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taels, and perhaps even 4 million taels after accounting for wastage. The military strengthening of
Liaodong had also taken a toll on the capital defenses, which fell from 200,000 to 120,000 soldiers. Unfortunately for Xiong Tingbi, the change in leadership also brought new problems in the form of court slandering of his accomplishments. Liu Guojin, who had been impeached by Xiong for recruiting the soldiers that mutinied at Fort Zhenjiang, had started a faction and plot to slander Xiong of losing territory and cowardice in battle, both of which Xiong denied. Eventually Xiong decided to quit before he was arrested, and resigned from his position as Military Affairs Commissioner.
553:. In preparation for the coming battles Nurhaci began heavily courting nearby Mongol tribes, whose chieftains, and even Ming officers, defected to his banner. Defectors were rewarded with lands, titles, farms, slaves, livestock, and cash according to their ranks and contributions to the war effort. Nurhaci emphasized the Mongols especially that the Ming were their common foe, and that the Jurchens and Mongols shared a similar Central Asian origin. The rest of 1619 was spent sealing alliances with ritual feasts, even as Jin lands were suffering from famine. Nurhaci's overtures were not met with success everywhere, and
569:
To fund the rejuvenation of the northeastern military command, Xiong requested a disbursement of 1.2 million taels from the
Ministry of Revenue. The Ministry promised 400,000 taels and delivered only 100,000. After much badgering and condemnation by Xiong, the Minister of War suggested that it might be possible to dip into funds usually allocated to local regions, as well as raise contributions from the noble houses, aboriginal chieftains, and regular bureaucrats. Eventually Xiong received a total disbursement of 600,000 taels.
642:. Fengjibao's commander, Li Bingchen, sallied forth with 200 soldiers to meet the enemy in open battle. One banner proceeded to attack Li's troops, who managed to kill a Jin officer with cannon fire before retreating. Nurhaci pulled back his troops out of the range of Ming cannons and camped near Fengjibao. Ming scouts tried to spy on Jin camps that night, but were captured and executed. The next day Li tried to engage the Jin army again with 2,000 troops. The battle ended in complete defeat for Li and the Jin took Fengjibao.
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Shenyang's defenders would sortie out and meet them in the open field. The tactic went well and He
Shixian led a contingent of 1,000 soldiers to meet the Jin in battle. They were quickly surrounded and forced to fight their way to the west gate of the city, but were unable to enter. He Shixian died in combat as four arrows pierced his body. You Shigong tried to save him but his troops were defeated as well. You died in combat. With the two commanders dead, Shenyang's defenses fell apart and the Jin quickly took the city.
711:. The Ministry of War began recruiting mercenaries from all over China to supplement their forces. The war in Liaodong had impoverished thousands who fled south seeking refuge. Shandong in particular was hit hard and local officials complained of the unrest that followed. The people of Liaodong had a bad reputation for being shifty and untrustworthy, and their influx in neighboring regions exacerbated already limited resources. Some also fled to Korea and islands in the
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addition to the 1.2 million taels Xiong had requested, he also advocated for the relocation of 180,000 troops from other regions to
Liaodong to man a defensive line stretching from Fushun to Fort Zhenjiang. This was approved by the court, which sent orders for troop transfers to be carried out. The order was met with considerable difficulties. In one instance the troops that had been assigned to Fort Zhenjiang, numbering 17,400 men, mutinied.
37:
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rushed out with 30,000 soldiers and fired their guns at the Jin, who engaged them in open combat, suffering heavy casualties. The Ming army was able to repulse Jin advances until they ran out of ammunition, after which they were routed. The Jin left wing took the Wujing Gate and severed the bridge, cutting off the broken Ming retreat. Scattered Ming soldiers were driven towards the city moat where they drowned.
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able to protect
Liaodong, they could actually invade the Later Jin and end the threat once and for all. According to Yuan, Mongols were essentially "free crack cavalry." While some factions were highly skeptical of this view, the attraction of decisive action won out in the end, and the Tianqi Emperor disbursed 3 million taels to persuade the Mongols to come to their side.
