327:
308:
282:
191:
346:
296:
160:
228:
216:
390:
926:
1020:
334:
315:
289:
204:
264:
252:
148:
173:
1250:, 184; Rodríguez Hernández, "Spanish Imperial Wars", 293. Oman writes that "the Imperialists had very few casualties... the only person noted as having fallen in their ranks is Juan de Cardona, a kinsman of the ex-Viceroy of Naples, who was shot through the head by a chance ball". Rodríguez Hernández writes that the Spanish forces "won an overwhelming victory with very few casualties". Clodfelter writes that "Colonna's men in their trenches lost only 200 killed".
1042:
casualties from the fire of d'Avalos's arquebusiers. Nevertheless, the Swiss made a series of desperate attempts to breach the
Imperial line; some managed to reach the top of the rampart, only to be met by the landsknechts, who had come up from behind the arquebusiers. One of the Swiss captains was apparently killed by Frundsberg in single combat; and the Swiss, unable to form up atop the earthworks, were pushed back down into the sunken road.
2169:
397:
986:
south along the Milan road, intending to flank the camp and strike at the bridge to the rear. The remainder of the French army, including the French infantry, the bulk of the heavy cavalry, and the remnants of the Swiss, formed up in a broad line some distance behind the two Swiss columns; behind this was a third line, composed of the
Venetian forces under
50:
970:, placed on several platforms jutting forward from the earthworks, was able to sweep the fields north of the park as well as parts of the sunken road itself. Most of the Imperial cavalry was placed at the south end of the park, far behind the infantry; a separate force of cavalry was positioned to the south, guarding the bridge.
985:
and clear the ground before the
Imperial positions. The French advance was headed by two columns of Swiss, each comprising about 4,000 to 7,000 men, accompanied by some artillery; this party was to assault the entrenched front of the Imperial camp directly. Lescun, meanwhile, led a body of cavalry
1107:, were no longer interested in continuing the war; in July 1523, Gritti concluded the Treaty of Worms with Charles V, removing the Republic from the fighting. The French would make two further attempts to regain Lombardy before the end of the war, but neither would be successful; the terms of the
942:
park of
Bicocca, about four miles (6 km) north of Milan. The park was situated between a large expanse of marshy ground to the west and the main road into Milan to the east; along this road ran a deep wet ditch, which was crossed by a narrow stone bridge some distance south of the park. The
973:
On the evening of 26 April, Lautrec sent a force under the Sieur de
Pontdormy to reconnoiter the Imperial positions. Colonna, having observed the French presence, sent messengers to Milan to request reinforcements; Sforza arrived the next morning with 6,400 additional troops, joining the cavalry
1041:
The Swiss came to a sudden halt as the columns reached the sunken road in front of the park; the depth of the road and the height of the rampart behind it—together higher than the length of the Swiss pikes—effectively blocked their advance. Moving down into the road, the Swiss suffered massive
1045:
After attempting to move forward for about half an hour, the remnants of the Swiss columns retreated back towards the main French line Their total losses numbered more than 3,000, and included
Winkelried, von Stein, and twenty other captains; of the French nobles who had accompanied them, only
1063:
Despite the urging of d'Avalos and several other
Imperial commanders, Colonna refused to order a general attack on the French, pointing out that much of Lautrec's army—including his cavalry—was still intact. Colonna suggested that the French were already beaten, and would soon withdraw; this
1067:
Colonna's judgement proved to be accurate; the Swiss were unwilling to make another assault, and marched for home on 30 April. Lautrec, believing that his resulting weakness in infantry made a further campaign impossible, retreated to the east, crossing the Adda into
Venetian territory at
1015:
and the urban cantons. The advancing Swiss quickly came into range of the
Imperial artillery; unable to take cover on the level fields, they began to take substantial casualties, and as many as a thousand Swiss may have been killed by the time the columns reached the Imperial lines.
1002:. As the Swiss columns advanced towards the park, he ordered them to pause and wait for the French artillery to bombard the Imperial defences, but the Swiss refused to obey. Perhaps the Swiss captains doubted that the artillery would have any effect on the earthworks; historian
1059:
to halt the French advance, while Sforza came up the road towards the bridge, aiming to surround Lescun. Pontdormy held off the
Milanese, allowing Lescun to extricate himself from the camp; the French cavalry then retraced its path and rejoined the main body of the army.
908:
Lautrec was suddenly confronted, however, with the intransigence of the Swiss, who formed the largest contingent of the French army. The Swiss complained that they had not received any of the pay promised them since their arrival in Lombardy, and their captains, led by
1064:
assessment was shared by Frundsberg. Nevertheless, some small groups of Spanish arquebusiers and light cavalry attempted to pursue the withdrawing Swiss, only to be beaten back by the Black Bands, which were covering the removal of the French artillery from the field.
1006:
suggests that it is more likely they were "inspired by blind pugnacity and self-confidence". In any case, the Swiss moved rapidly towards Colonna's position, leaving the artillery behind; there was apparently some rivalry between the two columns, as one, commanded by
1181:
at the end of the seventeenth century. The offensive doctrine of the Swiss—a "push of pike" unsupported by firearms—had become obsolete, and offensive doctrines in general were increasingly replaced with defensive ones; the combination of the arquebus and effective
1172:
for any army which did not wish to grant a massive advantage to its opponents. While the pikeman would continue to play a vital role in warfare, it would be equal to that of the arquebusier; together, the two types of infantry would be combined into the so-called
728:, north of Milan. The Swiss pikemen advanced over open fields under heavy artillery fire to assault the enemy positions, but were halted at a sunken road backed by earthworks. Having suffered massive casualties from the fire of Imperial-Spanish
1130:
They went back to their mountains diminished in numbers, but much more diminished in audacity; for it is certain that the losses which they suffered at Bicocca so affected them that in the coming years they no longer displayed their wonted
1054:
Lescun, with about 400 heavy cavalry under his command, had meanwhile reached the bridge south of the park and fought his way across it and into the Imperial camp beyond. Colonna responded by detaching some cavalry under
1807:, 182. Arnold Winkelried and Albert von Stein are each named as Frundsberg's opponent in contemporary sources. Oman suggests that Winkelried's actions here may have caused his name to appear in the legend of
835:. Colonna, however, had no intention of stopping his advance; in late November, he launched a surprise attack on the city, overwhelming the Venetian troops defending one of the walls. Following some abortive
1318:, 175. Oman writes that " refused battle several times, raised the siege of Parma when it was almost in his hands, rather than risk anything, and wearied out Lautrec by retreats and flank movements".
