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1154:, and Elvas protecting the rear. Although aware of this plan when he took command, Mendizábal chose to ignore the instructions upon arriving on the north bank of the Guadiana on 5 February. Instead, he stationed the bulk of his infantry in Badajoz, leaving only a small contingent of infantry and his cavalry below San Cristóbal. On 7 February Mendizábal launched a strong sally against the besieging French lines: the Portuguese cavalry, supported by a small group of infantrymen, feinted towards the French left wing while a strong force of 5,000 men attacked the right. The Spaniards under de España drove through the first French parallel to engage one of
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1165:'s 9,000 infantry settled on the heights of San Cristóbal while the 3,000 horse encamped behind them on the plains of the Caya. The Spanish commander again ignored Wellington's plan, failing to dig entrenchments on the heights, nor did he send out a cavalry screen to protect his front and monitor the French movements. Soult, however, largely ignored the Spanish army for the next few days, concentrating instead on building up his siege lines and battering Badajoz. Heavy rains also flooded both the Guadiana and Gebora rivers, rendering them impassable, so that between 11–18 February the French were only able to
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not previously expected, that has yet occurred to us." The army had been essentially destroyed; although 2,500 infantry had escaped into
Badajoz—and a slightly smaller number to Portugal—about 1,000 Spaniards had been killed or wounded, 4,000 were taken prisoner and 17 cannon had been lost. The French, for their part, suffered only minor casualties. Soult initially reported his losses as 30 killed and 140 wounded, but those figures were eventually revised to around 400 casualties, mainly from the cavalry.
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begun to arrive, the continued absence of Gazan's infantry division left him with a weakened army. Despite these problems, Soult decided to besiege
Badajoz in hopes that Wellington would send reinforcements to the Spanish fortress and thereby reduce the Allied forces facing Masséna at the Lines of Torres Vedras. On 26 January Soult marched for Badajoz, sending Latour-Maubourg with six cavalry battalions across the Guadiana to blockade the fortress' northern approach, and by 27 January the
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1055:. When confronted by Marshal Mortier, Ballesteros retreated without suffering serious harm but remained a threat to the rear of the French column. For this reason Soult directed Gazan's infantry to head off the Spanish force and protect the delayed siege-train, while he himself continued onward to Almendralejo with his cavalry. As a result, Soult finally joined Latour-Maubourg on 6 January with only a fraction of his original column and no heavy artillery.
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1117:. Soult, arriving on 11 January, was therefore confronted with a strongly garrisoned—but untenable—fortress. The heavy French artillery finally began to arrive on 19 January, and by 22 January a poorly repaired breach in the fortress' walls had been reopened. The garrison surrendered on 23 January, with over 4,000 Spanish troops from the Army of Extremadura taken captive.
1193:, under Mortier's command, to the north bank across a flying bridge over the Guadiana River. Joined by six cavalry regiments under Latour-Maubourg, the French now had 4,500 infantrymen, 2,500 cavalry and 12 cannon ready to attack the Spanish lines at dawn on 19 February. Due to heavy fog that morning, Mendizábal was unaware of the approaching French until his
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an unformed mass that the cavalry were able to penetrate and take prisoner." Briche's light cavalry thus broke through the two
Spanish squares without great difficulty, and the battle was effectively over. A few of the Spanish regiments dispersed; many surrendered; and others joined together to fight their way to Badajoz or the Portuguese border.
