1181:
393:
366:
328:
317:
177:
383:
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228:
217:
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151:
356:
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294:
283:
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239:
163:
50:
2344:... I am compelled by my instructions to direct that your armed forces evacuate the entire city of Manila, including its suburbs and defences, and that I shall be obliged to take action with that end in view within a very short space of time should you decline to comply with my Government's demands; and I hereby serve notice on you that unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the line of the city's defences before Thursday, the 15th instant, I shall be obliged to resort to forcible action, and that my Government will hold you responsible for any unfortunate consequences which may ensue.
2227:. On June 16, warships departed Spain to lift the siege, but they altered course for Cuba where a Spanish fleet was imperiled by the U.S. Navy. In August, life in Intramuros (the walled center of Manila), where the normal population of about ten thousand had swelled to about seventy thousand, had become unbearable. Realizing that it was only a matter of time before the city fell, and fearing vengeance and looting if the city fell to Filipino revolutionaries, Governor Jáudenes suggested to Dewey, through the Belgian consul,
2099:
2209:, curiously numbered as the Second Division, and these revelations informed General Merritt of the relatively formidable opposition his force faced. With this knowledge, they could plan and strategize their campaign accordingly. The stage was set for an epic struggle as the United States aimed to confront and overcome the Spanish forces, securing their foothold in the Philippines and achieving victory in the Pacific.
2284:, advancing simultaneously on the Pasay road, encountered and overcame resistance at the blockhouses, trenches, and woods to his front, advanced and held the bridges and the town of Malate. This placed Manila in American possession, except for Intramuros. Shortly after entering Malate, U.S. troops observed a white flag displayed on the walls of Intramuros. Lieutenant Colonel C. A. Whittier,
1116:
clandestine collaboration aimed to orchestrate a simulated battle that would facilitate the transfer of control over the city center from the
Spanish to the Americans, all while ensuring that the Philippine Revolutionary Army would be kept at bay. The underlying motivations for this meticulously coordinated sham battle were multi-faceted, encompassing both racist and political elements.
2176:. The information revealed that the Spanish forces consisted of around 21,000 men, including 4,000 Filipinos, with the majority in Manila. However, Dewey's more accurate report showed that the Spanish forces numbered around 40,000 troops, including approximately 16,000 Filipinos, with about 15,000 situated in Manila along with nine artillery guns.
2219:, who refused them initially, believing more Spanish troops would be sent to lift the siege. As the combined forces of Filipinos and Americans closed in, AugustĂn, realizing that his position was hopeless, secretly continued to negotiate with Aguinaldo, even offering ₱1 million, but the latter refused. When the Spanish parliament, the
2243:, and the impregnable walls of Intramuros. Simultaneously, Spanish forces would withdraw, Filipino revolutionaries would be checked, and U.S. forces would advance. Once a sufficient show of battle had been made, Dewey would hoist the signal "D.W.H.B." (meaning "Do you surrender?), whereupon the Spanish would hoist a
2393:
broke out. Tensions between the
Filipino forces under Aguinaldo and the American Expeditionary forces were high. The Filipinos felt betrayed by the Americans. They had looked on the Americans as liberators aiding against Spanish occupation. On February 4, a U.S. Army private fired the first shot at a
2330:
That there must be no joint occupation with the
Insurgents. The United States in the possession of Manila city, Manila bay and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces. The insurgents and all others must recognize
2256:
On the evening of August 12, on orders of
General Merritt, General Anderson notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila, stating "Do not let your troops enter Manila without the permission of the American commander. On this side of the Pasig River you will be
2303:
Though a bloodless mock battle had been planned, Spanish troops had opened fire in a skirmish which left six
Americans and forty-nine Spaniards dead when Filipino revolutionaries, thinking that the attack was genuine, joined advancing U.S. troops. Except for the unplanned casualties, the battle had
2291:
Insurgents made an independent attack of their own, as planned, which promptly led to trouble with the
Americans. At 08:00 that morning, Aguinaldo received a telegram from General Anderson, sternly warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without the consent of the American commander, who was
2316:
Dated Ermita
Headquarters 2nd Division 13 to Gen. Aguinaldo. Commanding Filipino Forces.--Manila, taken. Serious trouble threatened between our forces. Try and prevent it. Your troops should not force themselves in the city until we have received the full surrender then we will negotiate with you.