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were given not to loot from the commoners, and for the most part, the strict discipline of the Jin army made the occupation less painful than it could have been. Nurhaci celebrated the victory near his new capital and bestowed rewards upon his followers. Defections from Mongol and Ming subjects increased.
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Xiong estimated that
Nurhaci had around 100,000 troops at his command while there were nominally 180,000 Ming soldiers in the Liaodong region. However, from his personal inspections, Xiong deduced that only 90,000 troops were available in Liaodong, and of those a great portion were unfit for service.
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Xiong Tingbi's plans were attacked by an official hailing from the south by the name of Yang
Sichang. Yang argued that Xiong's plans were unreliable and costly, especially regarding the transportation of Sichuanese soldiers all the way to the northeastern frontier. To carry out all of Xiong's plans,
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Nurhaci moved the Later Jin capital to
Liaoyang. To smooth the transition of the region, Nurhaci released Ming officials who had been jailed for opposing the Jin as a sign of goodwill, and their previous posts prior to the invasion were restored to them, only this time serving under the Jin. Orders
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Seeing that Ming defenses had disintegrated, Nurhaci proceeded to invade
Liaoyang, where Yuan Yingtai was headquartered. First Nurhaci directed one banner to cut off the city's water supply and another to begin sapping the east wall. Nurhaci's own banners began constructing siege works. Ming forces
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Yang
Sichang took on the task of calculating revenues and affairs for Liaodong. He estimated that Liaodong's 177,00 troops and 100,000 mounts costed the court roughly 3.7 million taels per year. To offset these costs, he suggested establishing military farms so that at least the horses could be fed
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Recognizing that Ming's only advantage over the Jin was firepower, Xiong opted not to take an aggressive stance, and simply fortified and rebuilt fortress walls and moats. Xiong hoped that by gradually improving defensive positions in Liaodong, Ming could regain lost ground without engaging the Jin
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Jin siege carts began moving towards the city. Scaling ladders were erected and the city was assaulted on all sides. The Ming defenders had run out of gunpowder after their gunpowder stores were hit by Li Yongfang's cannoneers. Finally morale broke as two walls fell to the Jin. As Yuan Yingtai saw
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succeeded him. Taichang immediately released one million taels to fund the Liaodong defense, but at that point the official Li Ruhua estimated that a sum of 1.6 million taels would be needed to properly supply the eastern army. The Ministry of Revenue gave an even grimmer estimation of 3.2 million
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The Ming court appointed Xiong Tingbi as Military Affairs Commissioner of Liaodong. Xiong's strategy was to further strengthen Ming defenses and to soothe the worries of the people. His rationale was that so long as the people of Liao understood their importance as protected subjects of Ming, they
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succeeded him. Yuan Yingtai was promoted to Military Affairs Commissioner of Liaodong and assumed an aggressive posture towards the Jin. Unlike his predecessor, Yuan wished to court the Mongols and add their strength to the Ming army. He believed that with the Mongols' aid, not only would they be
664:
Meanwhile, a Ming army of 50,000 had been dispatched and was on its way to besiege Shenyang. News of this reached Nurhaci, who rushed his banners out to confront the Ming before they could entrench themselves around the city. Taken by surprise, the Ming army was only able to fire their guns once
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Xiong and the supply distributor, Wang Zaijin, came to blows and were unable to work together due to differences of strategy. Wang wished to spread out troops along the entire frontier while Xiong regarded the defense of Guangning as the most realistic course of action. Wang won out in the end.