946:
The entire length of the north side of the park was less than 600 yards (550 m), allowing Colonna to place his troops quite densely; immediately behind the rampart were four ranks of Spanish
901:
south of the city. Considering this position to be too strong to be easily assaulted, Lautrec attempted instead to threaten Colonna's lines of communication by sweeping around Milan to
1233:, 143. Colonna had "10,000 landsknechts, 4,000 Spanish, 4,000 Italian infantry and a few hundred men-at arms". Referred here from Pacheco y de Leyva (ed.), 251–252: Charles V to Najera.
751:
described it as, "...if it were necessary to fix an arbitrary date for the first really effective use of small fire-arms in the battlefield, the day of Bicocca might well be selected."
499:
440:
732:, the Swiss retreated. Meanwhile, an attempt by French cavalry to flank Colonna's position proved equally ineffective. The Swiss, unwilling to fight further, marched off to their
724:
in French service did not receive their pay, however, they demanded an immediate battle, and Lautrec was forced to attack Colonna's fortified position in the park of the Arcimboldi
489:
1533:, 178. Oman notes that descriptions of the ground on the north side of the park in contemporary sources vary, with some referring to a sunken road while others refer to a ditch.
514:
4655:
494:
1906:
suggested that Frundsberg's reticence was due to the landsknechts' demands for double pay if they engaged in a second fight, but considers the story improbable.
433:
3785:
469:
1614:, 179. The Milanese force included 400 cavalry and 6,000 infantry. Oman describes the latter as "indifferent", and suggests that they were city militia.
2794:
743:, and of the Swiss method of assaults by massed columns of pikemen without support from other troops. It was also one of the first engagements in which
3805:
2720:
1648:, 179–180. Arfaioli gves the higher number for the size of the Swiss columns and Oman the lower one. Hall and Oman also mention that Pedro Navarro's
572:
1186:
had made frontal assaults on entrenched positions too costly to be practical, and they were not attempted again for the duration of the Italian Wars.
4837:
4723:
1584:, 125. Oman suggests that d'Avalos and other Spanish commanders remembered the result of the precipitous advance made by the Spanish cavalry at the
1305:, 174–175. The apparent inability of the Venetians to prevent enemy passage through their territory prompted a number of complaints from the French.
426:
4817:
4270:
3765:
4827:
4728:
3815:
3420:
2778:
93:
4832:
1996:, taken prisoner at Genoa, spent the next three years imprisoned in Naples as a punishment for transferring his allegiance to the French.
1678:, 180–181. The Venetian line was shifted somewhat to the French right, and faced the Imperial camp on the side protected by the marshes.
1220:), and a number of French and Venetian contingents of unknown size; but how many of these remained by the time of the battle is unclear.
4767:
943:
north side of the park was bordered by a sunken road, which Colonna deepened, constructing an earthen rampart on the southern bank.
4635:
3739:
2417:
1400:, 176. Giovanni had been in the Papal service, but reneged on his contract, claiming that it had been made with the recently dead
519:
3719:
720:
by an Imperial advance in late 1521, Lautrec had regrouped, attempting to strike at Colonna's lines of communication. When the
1387:, 176. Only Como was actually besieged by Imperial troops; the other two cities rose up against the French and drove them out.
913:, demanded that Lautrec attack the Imperial army immediately—else the mercenaries would abandon the French and return to their
565:
389:
2857:
4857:
4847:
4493:
2604:
2388:
2373:
2348:
2333:
2298:
2283:
2243:
2228:
2192:
3455:
3324:
2951:
2947:
4842:
4588:
4583:
3951:
3357:
3000:
2453:
1876:, 182–183. Oman notes that the engagement between Pontdormy and Sforza is only mentioned in a single contemporary account.
1216:, 176. Lautrec had nearly 12,000 men when he retreated from Milan, and was reinforced by 16,000 Swiss, 3,000 Italians (the
1008:
405:
17:
1166:(where arquebusiers would prevail against heavy cavalry on open ground) two years later, the weapon nevertheless became a
4650:
3770:
1011:, was composed of men from the rural cantons, while the other, under Albert von Stein, consisted of the contingents from
781:
645:
2639:
4417:
3734:
3670:
3392:
3372:
2847:
2579:
2542:
2262:
4782:
3886:
1096:
in Milan, which still remained in French hands, surrendered, and the remainder of the French forces withdrew over the
1072:. Having reached Cremona, Lautrec departed for France, leaving Lescun in command of the remnants of the French army.
4812:
4483:
4392:
3790:
3334:
2887:
2517:
2315:
796:
unmolested; the combined Papal, Spanish, and Imperial army then proceeded into French territory under the command of
558:
534:
4822:
4683:
3367:
2851:
2629:
1777:, 181. Oman relates "that all the standards went down, and that the three or four first ranks perished wholesale."
686:
256:
4059:
3994:
1037:). Montmorency commanded the Swiss assault, and was the only survivor among the French nobles who accompanied it.
4620:
4412:
4199:
3999:
3548:
3483:
3069:
2971:
1665:, 180. Pontdormy trailed Lescun with a separate cavalry force to ensure that he was not attacked from the flank.
4538:
4054:
3498:
3382:
4640:
4578:
4377:
3795:
3508:
3488:
3460:
3377:
3352:
3212:
3020:
2927:
2867:
2834:
1361:, 176. Knecht writes that the attack took place on 19 November, while Oman gives a date of 23 November instead.
