47:
486:, collected his force of 4000 and besieged Schenck in Werl, surrounding the city with heavy artillery and horse. Although he had a seemingly overwhelming force against Schenck's mere 500 or so soldiers, he was reluctant to shell the town. Although Schenck and Cloedt were surrounded outside, and attacked inside from the several hundred guards in the Werl citadel. They tried to break out once, but were forced back into the city, leaving some 50 of their own soldiers outside the gates when they were shut; these soldiers then escaped into the forest, and attacked several nearby farmsteads, waiting for their commanders to break out again.
463:
531:
possible assistance from the
Protestant princes in the east; they would have to fight through the Spanish army to send him any aid. The assets Schenck did acquire were largely plundered from farmers and merchants. Although they enhanced his and his soldiers' resources, they did little for Gebhard's declining financial situation, which, by this point, was in dire straits. Furthermore, little more than a paid brigand, Schenck alienated the population of Westphalia, if not from Protestantism at least from Gebhard's cause.
149:
138:
489:
Inside the fortress Cloedt and
Schenck loaded their wagons, this time with all their booty, took 30 magistrates as hostages, and attacked Haultpenne's force, killing about 500 of them, and losing 200 of their own. After fighting their way through Haultpenne's force, they made their way
478:
through trickery. He loaded a train of wagons with his soldiers and covered them with salt, a valuable commodity. When the wagons of salt were seen outside the city, the guards opened the gates and they were admitted at once. The "salted soldiers" then over-powered the guards and captured the town.
359:
which alienated the farmers and merchants of
Westphalia from Gebhard's cause, although not specifically from Protestantism. Schenck used trickery to take the fortress at Werl, but was not able to completely overpower the guard. The arrival of a superior force outnumbering his by about 10 to 1,
534:
In the larger picture of the
Cologne War, the failure of the Westphalia campaign and Schenck's retreat from Werl marked the beginning of the end for Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg's tenure as archbishop and prince-elector of Cologne. Once the Spanish threw their army into the fray, the balance of
530:
For
Gebhard, the 1586 Battle of Werl specifically, and the sack of Westphalia generally, provided him with no specific gains and with some very concrete losses. Schenck failed to secure any reasonable fortresses for the long-term, which isolated Gebhardt's territories, and his forces, from any
479:
Some of the defenders escaped to the Werl citadel. Schenck and his troops stormed it several times, but were turned away. When they could not capture the well-fortified citadel, they thoroughly sacked the city, theoretically to discourage any citizens from helping the guards in the citadel.
510:
For
Schenck, the battle, and the campaign in Westphalia, was a success. He entered Westphalia as a soldier of fortune, and he left as a soldier with a fortune. Once he crossed the Rhine, he deposited his fortune and his wife in Venlo, and went to
454:, as well as the farmsteads and villages between them. In the course of their campaign, they also desecrated several churches, removing all the icons, tapestries, and furnishings, and, in Soest, harassing the clergyman.
434:
for
Gebhard, and leave them fortified against attack by either Ernst's forces or those of the Duke of Parma. They crossed the Rhine river, and plundered several towns in Westphalia, including
285:
295:
535:
military force shifted rapidly to the
Catholic side. The loss of the archbishopric of Cologne to the Catholic contender, Ernst of Bavaria, resulted in the consolidation of
270:
547:
stronghold on the lower Rhine, and the consolidation of
Spanish bridgeheads on the Rhine river, via which Philip of Spain could assault the Protestant Dutch provinces.
275:
305:
265:
364:, cornered him in within the city's walls. In his subsequent withdrawal, he took a couple dozen civilian hostages, and escaped with his booty across the
233:
46:
280:
709:
386:
in 1583, and declared religious parity for
Protestants and Catholics in the electorate, the Cathedral chapter elected a competing archbishop,
689:
77:
336:
occurred between 3–8 March 1586, during a month-long campaign in the Duchy of Westphalia by mercenaries fighting for the
402:. By 1585, these forces were stalemated, and each sought outside support, Waldburg from the Dutch and Ernst of Bavaria from the
704:
466:
The Electorate of Cologne, circa 1580. The City of Cologne, although part of the archdiocese, was not part of the Electorate.
226:
17:
520:
490:
to Kettwick, and crossed the Rhine above Dortmund. Cloedt returned to his command at Neuss, which in a short time was
315:
398:, for military assistance. Initially, the conflict was limited to troops of Waldburg, and the competing archbishop,
516:
495:
491:
403:
300:
219:
395:
345:
141:
684:
679:
435:
255:
415:
383:
356:
165:
699:
310:
351:
The action at Werl had been preceded by a general plundering of Vest and Recklinghausen by troops of
419:
352:
169:
694:
630:
290:
361:
174:
8:
544:
471:
260:
399:
387:
152:
439:
427:
673:
391:
92:
79:
394:, holding it with armed force where necessary; Ernst called in his brother,
148:
137:
656:
536:
524:
377:
243:
38:
483:
337:
178:
523:, the English Governor-General of the Dutch, knighted him by order of
341:
418:
took 500 foot and 500 horse to Westphalia, accompanied by
527:, and presented him with a chain valued at a thousand gold pieces.
155:, Archbishop of Cologne, Prince-Elector of Cologne, 1584–1612
144:, Archbishop of Cologne, Prince-Elector of Cologne, 1577–1588
451:
462:
540:
211:
512:
499:
423:
365:
475:
447:
443:
431:
332:
70:
663:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 252–246.
426:. Their goal was to secure two primary fortifications at
583:
Der Kampf um das Erzstift Köln zur Zeit der Kurfürsten
585:
published 1878, pp. 156–162, 21 July 2009.
