3161:
1267:
898:. Like all other attempts to detect aether drift or drag, Airy obtained a negative result. George Biddell Airy did not set out to discover either a stationary or moving aether. Nor did he set out to prove that the earth itself was either stationary or moving. A simple reading of his paper confirms those facts. Airy's experiment was motivated exclusively by what he describes as a discussion in Continental publications (to which he refers in the opening paragraph of his paper) concerning light undergoing a relative increase in refraction upon traversing a refracting medium that has a translational velocity. The hypothesis of refractional increase with refracting medium motion was proposed by Fresnel2,3 in 1818 and experimentally confirmed by Fizeau4 in 1851. That confirmation has been repeated and stands today despite the unpopularity of Fresnel's theoretical explanation of partial aether entrainment being responsible for the phenomenon.
1066:
1278:
994:
3232:
3138:
825:
49:
4034:
426:
688:
3064:
4046:
2852:
588:'s solar tables he had been led to suspect an inequality overlooked by their constructor. The cause of this he did not long seek in vain; thirteen times the mean motion of Venus is so nearly equal to eight times that of Earth that the difference amounts to only a small fraction of Earth's mean motion, and from the fact that the term depending on this difference, although very small in itself, receives in the integration of the
1002:
760:
617:
679:, but some were calculated to be even larger than the size of the whole universe estimated at the time). However, the disk appearances of the stars were spurious: they were not actually seeing stellar images, but Airy disks. With modern telescopes, even with those having the largest magnification, the images of almost all stars correctly appear as mere points of light.
868:, instigated by Le Verrier, won the race for priority. Though Airy was "abused most savagely both by English and French" for his failure to act on Adams's suggestions more promptly, there have also been claims that Adams's communications had been vague and dilatory and further that the search for a new planet was not the responsibility of the Astronomer Royal.
1062:. He later wrote, "Our eyes met ... and my fate was sealed ... I felt irresistibly that we must be united," and Airy proposed two days later. Richarda's father, the Revd Richard Smith, felt that Airy lacked the financial resources to marry his daughter. Only in 1830, with Airy established in his Cambridge position, was permission for the marriage granted.
377:, meaning that he paid a reduced fee but essentially worked as a servant to make good the fee reduction. Here he had a brilliant career, and seems to have been almost immediately recognised as the leading man of his year. In 1822 he was elected scholar of Trinity, and in the following year he graduated as
780:
and John Pond, to defray the expense of which a large sum of money was allotted by the
Treasury. As a result, no fewer than 8,000 lunar observations were rescued from oblivion, and were, in 1846, placed at the disposal of astronomers in such a form that they could be used directly for comparison with
1017:
in the late 1870s. He thought that pressures no greater than about 10 pounds per square foot (500 pascals) could be expected, a comment Bouch took to mean also applied to the first Tay railway bridge then being built. Much greater pressures, however, can be expected in severe storms. Airy was called
943:
The work was published in 1886, when its author was eighty-five years of age. For some little time previously he had been harassed by a suspicion that certain errors had crept into the computations, and accordingly he addressed himself to the task of revision. But his powers were no longer what they
767:
The formidable undertaking of reducing the accumulated planetary observations made at
Greenwich from 1750 to 1830 was already in progress under Airy's supervision when he became Astronomer Royal. Shortly afterwards he undertook the further laborious task of reducing the enormous mass of observations
792:
of two new inequalities in the moon's motion. After completing these reductions, Airy made inquiries, before engaging in any theoretical investigation in connection with them, whether any other mathematician was pursuing the subject, and learning that Hansen had taken it in hand under the patronage
747:
was erected, and is still the principal instrument of its class at the observatory. The mounting in 1859 of an equatorial of 330 mm (13 in) aperture evoked the comment in his journal for that year, "There is not now a single person employed or instrument used in the observatory which was
550:
of 6.566. This value, although considerably in excess of that previously found by different methods, was held by Airy, from the care and completeness with which the observations were carried out and discussed, to be "entitled to compete with the others on, at least, equal terms." The currently
2655:
797:, but that, owing to the death of the king and the consequent lack of funds, there was danger of his being compelled to abandon it, he applied to the admiralty on Hansen's behalf for the necessary sum. His request was immediately granted, and thus it came about that Hansen's famous
670:
detectable at the time entailed that stars were a huge distance away. But the naked eye and the early telescopes with small apertures seemed to show that stars were disks of a certain size. This would imply that the stars were many times larger than the Sun (they were not aware of
1139:
near
Greenwich. In 1891, he suffered a fall and an internal injury. He survived the consequential surgery only a few days. His wealth at death was £27,713, equivalent to £3,746,548.49 in 2021. Airy and his wife and three pre-deceased children are buried at St. Mary's Church in
719:, considered that "it ought to be cleared out," while Airy admitted that "it was in a queer state." With his usual energy he set to work at once to reorganise the whole management. He remodelled the volumes of observations, put the library on a proper footing, mounted the new (
508:
One of the sections of his able and instructive report was devoted to "A Comparison of the
Progress of Astronomy in England with that in other Countries", very much to the disadvantage of England. This reproach was subsequently to a great extent removed by his own labours.
944:
had been, and he was never able to examine sufficiently into the matter. In 1890 he tells us how a grievous error had been committed in one of the first steps, and pathetically adds, "My spirit in the work was broken, and I have never heartily proceeded with it since."
473:
Airy's writings during this time are divided between mathematical physics and astronomy. The former are for the most part concerned with questions relating to the theory of light arising out of his professorial lectures, among which may be specially mentioned his paper
454:, and to this he vigorously devoted himself. By the adoption of a regular system of work, and a careful plan of reduction, he was able to keep his observations up to date, and published them annually with a punctuality which astonished his contemporaries. Before long a
545:
in northern
England in 1854. Their immediate result was to show that gravity at the bottom of the mine exceeded that at the top by 1/19286 of its amount, the depth being383 m (1,257 ft). From this he was led to the final value of Earth's
935:
In this mode of treating the question the order of the terms is numerical, and though the amount of labour is such as might well have deterred a younger man, yet the details were easy, and a great part of it might be entrusted to "a mere
559:
In 1830, Airy calculated the lengths of the polar radius and equatorial radius of the earth using measurements taken in the UK. Although his measurements were superseded by more accurate radius figures (such as those used for
1661:
433:
Some idea of his activity as a writer on mathematical and physical subjects during these early years may be gathered from the fact that previous to this appointment he had contributed three important memoirs to the
1022:, and was criticised for his advice. However, little was known about the problems of wind resistance of large structures, and a Royal Commission on Wind Pressure was asked to conduct research into the problem.