2288:, representing General Merritt, and Lieutenant Brumby, U.S. Navy, representing Admiral Dewey, were sent ashore to communicate with the Captain-General. General Merritt soon personally followed, met with Governor General Jáudenes, and concluded a preliminary agreement of the terms of capitulation.
2234:
Merritt was eager to seize the city, but Dewey stalled while trying to work out a bloodless solution with Jáudenes. On August 4, Dewey and
Merritt gave Jáudenes 48 hours to surrender, later extending the deadline by five days when it expired. Covert negotiations continued, with the details of the
2231:, that the city be surrendered to the Americans after a short, "mock" battle. Dewey had initially rejected the suggestion because he lacked the troops to block the Filipino revolutionary forces, but when Merritt's troops became available he sent a message to Jáudenes, agreeing to the mock battle.
2335:
Insurgent forces were looting the portions of the city which they occupied, and were not confining their attacks to
Spaniards, but were assaulting their own people and raiding the property of foreigners as well. U.S. commanders pressured Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila. Negotiations
2247:
and Manila would formally surrender to U.S. forces. Under this plan, Spanish forces would be defeated by
American forces, while Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. This minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides, while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of
2260:
On August 13, with American commanders unaware that a peace protocol had been signed between Spain and the U.S. the previous day, Dewey began his bombardment as scheduled. Dewey directed his ship captains to spare Manila any serious damage, but gunners on one ship, unaware of the negotiated
1115:
The battle that took place in Manila during the Philippine-Spanish War is commonly referred to as the "Mock battle of Manila". This unique and covert operation was meticulously planned by the local commanders of the Spanish and American forces, who were legally at war with each other. Their
2388:
This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos. The war with Spain came to an end, but in February 1899, the
2325:
General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the President of the United States had directed:
1180:
2223:, learned of Governor-General AugustĂn's attempt to negotiate the surrender of the army to Filipinos under Aguinaldo, it was furious, and relieved AugustĂn of his duties as Governor-General, effective July 24, to be replaced by
2352:
For all practical purposes, the fall of Manila brought about the end of the Spanish–American War in the Philippines. Merritt and Dewey finally received word of the peace protocol on August 16. Captain Henry Glass of the
2348:
After further negotiation and exchanges of letters, Aguinaldo wrote on September 16: "I have given appropriate orders that my troops should abandon their most advanced positions within some of the suburbs, ...
2321:
Aguinaldo however demanded joint occupation of Manila. On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter.
2304:
gone according to plan; the Spanish had surrendered the city to the Americans, and it had not fallen to the Filipino revolutionaries. 19 American soldiers were killed, and 103 more were wounded in this action.
1130:
of Hispanic and Chinese descent who comprised the Filipino forces. By preventing the Filipino forces from achieving victory at this crucial juncture, Spain hoped to maintain its image and reputation.
2296:. General Anderson's request was ignored, and Aguinaldo's forces crowded forward alongside the American forces until they directly confronted the Spanish troops. Although the Spanish were waving a
1139:
As a result of the battle, American forces gained control of Intramuros, the center of Manila, while being surrounded by Philippine revolutionary forces. This event set the stage for the
424:
2331:
the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President. Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end.
1925:
735:
1737:
796:
492:
167:
132:
1889:
2402:, the U.S. military commander, with the message that the firing had been against his orders. Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end."
600:
2202:
had dug fourteen miles of trenches around Manila. Filipino revolutionaries, seizing control of Manila's only pumping station, cut off the water supply to the city.