1261:, and the Army of the South converged, the combined French force of over 60,000 men forced Wellington, on 20 June, to call off the siege and pull his 44,000-man besieging army back to Elvas. Thus Badajoz would remain in French hands until the following year, when the Allies finally retook it following the
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regiments to attack the combined
Spanish and Portuguese cavalry on the plains of the Caya. Despite outnumbering the French, the Allied horse ignored orders and immediately fled towards Elvas and Campo Maior. They escaped unscathed, largely because Latour-Maubourg ignored them and instead launched his
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Before his sudden death, La Romana had met with
Wellington and agreed on a plan for the campaign—the army was to entrench on the heights of San Cristóbal, with its right flank protected by the fort of San Cristóbal, its front covered by the Gebora and Guadiana rivers, the left guarded by the fortress
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Soult was now in a difficult position: although he had a large (4,000-strong) contingent of cavalry, deploying two battalions to escort the prisoners taken at
Olivenza back to French-held Seville left him only 5,500 infantry with which to continue his campaign. Moreover, although his siege-train had
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supported by artillery which, although initially successful in impeding the French cavalry, eventually became an easy target for the French infantry and artillery. As one
Spanish infantryman recounted, "Their artillery played upon it in a most horrible fashion until it became first an oval and then
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The battle was a serious setback for the Anglo-Spanish-Portuguese allies; Wellington had earlier warned the
Spanish generals that the Army of Extremadura was "the last body of troops which their country possesses", and later wrote that "he defeat of Mendizábal is the greatest misfortune, which was
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ten days later. When these forces joined with Mendizábal's remaining 3,000 men, a
Spanish cavalry division and a brigade of Portuguese horse, the Allies had an army almost 15,000 strong—intended to be under the command of La Romana—with which to hold Soult in check. La Romana, however, died of an
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had previously sent dispatches to
Marshal Soult, commander of the Army of the South, urging him to send assistance to Masséna in Portugal. However, the Emperor's orders, which called for only a small force, were based on outdated intelligence and the situation had changed considerably by the time
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Mortier demonstrated his tactical prowess in the deployment of his small force: he sent all his cavalry to the north to attack the Spanish left; three battalions were sent south between the fort at San Cristóbal and the Spanish right wing; and his remaining six infantry battalions assaulted the
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Soult was now free to continue his investment of Badajoz; although the town's garrison was now some 8,000 strong due to the influx of soldiers from Mendizábal's destroyed army, it eventually fell to the French on 11 March. Wellington then sent a large Anglo-Portuguese corps, commanded by
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Meanwhile, Mendizábal had retreated to the Portuguese border after sending two battalions to reinforce the garrison at Badajoz. Weakened by the defeat at Olivenza and by Ballesteros' continued absence, he sent to La Romana for reinforcements, receiving on 14 January 1,800 men sent from
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quickly defeated the Spanish army, inflicting 1,000 casualties and taking 4,000 prisoners while losing only 400 men. The victory allowed Soult to concentrate on his assault of Badajoz, which fell to the French on 11 March and remained in French hands until the following year.
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duel between the two sides had scarcely begun, however, when the French cavalry appeared; the light horse approached along the top of the heights while Latour-Maubourg's dragoons advanced from the rear. In response, Mendizábal formed his troops into two huge divisional
1109:. Wellington had previously advised Gen. Pedro Caro de La Romana, commander of the Spanish Army of Extremadura, either to destroy the fortification at Olivenza or to repair its defenses and fully garrison it; La Romana in turn had instructed Mendizábal to
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When Mendizábal ignored Wellington's instructions and failed to entrench his army, Soult took advantage of the vulnerable Spanish position and sent a small force to attack the Spaniards. On the morning of 19 February, French forces under Marshal
1257:, in which Beresford's strong Allied corps maintained the siege but only barely managed to hold off an outnumbered French army, again commanded by Soult. However, when the French Army of Portugal, now under the command of Marshal
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in September 1810, Viscount Wellington was forced by Masséna's manoeuvres to retreat behind the extensive lines of Torres Vedras, a series of forts defending the Portuguese capital of Lisbon. By 10 October 1810, only the British
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The engagement of the Spanish right flank was not as immediately decisive. Because the fog had lifted, the Spaniards could see the numerical weakness of the opposing force and formed up with little sign of falling. The
1004:
now stood between the French army and the Portuguese capital, making an attack against Lisbon virtually impossible. Nevertheless, compelled to act, Soult instead gathered an army of 20,000 men, mainly from
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By the afternoon of 18 February, the rains had abated and lower water levels made the Gebora River fordable again. That evening Soult sent nine infantry battalions, three cavalry squadrons and two
1009:, and launched an expedition into Extremadura with the aim of capturing the Spanish fortress at Badajoz, thereby drawing some of the Allied forces away from Masséna and the Lines of Torres Vedras.
