192:
360:
1763:
cleaning. The frequent lubrication, by its nature, provides a limited kind of cleaning action by displacing older (grit-filled) oil or grease with a fresh charge, which itself collects grit before being displaced by the next cycle. Another example are bearings in wind turbines, which makes maintenance difficult since the nacelle is placed high up in the air in strong wind areas. In addition, the turbine does not always run and is subjected to different operating behavior in different weather conditions, which makes proper lubrication a challenge.
315:
1588:. The temperature and terrain of the micro-surface will determine the amount of friction by touching solid parts. Certain elements and fields reduce friction while increasing speeds. Strength and mobility help determine the load the bearing type can carry. Alignment factors can play a damaging role in wear and tear, yet overcome by computer aid signaling and non-rubbing bearing types, such as magnetic levitation or air field pressure.
1244:
1685:, or an oil cup for periodic filling with oil. Before the 1970s, sealed bearings were not encountered on most machinery, and oiling and greasing were a more common activity than they are today. For example, automotive chassis used to require "lube jobs" nearly as often as engine oil changes, but today's car chassis are mostly sealed for life. From the late 1700s through the mid-1900s, industry relied on many workers called
2057:
1459:. Some machines contain a pool of lubricant in the bottom, with gears partially immersed in the liquid, or crank rods that can swing down into the pool as the device operates. The spinning wheels fling oil into the air around them, while the crank rods slap at the surface of the oil, splashing it randomly on the engine's interior surfaces. Some small internal combustion engines specifically contain special plastic
78:
36:
1518:
1479:(PTFE) liner with a laminated metal backing. The PTFE liner offers consistent, controlled friction as well as durability, whilst the metal backing ensures the composite bearing is robust and capable of withstanding high loads and stresses throughout its long life. Its design also makes it lightweight-one tenth the weight of a traditional rolling element bearing.
1452:, a metal ring that rides loosely on the central rotating shaft of the bearing. The ring hangs down into a chamber containing lubricating oil. As the bearing rotates, viscous adhesion draws oil up the ring and onto the shaft, where the oil migrates into the bearing to lubricate it. Excess oil is flung off and collects in the pool again.
175:, to reduce sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability, and performance.
381:, a 19th-century visionary and innovator in carriage manufacturing, patented the tapered roller bearing in 1898. The following year he formed a company to produce his innovation. Over a century, the company grew to make bearings of all types, including specialty steel bearings and an array of related products and services.
1499:
a bearing into a bore or onto a shaft, it's important to keep the housing bore and shaft outer diameter to very close limits, which can involve one or more counterboring operations, several facing operations, and drilling, tapping, and threading operations. Alternatively, an interference fit can also
1615:
Bearings are often specified to give an "L10" (US) or "B10" (elsewhere) life, the duration by which ten percent of the bearings in that application can be expected to have failed due to classical fatigue failure (and not any other mode of failure such as lubrication starvation, wrong mounting etc.),
1383:
Generally, there is considerable speed range overlap between bearing types. Plain bearings typically handle only lower speeds, rolling element bearings are faster, followed by fluid bearings and finally magnetic bearings which are limited ultimately by centripetal force overcoming material strength.
265:
is the first to have published roller and thrust bearings sketches. An issue with the ball and roller bearings is that the balls or rollers rub against each other, causing additional friction. This can be reduced by enclosing each individual ball or roller within a cage. The captured, or caged, ball
1400:
force left or right, and it is typically acceptable for the wheel to wobble by as much as 10 mm under the varying load. In contrast, a lathe may position a cutting tool to ±0.002 mm using a ball lead screw held by rotating bearings. The bearings support axial loads of thousands of newtons
1762:
are exposed continually to hard abrasive particles. Cleaning is of little use because cleaning is expensive, yet the bearing is contaminated again as soon as the conveyor resumes operation. Thus, a good maintenance program might lubricate the bearings frequently but not include any disassembly for
1420:
The stiffness of a bearing is how the distance between the parts separated by the bearing varies with the applied load. With rolling element bearings, this is due to the strain of the ball and race. With fluid bearings, it is due to how the pressure of the fluid varies with the gap (when correctly
388:
in 1934. His focus was on a bearing design with a cross-section as small as possible and which could be integrated into the enclosing design. After World War II, he founded with
Gerhard Heydrich the company Franke & Heydrich KG (today Franke GmbH) to push the development and production of wire
1466:
For high-speed and high-power machines, a loss of lubricant can result in rapid bearing heating and damage due to friction. Also, in dirty environments, the oil can become contaminated with dust or debris, increasing friction. In these applications, a fresh supply of lubricant can be continuously
1602:
Rolling element bearing life is determined by load, temperature, maintenance, lubrication, material defects, contamination, handling, installation and other factors. These factors can all have a significant effect on bearing life. For example, the service life of bearings in one application was
399:
In the early 1980s, Pacific
Bearing's founder, Robert Schroeder, invented the first bi-material plain bearing that was interchangeable with linear ball bearings. This bearing had a metal shell (aluminum, steel or stainless steel) and a layer of Teflon-based material connected by a thin adhesive
1309:
Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce wear and to facilitate extended use at high speeds and to avoid overheating and premature failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by introducing and
940:, whose performance does not depend on avoiding or reducing friction between two surfaces but employ a different principle to achieve low external friction: the rolling motion of an intermediate element in between the surfaces which bear the axial or radial load. Classified as either:
136:, and location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise components; their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current technology.
