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main assumptions as to why many fewer of Grant's men were killed than Semple's is because the latter mistakenly thought they had won. After the first round of fire, the Métis threw themselves on their backs to reload their firearms, but the colonists perceived them to be on the ground because they were killed, and began celebrating. Semple’s men were then taken by surprise when the Métis, having reloaded, rose up and resumed firing.
39:
491:
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646:, in 1818. All trials ended in acquittals, and the remaining charges were dropped. Members of the North West Company counter-sued Selkirk, whose health and influence subsequently declined. Selkirk died in 1820, and the two companies merged in 1821. The Hudson's Bay Company gave Cuthbert Grant an annual salary in 1828 and the position of "warden of the plains of Red River."
1282:—— 1994. "Historical Writing on Seven Oaks; the Assertion of Anglo-Canadian Cultural Dominance in the West." pp. 65–70 in The Forks and the Battle of Seven Oaks in Manitoba History, Part II: Reflections on the Battle of Seven Oaks," edited by R. Coutts and R. Stuart. Winnipeg: Manitoba Historical Society.
431:
While
Macdonell claimed that the proclamation was meant to guarantee adequate supplies for the Hudson's Bay Colony, the North West Company and the Métis—who who supplied the NWC with pemmican—viewed it as a ploy by Selkirk to monopolize the commodity, which was important to the NWC. The Métis did not
458:
At this time, Cuthbert gained more men as many of
Selkirk’s people went over to the Métis side, as well as the Irish who were initially hired to prepare the way for the settlement, as their contracts expired on June 1. The Métis thereafter increased their demands that the settlers leave the Forks,
454:
established a MĂ©tis camp La
Grenouillère (Frog Plain), 6.4 kilometres (4 mi) down the Red River from the HBC’s headquarters at Point Douglas. On June 10, during a shootout between Métis and remaining settlers at HBC’s Fort Douglas, one of Macdonell’s men was killed when a cannon exploded, and
622:
Coltman also concluded that, before the battle, neither side intended to engage in a fight. He also argued that
Selkirk and Semple should have known that their enforcement of the Pemmican Proclamation showed "a blameable carelessness as to the consequence, on a subject likely to endanger both the
555:
The MĂ©tis were skilled sharpshooters and outnumbered Semple's forces by nearly 3 to 1. The Metis killed 21 men, including
Governor Semple, while suffering only one fatality. On the MĂ©tis side, 16-year-old Joseph Letendre dit Batoche died, and Joseph Trottier was wounded. One of the
547:
The North West
Company sent François-Firmin Boucher to speak to Semple's men. He and Semple argued, and a gunfight ensued when the settlers tried to arrest Boucher and seize his horse. Early reports said that the Métis fired the first shot and began the fray, but an ensuing investigation by Royal
470:
negotiated with the MĂ©tis chiefs at their camp at Frog Plain. On 20 June 1815, Pangman instructed Fidler that no colonists were to remain, but that a limited number of HBC servants might stay, as it was to the advantage of the MĂ©tis to have competing trading companies in the area.
676:
installed new interpretive signs as part of their reconciliation with the MĂ©tis, and the Seven Oaks Park was re-landscaped. The site was officially reopened on 19 June 2016 to mark the 200th anniversary of the battle.
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acknowledge the authority of the Red River
Settlement, and the Pemmican Proclamation was a blow to both the MĂ©tis and North West Company. The NWC accused the HBC of unfairly monopolizing the fur trade.
1033:
Narratives of John
Pritchard, Pierre Chrysologue Pambrun, and Frederick Damien Heurter, respecting the aggressions of the North West Company, against the Earl of Selkirk's settlement upon Red River
1467:
1387:
619:
on 24 June 1819, Coltman's report exonerated the Métis, concluding that the first shot was fired at François
Boucher from Semple’s side. The fighting did not last longer than 15 minutes.