539:authority in northwestern German territories, the
671:
382:When Gebhard converted to Calvinism, married
227:
661:A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation
482:Count Claude von Berlaymount, also known as
645:Benians p. 708; Hennes, pp. 152–166.
234:
220:
422:, the commander of the fortified town of
409:
461:
344:) Archbishop-Prince Elector of Cologne,
655:
14:
672:
215:
474:, on 1 March Schenck captured
457:
390:. Gebhardt refused to give up the
24:
636:New York, MacMillan, 1905, p. 708.
25:
721:
569:Cologne, 1863–1880. 21 July 2009.
690:Battles of the Eighty Years' War
521:Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
517:Philip William, Prince of Orange
496:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
404:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
147:
136:
45:
241:
648:
639:
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
572:
556:
346:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
193:4000 horse, foot and guns
142:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
13:
1:
710:Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
705:1586 in the Holy Roman Empire
634:The Cambridge Modern History,
112:Escape of Schenck and his men
550:
543:establishment of a Catholic
7:
416:Martin Schenck von Nydeggen
384:Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben
166:Martin Schenck von Nydeggen
10:
726:
567:Geschichte der Stadt Köln,
375:
371:
505:
251:
197:
184:
159:
130:
53:
44:
36:
31:
612:Hennes, p. 158–59.
581:Johann Heinrich Hennes,
492:surrounded and destroyed
420:Hermann Friedrich Cloedt
353:Hermann Friedrich Cloedt
190:500 foot; 500 horse
170:Hermann Friedrich Cloedt
467:
410:The Sack of Westphalia
160:Commanders and leaders
73:, County of Westphalia
631:Ernest Alfred Benians
465:
376:Further information:
360:under the command of
198:Casualties and losses
18:Battle of Werl (1586)
502:on the Neuss river.
362:Claude de Berlaymont
175:Claude de Berlaymont
93:51.55000°N 7.92000°E
685:Duchy of Westphalia
680:Counter-Reformation
545:Counter-Reformation
472:Vest Recklinghausen
89: /
468:
392:ecclesiastical see
700:Conflicts in 1586
515:to report to the
470:After plundering
324:
323:
210:
209:
206:approximately 500
203:approximately 250
126:
125:
98:51.55000; 7.92000
16:(Redirected from
717:
665:
664:
654:Benians p. 708;
652:
646:
643:
637:
628:
622:
619:
613:
610:
604:
601:
595:
592:
586:
580:
576:
570:
564:
560:
458:Cornered in Werl
400:Ernst of Bavaria
388:Ernst of Bavaria
246:
236:
229:
222:
213:
212:
153:Ernst of Bavaria
151:
140:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
55:
54:
49:
29:
28:
21:
725:
724:
720:
719:
718:
716:
715:
714:
670:
669:
668:
653:
649:
644:
640:
629:
625:
621:Hennes, p. 159.
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:Hennes, p. 158.
602:
598:
594:Hennes, p. 157.
593:
589:
578:
577:
573:
562:
561:
557:
553:
519:. While there,
508:
460:
414:In March 1586,
412:
380:
374:
327:
326:
325:
320:
247:
242:
240:
168:
118:
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
74:
61:March 3–8, 1585
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
723:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
695:1586 in Europe
692:
687:
682:
667:
666:
647:
638:
623:
614:
605:
596:
587:
571:
554:
552:
549:
507:
504:
459:
456:
428:Recklinghausen
411:
408:
373:
370:
357:Martin Schenck
322:
321:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
249:
248:
239:
238:
231:
224:
216:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
182:
181:
172:
162:
161:
157:
156:
145:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
34:
33:
32:Battle of Werl
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
722:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
675:
662:
658:
657:Holborn, Hajo
651:
642:
635:
632:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
584:
575:
568:
559:
555:
548:
546:
542:
538:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
503:
501:
498:. Schenck to
497:
493:
487:
485:
480:
477:
473:
464:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
379:
369:
367:
363:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:
317:
316:2nd Rheinberg
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Gelsenkirchen
274:
272:
271:1st Rheinberg
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
250:
245:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
218:
217:
214:
205:
202:
201:
196:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
134:
129:
121:
116:
115:
111:
108:
107:
102:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:
40:
35:
30:
19:
660:
650:
641:
633:
626:
617:
608:
599:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
533:
529:
509:
488:
481:
469:
413:
381:
350:
330:
328:
281:Cologne Riot
131:Belligerents
579:(in German)
563:(in German)
537:Wittelsbach
525:Elizabeth I
378:Cologne War
296:Poppersdorf
244:Cologne War
177:, known as
117:Territorial
96: /
39:Cologne War
674:Categories
565:L. Ennen,
541:Jesuit-run
484:Haultpenne
338:Protestant
331:Battle of
179:Haultpenne
551:Citations
396:Ferdinand
342:Calvinist
301:2nd Neuss
286:1st Neuss
261:Godesberg
256:Oberstift
84:7°55′12″E
81:51°33′0″N
659:(1959).
311:Nijmegen
306:2nd Bonn
266:1st Bonn
185:Strength
66:Location
37:Part of
452:Waltrop
372:Context
368:river.
119:changes
506:Result
450:, and
109:Result
513:Delft
500:Venlo
440:Soest
424:Neuss
366:Rhine
476:Werl
448:Vest
444:Unna
436:Hamm
432:Werl
430:and
355:and
333:Werl
329:The
291:Werl
122:None
71:Werl
58:Date
494:by
676::
446:,
442:,
438:,
406:.
348:.
340:(
235:e
228:t
221:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