877:
1978:
Adding more evidence to the conclusion that
Egyptians used water is a wall painting in the tomb of Djehutihotep. A splash of orange and gray, it appears to show a person standing at the front of a massive sledge, pouring water onto the sand just in front of the progressing
1416:
A second source of motion is elasticity in the bearing itself. For example, the balls in a ball bearing are like stiff rubber and under load deform from a round to a slightly flattened shape. The race is also elastic and develops a slight dent where the ball presses on it.
1636:
Flexure bearings rely on elastic properties of a material. Flexure bearings bend a piece of material repeatedly. Some materials fail after repeated bending, even at low loads, but careful material selection and bearing design can make flexure bearing life indefinite.
1471:
in parts of the engine where directly splashed oil cannot reach, such as up into overhead valve assemblies. High-speed turbochargers also typically require a pressurized oil system to cool the bearings and keep them from burning up due to the heat from the turbine.
1661:
Many bearings require periodic maintenance to prevent premature failure, but others require little maintenance. The latter include various kinds of polymer, fluid and magnetic bearings, as well as rolling-element bearings that are described with terms including
1392:
Some applications apply bearing loads from varying directions and accept only limited play or "slop" as the applied load changes. One source of motion is gaps or "play" in the bearing. For example, a 10 mm shaft in a 12 mm hole has 2 mm play.
120:
that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.
280:
for his H3 marine timekeeper. In this timepiece, the caged bearing was only used for a very limited oscillating motion, but later on, Harrison applied a similar bearing design with a true rotational movement in a contemporaneous regulator clock.
908:
either fused to the substrate (semi-discrete) or in the form of a separable sleeve (discrete). With suitable lubrication, plain bearings often give acceptable accuracy, life, and friction at minimal cost. Therefore, they are very widely used.
2693:
1603:
extended dramatically by changing how the bearings were stored before installation and use, as vibrations during storage caused lubricant failure even when the only load on the bearing was its own weight; the resulting damage is often
1945:
1367:
Different bearing types have different operating speed limits. Speed is typically specified as maximum relative surface speeds, often specified ft/s or m/s. Rotational bearings typically describe performance in terms of the product
395:
Designed in 1968 and later patented in 1972, Bishop-Wisecarver's co-founder Bud
Wisecarver created vee groove bearing guide wheels, a type of linear motion bearing consisting of both an external and internal 90-degree vee angle.
1743:
The oiling system inside a modern automotive or truck engine is similar in concept to the lube systems mentioned above, except that oil is pumped continuously. Much of this oil flows through passages drilled or cast into the
1752:, escaping through ports directly onto bearings and squirting elsewhere to provide an oil bath. The oil pump simply pumps constantly, and any excess pumped oil continuously escapes through a relief valve back into the sump.
1441:) that covers the inside and outside edges of the bearing race to keep the grease from escaping. Bearings may also be packed with other materials. Historically, the wheels on railroad cars used sleeve bearings packed with
162:
is used to reduce friction. Lubricants come in different forms, including liquids, solids, and gases. The choice of lubricant depends on the specific application and factors such as temperature, load, and speed. In the
352:, developed an approach for milling and grinding balls of equal size and exact roundness by means of a suitable production machine, which set the stage for the creation of an independent bearing industry. His hometown
912:
However, there are many applications where a more suitable bearing can improve efficiency, accuracy, service intervals, reliability, speed of operation, size, weight, and costs of purchasing and operating machinery.
1616:
or, alternatively, the duration at which ninety percent will still be operating. The L10/B10 life of the bearing is theoretical, and may not represent service life of the bearing. Bearings are also rated using the C
1571:
The service life of the bearing is affected by many factors not controlled by the bearing manufacturers. For example, bearing mounting, temperature, exposure to external environment, lubricant cleanliness, and
1611:
of service life, with a few samples showing significantly better or worse life. Bearing life varies because microscopic structure and contamination vary greatly even where macroscopically they seem identical.
1598:
can have practically indefinite service lives. In practice, fluid bearings support high loads in hydroelectric plants that have been in nearly continuous service since about 1900 and show no signs of wear.
1334:
Combinations of these can even be employed within the same bearing. An example is where the cage is made of plastic, and it separates the rollers/balls, which reduce friction by their shape and finish.
184:
222:
show the process of moving massive stone blocks on sledges as using liquid-lubricated runners which would constitute plain bearings. There are also
Egyptian drawings of plain bearings used with
1755:
Many bearings in high-cycle industrial operations need periodic lubrication and cleaning, and many require occasional adjustment, such as pre-load adjustment, to minimize the effects of wear.
1758:
Bearing life is often much better when the bearing is kept clean and well-lubricated. However, many applications make good maintenance difficult. One example is bearings in the conveyor of a
1953:
1324:
Fluid: exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a lubricant or as a pressurized medium to keep the two solid parts from touching, or by reducing the normal force between them.
868:
Even basic materials can have impressive durability. Wooden bearings, for instance, can still be seen today in old clocks or in water mills where the water provides cooling and lubrication.
392:
Richard
Stribeck's extensive research on ball bearing steels identified the metallurgy of the commonly used 100Cr6 (AISI 52100), showing coefficient of friction as a function of pressure.
2190:... is credited with first coming up with the principle behind ball bearings, although he did not use them for his inventions. Another Italian, Galileo, described the use of a caged ball.
1740:
from their chief selling point: one pull on one handle to lube the whole machine, instead of a dozen pumps of an alemite gun or oil can in a dozen different positions around the machine.