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brigades and were only driven back when Mortier sent several battalions to his aid. De España pulled back to Badajoz, having lost 650 men and causing 400 French casualties.
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Spanish front. As the fog rose, the French light cavalry under Briche gained the heights and fell upon the Spanish left flank, while Latour-Maubourg took three
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train to become separated from the escorting infantry, a problem that was further complicated when the column was threatened by 5,000 Spanish troops under Gen.
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division commanded by Gen. Mendizábal. Latour-Maubourg was therefore able to take position near Almendralejo and await the arrival of the second French column.
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on 14 October, the French dug themselves in rather than launch a full-scale assault, remaining entrenched for a month before withdrawing to a position between
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939:. Supported by a small force of Portuguese cavalry, the Spaniards reached the town and camped on the nearby heights of San Cristóbal in early February 1811.
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and therefore had to take a longer, more practicable route into Extremadura. Bad weather and the desertion of the Spanish drivers caused the
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had begun. Gazan's division eventually rejoined Soult's army on 3 February, further strengthening the besieging force by 6,000 men.
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935:, sent a large Spanish army to raise the siege. La Romana, however, died before the army could depart, and command fell to General
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Soult divided his army into two contingents and advanced into Extremadura via the two main passes leading from Andalusia into the
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On 9 February Mendizábal withdrew most of his men from Badajoz, leaving behind a 7,000-strong garrison. The
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the fortress, but Mendizábal ignored this order and instead reinforced the garrison with four infantry
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so strong a fortress as Badajoz with his reduced force and therefore changed his plans. Sending his
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patrols remained outside the defensive lines, while Masséna's Army of Portugal concentrated around
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View of Badajoz, across the Guadiana river from the foothills of the San Cristóbal heights
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had begun. A French attempt to lift this siege resulted, on 16 May, in the bloody
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to watch the garrison at Badajoz, he marched with the remainder of his army to
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Soult received them. Thirty thousand Allied troops and six major
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on 23 January, and command of the army then fell to Mendizábal.
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into the neighbouring Spanish region of Extremadura and laid
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The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History
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That second column, commanded by Soult and including
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2045:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1016:valley, with the intention of rejoining at
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2069:. Vol. IV. Oxford: Clarendon Press
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897:'s army from its position in
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2012:Wellington in the Peninsula
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1950:Glover, Michael (1974),
1825:, pp. 55 and 57–61.
1280:
48:Eugène-Ferdinand Buttura
4403:Battles involving Spain
3919:Frederick VI of Denmark
3869:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
2659:Greater Poland uprising
2482:Duc d'Enghien Execution
1251:second siege of Badajoz
913:led part of the French
264:1,000 killed or wounded
4039:Ferdinand VII of Spain
2487:Coronation of Napoleon
1209:
1186:
1123:first siege of Badajoz
1068:
993:
907:Lines of Torres Vedras
866:took place during the
176:Commanders and leaders
4326:Conference of Dresden
4235:Paris (February 1812)
4164:Swedish–Norwegian War
3989:Alexander I of Russia
2117:Battle of the Gebora
1932:Gates, David (1986),
1247:Sir William Beresford
1207:
1184:
1133:under the command of
1066:
1053:Francisco Ballesteros
991:
540:Castile 1811–13
307:Castile 1811–13
256:Casualties and losses
4418:February 1811 events
4280:Fontainebleau (1814)
3834:Louis-Nicolas Davout
2755:Invasion of Portugal
2097:at Wikimedia Commons
2095:Battle of the Gebora
2010:Weller, Jac (1962),
864:Battle of the Gebora
856: current battle
96:38.89500°N 6.98000°W
24:Battle of the Gebora
4306:Bourbon Restoration
4049:Maria I of Portugal
4034:Prince of Hohenlohe
4024:Gebhard von Blücher
2967:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
2274:Swiss Confederation
1969:Napier, Sir William
1897:, pp. 198–205.
1885:, pp. 187–189.
1861:, pp. 342–343.
1837:, pp. 252–253.