1767:
417:
3214:
1884:
1118:
Spain, being a predominantly white nation, sought to avoid perceived humiliation on the international stage by losing to the predominantly nonwhite indigenous
1838:
2127:
861:
811:
615:
730:
625:
575:
1207:
1989:
877:
645:
580:
410:
298:
2024:
816:
791:
640:
3199:
887:
841:
675:
2084:
856:
821:
745:
585:
485:
3137:
3224:
1915:
1907:
3209:
3204:
2153:
1874:
1747:
1696:
2235:
mock battle being arranged on August 10. The plan agreed to was that Dewey would begin a bombardment at 09:00 on August 13, shelling only
2195:
on July 30. By this time, some 12,000 U.S. troops had landed in the Philippines. By mid-June, some 40,000 Filipino revolutionaries under
2004:
1999:
1950:
1269:
1019:
1866:
1828:
1820:
1714:
1508:
1274:
478:
2430:
2079:
2014:
1579:
1312:
1519:
2120:
2411:
2172:. Merritt requested information on the strength of the Spanish in the Philippines, which was provided by the American consul in
2059:
1772:
1654:
1222:
102:
3121:
3093:
3073:
3053:
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3013:
2993:
2944:
2924:
620:
775:
2074:
2019:
1984:
1965:
1807:
1559:
1294:
189:
3150:
2213:
2113:
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2039:
1994:
1792:
1160:
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2567:
550:
2049:
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610:
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2034:
2029:
1574:
836:
2261:
arrangements, scored several direct hits before its captain was able to cease firing and withdraw from the line.
1762:
1012:
2758:
2679:
2965:
2742:
2639:
2482:
2009:
1430:
1299:
1284:
1190:
665:
1589:
1199:
1105:
1094:
992:
595:
680:
2054:
2044:
1594:
1440:
540:
3219:
2971:
The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico
2390:
2228:
1920:
1674:
1408:
1348:
1144:
54:"Raising the American flag over Fort Santiago, Manila, on the evening of August 13, 1898." drawing from
3189:
2206:
1787:
1388:
1333:
1169:
1005:
660:
2810:
2794:
2790:
2774:
1669:
1584:
1338:
1065:
892:
49:
2285:
1757:
1639:
1634:
1470:
1398:
1061:
434:
109:
37:
2838:
2600:
3025:
American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775–present
2395:
2179:
By June, Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of
1894:
1833:
1752:
1539:
1383:
1237:
1140:
953:
948:
938:
928:
923:
918:
846:
801:
535:
2854:
3229:
2394:
Filipino revolutionary soldier and Filipino revolutionary forces returned fire. This began the
1930:
1644:
851:
117:
2882:
2723:
2707:
2620:
2537:
2497:
2584:
2375:
2236:
2157:
1848:
1732:
1624:
1529:
690:
530:
502:
41:
1132:
Consequently, the outcome of this strategic maneuver left the American forces in control of
2357:
2281:
2192:
1853:
1843:
1802:
1782:
1649:
1247:
1242:
1119:
1087:
1076:
969:
826:
705:
685:
630:
449:
221:
20:
2438:
8:
2399:
2337:
1945:
1691:
1599:
1554:
1544:
1490:
1403:
986:
755:
725:
590:
182:
2297:
2216:
402:
332:
2273:
2169:
2103:
1727:
1629:
1619:
1604:
1252:
1227:
1101:
1091:
882:
806:
635:
560:
545:
525:
309:
2224:
321:
3117:
3089:
3069:
3049:
3029:
3009:
2989:
2940:
2920:
2902:
2354:
2188:
1435:
1413:
1037:
831:
740:
720:
710:
650:
570:
2277:
2220:
1777:
1722:
1664:
1609:
1564:
1534:
1495:
1109:
1072:
1045:
770:
715:
700:
695:
670:
605:
243:
3111:
3083:
3063:
3043:
3023:
3003:
2983:
2969:
2954:
2934:
2914:
1955:
1445:
1378:
1212:
1136:, the heart of Manila, while being encircled by Philippine revolutionary forces.
454:
254:
2979:
2265:
2240:
2161:
1940:
1742:
1569:
1465:
1097:
933:
750:
565:
276:
210:
3183:
3165:
3152:
2165:
2069:
1879:
1289:
655:
287:
156:
2906:
2199:
2145:
1480:
1460:
1279:
1068:
760:
555:
265:
232:
2340:(General Merritt being unavailable) wrote, in a long letter to Aguinaldo:
3142:
2382:
2293:
1701:
1686:
1080:
113:
83:
470:
2312:
General Anderson sent Aguinaldo a telegram, later that day, which read:
2244:
2180:
2141:
1960:
1797:
1475:
1133:
1104:
Commodore George Dewey. American forces were supported by units of the
2300:, the insurgents fired on the Spanish forces, provoking return fire.