1467:
supplied to the bearing and all other contact surfaces, and the excess can be collected for filtration, cooling, and possibly reuse. Pressure oiling is commonly used in large and complex
2274:
1532:
1157:
Zero friction at zero speed, but constant power for levitation, eddy currents are often induced when movement occurs, but may be negligible if magnetic field is quasi-static
1074:
Rolling coefficient of friction with steel can be ≈0.005 (adding resistance due to seals, packed grease, preload and misalignment can increase friction to as much as 0.125)
206:
It is sometimes assumed that the invention of the rolling bearing, in the form of wooden rollers supporting– or bearing –an object being moved, predates the invention of a
1674:
to keep the dirt out and the grease in. They work successfully in many applications, providing maintenance-free operation. Some applications cannot use them effectively.
261:
incorporated drawings of ball bearings in his design for a helicopter around the year 1500; this is the first recorded use of bearings in an aerospace design. However,
2362:. Mitteilungen aus den Königlichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin, Ergänzungsheft III. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer. pp. 1–57. Archived from
403:
Today's ball and roller bearings are used in many applications, which include a rotating component. Examples include ultra high-speed bearings in dental drills,
57:
2852:
152:
within mechanical systems and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the
1919:
The
History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People who Made Them, from the Dawn of Time to Today
1396:
Allowable play varies greatly depending on the use. As an example, a wheelbarrow wheel supports radial and axial loads. Axial loads may be hundreds of
2480:
191:
1136:
Can fail quickly due to grit or dust or other contaminants. Maintenance free in continuous use. Can handle very large loads with low friction.
1852:
2814:
1962:
Egyptians used wooden sleds to haul the stone, but until now it hasn't been entirely understood how they overcame the problem of friction.
2357:
1536:
1212:
Plain bearing shape with PTFE liner on the interface between bearing and shaft with a laminated metal backing. PTFE acts as a lubricant.
2282:
1732:
and many other factory machines are lubricated. Similar lube systems are also used on nonautomated machines, in which case there is a
1644:
describes a bearing for a rocket motor oxygen pump that gave several hours life, far in excess of the several tens of minutes needed.
44:
2598:
2436:
2114:
1321:
Material: exploits the nature of the bearing material used. (An example would be using plastics that have low surface friction.)
865:
Watchmakers produce "jeweled" watches using sapphire plain bearings to reduce friction, thus allowing more precise timekeeping.
2575:
2676:
2646:
2516:
2175:
2021:
1928:
1265:
218:
under sleds. There is no evidence for this sequence of technological development. The
Egyptians' own drawings in the tomb of
17:
1992:
1888:
1343:
Bearing design varies depending on the size and directions of the forces required to support. Forces can be predominately
1061:
in some applications. Depending upon the application, the lifetime can be higher or lower than rolling element bearings.
2051:
128:"; a bearing being a machine element that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are
2091:
1736:
that a machine operator is supposed to pump once daily (for machines in constant use) or once weekly. These are called
1042:
Rubbing surfaces, usually with lubricant; some bearings use pumped lubrication and behave similarly to fluid bearings.
2042:"Caligula's Floating Palaces: Archaeologists and shipwrights resurrect one of the emperor's sumptuous pleasure boats"
1558:
1291:
1273:
953:
1917:
1133:
Virtually infinite in some applications, may wear at startup/shutdown in some cases. Often negligible maintenance.
1045:
Depends on materials and construction, PTFE has a coefficient of friction ≈0.05–0.35, depending upon fillers added
113:
300:
in 1794. His was the first modern ball-bearing design, with the ball running along a groove in the axle assembly.
2297:"Bicycle History, Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology by David Mozer"
1728:, as well as by manual override functions when occasionally needed. This automated process is how all modern CNC
1540:
880:
Animation of ball bearing (Ideal figure without a cage). The inner ring rotates and the outer ring is stationary.
407:
in the Mars Rover, gearbox and wheel bearings on automobiles, flexure bearings in optical alignment systems, and
2722:"Comparison of Life Calculations for Oscillating Bearings Considering Individual Pitch Control in Wind Turbines"
333:, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, on 3 August 1869. The bearings were then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by
2869:
2508:
1269:
145:
1721:
972:, a plain bearing in which one of the bearing surfaces is made of an ultrahard glassy jewel material such as
916:
Thus, many types of bearings have varying shapes, materials, lubrication, principle of operation, and so on.
319:
214:; this underlies speculation that cultures such as the Ancient Egyptians used roller bearings in the form of
2186:... some Roman Nemi ships dating from about 40 CE incorporated them into their design, and Leonardo da Vinci
2484:
675:
White Metals or
Babbitt Metal (tin-based alloys with small amounts of copper, antimony, lead, and similar)
412:
338:
109:
2619:
1468:
307:, allowing the new industrial machinery to operate efficiently. For example, they were used for holding
2242:
2203:
1865:
1633:
wood employed in their construction, whereas his metal clocks are seldom run due to potential wear.
1620:(static loading) value. This is the basic load rating as a reference, and not an actual load value.
1409:
Stiffness is the amount that the gap varies when the load on the bearing changes, distinct from the
1327:
Fields: exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic fields, to keep solid parts from touching.
1401:
in either direction and must hold the ball lead screw to ±0.002 mm across that range of loads
1254:
961:
2560:
2539:
1310:
containing a fluid between surfaces or by separating the surfaces with an electromagnetic field.