2736:
4699:
4794:
4829:
4754:
4824:
1266:
1346:
537:. A second attempt in 1828 was defeated by a flooding of the mine, and many years elapsed before another opportunity presented itself. The experiments eventually took place at the
4719:
711:, and began his long career at the national observatory which constitutes his chief title to fame. The condition of the observatory at the time of his appointment was such that
4704:
3713:
2082:"On the Supposed Alteration in the Amount of Astronomical Aberration of Light, Produced by the Passage of the Light through a Considerable Thickness of Refracting Medium"
4764:
4724:
2867:
981:). For example, it was used by H. M. Westergaard to determine the stress and strain field around a crack tip and thereby this method contributed to the development of
394:
4804:
486:
of the Royal
Society was awarded to him for these researches. Of his astronomical writings during this period the most important are his investigation of the mass of
4759:
3296:
2381:
Chapman, Allan (June 2003). "Porters, watchmen, and the crime of
William Sayers: the non-scientific staff of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in Victorian times".
910:
in a new way, and at the age of seventy-one he embarked on the prodigious toil which this scheme entailed. A general description of his method will be found in the
466:
of 12-inch aperture, which was mounted according to Airy's designs and under his superintendence, although construction was not completed until after he moved to
1164:
four times, for a total of seven years (1835–37, 1849–51, 1853–55, 1863–64). No other person has been president more than four times (a record he shares with
584:
Airy's discovery of a new inequality in the motions of Venus and the Earth is in some respects his most remarkable achievement. In correcting the elements of
4779:
4739:
2518:
2049:
1977:
1337:
Experiments on Iron-built Ships, instituted for the purpose of discovering a correction for the deviation of the
Compass produced-by the Iron of the Ships
4729:
1577:
At the time that this was written, the term "computer" referred to a human being who performed calculating work, either manually or with mechanical aids.
369:. Clarkson had an MA in mathematics from Cambridge, and examined Airy in classics and then subsequently arranged for him to be examined by a Fellow from
4083:
912:
643:, surrounded by concentric rings comprising an Airy pattern. The size of the Airy disk depends on the light wavelength and the size of the aperture.
4744:
3706:
1386:
743:
previously employed. At the end of 1850 the great transit circle of 203 mm (8.0 in) aperture and 3.5 metres (11 feet 6 inches)
812:
at
Greenwich. This line, the fourth "Greenwich Meridian", became the definitive internationally recognised line in 1884. It was superseded by the
4774:
2425:
4714:
414:
4689:
3289:
4333:
605:
162:
4749:
4734:
3913:
3699:
2821:
103:
2876:
2459:
1151:
asserted in his autobiography that the ghost of Airy has been seen haunting the Royal
Greenwich Observatory after nightfall. (page 178)
600:
theory, and represented the first specific improvement in the solar tables effected in England since the establishment of the theory of
864:
to undertake a systematic search in the hope of securing the triumph of discovery for Britain. Ultimately, a rival search in Berlin by
1009:
Airy was consulted about wind speeds and pressures likely to be encountered on the proposed Forth suspension bridge being designed by
4684:
4325:
4111:
1254:
247:
34:
932:, with a symbolic term attached to each number, the value of which was to be determined by substitution in the equations of motion.
4799:
4784:
4357:
3390:
3282:
1795:
4789:
4448:
4234:
4092:
3118:
1744:"Account of Pendulum Experiments Undertaken in the Harton Colliery, for the Purpose of Determining the Mean Density of the Earth"
1625:
1553:
350:. An introverted child, Airy gained popularity with his schoolmates through his great skill in the construction of peashooters.
4119:
4076:
3225:
459:
138:
655:
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for mapping of England, Scotland and Wales because it better fits the local sea level (about 80 cm below world average).
4709:
4349:
2805:
2219:
1172:
4183:
4167:
2311:
1869:
183:
1100:. Anna's mother died shortly after she was born, and she was raised by her maiden aunts Christabel and Annot (see below).
978:
592:
a multiplier of about 2,200,000, Airy was led to infer the existence of a sensible inequality extending over 240 years (
4341:
4242:
3586:
1291:
4627:
4520:
4159:
4069:
4017:
3722:
3133:
3081:
2772:
2720:
2194:
1900:
712:
410:
386:
284:
3598:
1679:
3041:
4619:
4175:
3906:
2569:
1089:
829:
443:
347:
113:
1329:
4528:
4405:
3829:
1208:
1034:
as being "a tough adversary" and stories of various disagreements and conflicts with other scientists survive.
834:
231:
2604:
1375:
4191:
4135:
3975:
3534:
3068:
585:
1829:
Transactions Treatises on physical astronomy, light and sound contributed to the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana
970:
4809:
4769:
3993:
3486:
692:
4651:
3406:
1444:
Cannon, W.F. (November 1964). "Scientists and broad churchmen: an early Victorian intellectual network".
406:
251:
38:
1527:
4694:
4037:
3899:
3474:
3334:
1860:
1317:
1201:
1161:
958:
785:
663:
370:
217:
123:
3562:
3129:
2433:
1277:
1242:
Ai(x) and Bi(x) and the differential equation they arise from are named in his honour, as well as the
917:
596:
cxxii. 67). The investigation was probably the most laborious that had been made up to Airy's time in
4814:
4496:
4480:
3869:
1972:
518:
326:, one of a long line of Airys who traced their descent back to a family of the same name residing at
3179:
3170:
3027:
3016:
3005:
2962:
4536:
4274:
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3123:
2797:
1630:
1365:
On the Algebraic and Numerical Theory of Errors of Observations and the Combination of Observations
1065:
1042:, which Airy considered to be a competitor to Greenwich. Other well documented conflicts were with
3438:
2894:
1489:
Satterthwaite, G. E. (2003). "Airy's zenith telescopes and "the Birth-Star of Modern Astronomy"".
3374:
3189:
3087:
3080:
3047:
1773:
1310:
On the Lunar Theory, The Figure of the Earth, Precession and Nutation, and Calculus of Variations
1179:
813:
3550:
3526:
2630:
739:, but whenever it might be visible. In 1848 Airy invented the reflex zenith tube to replace the
4301:
4258:
3326:
3040:
2712:
1070:
993:
895:
865:
763:
The Prime Meridian in Greenwich (1884–1984); the telescope shown above left is behind the glass
298:, measuring the mean density of the Earth, a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in
3113:
1620:
1298:
A complete list of Airy's 518 printed papers is in Airy (1896). Among the most important are:
1088:
The eldest child to survive to adulthood was Wilfrid (1836–1925), who designed and engineered
458:
was installed, and regular observations were instituted with it in 1833. In the same year the
3566:
3398:
3221:
2467:
2235:
Ronalds, B.F. (June 2016). "Sir Francis Ronalds and the Early Years of the Kew Observatory".
1014:
716:
647:
had previously described the phenomenon, but Airy was the first to explain it theoretically.