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The commanders of Shenyang, He Shixian and You Shigong, had dug moats and erected palisades around Shenyang. Cannons and firearms were deployed. Not wanting to meet Ming firepower head on, Nurhaci opted to conduct raids on the city's outskirts and pillage the surrounding area in the hope that
572:
With half the funds he had requested, Xiong set out to build war carts, manufacture firearms, and repair moats and walls. The Ministry of War was tasked with producing 4,500 cannons. Roughly 37,000 carts worth of supplies pulled by 74,000 oxen arrived in Liaodong during the winter of 1619. In
561:
would refrain from joining the Jin. Xiong emphasized the need for Ming subjects to feel valued if they were to contribute to the war effort. One of his first actions after taking office was to immediately punish deserters. A pair of Ming commanders along with Li Ruzhen, who had fled from the
722:
became the new headquarters. Xiong Tingbi was also called back into service. Xiong reiterated that the best strategy was to remain on defense. Not only that, Ming had to focus on securing naval security and attacking the Jin from the coast. Plans for the construction of a fleet were sent to
534:
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Nurhaci then left to intercept a Ming relief contingent at the Hun River. Ming commander Chen Ce's heavy pikemen were flanked by Jin cavalry and driven into the river where they drowned. The remaining Ming troops rallied and engaged 200 Jin soldiers, who retreated. Nurhaci's son
677:
this he set his watchtower on fire, committing suicide. Ming's Mongol allies who were present were too busy looting the city to do any fighting and fled soon after the Ming army was defeated. Following Yuan's example the other Ming officers committed suicide as well.
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before the Jin cavalry was upon them. The Jin cavalry caught them in a pincer attack, collapsing one side then another, until the entire army broke. They chased the scattered remnants for a time before regrouping. Next Nurhaci intercepted another army from
610:
on local feed. Yang also recommended introducing a new pay scale based on the grade of soldiers to better motivate them as well as to reduce costs. Soldiers were divided into five classes, and the highest class earned 2.5 times what the lowest class made.
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in open battles. During Xiong's tenure security returned to Liaodong and many refugees were able to return home. Commerce picked up and Jin attacks decreased significantly. However the military strengthening effort ground to a halt when
585:
ignored Yang's suggestion to draw funds from the Taicang vault, and raised taxes in early 1620 in the hopes of increasing revenues to 5.2 million taels. The tax increase was not carried out evenly across the empire. Some places, such as
687:. Skirmishes were fought between the new Ming troops and the banners. Small victories were had by the Ming, who killed 3,000 Jin troops in one engagement, but were forced to concede defeat and retreat after they ran out of gunpowder.
727:. Xiong requested 300,000 soldiers to man the defenses. The court estimated that it was possible to pull together maybe 260,000. However, none of the requested troops came to fruition, and money and supplies were sent instead.
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The Ming court appointed Xue Guoyong as Vice Minister of War and Military Affairs Commissioner of Liaodong. Wang Huazhen was appointed Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Right and Touring Pacification Commissioner of
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Xiong believed that it was unwise to defend Shenyang, which although a major city, was located on empty land and therefore more vulnerable to attack. Others argued that it could not be lightly abandoned.
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was struck by famine and the court was forced to reduce taxes. Ming troops were constantly hampered by a lack of supplies and rations as the Jin carried out raids on grain stores.
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Yang suggested that it was not 1.2 million taels that were needed, but 10 million taels, taken straight from the imperial Taicang vault. The
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attacked the Ming column and broke their morale. The Jin army then chased Ming troops for a distance before returning to Shenyang.
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In early 1621 the Jin attacked the Liaodong region and took the fortress of Fengjibao near Shenyang. Nurhaci attacked with all
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killed Jin's envoys. Some Mongol tribes turned to the Ming.
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
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Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
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545:and his advisers started planning the conquest of
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2325:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
2745:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2716:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
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1629:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
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1004:, vol. 1, University of California Press
993:The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty
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2861:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
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1580:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
16:1621 battle between Later Jin and Ming
3159:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
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669:and defeated it in quick succession.
649:they erected defenses and made camp.
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2380:Ministry of Posts and Communications
501:was a military conflict between the
3128:History of Qing (People's Republic)
621:
13:
3200:Battles involving the Ming dynasty
2845:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2214:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2207:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2087:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1911:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
14:
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3134:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2975:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2850:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2002:DograāTibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
513:, khan of the Later Jin, invaded
2945:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2261:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2017:Red Turban Rebellion (1854ā1856)
1992:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1878:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1215:Japanese missions to Ming China
984:
475:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2646:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1936:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1089:Campaign against the Uriankhai
565:, were captured and executed.
