
799:(pdf)
776:(PDF)
722:(PDF)
711:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
678:(PDF)
381:Paris
807:2015
693:2014
499:OCLC
469:Sir
354:Rome
308:Navy
63:The
39:The
715:WMO
585:608
526:doi
339:IMO
45:IMO
840::
745:.
713:.
606:70
600:,
583::
581:66
579:.
522:34
520:.
394:.
387:.
329:,
211:,
152:,
120:);
113:);
88:);
55:.
809:.
784:.
760:.
731:.
695:.
608:.
587:.
532:.
528::
505:.
337:(
314:.
300:.
293:.
286:.
279:.
272:.
262:.
248:.
241:.
234:.
178:;
156:;
43:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