589:
565:
538:
402:
2789:
2549:
2187:
Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay: Reinvestigating the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879
4819:
4679:
4674:
4389:
4381:
4005:
3987:
3678:
3574:
3358:
3266:
2974:
2390:
2363:
2320:
2244:
2093:
1929:
1873:
1802:
1498:
843:
789:
768:
of the moon made at Greenwich during the same period under the direction, successively, of
736:
3063:
1743:
1058:
In July 1824, Airy met Richarda Smith (1804–1875), "a great beauty", on a walking tour of
8:
4504:
4397:
3757:
3622:
3542:
3109:
2790:
2122:
2081:
1917:
1827:
1616:
1326:
Gravitation: an Elementary Explanation of the Principal Perturbations in the Solar System
1218:
1144:. A cottage owned by Airy still stands, adjacent to the church and now in private hands.
1019:
877:
720:
491:
385:. On 1 October 1824 he was elected fellow of Trinity, and in December 1826 was appointed
3206:
2978:
2594:
A description and images of Airy's Suffolk cottage and church are found in Goward (2005)
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2367:
2324:
2248:
2097:
1933:
1877:
1502:
1397:
1357:
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4560:
4512:
3981:
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3231:
3137:
2705:
2554:
2406:
2336:
2260:
1947:
1514:
1477:
1461:
1228:
1182:
982:
887:
628:
463:
3193:
2402:
1510:
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there in Mr Pond's time"; and the transformation was completed by the inauguration of
699:
of the world, or more accurately, the Prime Meridian was marked by or derived from it.
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4045:
4011:
3691:
3646:
3594:
3156:
3147:
3092:
2801:
2768:
2716:
2498:
2410:
2340:
2264:
2215:
2190:
2155:
2019:
1896:
1842:
1518:
1469:
1422:
1141:
1129:
849:
650:
This was a key argument in refuting one of the last remaining arguments for absolute
451:
354:
335:
3482:
2489:
Eadie, MJ (2009). "Hubert Airy, contemporary men of science and the migraine aura".
1481:
446:. At the Cambridge Observatory Airy soon showed his power of organisation. The only
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4127:
4049:
3922:
3789:
3662:
3614:
3458:
3382:
3342:
3165:
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2523:
2398:
2328:
2252:
2167:
2134:
2101:
2054:
1982:
1951:
1937:
1755:
1506:
1453:
1224:
962:
937:
857:
728:
724:
704:
667:
547:
382:
288:
258:
148:
134:
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2535:
2066:
1994:
4464:
4440:
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3853:
3813:
3749:
3638:
3630:
3578:
3554:
3522:
3430:
2762:
2015:
1418:
1136:
1043:
1039:
1035:
974:
794:
777:
773:
676:
672:
573:
393:. This chair he held for little more than a year, being elected in February 1828
378:
362:
299:
3274:
3152:
1121:
Christabel (1842–1917) died unmarried, as did the next sister Annot (1843–1924).
4592:
4317:
3933:
3414:
3143:
2863:
2527:
2332:
1292:
For a list of works by George Biddell Airy (with digital copies) see Wikisource
1190:
809:
696:
636:
373:
on his knowledge of mathematics. As a result, he entered Trinity in 1819, as a
334:, in the 14th century. The branch to which he belonged, having suffered in the
323:
307:
1038:
discovered Airy to be his foe while he was inaugural Honorary Director of the
4668:
4584:
4576:
4544:
4472:
4421:
4365:
4226:
4096:
3945:
3939:
3877:
3837:
3797:
3773:
3654:
3502:
3450:
3446:
3318:
3256:
3248:
3096:
2987:
2871:
2858:
2058:
1986:
1841:
Airy, G. B., "On the Diffraction of an Object-glass with Circular Aperture,"
1239:
1197:
1165:
1148:
1031:
861:
824:
769:
749:
740:
644:
542:
530:
517:
One of the most remarkable of Airy's researches was his determination of the
439:
390:
366:
353:
From the age of 13, Airy stayed frequently with his uncle, Arthur Biddell at
276:
221:
169:
2880:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 445–447.
2023:
1426:
4309:
4282:
4266:
4250:
4210:
4151:
3781:
3741:
3733:
3366:
3350:
3305:
3198:
2921:
2502:
2282:"Calculation and Tabulation in the Nineteenth Century: Airy versus Babbage"
2139:
2106:
1759:
1473:
1383:
On Sound and Atmospheric Vibrations with the Mathematical Elements of Music
1271:
On sound and atmospheric vibrations with the mathematical elements of music
1215:
1115:
1082:
1010:
907:
803:
La Haute Amirauté de sa Majesté la Reine de la Grande Bretagne et d'Irlande
744:
483:
455:
339:
155:
48:
635:. So even the most perfect lens can't quite generate a point image at its
572:(strictly a reference ellipsoid, OSGB36) is still used by Great Britain's
521:. In 1826, the idea occurred to him of attacking this problem by means of
4413:
4218:
4143:
3999:
3821:
3765:
3494:
3422:
2281:
2278:
1247:
1114:
The Airys' eldest daughter, Hilda (1840–1916), married the mathematician
1104:
1093:
1047:
966:
860:
had suggested that he had made similar predictions, on 9 July Airy urged
659:
651:
632:
331:
207:
176:
2895:"SIR GEORGE AIRY (1801–1891) (Obituary Notice, Tuesday, 5 January 1892)"
2009:
1412:
1193:
of that planet, as does the location of Airy's 1850 telescope for Earth.
1185:
is named for him. Within that crater lies another smaller crater called
4635:
4600:
3845:
3100:
3072:
1059:
781:
the theory and for the improvement of the tables of the moon's motion.
687:
425:
280:
3215:
Gallica: bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France
2764:
Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature
2171:
1465:
856:
were due to a so-far unobserved body. Aware that Cambridge Astronomer
3963:
3606:
3466:
2936:
2681:
2256:
1942:
1243:
1097:
921:
883:
708:
640:
621:
467:
447:
398:
342:
and became farmers. Airy was educated first at elementary schools in
303:
203:
91:
3891:
1312:, to which, in the second edition of 1828, were added tracts on the
973:, can be used to find solutions to many two-dimensional problems in
3207:
Mathematical Tracts on the Lunar and Planetary Theories 4th edition
1651:
Sir George Biddell Airy KCB. Leaflet available from Playford church
1457:
1108:
929:
925:
753:
534:
522:
494:
on the progress of astronomy during the 19th century, and his work
343:
327:
2857:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1001:
852:
over the latter's prediction that irregularities in the motion of
4700:
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1135:
Airy retired in 1881, living with his two unmarried daughters at
1077:
The Airys had nine children, the first three of whom died young.