1528:, p. 337 footnote;
1322:, pp. 145–146.
1310:, pp. 141–142.
1191:artillery batteries
1037:Gen. Honoré Gazan's
929:Viscount Wellington
901:—mired in front of
92: /
4321:Continental System
4316:Congress of Erfurt
4240:Paris (March 1812)
4014:Peter Wittgenstein
3939:Duke of Wellington
3894:Prince Poniatowski
3859:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3844:Auguste de Marmont
3239:Arroyo dos Molinos
3087:Walcheren Campaign
3077:Armistice of Znaim
2972:Dalmatian Campaign
2897:Tyrolean Rebellion
1918:(published 2003),
1912:The Peninsular War
1682:, pp. 97–98;
1524:, pp. 44–46;
1210:
1187:
1069:
994:
911:Jean de Dieu Soult
513:2nd Alba de Tormes
408:2nd Ciudad Rodrigo
393:Navas de Membrillo
383:Arroyo dos Molinos
222:Gabriel Mendizábal
192:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
101:38.89500; -6.98000
4383:Conflicts in 1811
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4358:Types of military
4154:Russo-Turkish War
4149:Russo-Persian War
4117:Anglo-Turkish War
4112:Anglo-Swedish War
4107:Anglo-Spanish War
4102:Anglo-Russian War
4029:Duke of Brunswick
3932:political leaders
3812:political leaders
3796:
3795:
2801:Medina de Rioseco
2523:Haslach-Jungingen
2457:French Revolution
2434:
2433:
2217:Seventh Coalition
2130:
2129:
2124:Battle of Barrosa
2120:Succeeded by
2108:Battle of Bussaco
2093:Media related to
2003:978-1-85367-618-5
1990:Oman, Sir Charles
1961:978-0-14-139041-3
1943:978-0-7126-9730-9
1925:978-0-14-027370-0
1813:, pp. 54–55.
1714:, pp. 52–53.
1686:, pp. 51–52.
1638:, pp. 50–51.
1512:, pp. 43–44.
1460:, pp. 37–38.
1448:, pp. 36–37.
1375:, pp. 31–32.
1351:, pp. 28–29.
1263:Battle of Badajoz
1255:Battle of Albuera
1090:and leaving four
958:Battle of Bussaco
531:
530:
270:
269:
122:
121:
4435:
4134:Dano-Swedish War
4122:Anglo-Danish War
3974:Archduke Charles
3889:Jérôme Bonaparte
3805:
3804:
3738:Castel di Sangro
3647:Fère-Champenoise
3300:García Hernández
3214:Fuentes de Oñoro
2730:Guttstadt-Deppen
2467:Second Coalition
2445:
2444:
2426:French Royalists
2233:
2232:
2182:Fourth Coalition
2156:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2104:Preceded by
2101:
2100:
2092:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2015:
2006:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1964:
1946:
1928:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1768:
1762:
1756:
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1736:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1693:
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1665:
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1645:
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1629:
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1346:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1135:Carlos de España
1071:Soult could not
855:
848:
842:
835:
830:
825:
820:
813:
808:
803:
796:
791:
786:
779:
774:
767:
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738:
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548:
463:García Hernández
308:
296:
289:
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273:
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232:
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190:
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165:
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138:
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107:
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102:
97:
93:
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88:
85:
61:19 February 1811
55:
54:
41:
21:
20:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4362:
4289:
4173:
4094:
4088:
4044:Miguel de Álava
4009:Pyotr Bagration
4004:Count Bennigsen
3994:Mikhail Kutuzov
3959:Thomas Cochrane
3931:
3929:
3923:
3884:Louis Bonaparte
3811:
3809:
3808:French and ally
3792:
3676:
3592:Château-Thierry
3555:
3419:
3390:Maloyaroslavets
3248:
3162:
3116:
2907:Yevenes/Yébenes
2865:
2781:Rosily Squadron
2759:
2683:
2649:Waren-Nossentin
2577:
2508:Cape Finisterre
2491:
2462:First Coalition
2440:
2430:
2337:
2330:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2210:Sixth Coalition
2196:Fifth Coalition
2175:Third Coalition
2165:
2163:Napoleonic Wars
2160:
2121:
2116:
2114:Napoleonic Wars
2105:
2085:
2072:
2070:
2057:
2055:Further reading
2038:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2014:, Nicholas Vane
2004:
1980:
1978:
1962:
1944:
1926:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:, p. 248;
1805:
1798:
1794:, p. 286).