987:
4603:
4432:
4189:
4755:
4733:
4688:
4630:
4608:
4422:
4194:
3876:
3665:
3650:
2735:
2599:
2552:
769:
599:
3984:
4625:
4593:
4124:
3989:
3425:
2805:
2614:
2410:
760:
634:
629:
624:
614:
604:
594:
450:
4613:
3946:
4598:
4498:
4129:
3581:
3513:
2482:
792:. The German forces which Charles sent south to aid this venture passed through Venetian territory near
725:
619:
78:
4049:
3956:
866:
and some further Venetian forces, as well as additional companies of French troops under the command of
4852:
4533:
3896:
3543:
3430:
3342:
3314:
2941:
2911:
2716:
2547:
2250:
748:
674:
524:
41:
3916:
3871:
2368:, edited by Francisco García Fitz and João Gouveia Monteiro, 267–299. New York: Routledge, 2018.
862:
to join Colonna in Milan. Lautrec had meanwhile been reinforced by the arrival of 16,000 fresh Swiss
4452:
4402:
4260:
4159:
3655:
3528:
3493:
3445:
3347:
2959:
2843:
2532:
2502:
2497:
878:
529:
3077:
4397:
4280:
4240:
4179:
4174:
4114:
3533:
3523:
3309:
3012:
2923:
2624:
2198:
1585:
893:, hoping to draw Colonna into a decisive battle. Colonna, leaving Milan, fortified himself in the
4777:
3856:
3089:
2609:
4447:
4305:
4149:
4089:
4039:
3941:
3538:
3503:
3450:
3085:
2955:
2919:
2649:
2522:
2507:
2403:
1140:
1108:
739:
The battle is noted chiefly for marking the end of the Swiss dominance among the infantry of the
484:
3640:
2236:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
2210:
951:
4807:
4738:
4310:
4245:
3749:
3635:
3518:
3478:
3122:
2915:
2574:
2564:
2271:
1123:
914:
736:
a few days later, and Lautrec retreated into Venetian territory with the remnants of his army.
733:
479:
3881:
4184:
3594:
3415:
3304:
3243:
3171:
3081:
2782:
2462:
1808:
1089:
867:
509:
172:
4718:
4119:
3906:
3866:
3825:
2799:
1958:, 184. Oman writes that Lautrec's failure would be forgiven "largely by the intercession of
4693:
4362:
4325:
4315:
4255:
4154:
4134:
4029:
3841:
3660:
2537:
2527:
338:
319:
4219:
4009:
3931:
1959:
1331:, 175. Oman cites contemporary reports of 4,000 Swiss remaining out of an initial 20,000.
8:
4762:
4518:
4503:
4387:
4367:
4320:
4300:
4104:
4099:
4044:
4014:
3780:
3405:
3362:
3319:
3248:
3217:
2988:
2967:
2933:
2839:
2809:
2740:
2584:
2557:
2457:
2321:
1721:, 180. Oman notes that this theory was popular among the French observers of the battle.
1183:
1163:
1144:
1112:
1092:. Lescun, learning of the loss of Genoa, arranged an agreement with Sforza by which the
1069:
1023:
999:
855:
793:
464:
268:
4508:
4209:
4523:
4513:
4488:
4442:
4407:
4265:
3974:
3851:
3724:
3222:
3202:
2862:
2750:
2477:
2364:
Rodríguez Hernández, Antonio José. "The Spanish Imperial Wars of the 16th Century". In
2185:
The Black Bands of Giovanni: Infantry and Diplomacy During the Italian Wars (1526–1528)
1374:, 176. Lautrec's remaining forces consisted of 5,500 French and 6,400 Venetian troops.
1093:
682:
165:
3846:
3775:
929:
A diagram of the battle. Lautrec's movements are indicated in blue; Colonna's, in red.
474:
4703:
4645:
4478:
4250:
4224:
4214:
4204:
4139:
4024:
4004:
3979:
3926:
3901:
3166:
2693:
2634:
2589:
2448:
2384:
2369:
2344:
2329:
2311:
2294:
2279:
2258:
2239:
2224:
2223:. Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
2206:
2188:
1139:, they no longer possessed the willingness to make headlong attacks that they had at
982:
816:
766:
721:
690:
326:
307:
281:
263:
251:
196:
177:
152:
147:
2724:
227:
4335:
4330:
4295:
4275:
4034:
3911:
3810:
3714:
3176:
3016:
2238:. 4th ed. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2017.
1837:, 182. Montmorency was badly wounded and had to be carried out of the sunken road.
1194:
1056:
963:
910:
898:
824:
801:
797:
702:
666:
300:
4713:
2745:
4778:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
4528:
4468:
4382:
4290:
4164:
4144:
4109:
3891:
3861:
3800:
3410:
3400:
3296:
3181:
3073:
3030:
2790:
2698:
2569:
1148:
1116:
539:
4437:
4372:
4285:
4169:
3921:
3744:
3729:
3630:
3604:
3589:
3470:
3065:
3059:
2963:
2730:
2644:
2594:
2472:
2426:
2278:. Translated by Sydney Alexander. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
1405:
1101:
1081:
858:, bringing further German reinforcements, had slipped past a Venetian force at
777:
710:
231:
208:
82:
49:
2877:
925:
4801:
3936:
2786:
2703:
2512:
2304:
2291:
Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics
2216:
1993:
1174:
1104:
1019:
955:
871:
863:
836:
609:
108:
95:
4708:
4698:
4427:
3966:
3820:
3645:
3161:
2937:
2619:
2467:
2354:
2174:
1903:
1588:
ten years prior, and positioned the cavalry further back to avoid a repeat.
1168:
1136:
1080:
Lautrec's departure heralded a complete collapse of the French position in
1003:
959:
808:
740:
698:
582:
418:
221:
4019:
2341:
The Italian Wars, 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
780:, the principal French possession in Lombardy. A large Papal force under
3609:
3435:
3004:
2882:
1652:
accompanied the Swiss, intending to assist the movement of the artillery.
1217:
1084:. No longer menaced by the French army, Colonna and d'Avalos marched on
1027:
978:
939:
882:
875:
843:
819:. Colonna took the opportunity this offered and, advancing close to the
3599:
815:, began to suffer massive losses from desertion, particularly among his
4473:
3207:
2487:
1401:
1155:
773:
3440:
3197:
3097:
2872:
2774:
2708:
1193:—meaning a bargain, or something acquired at little cost—entered the
1122:
Another effect of the battle was the changed attitude of the Swiss.
