797:
779:. Under Labienus’ advice, Gnaeus Pompeius decided to avoid an open battle, and Caesar was forced to wage a winter campaign, while procuring food and shelter for his army. In early 45 BC, the pro-Caesarian faction in Ategua offered to surrender the city to Caesar, but when the Pompeian garrison found out, they executed the pro-Caesarian leaders. The garrison tried to fight their way through Caesar's lines some time after the incident, but were beaten back. The city surrendered soon after; this was an important blow to the Pompeian confidence and morale, and some of the native allies started to desert to Caesar.
689:
32:
805:
an unknown number of light infantry, while
Pompeius commanded thirteen legions, 6,000 light-infantrymen, and about 6,000 horsemen. Many of the Republican soldiers had already surrendered to Caesar in previous campaigns and had then deserted his army to rejoin Pompeius: they would fight with desperation, fearing that they would not be pardoned a second time (indeed Caesar had executed prisoners at his last major victory, at Thapsus). After an unsuccessful ploy designed to lure the Pompeians down the hill, Caesar ordered a frontal attack (with the watchword "
106:
771:
number of Caesar's pickets. When the fog lifted, it became clear Caesar had taken all the highground around the city and was entrenched very well. Building a camp to the west (between Caesar and Ucubi), they tried to come up with a plan to dislodge their opponent from his superior position. They launched an attack on the camp of
Postumius and the XXVIII, but were repulsed when Caesar sent the V, VI and X to aid their comrades. The following day Caesar was reinforced by his allies, most notably king
1869:
749:(2,000-3,000 legionaries) to reinforce the defenders. Caesar himself marched his main army on Corduba hoping to draw the Pompeians from Ulia. Paciaecus arrived near Ulia during the night just when a storm swept in. Using the darkness and the rain Paciaecus marched his men through the Pompeian lines; the sentries, unable to recognize the legionary symbols, let them pass. Paciaecus slipped his men into the city, reinforcing the defenders.
762:. Caesar constructed a makeshift bridge and marched his army across, setting up camp near Corduba. Soon Gnaeus and Labienus arrived with the Pompeian army. Fierce skirmishes were fought on the bridge, with both sides losing many men. Caesar was looking for a decisive engagement and this was not going to be it. So during one night Caesar's army slipped out of their camp and after a daring river crossing they marched on Ategua.
822:
of Munda, many more were killed in the rout. At the end of the battle there were about 30,000 Pompeians dead on the field; losses on Caesar's side were lighter, about 1,000. All thirteen standards of the
Pompeian legions were captured, a sign of complete disbandment. Titus Labienus and Attius Varus died on the field and were granted a burial by Caesar, while Gnaeus Pompeius managed to escape from the battlefield.
850:, the "triumph which he celebrated for this victory displeased the Romans beyond any thing. For he had not defeated foreign generals, or barbarian kings, but had destroyed the children and family of one of the greatest men of Rome." Caesar was made dictator for life, though his success was short-lived; Caesar was murdered on March 15 of the following year (44 BC) by the next generation of statesmen, led by
818:
thus weakened, Caesar's cavalry launched a decisive attack, which turned the course of the battle. King Bogud and his
Mauretanian cavalry attacked the Pompeian right breaking through the flank and attacking the rear of the Pompeian army. Titus Labienus, commander of the Pompeian cavalry, saw this manoeuvre and moved some troops to intercept them.
788:
off one of the
Pompeian supply lines. Another skirmish near Soricaria on March 7 went in Caesar's favor; many Romans in the Pompeian camp began planning to defect, and Gnaeus Pompeius was forced to abandon his delaying tactics and offer battle. He broke camp and marched his army south towards the town of Munda.