1792:Wellington 1838
1788:Henry Wellesley
1785:
1781:
1777:, p. 163).
1775:Wellington 1838
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1741:, p. 248;
1737:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1650:, p. 248;
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1259:Auguste Marmont
1238:
1179:
1061:
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945:Édouard Mortier
860:
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559:
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549:
541:
539:
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527:
448:Salamanca Forts
403:Southern France
378:Riego de Ambrós
309:
306:
302:
300:
265:
238:
228:
226:
216:
214:
208:
204:Édouard Mortier
196:
184:
171:
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149:
147:
132:
100:
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4395:
4390:
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4355:
4353:Longwood House
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4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4090:
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4076:
4071:
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4059:Count of Feira
4056:
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4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3954:Horatio Nelson
3951:
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3935:
3933:
3925:
3924:
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3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
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3871:
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3864:Marshal Victor
3861:
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3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:Arcis-sur-Aube
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
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3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Venta del Pozo
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3260:Ciudad Rodrigo
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Ciudad Rodrigo
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3112:Alba de Tormes
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
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3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
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3012:Aspern-Essling
3009:
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2614:Jena–Auerstedt
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
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2386:Ottoman Empire
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2346:United Kingdom
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Ottoman Empire
2313:
2311:Denmark–Norway
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Polish Legions
2251:
2245:
2243:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2189:Peninsular War
2185:
2178:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2083:External links
2081:
2080:
2079:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2016:
2007:
2002:
1986:
1965:
1960:
1947:
1942:
1929:
1924:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1873:, p. 348.
1863:
1851:
1849:, p. 254.
1839:
1827:
1815:
1796:
1786:Wellington to
1779:
1763:
1751:
1749:, p. 337.
1745:, p. 53;
1731:
1716:
1704:
1698:, p. 52;
1688:
1672:
1660:
1654:, p. 51;
1640:
1634:, p. 97;
1621:
1609:
1597:
1591:, p. 48;
1581:
1575:, p. 94;
1565:
1563:, p. 337.
1550:
1544:, p. 93;
1534:
1532:, p. 248.
1514:
1508:, p. 92;
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1432:, p. 92;
1422:
1410:
1404:, p. 33;
1394:
1377:
1365:
1363:, p. 142.
1353:
1341:
1339:, p. 245.
1324:
1312:
1300:
1298:, p. 248.
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1237:
1234:
1178:
1175:
1060:
1057:
963:light division
953:
950:
868:Peninsular War
852:
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728:
723:
716:
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708:Ciudad Rodrigo
706:
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537:Peninsular War
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304:Peninsular War
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266:4,000 captured
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62:
59:
51:
50:
34:
33:
31:Peninsular War
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4440:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:1811 in Spain
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:Miscellaneous
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Manuel Lapeña
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:Prince Eugène
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:André Masséna
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Joachim Murat
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:Rocheserviere
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:San Sebastián
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Sankt Michael
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Teugen-Hausen
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:client states
2234:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:Penguin Books
1913:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1761:, p. 54.
1760:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1729:, p. 53.
1728:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1702:, p. 98.
1701:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1670:, p. 51.
1669:
1664:
1658:, p. 97.
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1619:, p. 50.
1618:
1613:
1607:, p. 49.
1606:
1601:
1595:, p. 96.
1594:
1590:
1585:
1579:, p. 47.
1578:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1496:, p. 40.
1495:
1490:
1484:, p. 41.
1483:
1478:
1472:, p. 38.
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1436:, p. 35.
1435:
1431:
1426:
1420:, p. 35.
1419:
1414:
1408:, p. 91.
1407:
1403:
1398:
1392:, p. 32.