916:, vol. xxxiv, No. 3. It consisted essentially in the adoption of
891:
759:
601:
487:
479:
358:
319:
72:
2901:. Vol. V (1891–1892). London: Macmillan and Co. pp. 178–182
848:
In June 1846, Airy started corresponding with French astronomer
616:
533:
in Cornwall, failed in consequence of an accident to one of the
1186:
853:
639:, but instead there is a bright central pattern now called the
597:
561:
526:
292:
275:; 27 July 1801 – 2 January 1892) was an English
4795:
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
2309:
Hoskin, M (1989). "Astronomers at War: South v. Sheepshanks".
264:
4755:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1232:
501:
497:
476:
On the Diffraction of an Object-Glass with Circular Aperture,
374:
295:
2707:
Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World
1343:
Popular Astronomy: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Ipswich
731:
was erected, designed by Airy to enable observations of the
608:
was awarded to him in 1833 (he would win it again in 1846).
4830:
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
4825:
Plumian Professors of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy
784:
For this work Airy received in 1848 a testimonial from the
732:
267:
3212:
Full texts of some of the papers by Airy are available at
1642:
Autobiography of Sir George Biddel Airy (see Google books)
816:
in 1984, which runs approximately 102 metres to the east.
1694:
957:
In 1862, Airy presented a new technique to determine the
291:
from 1835 to 1881. His many achievements include work on
25:
3214:
2516:
Fuller, A. T. (2004). "Routh, Edward John (1831–1907)".
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1372:
An Elementary Treatise on Partial Differential Equations
1107:(1838–1903) was a doctor, and a pioneer in the study of
691:
Airy's Transit Circle in the Transit Circle Room of the
1858:
Satterthwaite, Gilbert E. (2006). "Airy's Altazimuth".
695:; for a hundred years from 1884 to 1984, it marked the
4720:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
3721:
2047:
Hutchins, R. (2004). "Adams, John Couch (1819–1892)".
1018:
to give evidence before the Official Inquiry into the
496:
On an Inequality of Long Period in the Motions of the
2899:
Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from The Times
2212:
Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph
1706:
1591:
752:
work in 1868 and of the photographic registration of
727:
and organised a new magnetic observatory. In 1847 an
4705:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1030:
Airy was described in his obituary published by the
4091:
3222:"Archival material relating to George Biddell Airy"
2354:Chapman, Allan (January 1998). "The Female Touch".
1844:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
551:accepted value for Earth's density is 5.5153 g/cm.
529:. His first attempt, made in the same year, at the
302:and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing
261:
4765:People educated at Colchester Royal Grammar School
4725:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2704:
478:and his enunciation of the complete theory of the
3304:
3107:
2996:Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
2967:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2796:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
1893:Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude
1851:
1614:
913:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
450:in the establishment when he took charge was the
4760:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
4666:
1975:(2006). "Airy, Sir George Biddell (1801–1892)".
1682:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1124:The Airys youngest child was Osmund (1845–1929).
1081:Elizabeth Airy (born 1833) died of consumption (
906:In 1872 Airy conceived the idea of treating the
462:presented the Cambridge observatory with a fine
16:English mathematician and astronomer (1801–1892)
2127:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1748:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1096:Observatory. Wilfrid's daughter was the artist
4805:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
415:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
4077:
3907:
3707:
3290:
2453:
2451:
2189:. London: NPI Media Group. pp. 115–116.
1895:. Oxford University Press. pp. 138–151.
1857:
1488:
4780:Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society
2522:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2383:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
2053:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2011:The Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy
2008:Airy, George Biddell; Wilfrid, Airy (1896).
1981:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1491:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
1414:The Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy
1411:Airy, George Biddell; Wilfrid, Airy (1896).
1227:is the linear theory for the propagation of
1111:. Airy himself suffered from this condition.
606:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
525:experiments at the top and bottom of a deep
512:
365:, the slave trade abolitionist who lived at
4740:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
2787:
2374:
2347:
2153:
2007:
1410:
4730:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
4084:
4070:
3914:
3900:
3714:
3700:
3297:
3283:
3230:
3136:
2760:
2448:
2417:
2302:
2086:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1832:, Richard Griffin & Co., 1828, p. 491.
1525:
413:. In 1859 he became foreign member of the
47:
2986:
2892:
2466:. University of Cambridge. Archived from
2432:. University of Cambridge. Archived from
2138:
2123:"On the Strains in the Interior of Beams"
2105:
1941:
1304:Mathematical Tracts on Physical Astronomy
1255:Institution of Engineering and Technology
952:
788:, and it at once led to the discovery by
579:
3180:Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1846: MNRAS
3171:Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1833: MNRAS
2605:"LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND DATES OF OFFICE"
2548:
2046:
1660:
1276:
1265:
1064:
1005:The original Tay Bridge after collapsing
1000:
992:
947:
823:
758:
686:
615:
424:
361:. Biddell introduced Airy to his friend
4745:Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
3241:Professional and academic associations
3119:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2862:
2684:. University of New Brunswick Libraries
2636:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2631:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"
2570:"What would goods and services costing"
2519:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2380:
2353:
2234:
2209:
2050:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1978:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1971:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1729:
1700:
1626:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1602:
1554:List of presidents of the Royal Society
969:. This technique, sometimes called the
620:Computer-generated image simulating an
4775:People from Suffolk Coastal (district)
4667:
2702:
2515:
2457:
2423:
2308:
2014:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1443:
1417:. Cambridge University Press. p.
988:
886:, in 1871 Airy looked for a change in
4715:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
4065:
3921:
3895:
3695:
3278:
3188:
3162:Works by or about George Biddell Airy
3082:"Sketch of George Biddell Airy"
2662:. USGS: Astrogeology Research Program
2488:
2460:"Founding of Orwell Park Observatory"
2184:
1915:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1680:"Sir George Biddell Airy (1801–1892)"
1173:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1154:
819:
409:and in 1840, a foreign member of the
4690:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
2963:"Obituary – Sir George Biddell Airy"
2656:"Mars Nomenclature: Crater, craters"
2623:
2312:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2120:
2079:
2001:
1958:
1870:Society for the History of Astronomy
1741:
2792:Waves in oceanic and coastal waters
2761:Cocks, E. E.; Cocks, J. C. (1995).
2660:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
920:'s final numerical expressions for
828:George Biddell Airy caricatured by
682:
13:
4750:Members of the Royal Irish Academy
4735:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics
3723:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics
2885:
2711:. New York: Picador USA. pp.
2214:. London: Imperial College Press.