967:
894:
3614:
2492:
1159:
947:
917:. Lautrec reluctantly acquiesced and marched south towards Milan.
828:
744:
729:
706:
54:
938:
Colonna had meanwhile relocated to a formidable new position: the
804:
against the French, besieging cities but refusing to give battle.
4772:
4743:
3253:
3238:
2395:
1178:
859:
812:
807:
By the autumn of 1521, Lautrec, who was holding a line along the
800:. For the next several months, Colonna fought an evasive war of
345:
295:
3709:
3263:
3258:
3035:
1649:
886:
789:
785:
678:
550:
1154:
More generally, the battle made apparent the decisive role of
4750:
3024:
2688:
1085:
902:
890:
847:
832:
717:
694:
333:
314:
288:
203:
86:
1151:
in 1525 would surprise observers by its lack of initiative.
3093:
3008:
1158:
on the battlefield. Although the full capabilities of the
1135:
While Swiss mercenaries would continue to take part in the
1097:
1012:
977:
At dawn on 27 April, Lautrec began his attack, sending the
851:
820:
2986:
885:
into the French service. The French proceeded to attack
831:
and assuming the year's campaign to be over, withdrew to
788:
and some smaller Italian contingents, concentrated near
1177:" units that would endure until the development of the
2308:
Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I
998:
The overall command of the Swiss assault was given to
2741:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2187:. Pisa: Pisa University Press, Edizioni Plus, 2005.
839:, Lautrec withdrew to Cremona with about 12,000 men.
747:
played a decisive role on the battlefield. Historian
2359:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
2343:. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2012.
2293:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
2164:
1253:
409:
Location of the battlefield in present-day Lombardy
2255:A History of the British Army – Vol. I (1066-1713)
2154:Rodríguez Hernández, "Spanish Imperial Wars", 293.
905:, cutting the roads from the city into the Alps.
4799:
988:Francesco Maria della Rovere, the Duke of Urbino
974:near the bridge to the south of Colonna's camp.
3285:
2310:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
2203:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
57:in 1522. The location of the battle is marked.
2930:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2411:
566:
434:
2605:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
448:
1115:was forced to sign after his defeat at the
2418:
2404:
2383:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973.
1100:. The Venetians, under the newly elected
874:; he had also secured the services of the
673:) was fought on 27 April 1522, during the
573:
559:
441:
427:
4724:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2249:
1259:
954:, and behind them were blocks of Spanish
396:
4838:Battles involving the Republic of Venice
4729:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1503:Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 183; Oman,
1018:
924:
27:Battle during the Italian War of 1521–26
4818:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
3720:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1119:, would leave Italy in Imperial hands.
14:
4800:
4673:
2366:War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1600
2043:, 200–225, 246–247; Mallett and Shaw,
4672:
4568:
4567:
3691:
3569:
3284:
3143:
3111:
3048:
2985:
2900:
2823:
2763:
2677:
2666:
2438:
2437:
2399:
2339:Mallett, Michael and Christine Shaw.
842:By January 1522, the French had lost
554:
422:
4828:Battles involving the Duchy of Milan
3001:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2493:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
1189:As a result of the battle, the word
1162:would not be demonstrated until the
784:, together with Spanish troops from
4704:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2824:
2361:. London: Methuen & Co., 1937.
1126:wrote of the aftermath of Bicocca:
993:
782:Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
24:
4833:Battles involving the Papal States
3671:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
3144:
2425:
2381:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529
1147:in 1515; their performance at the
701:army under the overall command of
128:Imperial–Spanish and Papal victory
25:
4869:
2901:
2764:
2645:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2328:. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.
1962:, the King's favourite mistress".
765:At the start of the war in 1521,
4756:Criollos in the colonial society
4684:Spanish missions in the Americas
3806:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2205:18, no. 3 (Spring 2006): 34–43.
2167:
1009:Arnold Winkelried of Unterwalden
689:, was decisively defeated by an
687:Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec
580:
395:
388:
344:
332:
325:
313:
306:
294:
287:
280:
262:
250:
226:
214:
202:
189:
171:
158:
146:
48:
4783:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
2667:
2234:Clodfelter, Micheal.
2148:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2084:
2067:
2054:
2033:
2012:
1999:
1982:
1965:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1793:
1780:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1711:
1694:
1681:
1668:
1655:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1570:
1553:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1480:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1347:
1334:
933:
3112:
2835:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2543:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1321:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1265:
1236:
1223:
1206:
705:. Lautrec then withdrew from
13:
1:
4734:General Archive of the Indies
3995:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
3666:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3651:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2600:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2553:War of the Spanish Succession
2518:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2160:
1049:
1031:
4848:Military history of Lombardy
3692:
2806:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2736:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2715:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2630:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
2221:Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558
2201:. "Dynasty Forged by Fire."
1809:Arnold Winkelried of Sempach
1404:and not with his successor,
1075:
7:
4843:Battles of the Italian Wars
3570:
3286:Administrative subdivisions
2483:War of the League of Cognac
1244:Warfare and Armed Conflicts
10:
4874:
4000:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3985:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3887:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
3049:
2785:), Western United States (
2678:
2548:Portuguese Restoration War
981:to push aside the Spanish
776:moved jointly against the
758:
754:
215:
4768:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4679:
4668:
4574:
4563:
4461:
4355:
4348:
4233:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4055:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3965:
3834:
3796:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
3758:
3702:
3698:
3687:
3656:Barcelona Trading Company
3623:
3580:
3576:
3565:
3469:
3421:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
3391:
3333:
3295:
3291:
3280:
3231:
3190:
3154:
3150:
3139:
3118:
3055:
2996:
2928:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2907:
2830:
2781:, Central United States (
2770:
2684:
2673:
2662:
2513:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
2498:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2444:
2433:
2379:Taylor, Frederick Lewis.