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:light cavalry
1074:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:V Corps
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
998:
990:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
949:
946:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:
916:Armée du Midi
912:
908:
905:'s defensive
904:
900:
896:
895:André Masséna
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
847:
841:
819:
802:
785:
773:
756:
744:
732:
720:
703:
691:
679:
667:
650:
633:
621:
609:
592:
580:
554:
547:
538:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
305:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
277:
274:
263:
260:
259:
254:
250:
247:
246:
241:
235:
225:
223:
213:
212:
210:
205:
200:
195:
193:
188:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
168:
158:
156:
146:
145:
143:
141:
140:French Empire
136:
131:
130:
125:
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4341:Grande Armée
4301:Bibliography
4285:Paris (1815)
4245:Paris (1814)
4230:Paris (1810)
4210:Finckenstein
4185:Campo Formio
3944:Rowland Hill
3930:military and
3810:military and
3783:Rocquencourt
3652:Saint-Dizier
3622:Bar-sur-Aube
3577:Mincio River
3173:
3072:Schöngrabern
2851:2nd Zaragoza
2791:1st Zaragoza
2745:Stralsund II
2594:Campo Tenese
2568:Schöngrabern
2553:Cape Ortegal
2503:Diamond Rock
2381:Papal States
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2122:
2113:
2106:
2071:. Retrieved
2064:
2030:, retrieved
2024:
2011:
1993:
1979:, retrieved
1973:
1951:
1933:
1911:
1890:
1878:
1871:Esdaile 2002
1866:
1859:Esdaile 2002
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1782:
1766:
1754:
1747:Esdaile 2002
1734:
1707:
1691:
1675:
1663:
1643:
1612:
1600:
1584:
1568:
1561:Esdaile 2002
1537:
1526:Esdaile 2002
1517:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1425:
1413:
1397:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1315:
1303:
1243:
1239:
1236:Consequences
1220:
1211:
1188:
1160:
1148:
1127:
1119:
1084:André Briche
1070:
1034:
1018:Almendralejo
1011:
995:
955:
941:
914:
892:
884:Spanish Army
863:
861:
322:
127:Belligerents
43:
29:Part of the
18:
4169:War of 1812
4127:Gunboat War
4084:Louis XVIII
3839:Jean Lannes
3753:Quatre Bras
3743:San Germano
3693:Occhiobello
3582:Champaubert
3572:La Rothière
3496:San Marcial
3380:2nd Polotsk
3345:1st Polotsk
3330:Majadahonda
3270:Villagarcia
3199:Campo Maior
2987:Piave River
2912:Ciudad Real
2902:Villafranca
2771:Dos de Mayo
2720:Stralsund I
2472:18 Brumaire
2406:Netherlands
2304:Württemberg
1895:Weller 1962
1883:Weller 1962
1700:Napier 1831
1680:Napier 1831
1656:Napier 1831
1632:Napier 1831
1593:Napier 1831
1573:Napier 1831
1542:Napier 1831
1506:Napier 1831
1430:Napier 1831
1406:Napier 1831
1361:Glover 1974
1320:Weller 1962
1308:Weller 1962
1152:Campo Maior
1045:siege-train
888:Extremadura
807:Campo Maior
508:Tordesillas
473:Majadahonda
468:Guadalajara
453:2nd Astorga
433:Villagarcia
428:2nd Arlabán
423:3rd Badajoz
353:1st Arlabán
333:2nd Badajoz
328:Campo Maior
318:1st Badajoz
99: /
4377:Categories
4311:Casualties
4225:Schönbrunn
4200:Artlenburg
3949:John Moore
3854:Michel Ney
3723:Scapezzano
3713:Cesenatico
3657:Montmartre
3587:Montmirail
3521:Wartenburg
3476:Großbeeren
3335:Gorodechno
3325:Klyastitsy
3305:Saltanovka
3194:Casal Novo
3067:Hollabrunn
3052:Korneuburg
2846:Somosierra
2750:Copenhagen
2573:Austerlitz
2563:Dürenstein
2299:Westphalia
2242:and allies
2032:1 November
1904:References
1847:Gates 1986
1835:Gates 1986
1807:Gates 1986
1739:Gates 1986
1648:Gates 1986
1530:Gates 1986
1337:Gates 1986
1296:Gates 1986
1163:field army
1115:battalions
1081:Brig. Gen.