1429:
1119:
1407:
1402:
992:
Report of the proceedings connected with the disputes between the Earl of
Selkirk and the North West Company: at the assizes, held at York, in Upper Canada, October 1818
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642:. Selkirk attempted to prosecute several members of the NWC for murder and kept Boucher in prison for nearly two years without specific charges. The NWC men were tried at
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533:
and seized their shipment of stolen pemmican destined for the Red River Colony. Grant’s men escorted their boats of supplies back up the Assiniboine River and seized
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In March 1816, the HBC seized and then destroyed Fort Gibraltar to prevent the NWC from trans-shipping pemmican from the Forks to their brigades coming in from
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MacDonnell resigned as governor of the Red River Colony in 1815, after several conflicts and suffering from "severe emotional instability." He was replaced by
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led two groups of North West Company employees, a party of about 60 mounted MĂ©tis and First Nations freighters, towards Seven Oaks (known to the MĂ©tis as
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and 26-28 men (a group of HBC men and settlers) went out on foot to confront them. Catching up with Grant's men at Seven Oaks, Semple challenged them.
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In 1815 through 1816, environmental conditions left pemmican in short supply, and the arrival of the Selkirk settlers only made the shortage worse.
871:
786:
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According to oral tradition, the MĂ©tis gathered that night in their Frog Plain camp to celebrate their victory. There, MĂ©tis poet and balladeer
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Because the project was so poorly planned, the settlers went hungry in 1812 and 1813. They would move south for winter at the junction of the
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604:('the New Nation') with rights to trade as they wished and travel freely on their own land. It was also one of the first times that the
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303:, whose members fought for the NWC during the battle. The event would mark one of the first times the MĂ©tis asserted themselves as
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trading post. The horsemen continued towards Lake Winnipeg divided in two groups, one on each side of the Assiniboine River.
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under order from the four chiefs of the MĂ©tis: Grant, William Shaw, Robert Bonhomme Montour, and Peter Bostonais Pangman.
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1120:"MMF commemorates the 208th anniversary of the Victory at Frog Plain: Declaration of la Nouvelle Nation/the New Nation"
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The Forks and the Battle of Seven Oaks in Manitoba History, Part II : Reflections on the Battle of Seven Oaks
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Demoralized from the losses, the settlers gathered their belongings the day after the battle and sailed north for
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led a band of North West Company employees to seize a stolen supply of pemmican from the Hudson's Bay Company
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and Red rivers, relying on the meat provided by the MĂ©tis and the NWC, as well as corn purchased from the
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The British government called for a special inquiry into the incident, and appointed Lieutenant Colonel
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at the Forks, which would be built in 1810 by John Wills, Cuthbert Grant’s brother-in-law.
845:
8:
1296:. News Letter Excerpts. Metis Culture & Heritage Resource Centre, Inc. Archived from
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925:
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as Royal Commissioner, who set his investigation in motion in May 1817. Delivered to the
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On 12 August 1816, Selkirk and a force of 90 soldiers who had been discharged from the
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determined with "next to certainty" that it was one of Semple's men who fired first.
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1264:
The Seven Oaks Incident and the Construction of a Historical Tradition, 1816 to 1970
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erected an obelisk monument in 1891 commemorating the battle at the intersection of
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881:
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392:
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580:, Grant’s brother-in-law, wrote “La Chanson de la Grenouillère” about the battle.
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395:(also known as the Red River Settlement). In 1812, Selkirk’s men began building
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635:
522:
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495:
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377:
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587:, leaving the MĂ©tis in command of the settlement, having seized Fort Douglas.
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on the west side of the Red River, downstream from the NWC’s Fort Gibraltar.
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to supply NWC canoe brigades from Montreal which had to pass by en route to
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30:
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1108:(Student ed.). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. p. 80.
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281:
447:, an American businessman with no previous experience in the fur trade.
666:, the approximate centre of the battle site. The site was designated a
595:
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568:
An obelisk monument to commemorate the battle was erected in 1891 at
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Resulting in a decisive victory for the NWC over their rivals in the
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and captured the North West Company headquarters and supply base at
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425:
346:
270:
78:
280:, the confrontation was the climax in a long series of dispute in
126:
1351:
1011:"The Battle of Seven Oaks | Société historique de Saint-Boniface"
490:
1311:
1104:
Friesen, Gerald (1987). "Maintaining the Old Order 1805–1844".
402:
The MĂ©tis saw the Settlement as a threat to their way of life.
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HBC employees spotted Grant's second group, and HBC Governor
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Cuthbert Grant of Grantown Warden of the Plains of Red River
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387:, sought to settle the Red River region, planning to bring
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established a small depot across the river, at what is now
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rivers—whose access had previously been controlled by the
716:
590:
The battle marked one of the first documented times the
1081:
The Metis: Memorable Events and Memorable Personalities
846:"Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada"
662:
and Rupertsland Boulevard in the Winnipeg district of
1214:
Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada
994:. Montreal, Quebec: James Lane and Nahum Mower. 1819.