920:
643:
590:
460:
383:
370:
357:
240:
136:
61:
47:
39:
34:
4858:Italian War of 1521–1526
4813:Battles involving France
4709:Quito painting tradition
4699:Cusco painting tradition
4060:García López de Cárdenas
4050:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3957:Felipe González de Ahedo
3877:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2454:Conquest of the Americas
1902:, 183. Oman notes that
1200:
761:Italian War of 1521–1526
716:Having been driven from
452:Italian War of 1521–1526
4823:Battles involving Spain
4494:Comuneros (New Granada)
4271:Balearic Islands (1558)
3990:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3917:Ruy López de Villalobos
3872:Miguel López de Legazpi
3786:García de Toledo Osorio
2650:Western Sahara conflict
2640:Independence of Morocco
2580:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2523:Piracy in the Caribbean
2508:French Wars of Religion
2272:Guicciardini, Francesco
1088:, capturing it after a
671:Battaglia della Bicocca
4739:Colonial Spanish Horse
4413:Colonia del Sacramento
3636:Spanish treasure fleet
3213:Royal Decree of Graces
1133:
1124:Francesco Guicciardini
1046:Montmorency survived.
1038:
930:
823:, crossed the Adda at
675:Italian War of 1521–26
670:
241:Commanders and leaders
42:Italian War of 1521–26
3897:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3857:Juan Sebastián Elcano
3172:Council of the Indies
2533:Spanish–Moro conflict
2503:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2463:Treaty of Tordesillas
1128:
1022:
928:
868:Thomas de Foix-Lescun
371:Casualties and losses
4694:Mesoamerican Codices
4418:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4256:Siege of Castelnuovo
3842:Christopher Columbus
3661:Consulate of the Sea
3641:Casa de Contratación
3232:Titles and positions
2625:Spanish–American War
2615:Liberal constitution
2458:Asia and the Pacific
2322:Norwich, John Julius
2276:The History of Italy
2183:Arfaioli, Maurizio.
647:Full list of battles
406:class=notpageimage|
339:Georg von Frundsberg
18:Battle of La Bicocca
4423:Cartagena de Indias
4045:Diego de Mazariegos
4015:Pere Fages i Beleta
3882:Sebastián de Ocampo
3363:Provincias Internas
3335:Captaincies General
3249:Municipal president
3218:School of Salamanca
2989:Spanish East Indies
2968:Misiones Orientales
2840:Spanish West Indies
2804:, Central America (
2751:Pyrénées-Orientales
2704:Union with Portugal
2595:Napoleonic invasion
2575:War of Jenkins' Ear
2326:A History of Venice
2075:Weapons and Warfare
2041:Renaissance Warrior
1973:Renaissance Warrior
1801:Weapons and Warfare
1771:Weapons and Warfare
1642:Weapons and Warfare
1561:Weapons and Warfare
1546:, 178–179; Taylor,
1471:Renaissance Warrior
1355:Renaissance Warrior
1273:Renaissance Warrior
1184:field fortification
1164:Battle of the Sesia
1024:Anne de Montmorency
1000:Anne de Montmorency
879:Giovanni de' Medici
856:Francesco II Sforza
827:; Lautrec, lacking
713:in Imperial hands.
269:Anne de Montmorency
105: /
4719:Academia Antártica
4674:Other civil topics
4040:Pánfilo de Narváez
3942:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3907:Andrés de Urdaneta
3867:Juan Ponce de León
3852:Ferdinand Magellan
3826:Bernardo de Gálvez
3725:Indian auxiliaries
3223:Trial of residence
3203:Laws of the Indies
2987:Asia and Oceania (
2848:Dominican Republic
1229:Mallett and Shaw,
1094:Castello Sforzesco
1039:
931:
881:, who brought his
767:Holy Roman Emperor
350:Francesco Salemone
166:Republic of Venice
4853:Conflicts in 1522
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4664:
4663:
4569:Spanish conquests
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4344:
4343:
4025:Pedro de Alvarado
4010:Gaspar de Portolà
4005:Pedro de Valdivia
3980:Francisco Pizarro
3932:Nicolás de Ovando
3927:Alonso de Ercilla
3902:Alonso de Salazar
3735:Ships of the line
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3107:
3106:
3064:Northern Africa (
3060:Equatorial Guinea
3044:
3043:
2981:
2980:
2896:
2895:
2819:
2818:
2810:Spanish Caribbean
2783:Spanish Louisiana
2759:
2758:
2694:Crown of Castille
2658:
2657:
2635:Spanish Civil War
2610:Adams–Onís Treaty
2590:Nootka Convention
2538:Thirty Years' War
2528:Eighty Years' War
2449:Catholic Monarchs
2439:Timeline–immersed
2389:978-0-8371-5025-3
2374:978-1-138-70745-0
2349:978-0-582-05758-6
2334:978-0-679-72197-0
2305:Knecht, Robert J.