2173:
1614:
1549:
1217:
1935:
1450:
1425:
1393:
1373:
1328:
1264:
2276:
The advancing Americans made good use of new weapons, such as the
2372:
2269:
2196:
1524:
1485:
1343:
1127:
1123:
2248:
possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces.
2437:. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from
2184:
2149:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1057:
79:
1455:
2364:
1358:
133:
United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands
2212:
Emilio Aguinaldo had presented surrender terms to Spanish
432:
2966:"Chapter X. Official History of the Conquest of Manila"
2734:
2732:
2631:
2629:
2568:"The mock battle that ended the Spanish-American War"
2183:. The first contingent of American troops arrived in
2164:. On May 16, the vanguard of the force departed from
2144:
on May 1, 1898, the United States Navy, commanded by
2939:(illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group,
2764:
2748:
2713:
2570:. Smithsonian | National Museum of American History.
2800:
2780:
2729:
2626:
2398:. Aguinaldo sent a ranking member of his staff to
99:Spanish forces surrender the city to the Americans
2985:In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines
2645:
3181:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2264:General Greene's brigade pushed rapidly through
56:Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain
2901:, Quezon City: University of the Philippines,
2472:
2336:proceeded slowly and, on September 8, General
2503:
2453:
2121:
1064:, three months after the decisive victory by
1013:
486:
418:
2566:Gonzalves, Theodore S. (December 18, 2018).
1056:, was a land engagement which took place in
2956:Campaigning in the Philippines: Illustrated
2371:to Manila, and Captain E.D. Taussig of the
168:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
3116:. Short Hills, New Jersey: Burford Books.
2280:which was ideal for close combat. General
2128:
2114:
1020:
1006:
493:
479:
425:
411:
48:
3215:Naval battles of the Spanish–American War
3081:
3001:
2932:
2912:
2896:
2878:
2866:
2822:
2806:
2786:
2770:
2738:
2663:
2651:
2635:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2521:
2423:
1580:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
500:
3021:
2963:
2936:Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000
2850:
2754:
2719:
2675:
2478:
2191:on July 17, and the third under General
3109:
1319:Historically documented states/polities
173:
3182:
2978:
2860:
2691:
2612:
2515:
2509:
2466:
1060:on August 13, 1898, at the end of the
103:American occupation of the Philippines
3061:
3041:
2952:
2834:
2703:
2616:
2596:
2580:
2533:
2493:
2187:on June 30, the second under General
474:
406:
3225:Battles of the Philippine Revolution
190:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3210:Manila in the Philippine Revolution
3205:Battles involving the United States
3200:Battles of the Spanish–American War
2899:Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic
2412:Battles of the Spanish–American War
2214:Governor-General of the Philippines
1085:Governor-General of the Philippines
13:
3103:
3002:Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (2006),
2385:for the U.S. on January 17, 1899.
2292:situated on the south side of the
2152:. The United States organized the
1179:
14:
3241:
3131:
3005:Philippine history and government
1520:Voyage of Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
1233:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
1143:that marked the beginning of the
3085:The Philippines Past and Present
3048:, University of Nebraska Press,
2097:
391:
381:
364:
354:
345:
326:
315:
303:
292:
281:
270:
259:
248:
237:
226:
215:
204:
175:
161:
149:
16:Part of the Spanish-American War
3082:Worcester, Dean Conant (1914).