549:to make it the new capital of
1:
3080:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2855:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2711:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2395:Provincial military commander
2385:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2370:Imperial Household Department
2197:Preparative Constitutionalism
1901:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1149:Campaigns against the Mongols
751:
528:
2839:Researches on Manchu Origins
2244:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1854:Transition from Ming to Qing
1844:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
1687:Covered jar with carp design
1303:Transition from Ming to Qing
746:Timeline of the Qing dynasty
741:Timeline of the Ming dynasty
690:
7:
2739:Changzhou School of Thought
2249:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2224:Railway Protection Movement
2202:1909 Parliamentary election
2187:British expedition to Tibet
2097:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2057:Self-Strengthening Movement
2032:NepalāTibet War (1855ā1856)
1682:Ming presentation porcelain
1281:Japanese invasions of Korea
734:
517:and captured the cities of
10:
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3139:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2027:Miao Rebellion (1854ā1873)
1966:Miao Rebellion (1795ā1806)
1956:Battle of Ngį»c Hį»i-Äį»ng Äa
1926:Miao Rebellion (1735ā1736)
1544:Compilations and Documents
1175:LuchuanāPingmian campaigns
1000:Wakeman, Frederic (1985),
3149:Names of the Qing dynasty
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2067:Dungan Revolt (1862ā1877)
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1916:Chinese Rites controversy
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1677:Chinese lacquerware table
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1439:Embroidered Uniform Guard
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1200:Prince of Anhua rebellion
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450:Manchuria under Ming rule
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3070:Great Qing Treasure Note
2890:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2600:Administrative divisions
2417:Administrative divisions
2345:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1740:Great Ming Treasure Note
1619:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
1402:Administrative divisions
1205:Prince of Ning rebellion
699:Letters were written to
2666:Chengde Mountain Resort
2467:Three Eastern Provinces
2117:First Sino-Japanese War
2092:Northern Chinese Famine
1951:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1849:Qing invasion of Joseon
1559:The Hundred-word Eulogy
1225:Great Rites Controversy
1079:Ming conquest of Yunnan
991:Swope, Kenneth (2014),
3047:Great Qing Copper Coin
2935:Convention of Tientsin
2868:Annotated Bibliography
2816:Qing official headwear
1859:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1597:Palaces and Mausoleums
1587:Ming Veritable Records
1235:Luso-Chinese agreement
635:
538:
465:2nd invasion of Joseon
460:1st invasion of Joseon
134:Commanders and leaders
3121:Draft History of Qing
2980:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2761:performance criticism
2365:Imperial Commissioner
2355:Great Qing Legal Code
2154:Eight-Nation Alliance
2137:Third plague pandemic
2047:PuntiāHakka Clan Wars
1971:White Lotus Rebellion
1692:Yongning Temple Stele
1429:Imperial Commissioner
1154:Reign of Ren and Xuan
1114:Ming treasure voyages
1104:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
629:
536:
213:Casualties and losses
3052:Great Qing Gold Coin
2985:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2930:Convention of Peking
2810:Pentaglot Dictionary
2792:Literary inquisition
2502:Ever Victorious Army
2335:Deliberative Council
2239:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2192:1905 Batang uprising
2132:Hundred Days' Reform
2022:Small Swords Society
1291:Sino-Dutch conflicts
1190:Rebellion of Cao Qin
1119:MingāTurpan conflict
1069:Red Turban Rebellion