2299:978-0-8018-5531-3
2284:978-0-691-00800-4
2244:978-0-7864-7470-7
2229:978-0-340-73110-9
2193:978-88-8492-231-1
2047:, 146–153; Oman,
2024:History of Venice
1975:, 183–184; Oman,
1586:Battle of Ravenna
952:Fernando d'Ávalos
817:Swiss mercenaries
722:Swiss mercenaries
659:Battle of Bicocca
654:
653:
605:League of Cambrai
548:
547:
417:
416:
320:Fernando d'Avalos
197:Holy Roman Empire
178:Swiss mercenaries
132:
131:
35:Battle of Bicocca
16:(Redirected from
4865:
4670:
4669:
4636:Chibchan Nations
4565:
4564:
4534:Santiago de Cuba
4393:Guadalupe Island
4353:
4352:
4080:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4035:Diego de Almagro
3912:Antonio de Ulloa
3816:Ambrosio Spinola
3811:Pedro de Zubiaur
3781:Alfonso d'Avalos
3771:Antonio de Leyva
3715:Army of Flanders
3700:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3109:
3108:
3082:Peñón of Algiers
3046:
3045:
2983:
2982:
2898:
2897:
2821:
2820:
2803:
2761:
2760:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2585:Seven Years' War
2558:Queen Anne's War
2435:
2434:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2268:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2045:The Italian Wars
2037:
2031:
2022:, 335; Norwich,
2020:History of Italy
2016:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1557:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1240:
1234:
1231:The Italian Wars
1227:
1221:
1210:
1195:Spanish language
1109:Treaty of Madrid
1057:Antonio de Leyva
1036:
1033:
994:The Swiss attack
966:. The Imperial
964:Georg Frundsberg
911:Albert von Stein
798:Prospero Colonna
703:Prospero Colonna
620:League of Cognac
585:
575:
568:
561:
552:
551:
455:
453:
443:
436:
429:
420:
419:
399:
398:
392:
349:
348:
337:
336:
330:
329:
318:
317:
311:
310:
301:Prospero Colonna
299:
298:
292:
291:
285:
284:
267:
266:
255:
254:
230:
220:
218:
217:
207:
206:
195:
193:
192:
176:
175:
164:
162:
161:
151:
150:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
110:
109:45.518°N 9.210°E
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
63:
62:
52:
32:
31:
21:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4787:
4763:Old inquisition
4675:
4660:
4570:
4543:
4499:Trinidad (1797)
4469:La Noche Triste
4457:
4453:San Juan (1797)
4403:San Juan (1595)
4340:
4229:
4069:Notable battles
4064:
4030:Martín de Ursúa
3961:
3892:Alonso de Ojeda
3862:Juan de la Cosa
3847:Pinzón brothers
3830:
3801:John of Austria
3776:Martín de Goiti
3754:
3694:
3675:
3619:
3572:
3553:
3465:
3461:Terra Australis
3456:Río de la Plata
3401:Castilla de Oro
3387:
3329:
3325:Río de la Plata
3287:
3268:
3227:
3186:
3182:Santa Hermandad
3146:
3127:
3123:Terra Australis
3114:
3103:
3070:Spanish Morocco
3051:
3040:
3031:Northern Taiwan
2992:
2977:
2948:Río de la Plata
2903:
2892:
2826:
2825:Central America
2815:
2797:
2766:
2755:
2699:Crown of Aragon
2680:
2669:
2654:
2570:Bourbon Reforms
2440:
2429:
2424:
2394:
2265:
2251:Fortescue, John
2173:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2098:, 185; Taylor,
2094:, 10–11; Oman,
2089:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2055:
2038:
2034:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1704:, 180; Taylor,
1699:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1580:, 179; Taylor,
1575:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1149:Battle of Pavia
1117:Battle of Pavia
1078:
1052:
1034:
996:
950:, commanded by
936:
923:
837:street-fighting
763:
757:
655:
650:
639:
586:
581:
579:
549:
544:
535:Italy 1524–1525
456:
451:
449:
447:
413:
412:
411:
410:
408:
402:
401:
400:
353:
343:
331:
324:
312:
305:
293:
286:
279:
273:
261:
249:
236:
213:
201:
190:
188:
182:
170:
159:
157:
145:
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
90:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4871:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:Canary Islands
4575:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:Túpac Amaru II
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4378:Bogotá savanna
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4286:Spanish Armada
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:White Mountain
4177:
4175:Cape Celidonia
4172:
4170:English Armada
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3947:Juan Fernández
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Diego Columbus
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3750:Army of Africa
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Spanish Armada
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Manila galleon
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3145:Administration
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3066:Western Sahara
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2964:Banda Oriental
2945:
2931:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2779:Coastal Alaska
2771:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2427:Spanish Empire
2423:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2377:
2362:
2352:
2337:
2319:
2302:
2287:
2269:
2264:978-1908902825
2263:
2247:
2232:
2217:Blockmans, Wim
2214:
2196:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2083:
2066:
2053:
2032:
2018:Guicciardini,
2011:
1998:
1981:
1964:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1891:
1878:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1792:
1779:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1590:
1569:
1552:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1479:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1406:Pope Adrian VI
1389:
1376:
1363:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1264:
1260:Fortescue 2013
1252:
1235:
1222:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1082:northern Italy
1077:
1074:
1051:
1048:
995:
992:
935:
932:
922:
919:
778:Duchy of Milan
759:Main article:
756:
753:
749:John Fortescue
711:Duchy of Milan
709:, leaving the
677:. A combined
652:
651:
644:
641:
640:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
591:
588:
587:
578:
577:
570:
563:
555:
546:
545:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
461:
458:
457:
446:
445:
438:
431:
423:
415:
414:
404:
403:
394:
393:
387:
386:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:19,000–31,000+
360:
359:
355:
354:
352:
351:
341:
322:
303:
276:
274:
272:
271:
259:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
235:
234:
232:Duchy of Milan
224:
211:
199:
185:
183:
181:
180:
168:
155:
142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
83:Duchy of Milan
77:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4870:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:1522 in Italy
4806:
4805:
4803:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Tapada limeña
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4566:
4562:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Montes Claros
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Vienna (1529)
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Hernán Cortés
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3967:Conquistadors
3964:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Juan de Ayala
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Duke of Savoy
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3686:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Dollar (Peso)
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3550:
3549:Santo Domingo
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:New Andalusia
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Santo Domingo
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3297:Viceroyalties
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3138:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3047:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:South America
2899:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2822:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:Spanish Texas
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2765:North America
2762:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Franche-Comté
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2355:Oman, Charles
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:0-521-57885-X
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:Hall, Bert.