2890:
2872:
2844:
2828:
2816:
2697:
2685:
2669:
2657:
2606:
2590:
2574:
2435:Presidential Library and Museum
2268:and over the bridges to occupy
2933:Blanchard, William H. (1996),
2916:History of the Filipino People
2913:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990),
2897:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1960),
2559:
2547:
2527:
2487:
2363:had accepted the surrender of
2239:, a decrepit structure on the
2140:After the American victory in
1926:2000 campaign against the MILF
1431:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
1285:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
1:
2587:, Efforts to Induce Surrender
2417:
1590:Battles of La Naval de Manila
1150:
1106:Philippine Revolutionary Army
1090:, and American forces led by
19:For the May 1898 battle, see
3008:, Phoenix Publishing House,
2307:
2241:southern outskirts of Manila
2162:Major General Wesley Merritt
1441:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
7:
2405:
1931:2nd People Power Revolution
1921:1997 Asian financial crisis
1655:Declaration of Independence
1083:were Spanish forces led by
626:Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur
10:
3246:
3045:The War With Spain in 1898
2205:Eighth Corps had only one
2170:General Thomas M. Anderson
1660:American capture of Manila
95:Filipino-American victory
18:
3028:, Naval Institute Press,
2431:"The evolution of Manila"
2251:
1540:Spanish capture of Manila
512:
445:
374:
338:
197:
142:
62:
47:
35:
30:
3042:Trask, David F. (1996),
2964:Halstead, Murat (1898),
2396:Battle of Manila of 1899
2286:United States Volunteers
2148:, blockaded the city of
2000:Administrative divisions
1715:American colonial period
1635:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
1471:Butuan Silver Paleograph
1456:Batanes Ijang fortresses
1399:Sultanate of Maguindanao
1270:Cordillera Rice Terraces
1141:Battle of Manila in 1899
1052:), sometimes called the
551:San Francisco de Malabon
3195:1898 in the Philippines
3113:The Splendid Little War
3110:Freidel, Frank (2002).
3022:Sweetman, Jack (2002),
2919:, Garotech Publishing,
2391:Philippine–American War
1895:People Power Revolution
1675:Philippine–American War
1509:Spanish colonial period
1145:Philippine–American War
1126:, Malay Filipinos, and
1041:
954:Battle of Manila (1945)
949:Battle of Manila (1899)
944:Battle of Manila (1898)
939:Battle of Manila (1896)
929:Battle of Manila (1762)
924:Battle of Manila (1574)
919:Battle of Manila (1570)
596:Binakayan and Dalahican
2988:, Random House, Inc.,
2346:
2333:
2319:
2317:-Anderson, commanding.
2104:Philippines portal
2080:Science and technology
1697:UST Baybayin Documents
1645:Treaty of Paris (1898)
1223:Austronesian expansion
1208:Early hominin activity
1184:
1049:
387:19 killed, 103 wounded
198:Commanders and leaders
3068:, Wolff Productions,
2441:on September 14, 2015
2342:
2328:
2314:
2237:Fort San Antonio Abad
2025:Cultural achievements
1849:Filipino First policy
1839:Mutual Defense Treaty
1793:Philippine resistance
1625:Philippine Revolution
1585:Spanish–Moro conflict
1575:Revolts and uprisings
1461:Golden Tara of Agusan
1183:
1054:Mock Battle of Manila
934:Raid on Manila (1798)
504:Philippine Revolution
375:Casualties and losses
131:Establishment of the
42:Philippine Revolution
3143:Spanish–American War
3065:Little Brown Brother
3062:Wolff, Leon (2006),
2959:, Hicks-Judd Company
2953:Faust, K.I. (1899),
2615:, pp. 123–124,
2282:Arthur MacArthur Jr.
2146:Admiral George Dewey
2085:World Heritage Sites
1951:Territorial disputes
1854:North Borneo dispute
1844:Hukbalahap Rebellion
1808:Philippines campaign
1803:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1783:Battle of Corregidor
1758:Tydings–McDuffie Act
1650:Battle of Manila Bay
1640:Spanish–American War
1248:Precolonial barangay
1077:Battle of Manila Bay
1062:Spanish–American War
970:Battle of Manila Bay
436:Spanish–American War
222:Arthur MacArthur Jr.
110:Spanish–American War
38:Spanish–American War
21:Battle of Manila Bay
3162: /
2825:, pp. 197–198.
2524:, pp. 169–170.