834:
to besiege Munda, and moved to pacify the province. Corduba surrendered: men in arms present in the town (mostly armed slaves) were executed, and the city was forced to pay a heavy indemnity. The city of Munda held out for some time, but, after an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege, surrendered,
821:
The
Pompeian army misinterpreted the situation. Already under heavy pressure on both the left (from Legio X) and right wings (the cavalry charge), they thought Labienus was retreating. The Pompeian legions broke their lines and fled in disorder. Although some were able to find refuge within the walls
804:
The two armies met in the plains of Munda in southern Spain. The
Pompeian army was situated on a gentle hill, less than one mile (1.6 km) from the walls of Munda, in a defensible position. Caesar led a total of eight legions (Legio II, III, V, VI, X, XXI, XXVIII and XXX), with 8,000 horsemen and
770:
After arriving at the fortified city of Ategua, Caesar began besieging it, building several camps around it. Gnaeus and
Labienus marched their army around Caesar's positions, hoping to surprise him by coming in from an unexpected direction. They approached under the cover of a thick fog, surprising a
757:
While Ulia was being reinforced, Caesar marched on towards
Corduba, which was defended by Sextus Pompeius and a strong garrison. En route, Caesar's vanguard clashed with Sextus' cavalry, alerting the Pompeians to his presence. Sextus sent word to his brother that Caesar was near Corduba and requested
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The fighting lasted for 8 hours without a clear advantage for either side, causing the generals to leave their commanding positions and join the ranks. As Caesar himself later said he had fought many times for victory, but at Munda he had to fight for his life. Caesar took command of his right wing,
787:
After taking Ategua, Caesar started building a camp near the
Pompeian camp across the River Salsum. Gnaeus attacked quickly, catching Caesar off guard. The heroic actions and sacrifice of two centurions of the V stabilized the line. After this setback, Caesar decided to retreat to Sorecaria, cutting
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was involved in heavy fighting. With Caesar's inspiration the tenth legion began to push back Pompeius' forces. Aware of the danger, Gnaeus Pompeius removed a legion from his own right wing to reinforce the threatened left wing, which was a critical mistake. As soon as the Pompeian right wing was
645:, largely formed by former Pompeian veterans enrolled in Caesar's army, had declared themselves for Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great) and driven out Caesar's proconsul. Soon they were joined by the remnants of the Pompeian army. These forces were commanded by the brothers Gnaeus and
665:. These were the two original veteran legions, a legion formed from the survivors of Thapsus, and an additional legion recruited from Roman citizens and local inhabitants. They took control of almost all Hispania Ulterior, including the important Roman colonies of
915:. The theory is further supported by ancient inscriptions found in Écija and Osuna that honor the town of Astigi (Écija) for standing firmly on Caesar's side during the battle. Therefore, the Battle of Munda probably took place on the
1017:"Labienus, observing this, left his station and proceeded against him. Pompey's men, then, supposing him to be in flight, lost heart; and though later, of course, they learned the truth, they could no longer recover themselves."
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the Pompeians were laying siege to Ulia (one of the few towns which had remained loyal to Caesar). Lucius Vibius Paciaecus, one of his officers who was known to the Ulians and knew the area, was sent with six
1083:
Grünewald, Martin; Richter, Alexandra (2006). "Zeugen Caesars schwerster Schlacht? Beschriftete andalusische Schleuderbleie aus der Zeit des Zweiten Punischen Krieges und der Kampagne von Munda".
732:, describing this journey). Caesar had called for his great-nephew Octavian to join him, but due to his health, Octavian was only able to reach him after the conclusion of the campaign.
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reinforcements. Gnaeus gave up the siege of Ulia and marched to his brother's aid with the entire Pompeian army. Sextus had blocked or destroyed the bridge to Corduba across the
881:, the latter having been proposed on the basis of on an earlier localization attempt that was only meant to honor a member of the French royal house, who was born in Montilla.
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896:'s opera, the narrator clearly states that his research indicates that Munda was near Montilla (no reference to either Munda or Montilla is found in Bizet's opera).
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Although Sextus Pompeius remained at large, after Munda there were no more conservative armies challenging Caesar's dominion. Upon his return to Rome, according to
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It is a matter of civic pride in Montilla that the Battle of Munda was (according to them) fought nearby, and at the outset of Hispanist
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724:, but in the main was forced to rely on the recruits already present in Hispania. Caesar covered the 1,500 miles (2,400 km) from
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Thus, Caesar was forced to move from Rome to Hispania to deal with the Pompeius brothers. He brought three trusted veteran legions (
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873:, where the battle of Munda may have been fought. Other early researchers localized the battle in various other places, e.g. near
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in 48 BC and Pompey's death soon afterwards. However, in April 46 BC, Caesar's forces destroyed the Pompeian army at the
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with 14,000 prisoners taken. Gaius Didius, a naval commander loyal to Caesar, hunted down most of the Pompeian ships.