1774:"WGS84 and the Greenwich Meridian"
997:Original Tay Bridge from the north
871:
604:. In recognition of this work the
554:
287:from 1826 to 1828 and the seventh
14:
4841:
3134:National Portrait Gallery, London
3056:
2403:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2003.01.03
2277:
1801:. Ordnance Survey. Archived from
1662:"Airy, George Biddell (ARY819GB)"
1511:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2003.01.02
631:of optical devices is limited by
411:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
387:Lucasian professor of mathematics
285:Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
4685:19th-century British astronomers
4044:
4033:
4032:
3130:Portraits of George Biddell Airy
3062:
3042:"Notes and Obituary Notes"
2926:Proceedings of the Royal Society
2850:
2389:(1). James Cook University: 27.
1826:Herschel, J. F. W., "Light," in
1497:(1). James Cook University: 13.
703:In June 1835 Airy was appointed
257:
4800:Recipients of the Lalande Prize
4785:Presidents of the Royal Society
2814:
2781:
2754:
2729:
2696:
2674:
2648:
2597:
2588:
2562:
2542:
2509:
2482:
2271:
2228:
2203:
2178:
2147:
2114:
2073:
2040:
1918:"The Prime Meridian Conference"
1835:
1820:
1796:"A Guide to Coordinate Systems"
1788:
1766:
1571:
1261:
1171:Foreign Honorary Member of the
1053:
901:
808:In 1851 Airy established a new
444:Cambridge Philosophical Society
348:Colchester Royal Grammar School
114:Colchester Royal Grammar School
4790:Recipients of the Copley Medal
3599:Jacques Charles François Sturm
3257:President of the Royal Society
2156:"Bearing Pressures and Cracks"
1776:. Royal Observatory, Greenwich
1735:
1672:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1608:
1446:The Journal of British Studies
1281:Memorial in St Mary's Playford
1209:American Philosophical Society
1025:
1:
3535:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana
2915:
2909:– via Internet Archive.
2558:. 18 June 1872. p. 2801.
1559:
1404:
666:pointed out that the lack of
4710:Fellows of the Royal Society
3994:Richard van der Riet Woolley
3144:Works by George Biddell Airy
2788:Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007).
2611:. Royal Astronomical Society
2536:UK public library membership
2426:"G B Airy's Country Retreat"
2160:Journal of Applied Mechanics
2067:UK public library membership
1995:UK public library membership
1584:
1532:British History – Victorians
611:
313:
7:
3051:. Vol. 40. April 1892.
2154:Westergaard, H. M. (1939).
1666:A Cambridge Alumni Database
1547:
1207:Elected as a member of the
1189:whose location defines the
971:Airy stress function method
735:to be made not only on the
693:Royal Greenwich Observatory
420:
407:Fellow of the Royal Society
405:. In 1836 he was elected a
53:George Biddell Airy in 1891
10:
4846:
4038:Category:Astronomers Royal
3194:"Airy, George (1801–1892)"
2843:
2609:A brief history of the RAS
2458:Goward, Kenneth J (2006).
2333:10.1177/002182868902000304
2035:edward maunder astronomer.
1861:The Antiquarian Astronomer
1668:. University of Cambridge.
1438:edward maunder astronomer.
1354:A Treatise on Trigonometry
1319:Undulatory Theory of Light
1285:
1202:French Academy of Sciences
1162:Royal Astronomical Society
875:
841:
786:Royal Astronomical Society
664:Giovanni Battista Riccioli
436:Philosophical Transactions
371:Trinity College, Cambridge
218:Trinity College, Cambridge
124:Trinity College, Cambridge
4611:
4497:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
4481:Charles Scott Sherrington
4432:
4293:
4202:
4103:
4027:
3929:
3729:
3313:
3263:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3091:. Vol. 3. May 1873.
3018:Astronomische Nachrichten
2491:J R Coll Physicians Edinb
1528:"The Airy Transit Circle"
1160:Elected president of the
519:mean density of the Earth
513:Mean density of the Earth
237:
227:
213:
199:
192:
144:
129:
119:
109:
99:
80:
75:, Northumberland, England
58:
46:
23:
4537:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
3209:(London, McMillan, 1858)
3190:Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang
3124:University of St Andrews
2944:East Anglian Daily Times
2868:Airy, Sir George Biddell
2289:Doron Swade's PhD Thesis
1631:University of St Andrews
1564:
1090:"Colonel" George Tomline
1069:George Biddell Airy (by
401:and director of the new
4358:Benjamin Collins Brodie
4334:Marquess of Northampton
3563:Antoine César Becquerel
3391:Benjamin Collins Brodie
3088:Popular Science Monthly
3048:Popular Science Monthly
2877:Encyclopædia Britannica
2822:"Honorary Fellows list"
2703:Morton, Oliver (2002).
1916:Ellis, William (1884).
1526:Winterburn, E. (2002).
1394:A Treatise on Magnetism
1253:Honorary Fellow of the
1200:for astronomy from the
918:Charles-Eugène Delaunay
814:IERS Reference Meridian
306:as the location of the
244:Sir George Biddell Airy
4302:William Hyde Wollaston
3327:William Hyde Wollaston
2988:10.1093/mnras/52.4.212
2864:Rambaut, Arthur Alcock
2528:10.1093/ref:odnb/35850
2464:Institute of Astronomy
2430:Institute of Astronomy
2210:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
2140:10.1098/rstl.1863.0004
2107:10.1098/rspl.1871.0011
1760:10.1098/rstl.1856.0015
1282:
1274:
1074:
1006:
998:
953:Stress function method
896:aether drag hypothesis
866:Johann Gottfried Galle
839:
764:
700:
624:
590:differential equations
580:Planetary inequalities
460:Duke of Northumberland
430:
4406:George Gabriel Stokes
3567:John Frederic Daniell
3439:Hans Christian Ørsted
3399:William Thomas Brande
3153:Works by Wilfrid Airy
3114:"George Biddell Airy"
2682:"George Biddell Airy"
2424:Goward, K.J. (2005).
1891:Howse, Derek (1980).
1621:"George Biddell Airy"
1280:
1269:
1068:
1015:North British Railway
1004:
996:
948:Engineering mechanics
882:Using a water-filled
827:
762:
717:Lord of the Admiralty
690:
619:
428:
403:Cambridge Observatory
4390:William Spottiswoode
4382:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4235:Earl of Macclesfield
4006:Francis Graham-Smith
3988:Harold Spencer Jones
3679:Peter Andreas Hansen
3575:Carl Friedrich Gauss
3551:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
3527:Siméon Denis Poisson
3359:Thomas Andrew Knight
3267:Joseph Dalton Hooker
3226:UK National Archives
3110:Robertson, Edmund F.
3007:Astronomical Journal
2767:. Tudor Publishers.
2741:search.amphilsoc.org
2737:"APS Member History"
2574:Inflation Calculator
2185:Lewis, P.R. (2004).
2121:Airy, G. B. (1863).
