34:
719:, pillaged the surrounding province, and then withdrew to Nikli. Despite his successes in averting a rapid Byzantine conquest of his principality, however, William had exhausted his realm's resources: the constant fighting had devastated and depopulated the country. The conflict degenerated into skirmishes on both sides before being suspended entirely. Negotiations were undertaken, in which Michael VIII proposed to wed his son and heir,
689:, at the borders of Messenia with the central Peloponnese. William, reinforced by the experienced Turkish contingent and now possessing a superior army, had marched to Messenia to defend the fertile province. The Achaean army now attacked the Byzantines, despite the fact that they held strong positions on the high ground. The first two attacks were beaten off, but the third attack, led by William's commander
735:. Faced with the threat of Charles, Byzantine attention was diverted elsewhere, and William managed to avert a repeat of the large-scale Byzantine offensive against him. A prolonged period of relative tranquility followed, but internal squabbles would enable the Byzantines to resume their gradual recovery of the peninsula by the early 14th century.
708:: when William exclaimed that this defeat was God's punishment on Palaiologos for violating his oaths, Philes retorted that "the Morea belongs to the Empire of Romania and is the proper heritage of the Emperor. It is instead you who have broken your oaths to the lord."
645:
There, however, the
Turkish mercenaries, over 1,000 horsemen under their leaders Melik and Shalik, confronted him and demanded that he pay them their arrears of six months. Irritated by this demand, and worried by his lack of success thus far, the
614:
In early 1263 or 1264, Constantine
Palaiologos resolved to resume operations, with the final aim of subduing the Principality of Achaea for good. He assembled his troops, entered Achaean-controlled territory and advanced up to Sergiana in northern
650:
angrily refused, whereupon the two chieftains deserted to
William with the bulk of their men. This defection caused Byzantine morale to plummet. Constantine, feigning illness, decided to raise the siege, and departed the Morea for
531:. The Byzantines had been weakened and demoralized by the defection of their numerous Turkish mercenaries to the Achaeans. At Makryplagi, the Byzantines suffered a heavy defeat, which together with their defeat at the
570:(r. 1246–1278) in exchange for his release. William also pledged to become Michael's vassal, but as soon as he returned to the Morea he renounced this oath, and began negotiating with the
619:, and set up his camp at a location called "St. Nicholas of Mesiskli". William with his own troops marched to meet him, and arrayed his men ready for battle. According to the
581:
War broke out in late 1262 or 1263, when
Michael VIII dispatched an expedition to the Morea. This army was composed chiefly of Turkish mercenaries and Greek troops from
420:
999:
591:
1082:
180:
690:
138:
634:, rode forth from the Byzantine lines, but his horse stumbled and he was killed by the Achaeans. Dismayed by the death of his bravest lieutenant, the
1077:
670:
122:
413:
704:; there a noteworthy conversation took place between the Achaean prince and Philes, which illustrates the respective positions of Latins and
727:. The proposal foundered at the opposition of the Achaean barons. In the years after, William sought the aid and protection of the powerful
372:
406:
387:
173:
293:
1112:
1045:
323:
166:
475:
228:
1117:
1021:
966:
631:
1072:
1067:
266:
500:
450:
382:
350:
318:
276:
261:
251:
210:
455:
362:
281:
246:
567:
134:
1097:
1092:
1087:
495:
724:
720:
1016:(Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 234–275.
552:
431:
232:
158:
1107:
1102:
686:
621:
528:
308:
239:
215:
99:
1011:
465:
367:
256:
25:
8:
982:
Emperor
Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations
697:
548:
485:
480:
445:
340:
335:
271:
700:, along with many Greek nobles, were captured. The prisoners were brought to William at
603:
532:
460:
298:
1041:
1017:
986:
962:
732:
627:
313:
1007:
976:
728:
705:
657:
564:
521:
398:
94:
1035:
980:
956:
377:
126:
115:
33:
1003:
666:
661:
652:
203:
111:
990:
1061:
616:
587:
715:. He failed to take the fort, but repopulated and fortified the old city of
1031:
575:
525:
191:
556:
39:
696:
The
Byzantine rout was complete, and the generals Philes, Makrenos, and
582:
701:
599:
188:
1013:
A History of the
Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
682:
555:(r. 1259–1282) acquired a number of fortresses in the southeastern
68:
638:
Constantine retreated and went on to lay siege to the fortress of
712:
595:
490:
345:
961:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
716:
711:
William then marched south towards the
Byzantine stronghold of
602:. He was defeated, however by a far smaller Latin force at the
639:
560:
536:
43:
571:
1040:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
685:, where he occupied the pass of Makryplagi, situated near
609:
535:
the previous year ended their attempted reconquest of the
598:
and advancing north, aiming to take the
Achaean capital,
594:. Constantine enjoyed initial success, capturing much of
985:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
958:
The Late
Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453
428:
723:(r. 1282–1328) to William's daughter and heiress,
578:powers for a joint effort against the Byzantines.