1258:
1066:
937:
487:
49:
1527:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
1476:
1174:
1111:
Mainly used in low-load, high precision work such as clocks. Jewel bearings may be very small.
957:
919:
There are at least 6 common types of bearing, each of which operates on a different principle:
322:
2363:
2075:
2011:
1946:"The surprisingly simple way Egyptians moved massive pyramid stones without modern technology"
787:
Plastics (nylon, acetal, PTFE, phenolic, polyamide, high-density polyethylene, polycarbonate)
375:
ball-bearing manufacturer in 1907 when he was awarded
Swedish patent No. 25406 on its design.
2820:
1772:
1445:
or loose scraps of cotton or wool fiber soaked in oil, then later used solid pads of cotton.
1199:
Very high or low depending on materials and strain in application. Usually maintenance free.
334:
304:
2166:
Corfield, Justin (2014). "Vaughan, Philip (fl. 1794)". In Kenneth E. Hendrickson III (ed.).
1700:, in which a central pump serves periodic charges of oil or grease from a reservoir through
2733:
1713:
1433:
for lubrication, which is pushed into the gaps between the bearing surfaces, also known as
1071:
Ball or rollers contact both rotating and stationary surfaces which rotate rather than rub
1006:
The following table summarizes the notable characteristics of each of these bearing types.
2849:– Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University
2746:
1974:... revealed that the Egyptians probably made the desert sand in front of the sledge wet.'
8:
2761:
Schwack, Fabian; Bader, Norbert; Leckner, Johan; Demaille, Claire; Poll, Gerhard (2020).
2721:
2414:
2110:
1608:
2841:
2737:
2554:
2533:
2455:
2378:
926:, consisting of a shaft rotating in a hole. There are several specific styles: bushing,
2874:
2702:
1686:
1607:. Bearing life is statistical: several samples of a given bearing will often exhibit a
1456:
1430:
404:
2056:
893:
2780:
2706:
2672:
2642:
2512:
2498:
2428:
2391:
2223:
2219:
2171:
2017:
1924:
1725:
1671:
1648:
1437:. The grease is held in place by a plastic, leather, or rubber gasket (also called a
1207:
931:
385:
345:
258:
196:
133:
2296:
1623:
For plain bearings, some materials give a much longer life than others. Some of the
2770:
2741:
2254:
2215:
2145:
2070:
1870:
1809:
1604:
1595:
1581:
1488:
1348:
1141:
989:
483:
359:
349:
262:
1647:
Depending on the customized specifications (backing material and PTFE compounds),
132:, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size,
27:
Mechanism to constrain relative movement to the desired motion and reduce friction
2692:
Schwack, Fabian; Byckov, Artjom; Bader, Norbert; Poll, Gerhard (21–25 May 2017).
2666:
2502:
2149:
2095:
1892:
1819:
1784:
1709:
1227:
Widely used, controls friction, reduces stick slip, PTFE reduces static friction
1182:
999:
927:
905:
897:
267:
183:
129:
105:
93:
2826:
2775:
2762:
2442:
2401:
2386:
1829:
1799:
1678:
1577:
1501:
1397:
1356:
1352:
1315:
1215:
PTFE and use of filters to dial in friction as necessary for friction control.
993:
982:, a noncontact bearing in which the load is supported by a gas or liquid (i.e.
949:
368:
308:
289:
171:
2846:
2803:
2170:. Vol. 3. Lanham (Maryland, US): Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1008.
1640:
Although long bearing life is often desirable, it is sometimes not necessary.
314:
2863:
2784:
2432:
2395:
2227:
1749:
1624:
1591:
1585:
1573:
1492:
1421:
loaded, fluid bearings are typically stiffer than rolling element bearings).
1167:
1147:
1116:
1091:
1037:
979:
969:
923:
885:
330:
311:
assemblies to greatly reduce friction compared to prior non-bearing designs.
277:
211:
154:
2553:
Hobbs, George William; Elliott, Ben George; Consoliver, Earl Lester (1919).
2084:
1539:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
2259:
1745:
1729:
1629:
1151:
943:
458:. Over their history, bearings have been made of many materials, including
408:
378:
241:
237:
219:
165:
125:
117:
101:
82:
2763:"A study of grease lubricants under wind turbine pitch bearing conditions"
2243:"John Harrison: Clockmaker and Copley Medalist. A public memorial at last"
273:
The first practical caged-roller bearing was invented in the mid-1740s by
2419:
1775: – Type of roller bearing which uses long, thin cylinders as rollers
1655:
983:
904:
another (in these cases, not a discrete device); or it may be a layer of
901:
353:
159:
1130:
Very high (usually limited to a few hundred feet per second at/by seal)
2041:
1966:
placed the heavy objects on a sledge that workers pulled over the sand.
1824:
1682:
1496:
1449:
900:
of a hole with a shaft passing through it, or of a planar surface that
297:
293:
274:
244:
223:
215:
96:
that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion and reduces
1330:
Air pressure: exploits air pressure to keep solid parts from touching.
1083:
Moderate to high (depends on lubrication, often requires maintenance)
1733:
1086:
Used for higher moment loads than plain bearings with lower friction
1021:
889:
248:
230:
1243:
236:
A recovered example of an early rolling-element bearing is a wooden
2695:
Time-dependent analyses of wear in oscillating bearing applications
1814:
1778:
1658:
applications, customized approaches to calculate L10/B10 are used.