2080:Airy, G. B. (1871).
2059:10.1093/ref:odnb/123
1987:10.1093/ref:odnb/251
1848:, 1835, pp. 283–291.
1742:Airy, G. B. (1856).
1617:Robertson, Edmund F.
1378:at Internet Archive)
1332:at Internet Archive)
1231:on the surface of a
1221:named in his honour.
844:Discovery of Neptune
790:Peter Andreas Hansen
490:, his report to the
346:, and afterwards at
4810:Royal Medal winners
4770:People from Alnwick
4505:William Henry Bragg
4398:Thomas Henry Huxley
4374:George Biddell Airy
3970:George Biddell Airy
3806:George Biddell Airy
3758:Nicholas Saunderson
3623:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
3543:William Snow Harris
3515:George Biddell Airy
3108:O'Connor, John J.;
3069:George Biddell Airy
2979:1892MNRAS..52..212.
2470:on 15 November 2007
2395:2003JAHH....6...27C
2368:1998AsNow..12...43C
2325:1989JHA....20..175H
2249:2016Wthr...71..131R
2098:1871RSPS...20...35A
1934:1884Natur..31....7E
1878:2006AntAs...3...83S
1703:, pp. 445–446.
1615:O'Connor, John J.;
1503:2003JAHH....6...13S
1020:Tay Bridge disaster
989:Tay Bridge disaster
878:Luminiferous aether
656:giant star argument
492:British Association
442:, and eight to the
429:George Biddell Airy
381:and obtained first
30:George Biddell Airy
4644:Venki Ramakrishnan
4593:Sir Michael Atiyah
4561:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
4513:Henry Hallett Dale
4112:Viscount Brouncker
3982:Frank Watson Dyson
3671:Roderick Murchison
3067:Works by or about
3002:(1891–92), 391–394
2893:Anonymous (1896).
2555:The London Gazette
2092:(130–138): 35–39.
1283:
1275:
1155:Legacy and honours
1103:George Airy's son
1075:
1007:
999:
983:fracture mechanics
888:stellar aberration
840:
820:Search for Neptune
801:were dedicated to
765:
701:
625:
452:transit instrument
431:
4695:Astronomers Royal
4662:
4661:
4489:Ernest Rutherford
4120:Joseph Williamson
4059:
4058:
4012:Arnold Wolfendale
3923:Astronomers Royal
3889:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3689:
3688:
3647:Urbain Le Verrier
3595:Justus von Liebig
3306:Copley Medallists
3273:
3272:
3264:Succeeded by
3157:Project Gutenberg
3148:Project Gutenberg
2973:: 212–229. 1892.
2950:Suffolk Chronicle
2946:, 11 January 1892
2807:978-0-521-86028-4
2576:. Bank of England
2534:(Subscription or
2221:978-1-78326-917-4
2172:10.1115/1.4008919
2065:(Subscription or
1993:(Subscription or
1142:Playford, Suffolk
1132:on 17 June 1872.
894:water due to the
850:Urbain Le Verrier
799:Tables de la Lune
707:in succession to
395:Plumian professor
389:in succession to
336:English Civil War
318:Airy was born at
283:, as well as the
241:
240:
228:Academic advisors
194:Scientific career
153:
94:, London, England
4837:
4815:Senior Wranglers
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4553:Patrick Blackett
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4457:Archibald Geikie
4452:
4444:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4176:Robert Southwell
4171:
4168:Earl of Pembroke
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4128:Christopher Wren
4123:
4115:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4050:Portal:Astronomy
4048:
4036:
4035:
3976:William Christie
3916:
3909:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3790:Robert Woodhouse
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3663:John Couch Adams
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3615:James MacCullagh
3610:
3602:
3590:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3518:
3510:
3498:
3490:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3459:William Buckland
3454:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3383:Edward Troughton
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3343:Smithson Tennant
3338:
3335:Richard Chenevix
3330:
3322:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3246:Preceded by
3238:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3203:
3166:Internet Archive
3140:
3126:
3104:
3084:
3066:
3052:
3044:
2992:
2990:
2958:, 5 January 1892
2952:, 9 January 1892
2940:, 5 January 1892
2910:
2908:
2906:
2881:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2795:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2436:on 7 August 2007
2421:
2415:
2414:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2257:10.1002/wea.2739
2232:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1943:10.1038/031007c0
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1855:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1578:
1575:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1522:
1485:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1400:at Google Books)
1360:at Google Books)
1314:Planetary Theory
1225:Airy wave theory
1214:There is also a
858:John Couch Adams
705:Astronomer Royal
683:Astronomer Royal
677:hypergiant stars
668:stellar parallax
548:specific density
289:Astronomer Royal
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
254:
188:
181:
174:
167:
160:
151:
135:Astronomer Royal
87:
68:
66:
51:
41:
21:
20:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4521:Robert Robinson
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4465:William Crookes
4463:
4455:
4447:
4441:William Huggins
4439:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4350:Lord Wrottesley
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4198:
4190:
4184:Charles Montagu
4182:
4174:
4166:
4160:Earl of Carbery
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4099:
4090:
4060:
4055:
4023:
3958:Nevil Maskelyne
3952:Nathaniel Bliss
3925:
3920:
3890:
3885:
3862:Stephen Hawking
3854:James Lighthill
3814:Charles Babbage
3750:William Whiston
3725:
3720:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3639:Theodor Schwann
3637:
3631:Carlo Matteucci
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3593:
3585:
3579:Michael Faraday
3573:
3561:
3555:Francis Kiernan
3549:
3541:
3533:
3523:Michael Faraday
3521:
3513:
3501:
3493:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3445:
3437:
3431:Robert Seppings
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3303:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3220:
3079:
3059:
3039:
3029:The Observatory
2961:
2918:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2888:
2886:Further reading
2851:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2514:
2510:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2456:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2379:
2375:
2352:
2348:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2183:
2179:
2152:
2148:
2119:
2115:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2045:
2041:
2028:
2026:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1970:
1959:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1889:
1885:
1856:
1852:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1808:on 4 April 2016
1805:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1550:
1537:
1535:
1431:
1429:
1407:
1288:
1264:
1157:
1056:
1044:Charles Babbage
1040:Kew Observatory
1036:Francis Ronalds
1028:
991:
975:solid mechanics
965:field within a
955:
950:
904:
880:
874:
872:Ether drag test
846:
822:
795:king of Denmark
778:Nevil Maskelyne
774:Nathaniel Bliss
685:
614:
582:
574:Ordnance Survey
557:
555:Reference geoid
515:
423:
379:senior wrangler
363:Thomas Clarkson
316:
300:solid mechanics
260:
256:
246:
220:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
137:
120:Alma mater
95:
89:
85:
76:
70:
64:
62:
54:
42:
33:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4636:Sir Paul Nurse
4632:
4624:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:Sir Aaron Klug
4597:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4326:Duke of Sussex
4322:
4318:Davies Gilbert
4314:
4306:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4243:Earl of Morton
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4089:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4041:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3934:John Flamsteed
3930:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3591:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3519:
3511:
3499:
3491:
3483:François Arago
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3415:David Brewster
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3127:
3105:
3076:
3075:
3058:
3057:External links
3055:
3054:
3053:
3036:
3025:
3014:
3003:
2993:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2872:Chisholm, Hugh
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2826:www.theiet.org
2813:
2806:
2780:
2773:
2753:
2728:
2721:
2695:
2673:
2647:
2622:
2596:
2587:
2561:
2541:
2508:
2497:(3): 263–267.