1059:
681:Philes now took his army and marched towards
414:
357:Wars with the Venetians, Catalans, and others
174:
1083:Battles involving the Principality of Achaea
975:
918:
902:
874:
858:
842:
822:
806:
794:
774:
754:
693:, broke the Byzantines, who fled in panic.
676:
1037:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
1000:"The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311"
625:, the head of the Byzantine vanguard, the
421:
407:
181:
167:
954:
914:
890:
790:
750:
997:
934:
922:
886:
870:
854:
838:
826:
810:
778:
610:Skirmish of Mesiskli and siege of Nikli
127:
116:
1078:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
1060:
1030:
938:
770:
758:
520:was fought between the forces of the
402:
162:
585:and headed by his half-brother, the
190:Byzantine–Frankish conflicts of the
13:
451:Constantinople & Galata (1260)
277:Constantinople & Galata (1260)
14:
1129:
731:, whose vassal he became by the
32:
928:
908:
896:
880:
864:
848:
832:
816:
800:
784:
764:
744:
551:(1259), the Byzantine emperor
383:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
1:
1113:1260s in the Byzantine Empire
738:
542:
363:Genoese occupation of Rhodes
7:
1010:; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.).
568:William II of Villehardouin
324:Campaigns of Constantine XI
135:William II of Villehardouin
10:
1134:
955:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
947:
606:, and his army scattered.
330:Angevin–Byzantine conflict
921:, pp. 174–175, 180;
721:Andronikos II Palaiologos
563:), ceded by the captured
441:
229:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
199:
144:
105:
88:
50:
31:
23:
18:
1118:Michael VIII Palaiologos
677:The battle and aftermath
553:Michael VIII Palaiologos
433:Michael VIII Palaiologos
233:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
1073:Battles of the Crusades
998:Longnon, Jean (1969) .
592:Constantine Palaiologos
1068:13th century in Greece
977:Geanakoplos, Deno John
941:, pp. 50–51, 117.
622:Chronicle of the Morea
529:Principality of Achaea
373:Byzantine–Venetian War
288:Conflicts in the Morea
106:Commanders and leaders
100:Principality of Achaea
632:Michael Kantakouzenos
456:Constantinople (1261)
388:Byzantine–Genoese War
282:Constantinople (1261)
267:Constantinople (1241)
262:Constantinople (1235)
216:Constantinople (1204)
211:Constantinople (1203)
145:Casualties and losses
46:) in the Middle Ages.
809:, pp. 158–159;
777:, pp. 155–156;
757:, pp. 154–155;
514:Battle of Makryplagi
26:Byzantine-Latin Wars
19:Battle of Makryplagi
925:, pp. 254–255.
813:, pp. 253–254.
698:Alexios Kaballarios
549:Battle of Pelagonia
491:Licario's campaigns
346:Licario's campaigns
294:Grove of Kountouras
1004:Setton, Kenneth M.
937:, pp. 255ff;
604:Battle of Prinitza
533:Battle of Prinitza
240:Nicaean–Latin wars
222:Epirote–Latin wars
1098:Conflicts in 1264
1093:Conflicts in 1263
1088:Medieval Messenia
1047:978-0-521-43991-6
1008:Wolff, Robert Lee
733:Treaty of Viterbo
628:megas konostaulos
509:
508:
396:
395:
157:
156:
84:
83:
1125:
1051:
1032:Nicol, Donald M.
1027:
994:
972:
942:
932:
926:
919:Geanakoplos 1959
912:
906:
903:Geanakoplos 1959
900:
894:
884:
878:
875:Geanakoplos 1959
868:
862:
859:Geanakoplos 1959
852:
846:
843:Geanakoplos 1959
836:
830:
823:Geanakoplos 1959
820:
814:
807:Geanakoplos 1959
804:
798:
795:Geanakoplos 1959
788:
782:
775:Geanakoplos 1959
768:
762:
755:Geanakoplos 1959
748:
729:Charles of Anjou
706:Byzantine Greeks
691:Ancelin de Toucy
658:megas domestikos
565:Prince of Achaea
522:Byzantine Empire
436:
434:
423:
416:
409:
400:
399:
194:
183:
176:
169:
160:
159:
139:Ancelin de Toucy
129:
118:
95:Byzantine Empire
52:
51:
36:
16:
15:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1024:
969:
950:
945:
933:
929:
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:, p. 254;
885:
881:
873:, p. 254;
869:
865:
857:, p. 254;
853:
849:
841:, p. 254;
837:
833:
825:, p. 172;
821:
817:
805:
801:
789:
785:
769:
765:
749:
745:
741:
679:
612:
545:
510:
505:
476:Mongol invasion
437:
432:
429:
427:
397:
392:
195:
189:
187:
137:
121:
80:Achaean victory
72:
37:
12:
11:
5:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1108:1264 in Europe
1105:
1103:1263 in Europe
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1028:
1022:
995:
973:
967:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:
927:
917:, p. 50;
907:
905:, p. 174.