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:Black, Jeremy
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2165:
2151:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2077:, 175; Oman,
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2026:, 439; Oman,
2025:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1994:Pedro Navarro
1991:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1803:, 175; Oman,
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1773:, 175; Oman,
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1644:, 175; Oman,
1643:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1563:, 175; Oman,
1562:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1473:, 183; Oman,
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1357:, 180; Oman,
1356:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1275:, 177; Oman,
1274:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:pike and shot
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:Andrea Gritti
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1029:
1026:, painted by
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
941:
927:
918:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
873:
872:Pedro Navarro
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
762:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
726:Villa Bicocca
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
649:
648:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
584:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
556:
553:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Vaprio d'Adda
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
459:
454:
444:
439:
437:
432:
430:
425:
424:
421:
407:
391:
382:
378:
376:3,000+ killed
375:
374:
369:
365:
362:
361:
356:
347:
342:
340:
335:
328:
323:
321:
316:
309:
304:
302:
297:
290:
283:
278:
277:
275:
270:
265:
260:
258:
253:
248:
247:
245:
244:
239:
233:
229:
225:
223:
212:
210:
205:
200:
198:
187:
186:
184:
179:
174:
169:
167:
156:
154:
149:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
127:
124:
123:
118:
114:45.518; 9.210
88:
85:(present-day
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:
69:27 April 1522
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4689:Architecture
4584:The Americas
4448:Newfoundland
4438:Túpac Katari
4428:Cuerno Verde
4363:Tenochtitlan
4195:Valenciennes
4094:
3952:Luis Fajardo
3821:Blas de Lezo
3766:Duke of Alba
3646:Spanish Road
3484:Buenos Aires
3393:Governorates
3162:Ayuntamiento
3155:Organization
2620:Carlist Wars
2468:Italian Wars
2380:
2365:
2358:
2340:
2325:
2307:
2290:
2275:
2254:
2235:
2220:
2202:
2184:
2175:Italy portal
2150:
2142:
2141:, 11; Oman,
2138:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1904:Paolo Giovio
1899:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1640:, 11; Hall,
1637:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1490:, 10; Oman,
1487:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1255:
1247:
1246:, 11; Oman,
1243:
1242:Clodfelter,
1238:
1230:
1225:
1213:
1208:
1190:
1188:
1169:sine qua non
1167:
1153:
1137:Italian Wars
1134:
1129:
1121:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1004:Charles Oman
997:
976:
972:
960:landsknechts
948:arquebusiers
945:
937:
934:Dispositions
907:
841:
806:
764:
741:Italian Wars
738:
730:arquebusiers
715:
685:force under
662:
658:
656:
646:
583:Italian Wars
520:Fuenterrabía
504:
379:1–200 killed
257:Odet de Foix
222:Papal States
137:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
4656:Philippines
4621:El Salvador
4241:Capo d'Orso
4125:St. Quentin
4100:Rome (1527)
3759:Strategists
3509:Guadalajara
3436:New Navarre
3431:New Castile
3416:La Luisiana
3368:Puerto Rico
3358:Philippines
3315:New Granada
3005:Philippines
2966:(Uruguay),
2962:(Bolivia),
2912:New Granada
2852:Puerto Rico
2798: [
2668:Territories
2488:Encomiendas
2139:Black Bands
2092:Black Bands
1638:Black Bands
1488:Black Bands
1218:Black Bands
1143:in 1513 or
1090:brief siege
1035: 1530
1028:Jean Clouet
979:Black Bands
958:and German
883:Black Bands
876:condottiere
844:Alessandria
515:San Marcial
490:Val Vestino
112: /
4802:Categories
4326:Somosierra
4316:Manila Bay
4190:Nördlingen
4130:Gravelines
3610:Columnario
3582:Currencies
3499:Concepción
3471:Audiencias
3446:New Toledo
3411:La Florida
3244:Corregidor
3208:Papal bull
3113:Antarctica
3021:Micronesia
2478:Golden Age
2257:. Wagram.
2161:References
2143:Art of War
2137:Arfaioli,
2126:Art of War
2113:Art of War
2100:Art of War
2096:Art of War
2090:Arfaioli,
2081:, 184–185.
2079:Art of War
2062:Art of War
2051:, 186–206.
2049:Art of War
2028:Art of War
2007:Art of War
1990:Art of War
1977:Art of War
1960:his sister
1956:Art of War
1945:, 183–184.
1943:Art of War
1930:Art of War
1917:Art of War
1900:Art of War
1887:Art of War
1874:Art of War
1861:Art of War
1848:Art of War
1835:Art of War
1822:Art of War
1805:Art of War
1790:, 181–182.
1788:Art of War
1775:Art of War
1758:Art of War
1747:, 180–181.
1745:Art of War
1732:Art of War
1719:Art of War
1706:Art of War
1702:Art of War
1689:Art of War
1676:Art of War
1663:Art of War
1646:Art of War
1636:Arfaioli,
1625:Art of War
1612:Art of War
1599:Art of War
1582:Art of War
1578:Art of War
1565:Art of War
1548:Art of War
1544:Art of War
1531:Art of War
1518:Art of War
1505:Art of War
1494:, 177–178.
1492:Art of War
1486:Arfaioli,
1475:Art of War
1458:Art of War
1445:Art of War
1434:, 176–177.
1432:Art of War
1421:, 176–177.
1419:Art of War
1402:Pope Leo X
1398:Art of War
1385:Art of War
1372:Art of War
1359:Art of War
1344:, 175–176.
1342:Art of War
1329:Art of War
1316:Art of War
1303:Art of War
1290:Art of War
1279:, 174–175.
1277:Art of War
1248:Art of War
1214:Art of War
1156:small arms
1050:Denouement
774:Pope Leo X
663:La Bicocca
97:45°31′05″N
4631:Nicaragua
4609:Guatemala
4519:Pichincha
4504:Chacabuco
4443:Pensacola
4388:Mataquito
4368:Cajamarca
4349:New World
4321:Trafalgar
4225:Alhucemas
4105:Landriano
4090:Comuneros
4076:Old World
4020:Joan Orpí
3740:Royalists
3514:Guatemala
3441:New Spain
3378:Venezuela
3353:Guatemala
3310:New Spain
3305:Columbian
3198:Exequatur
3098:Cape Juby
2952:Argentina
2775:New Spain
2709:Gibraltar
2473:Habsburgs
2211:1040-5992
1145:Marignano
1076:Aftermath
968:artillery
895:monastery
811:river to
770:Charles V
635:1551–1559
630:1542–1546
625:1536–1538
615:1521–1526
600:1499–1504
595:1494–1498
530:Marseille
465:Pampeluna
100:9°12′36″E
4641:Colombia
4626:Honduras
4539:Asomante
4524:Ayacucho
4514:Carabobo
4489:Curalaba
4266:Ceresole
4160:Gembloux
4120:Mühlberg
3835:Mariners
3693:Military
3615:Doubloon
3600:Maravedí
3544:Santiago
3451:Paraguay
3177:Germania
3017:Caroline
2972:Malvinas
2956:Paraguay
2916:Colombia
2858:Trinidad
2725:Sardinia
2565:Bourbons
2253:(2013).
2128:, 57–58.
2124:Taylor,
2115:, 53–54.
