36:
475:, collected his force of 4000 and besieged Schenck in Werl, surrounding the city with heavy artillery and horse. Although he had a seemingly overwhelming force against Schenck's mere 500 or so soldiers, he was reluctant to shell the town. Although Schenck and Cloedt were surrounded outside, and attacked inside from the several hundred guards in the Werl citadel. They tried to break out once, but were forced back into the city, leaving some 50 of their own soldiers outside the gates when they were shut; these soldiers then escaped into the forest, and attacked several nearby farmsteads, waiting for their commanders to break out again.
452:
520:
possible assistance from the
Protestant princes in the east; they would have to fight through the Spanish army to send him any aid. The assets Schenck did acquire were largely plundered from farmers and merchants. Although they enhanced his and his soldiers' resources, they did little for Gebhard's declining financial situation, which, by this point, was in dire straits. Furthermore, little more than a paid brigand, Schenck alienated the population of Westphalia, if not from Protestantism at least from Gebhard's cause.
138:
127:
478:
Inside the fortress Cloedt and
Schenck loaded their wagons, this time with all their booty, took 30 magistrates as hostages, and attacked Haultpenne's force, killing about 500 of them, and losing 200 of their own. After fighting their way through Haultpenne's force, they made their way
467:
through trickery. He loaded a train of wagons with his soldiers and covered them with salt, a valuable commodity. When the wagons of salt were seen outside the city, the guards opened the gates and they were admitted at once. The "salted soldiers" then over-powered the guards and captured the town.
348:
which alienated the farmers and merchants of
Westphalia from Gebhard's cause, although not specifically from Protestantism. Schenck used trickery to take the fortress at Werl, but was not able to completely overpower the guard. The arrival of a superior force outnumbering his by about 10 to 1,
523:
In the larger picture of the
Cologne War, the failure of the Westphalia campaign and Schenck's retreat from Werl marked the beginning of the end for Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg's tenure as archbishop and prince-elector of Cologne. Once the Spanish threw their army into the fray, the balance of
519:
For
Gebhard, the 1586 Battle of Werl specifically, and the sack of Westphalia generally, provided him with no specific gains and with some very concrete losses. Schenck failed to secure any reasonable fortresses for the long-term, which isolated Gebhardt's territories, and his forces, from any
468:
Some of the defenders escaped to the Werl citadel. Schenck and his troops stormed it several times, but were turned away. When they could not capture the well-fortified citadel, they thoroughly sacked the city, theoretically to discourage any citizens from helping the guards in the citadel.
499:
For
Schenck, the battle, and the campaign in Westphalia, was a success. He entered Westphalia as a soldier of fortune, and he left as a soldier with a fortune. Once he crossed the Rhine, he deposited his fortune and his wife in Venlo, and went to
443:, as well as the farmsteads and villages between them. In the course of their campaign, they also desecrated several churches, removing all the icons, tapestries, and furnishings, and, in Soest, harassing the clergyman.
423:
for
Gebhard, and leave them fortified against attack by either Ernst's forces or those of the Duke of Parma. They crossed the Rhine river, and plundered several towns in Westphalia, including
274:
284:
524:
military force shifted rapidly to the
Catholic side. The loss of the archbishopric of Cologne to the Catholic contender, Ernst of Bavaria, resulted in the consolidation of
259:
536:
stronghold on the lower Rhine, and the consolidation of
Spanish bridgeheads on the Rhine river, via which Philip of Spain could assault the Protestant Dutch provinces.
264:
294:
254:
353:, cornered him in within the city's walls. In his subsequent withdrawal, he took a couple dozen civilian hostages, and escaped with his booty across the
222:
35:
269:
698:
375:
in 1583, and declared religious parity for
Protestants and Catholics in the electorate, the Cathedral chapter elected a competing archbishop,
678:
66:
325:
occurred between 3–8 March 1586, during a month-long campaign in the Duchy of Westphalia by mercenaries fighting for the
391:. By 1585, these forces were stalemated, and each sought outside support, Waldburg from the Dutch and Ernst of Bavaria from the
693:
455:
The Electorate of Cologne, circa 1580. The City of Cologne, although part of the archdiocese, was not part of the Electorate.
215:
509:
479:
to Kettwick, and crossed the Rhine above Dortmund. Cloedt returned to his command at Neuss, which in a short time was
304:
387:, for military assistance. Initially, the conflict was limited to troops of Waldburg, and the competing archbishop,
505:
484:
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392:
289:
208:
384:
334:
130:
673:
668:
424:
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404:
372:
345:
154:
688:
299:
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The action at Werl had been preceded by a general plundering of Vest and Recklinghausen by troops of
408:
341:
158:
683:
619:
279:
350:
163:
8:
533:
460:
249:
388:
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141:
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662:
380:
81:
68:
383:, holding it with armed force where necessary; Ernst called in his brother,
137:
126:
645:
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513:
366:
232:
27:
472:
326:
167:
512:, the English Governor-General of the Dutch, knighted him by order of
330:
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took 500 foot and 500 horse to Westphalia, accompanied by
516:, and presented him with a chain valued at a thousand gold pieces.