895:
879:
877:, p. 174.
863:
861:, p. 173.
847:
845:, p. 173.
831:
829:, p. 254.
815:
799:
797:, p. 158.
793:, p. 49;
783:
781:, p. 253.
773:, p. 47;
763:
753:, p. 49;
742:
740:
737:
687:Gardiki Castle
678:
675:
667:parakoimomenos
662:Alexios Philes
655:, leaving the
653:Constantinople
611:
608:
544:
541:
507:
506:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
439:
438:
426:
425:
418:
411:
403:
394:
393:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
358:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
331:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
289:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
242:
236:
235:
224:
223:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
204:Fourth Crusade
200:
197:
196:
186:
185:
178:
171:
163:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
132:
112:Alexios Philes
108:
107:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
29:
28:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1023:0-299-04844-6
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
968:0-8122-1620-2
964:
960:
959:
953:
952:
940:
936:
931:
924:
920:
916:
915:Bartusis 1997
911:
904:
899:
893:, p. 50.
892:
891:Bartusis 1997
888:
883:
876:
872:
867:
860:
856:
851:
844:
840:
835:
828:
824:
819:
812:
808:
803:
796:
792:
791:Bartusis 1997
787:
780:
776:
772:
767:
761:, p. 47.
760:
756:
752:
751:Bartusis 1997
747:
743:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
674:
672:
671:John Makrenos
669:
668:
663:
660:
659:
654:
649:
648:sebastokrator
643:
641:
637:
636:sebastokrator
633:
630:
629:
624:
623:
618:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:sebastokrator
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
435:
424:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
404:
401:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
355:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
230:
227:Campaigns of
226:
225:
221:
220:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
193:
184:
179:
177:
172:
170:
165:
164:
161:
152:
149:
148:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
124:
123:John Makrenos
119:
113:
110:
109:
104:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
87:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
27:
22:
17:
1055:
1036:
1012:
981:
957:
935:Longnon 1969
930:
923:Longnon 1969
910:
898:
887:Longnon 1969
882:
871:Longnon 1969
866:
855:Longnon 1969
850:
839:Longnon 1969
834:
827:Longnon 1969
818:
811:Longnon 1969
802:
786:
779:Longnon 1969
766:
746:
710:
695:
680:
673:in command.
665:
656:
647:
644:
635:
626:
620:
613:
586:
580:
546:
517:
513:
511:
470:
309:Saint George
303:
192:Frankokratia
89:Belligerents
67:Makryplagi,
24:Part of the
557:Peloponnese
518:Makry Plagi
247:Adramyttion
40:Peloponnese
38:Map of the
1062:Categories
991:1011763434
939:Nicol 1993
771:Nicol 1993
759:Nicol 1993
739:References
583:Asia Minor
574:and other
547:After the
543:Background
524:, and the
471:Makryplagi
466:Settepozzi
368:Settepozzi
304:Makryplagi
257:Poimanenon
702:Veligosti
600:Andravida
496:Pharsalus
486:Demetrias
481:Neopatras
446:Pelagonia
341:Demetrias
336:Neopatras
319:Echinades
272:Pelagonia
252:Rhyndacus
58:1263/1264
1034:(1993).
979:(1959).
725:Isabella
683:Messenia
664:and the
461:Prinitza
430:Wars of
299:Prinitza
71:, Greece
69:Messenia
63:Location
948:Sources
713:Mystras
596:Laconia
314:Gardiki
125: (
114: (
1044:
1020:
989:
965:
717:Sparta
77:Result
1002:. In
640:Nikli
576:Latin
561:Morea
537:Morea
526:Latin
501:Berat
378:Apros
351:Berat
153:Light
150:Heavy
44:Morea
1042:ISBN
1018:ISBN
987:OCLC
963:ISBN
617:Elis
572:Pope
512:The
231:and
55:Date
516:or
128:POW
117:POW
1064::
1006:;
642:.
539:.
1050:.
1026:.
993:.
971:.
559:(
422:e
415:t
408:v
182:e
175:t
168:v
131:)
120:)
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
