44:
719:, and others) present the expedition in a very different light, as a large-scale undertaking, with a determined and prolonged effort against the city itself. It involved a preliminary campaign to isolate the city by capturing the outlying forts and settlements controlling the approaches, as far as
731:
The difference in the two accounts is attributed by modern scholars to
Akropolites' known tendency to minimize the failures of Michael VIII. The two narratives, which both feature an attempt against Galata, are clearly referring to the same event, and the plot of Asel may indeed reflect a genuine
633:
from Epirus and
Bulgaria, becoming the strongest state of the region. Reduced to Constantinople and the territory immediately surrounding it, surrounded on east and west by Nicaea and without sufficient funds to attract any armed support, the Latin Empire seemed ripe for the taking by the time of
727:
the wall. Galata however held due to the determined resistance of its inhabitants and the reinforcements shipped over from the city in rowboats. In the face of this, and worried by news of imminent relief for the besieged, Michael lifted the siege.
744:
was signed between
Michael VIII and Baldwin II for the duration of one year (until August 1261). Although the siege failed, Michael VIII set about making plans for another try. In March 1261, he negotiated with the
757:, Genoa's main antagonist and the major supporter of the Latin Empire. However, Michael's preparations were rendered redundant, as on 25 July 1261, an advance force sent to scout the city's environs, headed by
708:, while he awaited Asel's treason. Asel however did not act, and claimed that his keys had been taken by the city's ruler. Akropolites then says that Michael obtained a one-year truce and abandoned the siege.
723:(some 60 km from the city), as well as a direct assault on Galata. This was a large-scale affair, supervised personally by Michael from a conspicuous elevated place, with siege engines and attempts at
696:
and had promised to open up a gate to the
Nicaean troops. Consequently, the expedition was not large enough for a serious assault on the city. Michael led his men to encamp at
435:
665:
in summer 1259. With his chief enemies either dead, in captivity or temporary exile after
Pelagonia, Palaiologos was free to turn his sight towards Constantinople.
195:
681:
with his army and headed towards
Constantinople. The accounts of the Byzantine chroniclers on the subsequent events however differ greatly with each other.
753:, which gave him access to their warfleet in exchange for trading rights. The treaty also functioned as a defense pact between the two states against the
625:
of the city in 1235–6. Thereafter, the
Nicaean ruler switched his aim to increasing his territory in Europe. Under Vatatzes, the Nicaeans seized most of
1120:
634:
Vatatzes' death. Even the papacy seemed willing to accept the inevitable in exchange for concessions in theological matters and the question of
1164:
428:
1174:
387:
421:
402:
188:
308:
1189:
1098:
1075:
1056:
338:
181:
490:
243:
1024:
Jacoby, David (1999), "The Latin empire of
Constantinople and the Frankish states in Greece", in Abulafia, David (ed.),
1194:
1159:
1033:
992:
969:
949:
692:
noble "Asel" (variously identified either with Ansel de Toucy or Ansel de Cahieu), who owned a house adjacent to the
20:
1199:
1179:
741:
281:
1047:
622:
594:, vied for the recovery of Constantinople. At first it seemed as if the city would fall to Epirus, whose ruler
515:
397:
365:
333:
276:
266:
225:
617:(r. 1221–1254), to intervene in Europe. Allied with the Bulgarians, Vatatzes established a first foothold in
762:
470:
377:
296:
261:
140:
1169:
750:
510:
978:
653:(r. 1259–1261). At this juncture, a coalition of Nicaea's enemies was formed, comprising Epirus, the
590:. Both of the latter claimed to represent the legitimate Empire, and in view of the weakness of the
646:
614:
595:
446:
247:
173:
135:
984:
The Late
Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
1184:
693:
607:
758:
654:
559:
323:
254:
230:
35:
603:
639:
485:
480:
382:
318:
271:
642:(r. 1254–1258) was forced to confront numerous attacks on his territories in the Balkans.
638:. The Latin Empire gained a short reprieve with Vatatzes' death, as his son and successor
8:
1008:
Emperor
Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations
716:
662:
575:
500:
495:
460:
355:
350:
286:
546:
and re-establish the City as the political, cultural and spiritual capital of a revived
1107:
754:
701:
685:
630:
475:
313:
1094:
1071:
1052:
1042:
1029:
1012:
988:
965:
945:
746:
724:
712:
658:
328:
1002:
650:
571:
547:
539:
413:
118:
649:(r. 1259–1282) ascended the throne, at first ostensibly as guardian of the infant
1088:
1006:
982:
959:
392:
583:
563:
530:
218:
69:
1016:
43:
1153:
1135:
1122:
635:
535:
1084:
689:
599:
591:
567:
543:
206:
123:
73:
1068:
George Akropolites: The History - Introduction, translation and commentary
705:
940:
Angold, Michael (1999), "Byzantium in exile", in Abulafia, David (ed.),
678:
587:
732:
episode of the siege which was given undue prominence by Akropolites.