1410:
1058:
973:
463:
97:
2085:
Section 10: "Two Wonderful Examples of Ancient Naval Architecture"
1487:
There are many methods of mounting bearings, usually involving an
367:
The modern, self-aligning design of ball bearing is attributed to
2620:"Antifriction Bearings – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2424:
2376:
2136:
Rubio, H.; Bustos, A.; Castejon, C.; Garcia-Prada, J. C. (2024).
1759:
1690:
1463:
which randomly scatter oil around the interior of the mechanism.
1224:
Very high; PTFE and fillers ensure wear and corrosion resistance
1002:, in which the motion is supported by a load element which bends.
459:
356:
later became a world-leading center for ball bearing production.
1202:
Limited range of movement, no backlash, extremely smooth motion
888:, a bearing that uses surfaces in rubbing contact, often with a
329:
The first patent for a radial-style ball bearing was awarded to
77:
35:
2701:. STLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference. Atlanta.
2135:
2065:
Carlson, Deborah N. (29 March 2017). "The ships of Lake Nemi".
1344:
1048:
Good, provided wear is low, but some slack is normally present
491:
475:
455:
285:
104:. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free
2168:
The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History
876:
2318:
Stribeck, R. (1901). "Kugellager für beliebige Belastungen".
1720:
is controlled by the machine's computerized control, such as
960:(conical) rollers, or rollers with a curved taper (so-called
892:
such as oil or graphite. A plain bearing may or may not be a
479:
471:
467:
252:
207:
1787: – Rotational support element for directional alignment
1627:
clocks still operate after hundreds of years because of the
1054:
Low to very high – depends upon application and lubrication
2760:
2182:
Vaughan is still regarded as the inventor of them, although
1121:
Fluid is forced between two faces and held in by edge seal
451:
149:
2337:
Stribeck, R. (1 July 1901). "Kugellager (ball bearings)".
2140:. IFToMM World Congress on Mechanism and Machine Science.
2719:
1804:
372:
2720:
Schwack, F.; Stammler, M.; Poll, G.; Reuter, A. (2016).
1475:
Composite bearings are designed with a self-lubricating
1173:
Active magnetic bearings (AMB) need considerable power.
525:
High compression strength for good load carrying ability
2637:
Budynas, Richard; Nisbett, J. Keith (27 January 2014).
522:
Resistant to abrasive and adhesive wear due to hardness
363:
Wingquist original patent of self-aligning ball bearing
2691:
2552:
1376:
is the mean diameter (often in mm) of the bearing and
2204:"John Harrison: Inventor of the precision timekeeper"
632:
Ceramics: Silicon Nitride, Zirconia, Silicon Carbine
2847:
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL)
2241:
Taylor, J. C.; Wolfendale, A. W. (22 January 2007).
1584:
in a bearing, which can be suppressed by the use of
1057:
Widely used, relatively high friction, suffers from
946:, in which the rolling elements are spherical balls;
240:
supporting a rotating table from the remains of the
1995:. In Kathryn A. Bard; Steven Blake Shubert (eds.).
1314:Shape: gains advantage usually by using spheres or
2377:Gottsill, Gina; Bishop-Wisecarver Company (2007).
2040:
1916:
560:Lower load carrying capacity compared to SAE 52100
450:The first plain and rolling-element bearings were
2161:
2159:
1866:"Who Invented the Wheel? And How Did They Do It?"
144:Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as
112:; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the
2861:
2754:
2599:"Saint-Gobain and Norco Get Celebrity Thumbs-Up"
2359:Schmieröluntersuchungen (Investigations on oils)
2240:
1997:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
1993:"Obelisks: Quarrying, transporting and erecting"
1897:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
1651:can operate up to 30 years without maintenance.
1380:is the rotation rate in revolutions per minute.
494:, among other materials, are also in use today.
2370:
1187:Material flexes to give and constrain movement
1146:Faces of bearing are kept separate by magnets (
438:Spherical rotation, e.g. ball and socket joint;
2636:
2156:
2113:. American Bearing Manufacturers Association.
1915:Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004).
1914:
303:Bearings played a pivotal role in the nascent
2801:
2660:
2658:
2481:"6 Most Popular Types of Mechanical Bearings"
2320:Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
699:Low melting point which limits speed and heat
478:, and other metals. Plastic bearings made of
124:The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "
2802:Dowson, D.; Hamrock, B. J. (February 1981).
2336:
2317:
2355:
2289:
2049:. Vol. 55, no. 3. pp. 26–31.
1848:For examples of roller bearer claims, see:
1716:, and so on. The timing and number of such
1272:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2842:ISO Dimensional system and bearing numbers
2655:
2275:"Double-row Angular Contact Ball Bearings"
2010:Guran, Ardéshir; Rand, Richard H. (1997),
1218:Good depending on laminated metal backing
1080:Moderate to high (often requires cooling)
714:Higher fatigue resistance than white metal
563:Shorter fatigue life compated to SAE 52100
428:Common motions permitted by bearings are:
158:, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole.