260:MingāQing transition
29:Ming-Qing transition
3105:Anti-Qing sentiment
2955:Treaty of the Bogue
2895:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2827:Complete Tang Poems
2507:Green Standard Army
2390:Provincial governor
2360:Imperial Clan Court
2340:Diplomatic missions
2315:Consultative Bureau
2062:Tongzhi Restoration
1941:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1921:Ten Great Campaigns
1829:Jurchen unification
1638:Society and Culture
1573:Yongle Encyclopedia
1412:Imperial Clan Court
1355:Kingdom of Tungning
1308:Jurchen unification
1240:Jiajing wokou raids
1129:Battle of Palembang
1094:Battle of Buir Lake
499:Battle of Shen-Liao
455:Jurchen unification
82: /
22:Battle of Shen-Liao
2990:Treaty of Tientsin
2701:Western Qing tombs
2696:Eastern Qing tombs
2522:Peking Field Force
2266:Manchu Restoration
2159:Declaration of war
2112:Jindandao incident
1931:Lhasa riot of 1750
1487:Military conquests
1333:Peasant rebellions
1210:Capture of Malacca
1185:Defense of Beijing
1099:Lin Kuan rebellion
636:
539:
308:Peasant rebellions
170:Yuan Yingtai
86:40.000Ā°N 122.500Ā°E
3195:Conflicts in 1621
3177:
3176:
3088:
3087:
3000:Treaty of Whampoa
2995:Treaty of Wanghia
2970:Treaty of Nanking
2940:LiāLobanov Treaty
2915:Chefoo Convention
2910:Burlingame Treaty
2781:Kangxi Dictionary
2686:Old Summer Palace
2517:Firearm Battalion
2320:Cup of Solid Gold
2274:
2273:
2219:Manchurian plague
2182:Late Qing reforms
2173:(1901–1912)
2107:Sikkim expedition
2037:Panthay Rebellion
2007:Taiping Rebellion
1983:(1801–1900)
1961:Sino-Nepalese War
1906:DzungarāQing Wars
1892:(1683–1799)
1820:(1616–1683)
1766:
1765:
1475:Gunpowder weapons
1434:Grand coordinator
1397:Grand Secretariat
1363:
1362:
1257:(1572–1683)
1166:(1435–1572)
1134:Battle of Kherlen
1084:MingāMong Mao War
1074:Wu Mian rebellion
1060:(1368–1435)
563:Battle of Tieling
494:
493:
225:
224:
179:Li Bingchen
161:You Shigong
112:
111:
3207:
3154:New Qing History
3037:Qianlong Tongbao
3015:
3014:
2960:Treaty of Canton
2900:Unequal treaties
2706:Fuling Mausoleum
2305:Advisory Council
2234:Wuchang Uprising
2174:
2077:Tianjin Massacre
2042:Second Opium War
1984:
1946:Sino-Burmese War
1893:
1871:Battle of Penghu
1839:Seven Grievances
1821:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1566:Huang-Ming Zuxun
1338:Jiashen Incident
1328:She-An Rebellion
1313:Seven Grievances
1286:Donglin movement
1271:Bozhou rebellion
1258:
1167:
1144:Lam Sʔn uprising
1124:MingāÄįŗ”i Ngu War
1109:Jingnan campaign
1061:
1054:
1053:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1005:
996:
978:
972:
966:
965:, p. 38-39.
960:
954:
948:
942:
941:, p. 36-37.
936:
930:
924:
913:
912:, p. 35-36.
907:
901:
895:
889:
888:, p. 32-33.
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
852:, p. 28-29.
847:
841:
835:
829:
828:, p. 26-27.
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
790:
789:, p. 24-25.
784:
775:
769:
622:Course of battle
603:Taichang Emperor
509:. In early 1621
470:Seven Grievances
325:SheāAn Rebellion
263:
261:
251:
244:
237:
228:
227:
194:
185:
176:
167:
158:
152:He Shixian
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
87:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
45:
44:
39:
19:
18:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3169:Willow Palisade
3115:Chuang Guandong
3084:
3056:
3006:
2965:Treaty of Kulja
2950:Treaty of Aigun
2883:
2875:
2774:History of Ming
2726:
2720:
2658:
2652:
2578:Special regions
2573:
2512:Imperial Guards
2478:
2270:
2229:1911 Revolution
2175:
2172:
2165:
2142:Boxer Rebellion
2102:Sino-French War
2052:Amur Annexation
1997:First Opium War
1985:
1982:
1975:
1894:
1891:
1882:
1866:Great Clearance
1822:
1819:
1803:
1797:
1767:
1762:
1757:History of Ming
1744:
1711:
1633:
1609:Chaotian Palace
1592:
1552:History of Yuan
1539:
1496:
1453:
1359:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1245:Single whip law
1220:Ningbo incident
1195:Miao rebellions
1168:
1165:
1158:
1062:
1059:
1043:
1037:
987:
982:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
793:
785:
778:
770:
759:
754:
737:
693:
624:
531:
525:from the Ming.