2481:
2447:
2416:
2373:
2346:
2319:(3): 175–212.
2301:
2270:
2243:(6): 131–134.
2227:
2220:
2202:
2195:
2177:
2146:
2113:
2072:
2039:
2000:
1973:Chapman, Allan
1957:
1908:
1901:
1883:
1850:
1834:
1819:
1787:
1765:
1734:
1732:, p. 446.
1705:
1693:
1671:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1607:
1605:, p. 445.
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1523:
1486:
1458:10.1086/385492
1441:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1368:
1361:
1350:
1349:at Wikisource)
1339:
1333:
1322:
1306:
1287:
1284:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1240:Airy functions
1236:
1222:
1212:
1205:
1196:winner of the
1194:
1191:prime meridian
1180:Martian crater
1176:
1169:
1156:
1153:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1101:
1086:
1055:
1052:
1027:
1024:
990:
987:
954:
951:
949:
946:
903:
900:
876:Main article:
873:
870:
842:Main article:
821:
818:
810:Prime Meridian
697:Prime meridian
684:
681:
613:
610:
581:
578:
556:
553:
514:
511:
482:. In 1831 the
422:
419:
324:Northumberland
315:
312:
308:prime meridian
239:
238:
235:
234:
232:George Peacock
229:
225:
224:
215:
211:
210:
201:
197:
196:
190:
189:
163:RAS Gold Medal
146:
142:
141:
131:
130:Known for
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
90:
88:(aged 90)
84:2 January 1892
82:
78:
77:
71:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4842:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:George Porter
4582:
4578:
4577:Andrew Huxley
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4545:Howard Florey
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4473:J. J. Thomson
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4449:Lord Rayleigh
4446:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4422:Joseph Lister
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4366:Edward Sabine
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:Earl of Rosse
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:Martin Folkes
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:Royal Society
4094:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3946:James Bradley
3944:
3941:
3940:Edmond Halley
3938:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3879:
3878:Michael Cates
3876:
3871:
3870:Michael Green
3868:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3838:Joseph Larmor
3836:
3831:
3830:George Stokes
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3798:Thomas Turton
3796:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3774:Edward Waring
3772:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:John Herschel
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:William Prout
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3475:John Brinkley
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:John Herschel
3448:
3447:Edward Sabine
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:William Henry
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:Astley Cooper
3316:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3249:Edward Sabine
3244:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3038:Obituary in:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:(1892), i–xii
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2859:public domain
2848:
2847:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2784:
2776:
2774:0-936389-27-3
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2722:0-312-24551-3
2718:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2683:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2632:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2591:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:Astronomy Now
2350:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2196:0-7524-3160-9
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:(784): 7–10.
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1902:0-19-215948-8
1898:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1804:
1797:
1791:
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1198:Lalande Prize
1195:
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859:
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779:
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771:
770:James Bradley
761:
757:
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750:spectroscopic
746:
742:
741:zenith sector
738:
734:
730:
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713:Lord Auckland
710:
706:
698:
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645:John Herschel
642:
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391:Thomas Turton
388:
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383:Smith's Prize
380:
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367:Playford Hall
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219:
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170:Lalande Prize
164:
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149:Smith's Prize
147:
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140:
139:See full list
136:
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4652:Adrian Smith
4612:21st century
4433:20th century
4373:
4310:Humphry Davy
4294:19th century
4283:Joseph Banks
4275:John Pringle
4267:James Burrow
4251:James Burrow
4211:Isaac Newton
4203:18th century
4152:Samuel Pepys
4136:John Hoskyns
4104:17th century
4043:
4031:
3969:
3805:
3782:Isaac Milner
3742:Isaac Newton
3734:Isaac Barrow
3587:Robert Brown
3514:
3507:Henry Foster
3487:Peter Barlow
3367:Everard Home
3351:Humphry Davy
3254:
3213:
3199:ScienceWorld
3197:
3181:
3172:
3117:
3099:– via
3086:
3046:
3031:
3028:
3023:(1892) 33/34
3020:
3017:
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2966:
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2949:
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2898:
2875:
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2756:
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2740:
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2686:. Retrieved
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2625:
2615:10 September
2613:. Retrieved
2608:
2599:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2573:
2564:
2553:
2544:
2517:
2511:
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2490:
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2463:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2429:
2419:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2362:(1): 43–47.
2359:
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2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2279:Swade, D. D.
2273:
2240:
2236:
2230:
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2130:
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2116:
2089:
2085:
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2042:
2034:
2027:. Retrieved
2010:
2003:
1976:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1892:
1886:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1828:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1803:the original
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1768:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1730:Rambaut 1911
1701:Rambaut 1911
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1624:
1610:
1603:Rambaut 1911
1573:
1536:. Retrieved
1531:
1494:
1490:
1452:(1): 65–88.
1449:
1445:
1437:
1430:. Retrieved
1413:
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1353:
1342:
1336:
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1303:
1297:
1290:
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1270:
1262:Bibliography
1216:lunar crater
1146:
1137:Croom's Hill
1134:
1127:
1116:Edward Routh
1083:tuberculosis
1076:
1071:John Collier
1057:
1054:Private life
1029:
1011:Thomas Bouch
1008:
956:
942:
934:
911:
908:lunar theory
905:
902:Lunar theory
890:through the
881:
847:
833:
807:
802:
798:
783:
766:
745:focal length
715:, the first
702:
649:
626:
594:Phil. Trans.
593:
583:
569:
558:
516:
507:
495:
484:Copley Medal
475:
472:
464:object-glass
456:mural circle
435:
432:
352:
340:Lincolnshire
317:
243:
242:
214:Institutions
193:
184:Albert Medal
166:(1833, 1846)
156:Copley Medal
86:(1892-01-02)
69:27 July 1801
18:
4820:Airy family
4680:1892 deaths
4675:1801 births
4529:Lord Adrian
4414:Lord Kelvin
4219:Hans Sloane
4192:Lord Somers
4144:Cyril Wyche
4018:Martin Rees
4000:Martin Ryle
3822:Joshua King
3766:John Colson
3495:James South
3423:Henry Kater
3407:James Ivory
3308:(1801–1850)
2956:Daily Times
2550:"No. 23868"
2474:16 December
2440:9 September
2029:24 February
1754:: 343–355.