2400:Elwell Stephen Otis
2158:expeditionary force
1946:Philippine drug war
1908:Contemporary period
1875:Communist rebellion
1773:Japanese occupation
1738:Military Government
1692:Doctrina Christiana
1600:Propaganda Movement
1555:Spanish East Indies
1545:Battle of Bangkusay
1491:Magellan expedition
1409:Sultanates of Lanao
1404:Sultanate of Buayan
987:Battle of Bangkusay
3220:August 1898 events
3166:14.583°N 121.000°E
2367:on June 20, while
1748:Insular Government
1733:Zamboanga Republic
1630:Tejeros Convention
1620:Cry of Pugad Lawin
1605:1872 Cavite mutiny
1313:Precolonial period
1253:Maritime Silk Road
1228:Angono Petroglyphs
1200:Prehistoric period
1185:
1102:United States Navy
1092:United States Army
1042:Labanan sa Maynila
993:La Naval de Manila
862:Visayas Expedition
541:San Juan del Monte
310:Gregorio del Pilar
3190:Conflicts in 1898
3123:978-1-58080-093-8
3095:978-1-4142-3041-2
3075:978-1-58288-209-3
3055:978-0-8032-9429-5
3035:978-1-55750-867-6
3015:978-971-06-1894-1
2995:978-0-345-32816-8
2974:, pp. 95–110
2946:978-0-313-30013-4
2926:978-971-8711-06-4
2355:protected cruiser
2189:Francis V. Greene
2154:Eighth Army Corps
2138:
2137:
1985:Ancient religions
1966:COVID-19 pandemic
1821:Post-independence
1560:Captaincy General
1436:Butuan Ivory Seal
1414:Sultanate of Sulu
1295:Prehistoric beads
1050:Batalla de Manila
1030:
1029:
911:Battles of Manila
905:
904:
900:
899:
468:
467:
439:: Pacific Theater
401:
400:
397:49 killed, 1 fort
138:
137:
116:, leading to the
3237:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3163:
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3127:
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2909:
2885:
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2864:
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2814:
2804:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2768:
2762:
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2736:
2727:
2717:
2711:
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2695:
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2673:
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2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2633:
2624:
2610:
2604:
2594:
2588:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2427:
2278:M1897 Trench Gun
2217:Basilio AugustĂn
2193:Arthur MacArthur
2168:under Brigadier
2130:
2123:
2116:
2102:
2101:
2100:
1834:Treaty of Manila
1778:Battle of Bataan
1723:Tagalog Republic
1665:Malolos Congress
1610:La Liga Filipina
1595:British invasion
1565:Tondo Conspiracy
1535:Blockade of Cebu
1496:Battle of Mactan
1420:Events/Artifacts
1323:(north to south)
1259:Events/Artifacts
1243:Sa Huỳnh culture
1173:
1155:
1154:
1131:
1110:Emilio Aguinaldo
1073:Asiatic Squadron
1034:Battle of Manila
1022:
1015:
1008:
908:
907:
681:Perez Dasmariñas
661:Kakarong de Sili
515:
514:
507:
505:
495:
488:
481:
472:
471:
440:
437:
427:
420:
413:
404:
403:
396:
395:
394:
386:
385:
384:
369:
368:
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359:
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357:
350:
349:
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333:Basilio AugustĂn
331:
330:
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320:
319:
318:
308:
307:
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299:Pantaleon Garcia
297:
296:
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286:
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275:
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264:
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244:Emilio Aguinaldo
242:
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231:
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209:
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207:
185:
181:
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166:
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155:
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152:
64:
63:
52:
31:Battle of Manila
28:
27:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3180:
3179:
3171:14.583; 121.000
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3134:
3124:
3106:
3104:Further reading
3096:
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3036:
3016:
2996:
2980:Karnow, Stanley
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2532:
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2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2492:
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2473:
2465:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2310:
2254:
2225:Fermin Jáudenes
2134:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2030:Diet and health
1979:
1971:
1970:
1956:Siege of Marawi
1911:
1900:
1899:
1890:Fourth Republic
1870:
1859:
1858:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1788:Second Republic
1728:Negros Republic
1718:
1707:
1706:
1512:
1501:
1500:
1446:Kabayan Mummies
1316:
1305:
1304:
1213:Homo luzonensis
1203:
1172:the Philippines
1171:
1164:
1153:
1117:
1088:FermĂn Jáudenes
1026:
906:
901:
636:Motin de Manila
508:
503:
501:
499:
469:
464:
441:
435:
433:
431:
392:
390:
382:
380:
365:
363:
355:
353:
352:
346:
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327:
325:
324:
322:Fermin Jáudenes
316:
314:
304:
302:
301:
293:
291:
290:
282:
280:
279:
271:
269:
268:
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255:Artemio Ricarte
249:
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216:
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213:
205:
203:
176:
174:
162:
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150:
148:
127:
118:Treaty of Paris
86:
70:August 13, 1898
53:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3138:Home of heroes
3133:
3132:External links
3130:
3129:
3128:
3122:
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2925:
2910:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2879:Blanchard 1996
2871:
2869:, p. 126.