1002:fortresses
965:and a few
952:Background
483:2nd Madrid
368:Cogorderos
234:Pedro Caro
87:06°58′48″W
84:38°53′42″N
4275:Casalanza
4250:Tauroggen
4205:Pressburg
4190:Lunéville
4095:conflicts
3928:Coalition
3778:La Suffel
3728:Tolentino
3612:Montereau
3597:Vauchamps
3546:Bornhöved
3501:Dennewitz
3446:Tarragona
3395:Chashniki
3295:Salamanca
3219:Tarragona
3143:Barquilla
3097:Almonacid
3057:Stockerau
3027:Stralsund
2997:2nd Porto
2977:Ebelsberg
2947:Abensberg
2917:1st Porto
2877:Castellón
2861:Benavente
2826:Valmaseda
2740:Friedland
2735:Heilsberg
2705:Ostrołęka
2695:Mohrungen
2629:Magdeburg
2558:Amstetten
2543:Trafalgar
2528:Elchingen
2513:Wertingen
2411:Brunswick
2336:Coalition
1981:9 October
1823:Oman 1911
1811:Oman 1911
1771:Oman 1911
1759:Oman 1911
1743:Oman 1911
1727:Oman 1911
1712:Oman 1911
1696:Oman 1911
1684:Oman 1911
1668:Oman 1911
1652:Oman 1911
1636:Oman 1911
1617:Oman 1911
1605:Oman 1911
1589:Oman 1911
1577:Oman 1911
1546:Oman 1911
1522:Oman 1911
1510:Oman 1911
1494:Oman 1911
1482:Oman 1911
1470:Oman 1911
1458:Oman 1911
1446:Oman 1911
1434:Oman 1911
1418:Oman 1911
1402:Oman 1911
1390:Oman 1911
1373:Oman 1911
1349:Oman 1911
1092:squadrons
1049:artillery
983:Rio Maior
921:Andalusia
909:—Marshal
638:Salamanca
523:San Muñoz
458:Salamanca
413:Rocaforte
363:Benavides
4346:Uniforms
4260:Chaumont
4178:Treaties
3879:Joseph I
3819:Napoleon
3763:Waterloo
3703:Casaglia
3667:Toulouse
3551:Sehested
3526:Bidassoa
3506:2nd Kulm
3491:1st Kulm
3481:Katzbach
3471:Sorauren
3466:Pyrenees
3431:Castalla
3415:Berezina
3405:Smoliani
3375:Tarutino
3360:Borodino
3350:Valutino
3340:Smolensk
3310:Ostrovno
3280:Maguilla
3244:Valencia
3234:Saguntum
3082:Talavera
2962:Ratisbon
2952:Landshut
2927:Bergisel
2922:Medellín
2836:Espinosa
2796:Valencia
2669:Czarnowo
2639:Pasewalk
2634:Prenzlau
2609:Saalfeld
2548:Caldiero
2518:Günzburg
2396:Sardinia
2371:Portugal
2041:citation
2022:(1838),
1992:(1911),
1971:(1831),
1269:See also
1224:musketry
1144:aneurysm
1131:Abrantes
1107:Olivenza
1096:dragoons
1086:to take
1041:division
1030:infantry
1014:Guadiana
997:Napoleon
979:Santarém
975:skirmish
899:Portugal
870:between
568:125miles
443:Maguilla
418:Sangüesa
373:El Bodón
243:Strength
167:Portugal
66:Location
4398:Badajoz
4093:Related
3672:Bayonne
3637:Craonne
3607:Mormant
3567:Brienne
3541:Nivelle
3531:Leipzig
3486:Dresden
3456:Vitoria
3441:Bautzen
3410:Krasnoi
3355:Mesoten
3315:Vitebsk
3275:Almaraz
3265:Badajoz
3224:Albuera
3209:Almeida
3204:Sabugal
3189:Redinha
3179:Barrosa
3158:Bussaco
3153:Almeida
3133:Astorga