495:
490:
489:
485:Great Clearance
386:
264:
259:
257:
255:
190:
187:
181:
178:
172:
169:
163:
160:
154:
146:
142:
91:40.000; 122.500
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
73:
71:
69:
68:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Kangxi Tongbao
3029:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:Boxer Protocol
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Forbidden City
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:General of Ili
2631:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2617:List of ambans
2614:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Margary Affair
2079:
2074:
2072:Mudan incident
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Nian Rebellion
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:Yongle Tongbao
1730:
1728:Hongwu Tongbao
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Forbidden City
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1492:Nine Garrisons
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:Ordos campaign
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:MingāKotte War
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
997:
986:
983:
980:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
914:
902:
890:
878:
866:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
791:
776:
756:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
743:
736:
733:
692:
689:
623:
620:
615:Tianqi Emperor
530:
527:
492:
491:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
446:
445:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
332:
328:
327:
322:
321:
320:
315:
305:
304:
303:
293:
292:
291:
286:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
265:
254:
253:
246:
239:
231:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
197:
196:
150:
136:
135:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
103:
99:
98:
59:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3212:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Manchu people
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Canton System
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Hubu Guanpiao
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:Society &
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Summer Palace
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Mukden Palace
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:Palaces &
2655:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Eight Banners
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Grand Council
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2170:20th century
2168:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1980:19th century
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Ming Xiaoling
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1577:
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1574:
1570:
1568:
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1563:
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1536:
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1505:
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1499:
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1478:
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1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:Vassal prince
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Eastern Depot
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Southern Ming
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
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1201:
1198:
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1191:
1188:
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1170:
1161:
1155:
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1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
988:
977:, p. 39.
976:
971:
964:
959:
953:, p. 38.
952:
947:
940:
935:
929:, p. 36.
928:
923:
921:
919:
911:
906:
900:, p. 35.
899:
894:
887:
882:
876:, p. 30.
875:
870:
864:, p. 29.
863:
858:
851:
846:
840:, p. 27.
839:
834:
827:
822:
816:, p. 26.
815:
810:
804:, p. 25.
803:
798:
796:
788:
783:
781:
774:, p. 37.
773:
768:
766:
764:
762:
757:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
732:
728:
726:
721:
716:
714:
710:
704:
702:
697:
688:
686:
681:
678:
674:
670:
668:
662:
660:
654:
650:
648:
643:
641:
640:Eight Banners
633:
628:
619:
616:
611:
607:
604:
599:
597:
591:
589:
584:
583:Wanli Emperor
578:
574:
570:
566:
564:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
486:
483:
481:
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468:
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451:
448:
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416:
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319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
290:
287:
285:
284:Southern Ming
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
267:
262:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
232:
229:
220:
217:
216:
211:
207:
204:
203:
198:
195:
193:
188:Chen Ce
186:
184:
177:
175:
168:
166:
159:
157:
151:
149:
145:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
115:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3190:1621 in Asia
3164:Treaty ports
3126:
3119:
3093:Other topics
2866:
2859:
2837:
2825:
2808:
2803:Peiwen Yunfu
2801:
2779:
2772:
2743:
2492:Beiyang Army
2474:Zongli Yamen
2330:Da-Qing Bank
2147:Red Lanterns
1800:Qing dynasty
1755:
1749:Other topics
1660:Four Masters
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1390:House of Zhu
1343:Shanhai Pass
1323:Great Plague
1266:Jianzhou war
1040:Ming dynasty
1001:
992:
985:Bibliography
970:
958:
946:
934:
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
729:
717:
705:
698:
694:
682:
679:
675:
671:
663:
655:
651:
644:
637:
612:
608:
600:
592:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
540:
537:Xiong Tingbi
507:Ming dynasty
498:
496:
480:Great Plague
433:Shanhai Pass
371:
273:Belligerents
191:
182:
173:
164:
155:
128:Ming dynasty
117:Belligerents
27:Part of the
3100:Aisin Gioro
3062:Paper money
2821:Qing poetry
2542:Wuwei Corps
2537:Shuishiying
2298:Family tree
1702:Tai history
1385:Family tree
1296:Liaoluo Bay
1230:Renyin plot
1180:Tumu Crisis
995:, Routledge
555:Ligdan Khan
148:Li Yongfang
89: /
51:Spring 1621
3184:Categories
2768:Four Wangs
2659:mausoleums
2612:Golden Urn
2585:Inner Asia
2562:Xiang Army
2532:Hushenying
2457:Liangguang
2437:Liangjiang
2375:Lifan Yuan
2280:Government
1670:Zhe School
1624:Ming tombs
1508:Inner Asia
1480:Shenjiying
1470:Great Wall
1368:Government
975:Swope 2014
963:Swope 2014
951:Swope 2014
939:Swope 2014
927:Swope 2014
910:Swope 2014
898:Swope 2014
886:Swope 2014
874:Swope 2014
862:Swope 2014
850:Swope 2014
838:Swope 2014
826:Swope 2014
814:Swope 2014
802:Swope 2014
787:Swope 2014
772:Swope 2014
752:References
685:Liao River
630:Battle of
529:Background
2590:Manchuria
2557:Huai Army
2547:Yong Ying
2432:Shaan-Gan
1888:High Qing
1834:Later Jin
1665:Wu School
1650:Musicians
1513:Manchuria
1501:Frontiers
720:Guangning
713:Bohai Sea
709:Guangning
691:Aftermath
647:Hun River
551:Later Jin
503:Later Jin
382:Guangning
377:Zhenjiang
372:Shen-Liao
301:Later Jin
123:Later Jin
106:Later Jin
3042:Hongqian
3011:Currency
2881:Treaties
2787:Kaozheng
2734:Booi Aha
2676:Hetu Ala
2629:Timeline
2624:Xinjiang
2595:Mongolia
2552:Chu Army
2527:New Army
2484:Military
2422:Viceroys
1716:Currency
1655:Painting
1465:Military
1458:Military
735:See also
667:Liaoyang
632:Liaoyang
596:Shandong
547:Shenyang
523:Liaoyang
519:Shenyang
515:Liaodong
505:and the
423:Song-Jin
403:Dalinghe
393:Ning-Jin
388:Ningyuan
289:Tungning
200:Strength
77:122Ā°30ā²E
61:Liaodong
56:Location
3027:Zhiqian
3019:Coinage
2756:Economy
2727:culture
2462:Yun-Gui
2452:Min-Zhe
2447:Sichuan
2442:Huguang
2288:Emperor
1809:History
1723:Coinage
1697:Economy
1525:Vietnam
1417:Princes
1375:Emperor
1163:Middle
1049:History
725:Tianjin
634:, 1621.
588:Guizhou
543:Nurhaci
511:Nurhaci
444:Related
428:Beijing
362:Xicheng
357:Tieling
352:Kaiyuan
331:Battles
221:~70,000
218:unknown
208:unknown
205:unknown
192:†
183:†
174:†
165:†
156:†
140:Nurhaci
108:victory
74:40Ā°00ā²N
2641:Taiwan
1817:Early
1802:topics
1645:Poetry
1535:Yunnan
1057:Early
1042:topics
701:Joseon
659:DaiŔan
438:Penghu
413:LĆ¼shun
408:Wuqiao
367:Chahar
342:Qinghe
337:Fushun
144:DaiŔan
102:Result
2833:Queue
2751:Dibao
2607:Tibet
2427:Zhili
2310:Amban
1707:Islam
1530:Wokou
1518:Tibet
1449:Fotou
1318:Sarhū
1254:Late
347:Sarhū
65:China
2569:Navy
2410:Ejen
2293:List
1444:Tusi
1380:List
521:and
497:The
418:Amur
398:Jisi
313:Shun
296:Qing
279:Ming
48:Date
3186::
917:^
794:^
779:^
760:^
318:Xi
63:,
1792:e
1785:t
1778:v
1032:e
1025:t
1018:v
250:e
243:t
236:v
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