2867:Lacsamana 2006
2859:
2843:
2827:
2823:Agoncillo 1990
2815:
2807:Worcester 1914
2799:
2787:Worcester 1914
2779:
2771:Worcester 1914
2763:
2747:
2739:Worcester 1914
2728:
2712:
2696:
2694:, p. 124.
2684:
2668:
2666:, p. 124.
2664:Agoncillo 1990
2656:
2652:Agoncillo 1990
2644:
2636:Worcester 1914
2625:
2605:
2589:
2573:
2558:
2556:, p. 115.
2554:Agoncillo 1990
2546:
2544:, p. 194.
2542:Agoncillo 1990
2526:
2522:Agoncillo 1960
2514:
2512:, p. 115.
2502:
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2050:Historiography
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2017:
2015:Communications
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Queen consorts
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
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1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Oakwood mutiny
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1916:Fifth Republic
1912:
1910:(1986–present)
1906:
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1829:Third Republic
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1743:Moro Rebellion
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1570:Manila galleon
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1530:Treaty of Cebu
1527:
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1466:Monreal Stones
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1098:Wesley Merritt
1028:
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407:
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388:
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372:
371:
361:
341:
340:
336:
335:
312:
277:Mariano Noriel
211:Wesley Merritt
200:
199:
195:
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192:
170:
145:
144:
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92:
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59:
45:
44:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3242:
3231:
3230:1890s battles
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3091:
3088:. Macmillan.
3087:
3086:
3080:
3077:
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3060:
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3017:
3011:
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2904:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2851:Sweetman 2002
2847:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2755:Halstead 1898
2751:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2720:Halstead 1898
2716:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2676:Halstead 1898
2672:
2665:
2660:
2654:, p. 196
2653:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
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2598:
2593:
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2569:
2562:
2555:
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2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2479:Halstead 1898
2475:
2469:, p. 123
2468:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2445:September 24,
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2298:flag of truce
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2267:
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2258:
2257:under fire".
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2229:Édouard André
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2198:
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2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:San Francisco
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2018:
2016:
2013:
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1982:
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1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Moro conflict
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
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1845:
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1510:
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1320:
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1301:
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1293:
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1290:Manunggul Jar
1288:
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1135:
1129:
1125:
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1120:Austronesians
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:Major General
1093:
1089:
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979:Around Manila
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288:Pio del Pilar
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2891:Bibliography
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2474:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2434:
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2263:
2259:
2255:
2233:
2211:
2204:
2200:Antonio Luna
2178:
2139:
1768:World War II
1763:Commonwealth
1680:
1679:
1659:
1514:
1481:Barter rings
1419:
1418:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1280:Kalanay Cave
1258:
1257:
1238:Jade culture
1138:
1114:
1081:belligerents
1053:
1033:
1031:
943:
765:
706:Biak-na-Bato
459:
266:Antonio Luna
233:George Dewey
172:
143:Belligerents
94:
55:
36:Part of the
25:
3169: /
2837:, pp.
2789:, pp.
2692:Karnow 1990
2613:Karnow 1990
2583:, pp.
2510:Karnow 1990
2467:Karnow 1990
2383:Wake Island
2338:Elwell Otis
2294:Pasig River
2010:Archaeology
2005:Agriculture
1885:Martial law
1869:(1965–1986)
1823:(1946–1965)
1717:(1898–1946)
1702:Velarde map
1687:Boxer Codex
1511:(1565–1898)
1300:Shell tools
1275:Grave goods
1170:History of
691:Mount Purog
561:Nueva Ecija
531:Pasong Tamo
526:Pugad Lawin
126:Territorial
114:Philippines
108:End of the
84:Philippines
3184:Categories
2881:, p.
2853:, p.
2835:Trask 1996
2809:, p.
2773:, p.
2757:, p.
2741:, p.
2722:, p.
2706:, p.
2704:Wolff 2006
2678:, p.
2638:, p.
2619:, p.
2617:Wolff 2006
2599:, p.
2597:Trask 1996
2581:Faust 1899
2536:, p.
2534:Wolff 2006
2496:, p.
2494:Wolff 2006
2481:, p.