720:
674:
203:
78:
579:
505:
360:
48:
Map showing Constantinople and its walls during the Byzantine era
761:, managed to penetrate the city under the cover of darkness and
697:
626:
618:
82:
1026:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V, c. 1198–c. 1300
942:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V, c. 1198–c. 1300
688:, the emperor relied on the promises of treason of a certain
621:
in 1234. Together with the Bulgarians, he then undertook an
1093:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
661:. The alliance however was dealt a crushing blow at the
1011:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
602:
in 1225/1227. Epirote power however was broken at the
566:
in April 1204, the Byzantine Empire was divided among
987:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
443:
961:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453
1151:
1028:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 525–542,
944:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 543–568,
896:
894:
645:Soon after Theodore II's death, the ambitious
429:
372:Wars with the Venetians, Catalans, and others
189:
104:Nicaean army fails to capture Constantinople
1001:
891:
1090:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
677:, in January 1260 Palaiologos crossed the
613:Thus the path opened up for Nicaea, under
436:
422:
196:
182:
1065:
957:
1041:
1152:
1023:
939:
810:
574:remnants, the chief of which were the
534:in 1260 was the failed attempt by the
1165:Sieges involving the Empire of Nicaea
1083:
700:, ostensibly preparing to attack the
538:, the major remnant of the fractured
417:
177:
977:
964:, University of Pennsylvania Press,
542:, to retake Constantinople from the
205:Byzantine–Frankish conflicts of the
16:1260 Nicaean siege of Constantinople
13:
1175:Battles involving the Latin Empire
466:Constantinople & Galata (1260)
292:Constantinople & Galata (1260)
19:For other sieges of the city, see
14:
1211:
1114:, Rutgers University Press, 1968.
42:
21:list of sieges of Constantinople
933:
921:
912:
903:
882:
873:
864:
855:
1112:History of the Byzantine State
1048:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
846:
837:
834:Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1048, 1185
828:
819:
801:
792:
783:
774:
398:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
29:Siege of Constantinople (1260)
1:
1190:1260s in the Byzantine Empire
918:Geanakoplos (1959), pp. 77–79
909:Geanakoplos (1959), pp. 77–78
879:Geanakoplos (1959), pp. 76–77
861:Geanakoplos (1959), pp. 41–74
768:
704:on the northern shore of the
553:
888:Macrides (2007), pp. 367–369
807:Macrides (2007), pp. 194–197
735:
684:According to the account of
586:in western and northwestern
378:Genoese occupation of Rhodes
7:
1070:, Oxford University Press,
1051:. Oxford University Press.
598:crowned himself emperor at
339:Campaigns of Constantine XI
10:
1216:
958:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997),
825:Angold (1999), pp. 548–549
345:Angevin–Byzantine conflict
18:
798:Geanakoplos (1959), p. 15
780:Geanakoplos (1959), p. 14
456:
244:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
214:
159:
146:
129:
112:
52:
41:
33:
28:
1195:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1160:Sieges of Constantinople
668:
647:Michael VIII Palaiologos
615:John III Doukas Vatatzes
596:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
448:Michael VIII Palaiologos
248:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
1066:Macrides, Ruth (2007),
900:Macrides (2007), p. 368
870:Macrides (2007), p. 367
816:Kazhdan (1991), p. 1048
711:The other chroniclers (
1180:Sieges of the Crusades
1003:Geanakoplos, Deno John
759:Alexios Strategopoulos
655:Principality of Achaea
578:in western Greece and
560:Sack of Constantinople
388:Byzantine–Venetian War
303:Conflicts in the Morea
130:Commanders and leaders
852:Angold (1999), p. 559
843:Jacoby (1999), p. 530
789:Angold (1999), p. 548
604:Battle of Klokotnitsa
568:Latin Crusader states
471:Constantinople (1261)
403:Byzantine–Genoese War
297:Constantinople (1261)
282:Constantinople (1241)
277:Constantinople (1235)
231:Constantinople (1204)
226:Constantinople (1203)
160:Casualties and losses
979:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
765:it from the Latins.
640:Theodore II Laskaris
1136:41.0167°N 28.9769°E
1132: /
751:Treaty of Nymphaeum
740:In August 1260, an
717:Nikephoros Gregoras
673:After wintering in
663:Battle of Pelagonia
576:Despotate of Epirus
506:Licario's campaigns
361:Licario's campaigns
309:Grove of Kountouras
1200:Nicaean–Latin wars
1108:George Ostrogorsky
1043:Kazhdan, Alexander
755:Republic of Venice
702:fortress of Galata
686:George Akropolites
623:unsuccessful siege
255:Nicaean–Latin wars
237:Epirote–Latin wars
36:Nicaean–Latin wars
1170:Conflicts in 1260
1100:978-0-521-43991-6
1077:978-0-19-921067-1
1058:978-0-19-504652-6
927:Ostrogorsky, 449.