2774:
2745:
2258:
2142:Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science
2074:
2009:
1559:Learn how and when to remove this message
1292:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:emerged between about 5000 BC and 3000 BC
2531:
2339:Glasers Annalen für Gewerbe und Bauwesen
2165:
2067:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
1077:Good, but some slack is usually present
896:device. It may be nothing more than the
875:
835:High adhesion to nonferrous metal shafts
358:
337:in the world's first bicycle road race,
313:
190:
182:
108:movement of the moving part or for free
76:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
2639:Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design
2138:Evolution of Rolling Bearing Technology
2076:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8156
2064:
2038:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1863:
1781: – Low friction bearing technology
1689:to lubricate machinery frequently with
884:By far, the most common bearing is the
612:Lower wear due to better surface finish
384:Erich Franke invented and patented the
14:
2862:
2664:
2596:
2576:"Pressure Lubricating Characteristics"
2247:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
1641:
992:, in which the load is supported by a
229:Wheeled vehicles using plain bearings
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
2726:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2573:
2497:
2483:. Craftech Industries. Archived from
2456:"Bearing Materials - Tuli experience"
2201:
2117:from the original on 28 December 2014
1943:
1455:A rudimentary form of lubrication is
1177:(EDB) do not require external power.
832:Low yield point, which leads to creep
711:Higher load capacity than white metal
441:Hinge motion, e.g. door, elbow, knee.
432:Radial rotation, e.g. shaft rotation;
2507:. Vol. 2. Baltimore, Maryland:
2144:. Vol. 149. pp. 991–1002.
1903:
1696:Factory machines today usually have
1574:electrical currents through bearings
1511:
1270:adding citations to reliable sources
1237:
1166:Indefinite. Maintenance free. (with
1096:Off-center bearing rolls in seating
952:, in which the rolling elements are
640:Lightweight (allows for high speeds)
266:bearing was originally described by
139:
29:
2532:Gebhardt, George Frederick (1917).
2504:The American Railroad Passenger Car
1944:McCoy, Terrence (26 October 2021).
1886:
1500:be achieved with the addition of a
680:Low friction when paired with steel
24:
2795:
2439:from the original on 18 June 2021.
2202:Betts, Jonathan (1 January 1993).
2039:Carlson, Deborah (May–June 2002).
1990:
1681:, for periodic lubrication with a
1233:
255:. The wrecks were dated to 40 BC.
25:
2886:
2835:
2574:Dumas, Paul (14 September 1922).
2016:, World Scientific, p. 178,
1318:, or by forming flexure bearings.
1124:Zero friction at zero speed, low
930:, sleeve bearing, rifle bearing,
2815:Comprehensive review on bearings
2415:"Prime mover in custom bearings"
2055:
1677:Nonsealed bearings often have a
1516:
1448:Bearings can be lubricated by a
1359:perpendicular to the main axis.
1242:
1108:Adequate (requires maintenance)
288:on ball bearings was awarded to
34:
2747:10.1088/1742-6596/753/11/112013
2713:
2685:
2630:
2612:
2590:
2567:
2546:
2525:
2491:
2473:
2448:
2407:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2267:
2234:
2195:
1895:; Steven Blake Shubert (eds.).
1654:For bearings which are used in
1507:
609:Improved fatigue life over 440C
48:may be too short to adequately
2509:Johns Hopkins University Press
2379:"Did You Know: Bud Wisecarver"
2129:
2103:
2029:
2003:
1984:
1937:
1880:
1842:
1424:
516:Case Hardening Steel SAE 4118
58:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
2597:Gobain, Saint (1 June 2012).
2535:Steam Power Plant Engineering
1835:
413:coordinate-measuring machines
2641:. McGraw Hill. p. 597.
2220:10.1016/0160-9327(93)90056-9
2150:10.1007/978-3-031-45709-8_97
1864:Cassidy, Cody (6 May 2020).
1541:Knowledge's inclusion policy
1404:
976:to reduce friction and wear;
445:
110:rotation around a fixed axis
7:
2853:A glossary of bearing terms
1766:
1482:
1469:internal combustion engines
1304:
573:High Alloy Steel AISI M-50
435:Linear motion, e.g. drawer;
10:
2891:
2804:"History of ball bearings"
2776:10.1016/j.wear.2020.203335
2665:Harris, Tedric A. (2001).
1429:Some bearings use a thick
668:Sensitive to thermal shock
655:High-temperature operation
646:High electrical resistance
587:High temperature operation
553:High temperature operation
545:Stainless Steel AISI 440C
423:
178:
2817:, University of Cambridge
2808:NASA Technical Memorandum
1362:
847:Good corrosion resistance
807:Good corrosion resistance
798:Good vibration absorption
770:High thermal conductivity
756:High compressive strength
753:High thermal conductivity
717:High corrosion resistance
637:High corrosion resistance
615:Lower vibration and noise
606:High corrosion resistance
550:High corrosion resistance
498:Common bearing materials
418:
292:, a British inventor and
2668:Rolling bearing analysis
2559:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
2083:Purtell, John (1999). .
2052:PDF file direct download
1338:
938:Rolling-element bearings
871:
817:Low thermal conductivity
575:High Alloy Steel M50NiL
2556:The gasoline automobile
2427:Markets. 10 July 1995.
1387:
1175:Electrodynamic bearings
1067:Rolling element bearing
820:Small temperature range
773:High fatigue resistance
720:High seizure resistance
696:Small temperature range
689:Good seizure resistance
538:Small temperature range
514:Chrome Steel SAE 52100
488:polytetrafluoroethylene
201:Study of a ball bearing
2823:, Cambridge University
2260:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0164
1477:polytetrafluorethylene
881:
850:Wide temperature range
829:High thermal expansion
601:Stainless Steel DD400
454:, closely followed by
364:
326:
323:tapered roller bearing
203:
188:
187:Tapered roller bearing
85:
2870:Bearings (mechanical)
1853:"Inventing the wheel"
1773:Needle roller bearing
879:
362:
317:
305:Industrial Revolution
270:in the 17th century.