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Caesar claimed to have 40,000 men, while modern estimates place the number between 50,000 and 60,000
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to Obulco in less than one month, arriving in early December (he immediately wrote a short poem,
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Some Spanish historians asserted that Munda was the Roman name for modern-day
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Final battle of Caesar's Civil War in present-day southern Spain, 45 BC
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did not risk a battle, and remained encamped at Obulco (present-day
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Other experts have asserted that Munda was fought just outside
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The exact location of Munda has long been a matter of debate.
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After this, military opposition to Caesar was confined to
961:"Battle of Munda | Roman history | Britannica"
110:
Battle of Munda (engraving by Matthäus Merian, cca 1625)
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looked for refuge on land, but was cornered during the
582:), Caesar was politically able to return in triumph to
570:. With the military victory at Munda and the deaths of
1027:"In quo proelio ceciderunt milia hominum circiter XXX"
673:(the capital of the province). Caesar's generals
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1033:, 31 :"About 30.000 men fell in the battle"
1073:still mentions Montilla as a probable location.
975:"Gaius Julius Caesar: Domestic policy - Livius"
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641:). During the Spring of 46 BC, two legions in
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594:began the Republican decline that led to the
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274:8 legions, 8,000 cavalry, auxiliaries unknown
809:", the goddess reputed to be his ancestor).
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1150:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1086:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
610:The republicans had initially been led by
598:, initiated with the reign of the emperor
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76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1201:, Fall of the Roman Republic: Caesar, 56
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39:This article includes a list of general
1471:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
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800:Initial troop deployment of the battle
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590:. Subsequently, the assassination of
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1932:Battles involving the Roman Republic
1788:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
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283:13 legions, cavalry and auxiliaries
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1058:E.g. Rafael Atienzas Huertas, 1857
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1590:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus
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1193:Commentarius De Bello Hispaniensi
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19:For the World War II battle, see
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1922:Military history of Andalusia
1907:Battles of Caesar's civil war
1126:Recio, Vicente Duran (1984).
1013:Cassius Dio, Roman History .
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184:Caesarian-Mauretanian victory
1745:Gaius Julius Caesar (father)
1546:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
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522:Caesar's invasion of Africa
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424:Macedonia and Illyricum
60:more precise citations.
1927:Spain in the Roman era
1917:1st-century BC battles
1808:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1632:Caesar's Rhine bridges
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21:Battle of Munda Point
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1353:Invasions of Britain
1270:Crossing the Rubicon
1047:De Bello Hispaniensi
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923:near La Lantejuela.
783:Salsum and Soricaria
651:Publius Attius Varus
633:, comprising modern
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1128:La Batalla de Munda
813:where his favorite
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230:Bogud of Mauretania
161: /
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907:, halfway between
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343:Caesar's civil war
165:37.3500°N 5.2167°W
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1507:Dictator perpetuo
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1243:Major life events
1175:. Book 2: 103–105
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1001:"Battle of Munda"
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432:
426:
425:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
379:
378:
374:
373:
368:
363:
357:
356:
352:
349:
348:
337:
336:
329:
322:
314:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
291:
290:
281:
271:
270:
266:
265:
243:Titus Labienus
232:
222:Quintus Pedius
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
195:
194:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
130:
128:
124:
123:
122:17 March 45 BC
120:
112:
111:
101:
100:
93:
92:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1277:Assassination
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:Julius Caesar
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:Roman History
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
976:
970:
962:
956:
952:
936:
932:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:La Lantejuela
902:
897:
895:
894:Georges Bizet
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
833:
823:
819:
816:
810:
808:
798:
789:
780:
778:
774:
763:
761:
750:
748:
743:
733:
731:
727:
723:
722:
716:
715:
709:
708:
702:
701:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
593:
592:Julius Caesar
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
466:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
350:
345:
335:
330:
328:
323:
321:
316:
315:
312:
304:30,000 killed
303:
298:
297:
292:
288:
282:
279:
273:
272:
267:
264:
262:
256:
252:
250:
244:
240:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:Julius Caesar
212:
211:
206:
202:
197:
196:
191:
183:
180:
179:
174:
145:
141:
137:
136:La Lantejuela
133:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
117:
113:
107:
102:
99:
94:
89:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
1873:
1866:
1780:
1658:Green Caesar
1588:
1581:
1574:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1505:
1493:
1486:
1457:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1038:
1022:
1009:
995:
983:
969:
955:
935:
920:
916:
898:
892:, source of
883:
868:
865:
862:Localization
845:
843:and killed.