510:, or Frog Plain) to escort a shipment of pemmican to
269:(NWC) which occurred on 19 June 1816 near modern-day
227:
Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada
623:
peace of the country and the lives of individuals."
976:(online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from
951:(online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from
795:(online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from
1285:MacLeod, Margaret Arnett, and W.L. Morton. 1963.
1594:
1174:. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.).
1255:Coutts, Robert, and Richard Stuart, eds. 1994.
1024:
420:, governor of the Red River Colony, issued the
1269:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
1337:
1239:The Battle of Seven Oaks: a MĂ©tis perspective
923:
903:. University of Manitoba Press. p. 236.
364:In the first decade of the 19th century, the
1241:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Louis Riel Institute.
1075:
599:
304:
686:
450:On 7 June 1815, MĂ©tis leader and NWC clerk
1623:Battles involving the Hudson's Bay Company
1344:
1330:
1218:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
1148:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
1056:
1063:François-Firmin Boucher to his Countrymen
1059:François-Firmin Boucher à ses Concitoyens
932:. University of Toronto/Université Laval.
349:, Manitoba). The Forks were also home to
1259:. Winnipeg: Manitoba Historical Society.
1236:
1163:
1144:Grant, Cuthbert National Historic Person
765:
701:
563:
489:
1103:
942:
898:
1595:
1036:. London, England: John Murray. 1819.
869:
521:In retaliation for the destruction of
1325:
1005:
1003:
1001:
1201:Canadian Register of Historic Places
1057:Boucher, François-Firmin (c. 1819).
840:
838:
836:
810:
808:
806:
257:—was a violent confrontation of the
1544:
965:
784:
766:Barkwell, Lawrence (18 July 2018).
428:from the colony for the next year.
385:Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk
16:1816 engagement of the Pemmican War
13:
1289:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
1230:
998:
943:Bumsted, J.M. (17 November 2014).
435:
391:to the Forks and to establish the
337:—had been a meeting place for the
14:
1689:
1353:National Historic Sites of Canada
1305:
1168:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
833:
803:
649:
43:An illustration of the battle by
1543:
1531:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1310:
1171:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
930:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
870:Foster, John E. (24 July 2015).
668:National Historic Site of Canada
287:The battle is also known as the
217:National Historic Site of Canada
166:
154:
135:
120:
108:
37:
1207:
1189:
1157:
1137:
1112:
1106:The Canadian Prairies a History
1097:
1069:
1050:
984:
959:
702:Hargrave, Joseph James (1871).
309:('the New Nation') and fly the
1658:Indigenous conflicts in Canada
1237:Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2010).
966:Rea, J.E. (17 November 2014).
936:
917:
892:
863:
778:
772:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
529:of HBC canoes coming down the
297:la Victoire de la Grenouillère
1:
1224:. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
1154:. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
680:
424:, which prohibited export of
316:
1668:Military history of Manitoba
774:. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
708:. author-published. p.
559:
7:
1628:Battles involving the MĂ©tis
1176:University of Toronto Press
656:Manitoba Historical Society
455:three others were wounded.
10:
1694:
785:Rea, J.E. (4 March 2015).
598:, asserting themselves as
90:North West Company victory
1502:
1486:
1460:
1388:Newfoundland and Labrador
1360:
1164:Woodcock, George (1985).
1124:Manitoba MĂ©tis Federation
973:The Canadian Encyclopedia
949:The Canadian Encyclopedia
877:The Canadian Encyclopedia
820:Manitoba MĂ©tis Federation
792:The Canadian Encyclopedia
485:
289:Victory of the Frog Plain
239:
231:
223:
214:
199:
186:
147:
98:
50:
36:
28:
23:
1618:19th century in Manitoba
1204:. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
1079:; Goulet, Terry (2006).
1065:]. author-published.
617:British House of Commons
613:William Bachelor Coltman
606:flag of the MĂ©tis Nation
550:William Bachelor Coltman
311:flag of the MĂ©tis Nation
278:North American fur trade
45:Charles William Jefferys
872:"Pemmican Proclamation"
816:"Victory at Frog Plain"
634:regiments arrived from
570:West Kildonan, Winnipeg
60:; 208 years ago
1294:"Battle of Seven Oaks"
924:Mays, Herbert (1987).