144:, Archbishop of Cologne, Prince-Elector of Cologne, 1584–1612
133:, Archbishop of Cologne, Prince-Elector of Cologne, 1577–1588
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451:
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200:
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412:
354:
464:
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432:
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321:
59:
652:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 252–246.
415:. Their goal was to secure two primary fortifications at
572:
Der Kampf um das Erzstift Köln zur Zeit der Kurfürsten
574:
published 1878, pp. 156–162, 21 July 2009.
528:authority in northwestern German territories, the
660:
371:When Gebhard converted to Calvinism, married
216:
650:A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation
471:Count Claude von Berlaymount, also known as
634:Benians p. 708; Hennes, pp. 152–166.
223:
209:
411:, the commander of the fortified town of
398:
450:
333:) Archbishop-Prince Elector of Cologne,
644:
661:
204:
463:, on 1 March Schenck captured
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379:. Gebhardt refused to give up the
13:
625:New York, MacMillan, 1905, p. 708.
14:
710:
558:Cologne, 1863–1880. 21 July 2009.
679:Battles of the Eighty Years' War
510:Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
506:Philip William, Prince of Orange
485:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
393:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
136:
125:
34:
230:
637:
628:
613:
604:
595:
586:
577:
561:
545:
335:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
182:4000 horse, foot and guns
131:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
1:
699:Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
694:1586 in the Holy Roman Empire
623:The Cambridge Modern History,
101:Escape of Schenck and his men
539:
532:establishment of a Catholic
7:
405:Martin Schenck von Nydeggen
373:Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben
155:Martin Schenck von Nydeggen
10:
715:
556:Geschichte der Stadt Köln,
364:
360:
494:
240:
186:
173:
148:
119:
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33:
25:
20:
601:Hennes, p. 158–59.
570:Johann Heinrich Hennes,
481:surrounded and destroyed
409:Hermann Friedrich Cloedt
342:Hermann Friedrich Cloedt
179:500 foot; 500 horse
159:Hermann Friedrich Cloedt
456:
399:The Sack of Westphalia
149:Commanders and leaders
62:, County of Westphalia
620:Ernest Alfred Benians
454:
365:Further information:
349:under the command of
187:Casualties and losses
491:on the Neuss river.
351:Claude de Berlaymont
164:Claude de Berlaymont
82:51.55000°N 7.92000°E
674:Duchy of Westphalia
669:Counter-Reformation
534:Counter-Reformation
461:Vest Recklinghausen
78: /
457:
381:ecclesiastical see
689:Conflicts in 1586
504:to report to the
459:After plundering
313:
312:
199:
198:
195:approximately 500
192:approximately 250
115:
114:
87:51.55000; 7.92000
706:
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643:Benians p. 708;
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447:Cornered in Werl
389:Ernst of Bavaria
377:Ernst of Bavaria
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142:Ernst of Bavaria
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583:Hennes, p. 157.
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508:. While there,
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403:In March 1586,
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50:March 3–8, 1585
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346:Martin Schenck
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21:Battle of Werl
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646:Holborn, Hajo
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487:. Schenck to
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305:2nd Rheinberg
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260:1st Rheinberg
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270:Cologne Riot
120:Belligerents
568:(in German)
552:(in German)
526:Wittelsbach
514:Elizabeth I
367:Cologne War
285:Poppersdorf
233:Cologne War
166:, known as
106:Territorial
85: /
28:Cologne War
663:Categories
554:L. Ennen,
530:Jesuit-run
473:Haultpenne
327:Protestant
320:Battle of
168:Haultpenne
540:Citations
385:Ferdinand
331:Calvinist
290:2nd Neuss
275:1st Neuss
250:Godesberg
245:Oberstift
73:7°55′12″E
70:51°33′0″N
648:(1959).
300:Nijmegen
295:2nd Bonn
255:1st Bonn
174:Strength
55:Location
26:Part of
441:Waltrop
361:Context
357:river.
108:changes
495:Result
439:, and
98:Result
502:Delft
489:Venlo
429:Soest
413:Neuss
355:Rhine
465:Werl
437:Vest
433:Unna
425:Hamm
421:Werl
419:and
344:and
322:Werl
318:The
280:Werl
111:None
60:Werl
47:Date
483:by
665::
435:,
431:,
427:,
395:.
337:.
329:(
224:e
217:t
210:v
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