829:
820:
811:
803:
786:
769:
756:
739:
729:
720:
713:
706:
699:
695:
624:
614:, until the
609:
596:Roman Empire
555:
553:
541:Hippo Regius
407:
286:
277:
260:
248:
193:Belligerents
131:
72:
63:
44:
1834:Mark Antony
1783:by Plutarch
1617:Curia Julia
1553:De analogia
1480:Legislation
1411:Dyrrhachium
1378:Uxellodunum
1305:Gallic Wars
1260:Gallic wars
1179:Cassio, Dio
1130:. Córdoba.
888:'s novella
659:Gallic Wars
450:Dyrrhachium
301:500 wounded
198:Caesarians
168: /
66:August 2024
58:introducing
1891:Categories
1829:Julia gens
1663:Arles bust
1596:Last words
1495:Lex Roscia
1401:Brundisium
1137:8439812507
1093:: 261–269.
947:References
484:Alexandria
371:Brundisium
200:Mauretania
153:37°21′00″N
41:references
1839:Cleopatra
1803:Caesarism
1724:Caesarion
1703:Calpurnia
1641:Portraits
1605:Buildings
1416:Pharsalus
1396:Corfinium
1388:Civil War
1343:Octodurus
1146:cite book
1124:Cf. e.g.
826:Aftermath
700:Equestris
568:Optimates
474:Nicopolis
460:Pharsalus
398:Tauroento
366:Corfinium
289:c. 70,000
203:Pompeians
156:5°13′00″W
140:Andalusia
1875:Category
1844:Servilia
1712:Children
1693:Cornelia
1532:Anticato
1368:Gergovia
1363:Avaricum
1348:Morbihan
1338:Atuatuci
1318:Bibracte
1295:Mytilene
1199:Plutarch
987:Appian,
919:and the
879:Montilla
848:Plutarch
639:Portugal
627:Hispania
600:Augustus
518:Bagradas
269:Strength
127:Location
96:Part of
1822:Related
1698:Pompeia
1453:Thapsus
1448:Corduba
1443:Ruspina
1195:, 1–42.
856:Cassius
753:Corduba
747:cohorts
721:Gallica
714:Ferrata
707:Alaudae
683:Porcuna
671:Corduba
667:Italica
663:legions
606:Prelude
536:Thapsus
531:Ascurum
526:Ruspina
430:Curicta
413:Corduba
403:Carteia
361:Rubicon
261:†
249:†
54:improve
1773:Legacy
1673:Family
1568:Quotes
1406:Ilerda
1373:Alesia
1323:Vosges
1169:Appian
1134:
890:Carmen
852:Brutus
792:Battle
766:Ategua
760:Baetis
647:Sextus
612:Pompey
580:Pompey
507:Africa
501:Apamea
455:Gomphi
445:Oricum
435:Tauris
388:Ilerda
287:Total:
278:Total:
257:
245:
181:Result
43:, but
1897:45 BC
1738:Other
1719:Julia
1681:Wives
1517:Works
1458:Munda
1426:Siege
1333:Sabis
1328:Axona
1097:JSTOR
1015:43.38
927:Notes
913:Écija
909:Osuna
901:Osuna
875:Monda
871:Ronda
807:Venus
773:Bogud
635:Spain
629:(the
513:Utica
418:Lauro
408:Munda
377:Spain
355:Italy
144:Spain
1438:Zela
1313:Arar
1152:link
1132:ISBN
1113:CILA
911:and
854:and
736:Ulia
730:Iter
726:Rome
719:III
710:and
677:and
669:and
637:and
584:Rome
574:and
554:The
496:Zela
489:Nile
119:Date
1109:CIL
1091:157
877:or
775:of
712:VI
1893::
1191:,
1181:.
1171:,
1148:}}
1144:{{
1089:.
1045:,
1029:,
858:.
705:V
703:,
698:X
622:.
602:.
138:,
1228:e
1221:t
1214:v
1154:)
1140:.
1099:)
1095:(
1003:.
977:.
963:.
333:e
326:t
319:v
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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