747:Republic of Genoa
713:George Pachymeres
659:Kingdom of Sicily
524:
523:
411:
410:
172:
171:
108:
107:
1207:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:41.0167; 28.9769
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1104:
1085:Nicol, Donald M.
1080:
1062:
1038:
1020:
998:
974:
954:
928:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
889:
886:
880:
877:
871:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
817:
814:
808:
805:
799:
796:
790:
787:
781:
778:
651:John IV Laskaris
606:in 1230 against
548:Byzantine Empire
540:Byzantine Empire
451:
449:
438:
431:
424:
415:
414:
209:
198:
191:
184:
175:
174:
119:Empire of Nicaea
54:
53:
46:
26:
25:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1101:
1078:
1059:
1036:
995:
972:
952:
936:
931:
926:
922:
917:
913:
908:
904:
899:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
820:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
738:
671:
572:Byzantine Greek
556:
525:
520:
491:Mongol invasion
452:
447:
444:
442:
412:
407:
210:
204:
202:
100:
86:
76:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:1260 in Europe
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1099:
1081:
1076:
1063:
1057:
1045:, ed. (1991).
1039:
1034:
1021:
999:
993:
975:
970:
955:
950:
935:
932:
930:
929:
920:
911:
902:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
800:
791:
782:
772:
770:
767:
737:
734:
670:
667:
584:Nicaean Empire
564:Fourth Crusade
558:Following the
555:
552:
531:Constantinople
522:
521:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
454:
453:
441:
440:
433:
426:
418:
409:
408:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
374:
373:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
346:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
304:
300:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
257:
251:
250:
239:
238:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
219:Fourth Crusade
215:
212:
211:
201:
200:
193:
186:
178:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
70:Constantinople
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1212:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:0-521-36289-X
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:0-472-08260-4
990:
986:
985:
980:
976:
973:
971:0-8122-1620-2
967:
963:
962:
956:
953:
951:0-521-36289-X
947:
943:
938:
937:
924:
915:
906:
897:
895:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
773:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
636:papal primacy
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Nicene Empire
533:
532:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
455:
450:
439:
434:
432:
427:
425:
420:
419:
416:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
344:
343:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
302:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
245:
242:Campaigns of
241:
240:
236:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
208:
199:
194:
192:
187:
185:
180:
179:
176:
167:
164:
163:
158:
154:
151:
150:
145:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
128:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
111:
103:
98:
97:
94:Latin victory
93:
90:
89:
84:
80:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1117:
1111:
1089:
1067:
1046:
1025:
1007:
983:
960:
941:
934:Bibliography
923:
914:
905:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
739:
730:
710:
683:
672:
644:
612:
600:Thessalonica
592:Latin Empire
557:
544:Latin Empire
528:
526:
465:
324:Saint George
291:
207:Frankokratia
136:Michael VIII
124:Latin Empire
113:Belligerents
77:(modern-day
74:Latin Empire
34:Part of the
1139: /
725:undermining
706:Golden Horn
262:Adramyttion
99:Territorial
1154:Categories
1127:28°58′37″E
1124:41°01′00″N
1017:1011763434
769:References
694:city walls
679:Hellespont
657:, and the
588:Asia Minor
582:, and the
570:and a few
554:Background
486:Makryplagi
481:Settepozzi
383:Settepozzi
319:Makryplagi
272:Poimanenon
141:Baldwin II
981:(1994) .
742:armistice
736:Aftermath
721:Selymbria
675:Lampsacus
631:Macedonia
529:siege of
511:Pharsalus
501:Demetrias
496:Neopatras
461:Pelagonia
356:Demetrias
351:Neopatras
334:Echinades
287:Pelagonia
267:Rhyndacus
1087:(1993).
1005:(1959).
608:Bulgaria
476:Prinitza
445:Wars of
314:Prinitza
147:Strength
79:Istanbul
65:Location
580:Albania
562:by the
329:Gardiki
168:unknown
165:unknown
155:unknown
152:unknown
101:changes
1097:
1074:
1055:
1032:
1015:
991:
968:
948:
763:retake
698:Galata
627:Thrace
619:Thrace
91:Result
83:Turkey
690:Latin
669:Siege
516:Berat
393:Apros
366:Berat
1095:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1053:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1013:OCLC
989:ISBN
966:ISBN
946:ISBN
749:the
629:and
527:The
246:and
60:1260
57:Date
1156::
1110:,
893:^
715:,
610:.
550:.
81:,
72:,
1103:.
1061:.
1019:.
997:.
437:e
430:t
423:v
197:e
190:t
183:v
85:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