194:
186:
80:
18:Bearings (mechanical)
2538:. J. Wiley. p.
2366:on 25 February 2012.
2356:Martens, A. (1888).
1791:
1712:, bearing journals,
1266:improve this section
810:Good wear resistance
649:Good wear resistance
643:High heat resistance
584:High speed operation
341:, in November 1869.
325:with notched rollers
2827:"How bearings work"
2769:. 454–455: 203335.
2738:2016JPhCS.753k2013S
2586:. Class Journal Co.
2094:1 July 2010 at the
2069:(Online ed.).
1999:. pp. 709–711.
1899:. pp. 640–643.
1857:The Washington Post
1163:No practical limit
1102:Low due to flexing
954:cylindrical rollers
795:High conformability
706:Copper-Lead Alloys
686:High conformability
499:
2111:"Bearing Timeline"
2013:Nonlinear dynamics
1889:"Mons Porphyrites"
1887:Peacock, D. P. S.
1649:composite bearings
1457:splash lubrication
882:
857:Poor embeddability
801:High embeddability
683:High embeddability
535:Prone to corrosion
497:
405:aerospace bearings
365:
327:
204:
189:
86:
2821:Types of bearings
2678:978-0-471-35457-4
2648:978-0-07-339820-4
2624:sciencedirect.com
2518:978-0-8018-2747-1
2460:www.tuli-shop.com
2279:IntechBearing.com
2177:978-0-8108-8888-3
2023:978-981-02-2982-5
1956:on 25 July 2023.
1930:978-0-618-22123-3
1708:in the machine's
1596:magnetic bearings
1582:electric currents
1576:. High frequency
1569:
1568:
1561:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1231:
1230:
1221:Low to very high
1208:Composite bearing
1051:Low to very high
962:spherical rollers
932:composite bearing
863:
862:
741:Low load capacity
662:Low load capacity
622:Low load capacity
581:High fatigue life
528:Good fatigue life
503:Bearing Material
386:wire race bearing
346:Friedrich Fischer
259:Leonardo da Vinci
197:Leonardo da Vinci
140:Types of bearings
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
2882:
2811:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2487:on 11 June 2017.
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2281:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2080:
2078:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1952:. Archived from
1941:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1860:
1846:
1810:Schaeffler Group
1738:one-shot systems
1710:bearing surfaces
1670:. These contain
1605:false brinelling
1564:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1489:interference fit
1413:of the bearing.
1297:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1246:
1238:
1142:Magnetic bearing
1009:
1008:
990:Magnetic bearing
958:linearly-tapered
842:Carbon Graphite
748:Aluminum Alloys
500:
496:
484:polyoxymethylene
263:Agostino Ramelli
130:bearing surfaces
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2860:
2859:
2838:
2830:How Stuff Works
2798:
2796:Further reading
2793:
2792:
2759:
2755:
2718:
2714:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2635:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2572:
2568:
2551:
2547:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2511:. p. 518.
2496:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2354:
2350:
2335:
2331:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2285:on 11 May 2013.
2273:
2272:
2268:
2239:
2235:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2164:
2157:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:Wayback Machine
2061:via UTexas.edu.
2054:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2004:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1950:Washington Post
1942:
1938:
1931:
1913:
1904:
1893:Kathryn A. Bard
1885:
1881:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1785:Slewing bearing
1769:
1704:to the various
1668:sealed for life
1619:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1531:Please help by
1530:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1485:
1427:
1407:
1390:
1365:
1357:bending moments
1353:thrust bearings
1341:
1307:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1263:
1247:
1236:
1234:Characteristics
1183:Flexure bearing
1000:Flexure bearing
928:journal bearing
898:bearing surface
874:
448:
426:
421:
389:race bearings.
181:
142:
94:machine element
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2837:
2836:External links
2834:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2753:
2732:(11): 112013.
2712:
2684:
2677:
2654:
2647:
2629:
2611:
2589:
2566:
2545:
2524:
2517:
2499:White, John H.
2490:
2472:
2447:
2443:Trade magazine
2406:
2402:Trade magazine
2387:Machine Design
2369:
2348:
2329:
2310:
2288:
2266:
2233:
2214:(4): 160–167.
2194:
2176:
2155:
2128:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2081:
2062:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2002:
1991:Martin, Karl.
1983:
1936:
1929:
1902:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1861:
1859:. 10 May 1995.
1840:
1839:
1837:
1834:
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1832:
1830:MinebeaMitsumi
1827:
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1807:
1802:
1789:
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1776:
1768:
1765:
1750:cylinder heads
1679:grease fitting
1664:sealed bearing
1617:
1586:ferrite chokes
1567:
1566:
1524:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1502:tolerance ring
1497:shrink fitting
1484:
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1461:flinger wheels
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1168:electromagnets
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1148:electromagnets
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994:magnetic field
987:
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950:Roller bearing
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417:
369:Sven Wingquist
309:wheel and axle
290:Philip Vaughan
210:rotating on a
180:
177:
172:roller bearing
141:
138:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
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3:
2:
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2390:. p. 1.