2111:Taylor,
2039:Knecht,
1992:, 186.
1971:Knecht,
1550:, 51–52.
1469:Knecht,
1353:Knecht,
1271:Knecht,
1160:arquebus
1111:, which
829:infantry
802:maneuver
794:Valeggio
745:firearms
707:Lombardy
691:Imperial
683:Venetian
480:Mézières
358:Strength
74:Location
55:Lombardy
4773:Asiento
4744:Mustang
4604:Yucatán
4599:Chiapas
4479:Tucapel
4311:Passaro
4261:Algiers
4251:Preveza
4220:Tetouan
4215:Vitoria
4205:Bitonto
4145:Antwerp
4140:Lepanto
4095:Bicocca
3571:Economy
3494:Charcas
3489:Caracas
3383:Yucatán
3254:Regidor
3239:Alcalde
3167:Cabildo
3074:Tripoli
3013:Mariana
2960:Charcas
2936:(Peru,
2920:Ecuador
2883:Bonaire
2878:Curazao
2863:Jamaica
2791:Florida
1650:sappers
1179:bayonet
1131:vigour.
1113:Francis
983:pickets
956:pikemen
915:cantons
899:Certosa
864:pikemen
860:Bergamo
813:Cremona
755:Prelude
734:cantons
695:Spanish
667:Italian
505:Bicocca
485:Tournai
470:Logroño
366:18,000+
79:Bicocca
4751:Castas
4509:Boyacá
4484:Guiana
4474:Iguape
4398:Recife
4336:Mactan
4331:Annual
4296:Rocroi
4291:Leiden
4276:Djerba
4210:Bailén
4165:Ostend
4150:Azores
3745:Legión
3710:Tercio
3703:Armies
3605:Escudo
3534:Panamá
3529:Mexico
3524:Manila
3479:Bogotá
3264:Vecino
3259:Syndic
3090:Béjaïa
3050:Africa
3036:Tidore
2924:Panama
2888:Belize
2795:Mexico
2721:Sicily
2717:Naples
2679:Europe
2387:
2372:
2347:
2332:
2314:
2297:
2282:
2261:
2242:
2227:
2209:
2191:
2145:, 185.
2073:Hall,
2064:, 184.
2060:Oman,
2030:, 186.
2009:, 186.
2005:Oman,
1988:Oman,
1979:, 186.
1954:Oman,
1941:Oman,
1932:, 183.
1928:Oman,
1919:, 183.
1915:Oman,
1898:Oman,
1889:, 183.
1885:Oman,
1872:Oman,
1863:, 182.
1859:Oman,
1850:, 182.
1846:Oman,
1833:Oman,
1824:, 182.
1820:Oman,
1799:Hall,
1786:Oman,
1769:Hall,
1760:, 181.
1756:Oman,
1743:Oman,
1734:, 180.
1730:Oman,
1717:Oman,
1708:, 126.
1700:Oman,
1691:, 180.
1687:Oman,
1674:Oman,
1661:Oman,
1627:, 179.
1623:Oman,
1610:Oman,
1601:, 179.
1597:Oman,
1576:Oman,
1567:, 178.
1559:Hall,
1542:Oman,
1529:Oman,
1520:, 178.
1516:Oman,
1507:, 178.
1477:, 177.
1460:, 177.
1456:Oman,
1447:, 177.
1443:Oman,
1430:Oman,
1417:Oman,
1396:Oman,
1383:Oman,
1370:Oman,
1340:Oman,
1327:Oman,
1314:Oman,
1301:Oman,
1292:, 174.
1288:Oman,
1212:Oman,
1191:bicoca
1141:Novara
1070:Trezzo
962:under
921:Battle
887:Novara
854:; and
850:, and
825:Vaprio
790:Mantua
786:Naples
679:French
610:Urbino
219:
194:
163:
153:France
125:Result
4646:Chile
4614:Petén
4589:Aztec
4408:Bahia
4383:Penco
4373:Cusco
4301:Downs
4281:Tunis
4200:Ceuta
4185:Breda
4135:Malta
4115:Tunis
4110:Pavia
3624:Trade
3539:Quito
3504:Cusco
3343:Chile
3078:Tunis
3025:Palau
2942:Chile
2873:Aruba
2868:Haiti
2802:]
2731:Milan
2689:Spain
2102:, 51.
1201:Notes
1086:Genoa
940:manor
903:Monza
891:Pavia
848:Pavia
833:Milan
718:Milan
699:Papal
540:Pavia
525:Sesia
510:Genoa
495:Parma
475:Noáin
209:Spain
87:Italy
4651:Inca
4594:Maya
4529:Guam
4462:Lost
4234:Lost
4155:Mons
3595:Real
3519:Lima
3406:Cuba
3348:Cuba
3320:Perú
3096:and
3094:Ifni
3086:Oran
3009:Guam
2938:Acre
2934:Peru
2844:Cuba
2723:and
2385:ISBN
2370:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2207:ISSN
2189:ISBN
1102:Doge
1098:Alps
1013:Bern
889:and
870:and
852:Como
821:Alps
809:Adda
772:and
697:and
681:and
657:The
66:Date
4356:Won
4083:Won
3191:Law
3088:,
2808:),
2789:),
897:of
661:or
4804::
3092:,
3084:,
3080:,
3076:,
3072:,
3068:,
3023:,
3019:,
3015:,
3011:,
3007:,
2970:,
2958:,
2954:,
2940:,
2926:,
2922:,
2918:,
2850:,
2846:,
2800:es
2793:,
2719:,
2456:,
2357:.
2324:.
2274:.
2219:.
1197:.
1032:c.
990:.
846:,
669::
81:,
3100:)
3027:)
3003:(
2991:)
2974:)
2950:(
2944:)
2914:(
2854:)
2842:(
2812:)
2777:(
2727:)
2419:e
2412:t
2405:v
2391:.
2376:.
2351:.
2336:.
2318:.
2301:.
2286:.
2267:.
2246:.
2231:.
2213:.
2195:.
1811:.
1408:.
1262:.
1173:"
1030:(
693:–
665:(
574:e
567:t
560:v
442:e
435:t
428:v
89:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
.svg){kind=small}