2418:References
2378:Bennington
2360:Charleston
2274:San Miguel
2245:white flag
2181:Intramuros
2142:Manila Bay
1961:Bangsamoro
1867:Marcos era
1798:Hukbalahap
1476:Piloncitos
1315:(900–1565)
1151:Background
1134:Intramuros
766:2nd Manila
726:Santa Cruz
631:San Rafael
536:1st Manila
450:Manila Bay
2376:USS
2358:USS
2308:Aftermath
2174:Hong Kong
2055:Languages
2045:Geography
2035:Education
2020:Conflicts
1753:Jones Law
1681:Artifacts
1615:Katipunan
1550:New Spain
1218:Tabon Man
1202:(pre-900)
1108:, led by
1066:Commodore
883:Zamboanga
878:Calaganan
686:Montalban
2982:(1990),
2406:See also
2381:claimed
2369:en route
2207:division
2075:Politics
2065:Military
2060:Medicine
1978:By topic
1936:EDSA III
1451:Baybayin
1426:Maragtas
1394:Sanmalan
1374:Madja-as
1329:Caboloan
1265:Balangay
1191:Timeline
1161:a series
1159:Part of
1128:mestizos
1124:Negritos
1038:Filipino
962:See also
870:Mindanao
812:Balisong
807:Talamban
701:Paombong
621:Pampanga
591:Batangas
546:Noveleta
339:Strength
75:Location
40:and the
3157:121°0′E
3154:14°35′N
2907:2163102
2839:385–386
2373:gunboat
2270:Binondo
2197:General
2040:Economy
1525:Sandugo
1486:Luzones
1379:Dapitan
1349:Maynila
1344:Namayan
1075:at the
1046:Spanish
888:Misamis
837:Antique
784:Visayas
771:Masbate
756:Dagupan
741:Tayabas
731:Bolinao
721:Calamba
711:Camalig
651:Pateros
616:Bulacan
581:Balayan
576:Nasugbu
571:Talisay
128:changes
112:in the
3120:
3092:
3072:
3052:
3032:
3012:
2992:
2943:
2923:
2905:
2266:Malate
2252:Battle
2221:Cortes
2185:Cavite
2160:under
2156:as an
2150:Manila
1990:Rulers
1515:Events
1389:Butuan
1369:Sandao
1364:Pulilu
1354:Ibalon
1334:Cainta
1163:on the
1079:. The
1058:Manila
995:(1646)
989:(1571)
972:(1898)
832:Negros
827:Iloilo
822:Lincud
736:Baguio
716:Alapan
696:Aliaga
671:Silang
666:Zapote
656:Tarlac
646:Bacoor
641:Bataan
611:Morong
606:Sambat
460:Manila
370:13,000
360:40,000
351:10,700
180:
154:
105:begins
91:Result
80:Manila
2761:Ch.10
2726:Ch.10
2585:95=97
2070:Names
1339:Tondo
1069:Dewey
893:Davao
847:Pilar
817:Batan
797:Capiz
792:Aklan
761:Vigan
751:Baler
556:Kawit
518:Luzon
183:Spain
3118:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3030:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2990:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2903:OCLC
2813:Ch.3
2797:Ch.3
2777:Ch.3
2745:Ch.3
2642:Ch.3
2447:2015
2365:Guam
2272:and
1384:Cebu
1359:Ma-i
1100:and
1032:The
857:Jaro
852:Sara
842:Oton
802:Cebu
746:Lipa
676:Naik
586:Lian
566:Imus
455:Guam
67:Date
2883:130
2855:100
2811:121
2795:119
2791:115
2775:106
2759:108
2724:153
2708:129
2680:107
2621:119
2601:419
2538:108
2498:100
1071:'s
3186::
2968:,
2793:,
2743:69
2731:^
2640:55
2628:^
2540:,
2483:95
2455:^
2433:.
1147:.
1122:,
1112:.
1048::
1044:;
1040::
82:,
3126:.
3098:.
2857:.
2841:.
2710:.
2682:.
2623:.
2603:.
2500:.
2449:.
2129:e
2122:t
2115:v
1036:(
1021:e
1014:t
1007:v
494:e
487:t
480:v
426:e
419:t
412:v
58:.
23:.
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