1538:9 September
1432:24 February
1248:Airy points
1105:Hubert Airy
1094:Orwell Park
1048:James South
1026:Controversy
979:Wikiversity
835:Vanity Fair
721:Sheepshanks
660:Tycho Brahe
652:geocentrism
633:diffraction
338:, moved to
332:Westmorland
208:mathematics
177:Royal Medal
100:Nationality
4669:Categories
4259:James West
4093:Presidents
3846:Paul Dirac
3261:1871–1878
3175:(1833) 159
3101:Wikisource
3073:Wikisource
2916:Obituaries
2688:6 November
2538:required.)
2069:required.)
1997:required.)
1560:References
1405:About Airy
1085:) in 1852.
1060:Derbyshire
892:refracting
729:altazimuth
725:equatorial
673:supergiant
629:resolution
570:Airy geoid
281:astronomer
65:1801-07-27
4628:Lord Rees
4569:Lord Todd
3964:John Pond
3607:Georg Ohm
3467:John Pond
3184:(1846) 64
3097:0161-7370
3034:(1892) 73
3012:(1892) 96
2937:The Times
2866:(1911). "
2831:5 January
2666:16 August
2411:162033494
2341:122410786
2265:123788388
2166:: 49–53.
2133:: 49–80.
1872:: 83–94.
1585:Citations
1519:117043816
1398:Full text
1389:at MPIWG)
1387:Full text
1376:Full text
1358:Full text
1347:Full text
1330:Full text
1244:Airy disc
1128:Airy was
1098:Anna Airy
922:longitude
884:telescope
756:in 1873.
709:John Pond
641:Airy disk
622:Airy Disk
612:Airy disk
598:planetary
541:pit near
535:pendulums
470:in 1835.
468:Greenwich
448:telescope
399:astronomy
314:Biography
304:Greenwich
293:planetary
204:Astronomy
110:Education
92:Greenwich
4620:Lord May
2922:E. J. R.
2580:21 March
2503:20608346
2024:13130558
1846:, Vol. 5
1548:See also
1482:42948903
1474:19588590
1427:13130558
1341:(1848 )
1316:and the
1211:in 1879.
1130:knighted
1118:in 1864.
1109:migraine
1046:and Sir
1013:for the
938:computer
930:parallax
926:latitude
838:Nov 1875
754:sunspots
737:meridian
586:Delambre
523:pendulum
421:Research
355:Playford
344:Hereford
328:Kentmere
133:Seventh
4095:of the
3192:(ed.).
3164:at the
3132:at the
2975:Bibcode
2905:8 March
2874:(ed.).
2861::
2844:Sources
2640:6 April
2391:Bibcode
2364:Bibcode
2321:Bibcode
2294:22 June
2245:Bibcode
2237:Weather
2094:Bibcode
1952:4108225
1930:Bibcode
1874:Bibcode
1686:19 July
1499:Bibcode
1392:(1870)
1381:(1868)
1370:(1866)
1363:(1861)
1352:(1855)
1335:(1839)
1324:(1834)
1308:(1828)
1302:(1826)
1286:By Airy
1073:, 1883)
793:of the
602:gravity
488:Jupiter
480:rainbow
438:of the
359:Suffolk
320:Alnwick
104:British
73:Alnwick
4654:(2020)
4646:(2015)
4638:(2010)
4630:(2005)
4622:(2000)
4603:(1995)
4595:(1990)
4587:(1985)
4579:(1980)
4571:(1975)
4563:(1970)
4555:(1965)
4547:(1960)
4539:(1955)
4531:(1950)
4523:(1945)
4515:(1940)
4507:(1935)
4499:(1930)
4491:(1925)
4483:(1920)
4475:(1915)
4467:(1913)
4459:(1908)
4451:(1905)
4443:(1900)
4424:(1895)
4416:(1890)
4408:(1885)
4400:(1883)
4392:(1878)
4384:(1873)
4376:(1871)
4368:(1861)
4360:(1858)
4352:(1854)
4344:(1848)
4336:(1838)
4328:(1830)
4320:(1827)
4312:(1820)
4304:(1820)
4285:(1778)
4277:(1772)
4269:(1772)
4261:(1768)
4253:(1768)
4245:(1764)
4237:(1752)
4229:(1741)
4221:(1727)
4213:(1703)
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4186:(1695)
4178:(1690)
4170:(1689)
4162:(1686)
4154:(1684)
4146:(1683)
4138:(1682)
4130:(1680)
4122:(1677)
4114:(1662)
4020:(1995)
4014:(1991)
4008:(1982)
4002:(1972)
3996:(1956)
3990:(1933)
3984:(1910)
3978:(1881)
3972:(1835)
3966:(1811)
3960:(1765)
3954:(1762)
3948:(1742)
3942:(1720)
3936:(1675)
3881:(2015)
3873:(2009)
3865:(1979)
3857:(1969)
3849:(1932)
3841:(1903)
3833:(1849)
3825:(1839)
3817:(1828)
3809:(1826)
3801:(1822)
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3777:(1760)
3769:(1739)
3761:(1711)
3753:(1702)
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3737:(1664)
3681:(1850)
3673:(1849)
3665:(1848)
3657:(1847)
3649:(1846)
3641:(1845)
3633:(1844)
3625:(1843)
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3609:(1841)
3601:(1840)
3589:(1839)
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3517:(1831)
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3489:(1825)
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1922:Nature
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1175:(1832)
963:stress
959:strain
928:, and
854:Uranus
654:: the
568:) his
562:GRS 80
539:Harton
296:orbits
200:Fields
187:(1876)
180:(1845)
173:(1834)
159:(1831)
152:(1823)
145:Awards
3255:31st
2715:–23.
2634:(PDF)
2407:S2CID
2337:S2CID
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2261:S2CID
1948:S2CID
1812:9 May
1806:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1780:9 May
1565:Notes
1534:. BBC
1515:S2CID
1478:S2CID
1462:JSTOR
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977:(see
637:focus
566:WGS84
502:Venus
498:Earth
375:sizar
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250:
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3093:ISSN
2907:2019
2833:2022
2802:ISBN
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2748:2021
2717:ISBN
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2668:2007
2642:2011
2617:2012
2582:2022
2499:PMID
2476:2007
2442:2007
2296:2016
2216:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2031:2008
2020:OCLC
1897:ISBN
1814:2014
1782:2014
1688:2015
1540:2007
1470:PMID
1434:2008
1423:OCLC
1246:and
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