899:Bumsted, J.M. (2008).
768:"Battle of Seven Oaks"
600:
573:
525:, the group stopped a
499:
305:
296:
148:Commanders and leaders
1579:49.93194°N 97.12111°W
1468:Northwest Territories
1319:at Wikimedia Commons
980:on 20 September 2012.
955:on 20 September 2012.
787:"Seven Oaks Incident"
567:
493:
422:Pemmican Proclamation
376:arrived to establish
359:MĂ©tis buffalo hunters
343:British North America
200:Casualties and losses
1678:Seven Oaks, Winnipeg
1653:Hudson's Bay Company
1430:Prince Edward Island
1317:Battle of Seven Oaks
1196:Battle of Seven Oaks
901:Lord Selkirk: a life
366:Hudson’s Bay Company
263:Hudson's Bay Company
247:Battle of Seven Oaks
142:Hudson's Bay Company
24:Battle of Seven Oaks
1643:Conflicts in Canada
1584:49.93194; -97.12111
1575: /
1262:Dick, Lyle. 1991. "
880:(online ed.).
416:On 8 January 1814,
255:Seven Oaks Incident
251:Seven Oaks Massacre
249:—also known as the
1673:North West Company
1526:History portal
945:"Miles MacDonnell"
926:"MacDonell, Miles"
644:York, Upper Canada
601:la Nouvelle Nation
574:
500:
383:During this time,
374:North West Company
335:Assiniboine people
306:la Nouvelle Nation
267:North West Company
115:North West Company
1638:MĂ©tis in Manitoba
1558:
1557:
1538:Canada portal
1315:Media related to
1248:978-0-9809912-9-1
1166:"Grant, Cuthbert"
1090:978-1-894638-98-2
888:on 30 April 2012.
502:On 19 June 1816,
466:district manager
389:Scottish settlers
243:
242:
94:
93:
58:19 June 1816
1685:
1663:June 1816 events
1648:Economic warfare
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1373:British Columbia
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1300:on 11 June 2008.
1278:10.7202/031029ar
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884:. Archived from
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799:on 16 June 2012.
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508:la Grenouillière
393:Red River Colony
321:For many years,
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418:Miles MacDonell
372:. In 1809, the
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523:Fort Gibraltar
504:Cuthbert Grant
496:Cuthbert Grant
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1298:the original
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1222:Parks Canada
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1179:. Retrieved
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850:Parks Canada
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397:Fort Douglas
382:
370:St. Boniface
363:
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301:MĂ©tis People
288:
286:
275:
273:, Manitoba.
261:between the
259:Pemmican War
254:
250:
246:
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208:
178:
99:Belligerents
31:Pemmican War
29:Part of the
18:
1582: /
1549:WikiProject
1461:Territories
1445:Quebec City
1393:Nova Scotia
1355:by location
660:Main Street
608:was flown.
411:Peguis Band
353:newcomers,
331:Assiniboine
282:the Canadas
1597:Categories
1570:97°07′16″W
1567:49°55′55″N
1181:12 January
1083:. FabJob.
681:References
596:nationhood
317:Background
232:Designated
209:21 killed
81:, Manitoba
65:1816-06-19
1361:Provinces
705:Red River
670:in 1920.
628:De Meuron
560:Aftermath
516:Athabasca
494:In 1816,
339:fur trade
1513:Category
1440:Montreal
1408:Kingston
1403:Hamilton
1378:Manitoba
527:flotilla
426:pemmican
347:Winnipeg
299:) among
271:Winnipeg
253:and the
205:1 killed
187:Strength
79:Winnipeg
73:Location
1473:Nunavut
1423:Toronto
1413:Niagara
1398:Ontario
1368:Alberta
1129:29 June
1016:29 June
855:29 June
825:29 June
407:Pembina
325:of the
179:†
63: (
1494:France
1435:Quebec
1418:Ottawa
1245:
1087:
1040:
907:
486:Battle
351:Ojibwe
293:French
175:
87:Result
1478:Yukon
1061:[
127:MĂ©tis
1243:ISBN
1183:2014
1131:2024
1085:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1018:2024
905:ISBN
857:2024
827:2024
654:The
630:and
355:Cree
329:and
245:The
235:1920
55:Date
1274:doi
1266:."
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710:487
478:on
341:in
327:Red
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291:(
67:)
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