3102:Tamames
3062:Gefrees
3017:Alcañiz
2957:Eckmühl
2887:Corunna
2856:Sahagún
2821:Zornoza
2816:Vimeiro
2786:Cabezón
2710:Kolberg
2679:Pułtusk
2674:Golymin
2664:Hamelin
2644:Stettin
2604:Schleiz
2449:Prelude
2441:battles
2416:Hanover
2361:Prussia
2351:Austria
2289:Bavaria
2269:Etruria
2264:Holland
2236:France,
2229:gerents
1229:squares
1215:dragoon
1199:Hussars
1100:Albuera
1073:besiege
1059:Prelude
1005:V
967:cavalry
880:Badajoz
872:Spanish
790:Albuera
761:Arlabán
655:Astorga
518:Tafalla
438:Almaraz
343:Albuera
118:victory
71:Badajoz
4270:Mantua
4220:Cintra
4215:Tilsit
4195:Amiens
3733:Ancona
3718:Pesaro
3688:Panaro
3617:Orthez
3602:Garris
3516:Roßlau
3511:Göhrde
3451:Luckau
3436:Lützen
3400:Vyazma
3370:Burgos
3365:Moscow
3320:Kobryn
3229:Usagre
3184:Pombal
3174:Gebora
3047:Wagram
3007:Tarvis
2982:Girona
2942:Raszyn
2932:Sacile
2841:Tudela
2831:Burgos
2811:Roliça
2806:Bailén
2725:Mileto
2715:Danzig
2654:Lübeck
2619:Erfurt
2538:Verona
2421:Nassau
2401:Sweden
2391:Persia
2376:Sicily
2356:Russia
2338:forces
2321:Persia
2294:Saxony
2279:Naples
2249:France
2227:Belli-
2073:27 May
2000:
1958:
1940:
1922:
1195:picket
1177:Battle
1111:slight
1104:invest
1088:Mérida
1079:under
1026:Usagre
971:Sobral
903:Lisbon
876:French
854:
824:Gebora
597:Burgos
498:Mañeru
493:Burgos
488:Bilbao
478:Retiro
398:Orbigo
388:Tarifa
348:Usagre
323:Gebora
251:12,000
116:French
112:Result
4336:Films
3768:Wavre
3758:Ligny
3748:Gaeta
3708:Ronco
3698:Carpi
3662:Paris
3632:Reims
3536:Hanau
3128:Cádiz
3107:Ocaña
3092:Ölper
3037:María
3002:Wörgl
2992:Grijó
2892:Valls
2882:Uclés
2776:Bruch
2700:Eylau
2624:Halle
2599:Maida
2589:Gaeta
2439:Major
2366:Spain
2326:Spain
2259:Italy
1281:Notes
1167:shell
1139:Elvas
1007:Corps
566:200km
338:Úbeda
248:7,000
155:Spain
75:Spain
46:, by
4265:Kiel
4255:Ried
3801:Info
3788:Issy
3681:1815
3627:Laon
3560:1814
3424:1813
3290:Ekau
3253:1812
3167:1811
3121:1810
3042:Graz
3032:Raab
2870:1809
2764:1808
2688:1807
2582:1806
2496:1805
2075:2021
2047:link
2034:2007
1998:ISBN
1983:2007
1956:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1171:line
981:and
874:and
862:The
58:Date
3285:Mir
3148:Côa
2533:Ulm
1150:at
1098:at
1094:of
886:of
4379::
2043:}}
2039:{{
1914:,
1799:^
1719:^
1624:^
1553:^
1380:^
1327:^
1288:^
1265:.
985:.
927:.
890:.
713:10
696:11
684:12
672:13
660:14
643:15
626:16
614:17
602:18
585:19
573:20
73:,
2155:e
2148:t
2141:v
2077:.
2049:)
1790:(
834:1
829:2
812:3
795:4
778:5
766:6
749:7
737:8
725:9
295:e
288:t
281:v
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