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2089:Project Diana
2086:
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1794:
1793:Manufacturers
1786:
1783:
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1771:
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1730:machine tools
1727:
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1714:pillow blocks
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1578:PWM inverters
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1525:This section
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1493:press fitting
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1152:eddy currents
1149:
1145:
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1129:
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1120:
1118:
1117:Fluid bearing
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1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Jewel bearing
1090:
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1038:Plain bearing
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1007:
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980:Fluid bearing
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970:Jewel bearing
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924:Plain bearing
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906:bearing metal
903:
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348:, founder of
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331:Jules Suriray
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118:normal forces
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2602:. Retrieved
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2503:
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2485:the original
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
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2372:
2364:the original
2358:
2351:
2342:
2338:
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2326:(45): 73–79.
2323:
2319:
2313:
2303:30 September
2301:. Retrieved
2291:
2283:the original
2278:
2269:
2253:(1): 53–62.
2250:
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2207:
2197:
2181:
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2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2105:
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2031:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1986:
1957:
1954:the original
1949:
1939:
1918:
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1869:
1856:
1844:
1792:
1790:
1760:rock crusher
1757:
1754:
1746:engine block
1742:
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1717:
1705:
1701:
1698:lube systems
1697:
1695:
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1639:
1635:
1630:lignum vitae
1628:
1622:
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1601:
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1555:
1546:
1533:spinning off
1526:
1508:Service life
1486:
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1373:
1369:
1366:
1342:
1333:
1308:
1288:
1282:January 2024
1279:
1264:Please help
1252:
1015:Description
1005:
944:Ball bearing
918:
915:
911:
883:
867:
864:
734:Low friction
652:Low friction
574:
515:
449:
427:
409:air bearings
402:
398:
394:
391:
383:
379:Henry Timken
377:
366:
343:
328:
302:
283:
272:
257:
238:ball bearing
235:
228:
220:Djehutihotep
205:
200:
199:(1452–1519)
170:
166:ball bearing
164:
153:
143:
123:
102:moving parts
89:
87:
83:ball bearing
63:
47:
45:lead section
2420:Design News
2299:. Ibike.org
2121:28 February
2047:Archaeology
1718:lube cycles
1706:lube points
1656:oscillating
1642:Harris 2001
1580:can induce
1425:Lubrication
1196:Very high.
984:air bearing
823:Light loads
804:Lightweight
566:Higher cost
509:Trade-offs
506:Attributes
354:Schweinfurt
339:Paris-Rouen
335:James Moore
224:hand drills
216:tree trunks
195:Drawing of
160:Lubrication
2864:Categories
1836:References
1825:Koyo Seiko
1702:lube lines
1683:grease gun
1609:bell curve
1537:relocating
1450:ring oiler
1127:Very high
826:Low speeds
298:Carmarthen
294:ironmaster
284:The first
275:horologist
245:Nemi ships
2875:Tribology
2785:0043-1648
2707:201816405
2671:. Wiley.
2580:Motor Age
2501:(1985) .
2465:3 January
2433:0011-9407
2396:0024-9114
2228:0160-9327
2208:Endeavour
1970:'Research
1734:hand pump
1549:June 2023
1405:Stiffness
1253:does not
1190:Very low
1022:Stiffness
1018:Friction
890:lubricant
780:High cost
665:High Cost
625:High cost
594:High cost
446:Materials
344:In 1883,
249:Lake Nemi
134:roughness
66:June 2023
50:summarize
2810:(81689).
2437:Archived
2115:Archived
2092:Archived
1779:Rolamite
1767:See also
1691:oil cans
1483:Mounting
1411:friction
1305:Friction
1059:stiction
974:sapphire
894:discrete
792:Low cost
464:sapphire
411:used in
100:between
98:friction
2734:Bibcode
2425:Informa
1491:. When
1435:packing
1398:newtons
1316:rollers
1274:removed
1259:sources
765:Silver
729:Bronze
460:ceramic
424:Motions
400:layer.
371:of the
268:Galileo
179:History
126:to bear
114:vectors
90:bearing
2783:
2705:
2675:
2645:
2604:9 June
2515:
2431:
2394:
2345:: 2–9.
2226:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2020:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1927:
1800:Timken
1687:oilers
1431:grease
1372:where
1363:Speeds
1355:), or
1345:radial
1032:Notes
1026:Speed
492:UHMWPE
490:, and
476:bronze
456:bronze
419:Design
320:Timken
318:Early
286:patent
146:shafts
106:linear
2703:S2CID
2699:(PDF)
2563:–114.
2382:(PDF)
1979:sled.
1891:. In
1871:Wired
1672:seals
1592:Fluid
1443:waste
1439:gland
1349:axial
1339:Loads
1029:Life
1012:Type
902:bears
872:Types
480:nylon
472:steel
468:glass
253:Italy
242:Roman
208:wheel
150:axles
92:is a
2781:ISSN
2767:Wear
2673:ISBN
2643:ISBN
2606:2016
2513:ISBN
2467:2024
2429:ISSN
2392:ISSN
2305:2013
2224:ISSN
2172:ISBN
2123:2023
2018:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1748:and
1666:and
1594:and
1388:Play
1257:any
1255:cite
1193:Low
1160:Low
1105:Low
1099:Low
452:wood
169:and
2771:doi
2742:doi
2730:753
2561:111
2540:791
2343:577
2255:doi
2216:doi
2146:doi
2071:doi
1958:...
1820:NTN
1815:NSK
1805:SKF
1726:CNC
1724:or
1722:PLC
1535:or
1495:or
1268:by
1150:or
373:SKF
350:FAG
296:in
247:in
148:or
116:of
2866::
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2657:^
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2158:^
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2045:.
1948:.
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