227:
112:
177:
192:
98:
805:
887:
878:
flanks and draw them into battle. Once this attack had succeeded, the plan was for the second echelon forces to advance through the gap towards Tosno. The attack was planned for 10 February 1943, and was to jump off from
Kolpino. The 55th Army planned to attack with a force of approximately 33,000 men and 30 tanks in first echelon, to be followed by a mobile group consisting of the 122nd Tank Brigade and the 35th Ski Brigade.
792:), eliminating the possibility of the capture of the city and a German-Finnish linkup. At the same time, however, STAVKA knew that "Iskra" was incomplete as the corridor it had opened was narrow and was still in range of German artillery. Additionally, the important heights and strong point at Siniavino were still controlled by the Germans. This led
1049:
Operation Polar Star. It would take almost another year before the 18th Army withdrew from the direct approaches to
Leningrad. The German 50th Corps, in particular the 250th (Spanish) Infantry Division, had managed to hold the Red Army inside the perimeter of the siege of Leningrad, but at heavy cost.
1032:
The main road to Moscow was still controlled by the 18th Army, despite the capture of three km of railway line, The
Soviets launched their last major assault in this sector on March 19, 1943, on an area defended by the 262nd infantry Regiment of the Blue Division. It was also repelled with heavy
1028:
By
February 13, 55th Soviet Army had lost almost a third of its initial strength and most of its tanks, and could no longer advance. The total penetration achieved reached a depth of four to five kilometres over a frontage of 14 kilometres. After the Spanish 262nd infantry Regiment and 1st Artillery
877:
sector. The highway is an important road/railway connection linking Moscow and
Leningrad. The pivot point for this highway was Krasny Bor, situated between the highway and the railway line. 55th Army's attack would also hit sectors defended by other German formations which were established to secure
1024:
The next day, February 11, 1943, left forward 63rd Guards Rifle
Division units were surrounded in several places, but the 63rd Guards Rifle Division was in control of Krasny Bor by evening. A planned counter-attack by the Spanish division and the German 212th Infantry Division was thought likely to
1007:
At the end of the day, the 63rd Guards Rifle
Division had advanced four or five kilometres and captured Krasny Bor, Mishkino, Staraya Mirza, Stepanovka, and Popovka Station. On its left wing, the attack by the 43rd Rifle Division and the 34th Ski Brigade had had initial success, driving the 4th SS
947:
facing the 5,900 troops of the 250th
Infantry Division (The Spanish Blue Division), holding the eastern flank of the line. Pinned down by two hours of initial bombardment, Spanish formations were unable to retreat towards the town and in many cases fought to the death, they fulfilled their motto:
746:
began in early autumn 1941. By
September 8, German and Finnish forces had surrounded the city and cut all supply routes to Leningrad and its suburbs. However, the original drive on the city failed, and the attack became a siege. During 1942 the Soviets made attempts to breach the blockade, but all
1015:
In the Ishora River sector, the 72nd Rifle
Division pushed back the lines of the Spanish towards the river, destroying the Field Replacement Battalion, but suffering up to 70% casualties in the process. At the end of the battle, Spanish forces held the paper mill at Voiskorovo and defensive posts
951:
Inside Krasny Bor, a company of the 250th Infantry Division held the October Railway station, repulsing infantry charges and three tank assaults by advancing Soviet forces. By 11:00 the company was reduced to 40 Spanish combatants, yet these managed to hold the factory until 12:00, when they fell
1048:
The failure by the 55th Soviet Army to follow through on its initial success meant that the encirclement of the German forces in the Mga sector had lost its northern pincer. Lack of success by the other attacking armies, for similar reasons, led to the overall failure of the grandly conceived
960:
and other assorted stragglers came under attack from Soviet infantry and armour, and by 12:00, the 63rd Guards Rifle Division reported the capture of Krasny Bor, despite the fact that the southern half of the town was still controlled by the Spanish. Soviet tanks opened fire on a hospital and
1029:
Battalion evacuated, they bombarded the Soviet positions and attempted a counter-attack to recapture Krasny Bor on February 12. The attack by the 55th Army made a flanking assault by the 67th Army in the Sinyavino sector easier, because of the withdrawal of German forces from that sector.
952:
back into the town. From 9:00 to 10:40, isolated Spanish units fought off Soviet attacks but were cut off when the Soviets seized the October Railway. Now encircled, the units still holding the Leningrad-Moscow Highway decided to hold-on as long as possible and were destroyed in combat.
1069:, attached to the 121st Infantry Division until March 1944. It was then also disbanded and the majority of the volunteers sent back to Spain. The 55th Army eventually took part in breaking the siege of Leningrad, securing the Leningrad-Moscow line in 1944. It subsequently advanced into
779:
had weakened the German front. The Soviet forces were planning or conducting offensive operations across the entire front, especially in southern Russia. Amidst these conditions, "Iskra" was to become the first of several offensive operations aimed at inflicting a decisive defeat on
787:
Operation Iskra was a strategic victory for the Soviet forces and successfully opened a land corridor 8–10 km wide into the city. A railroad was swiftly built through it and allowed many more supplies to reach the city than the "Road of Life" (the truck route across the frozen
977:. Sviridov decided to insert the mobile group into the battle late on the day, but they were stopped by a combination of fierce resistance and a sudden thaw that stopped the Ski Brigade from operating off-road. The German command reinforced the Spanish defenses with battle groups.
980:
The 63rd Guards Rifle Division advanced as far as the central-western part of the town, and after 15:15 managed to push a small formation into the rear of the Spanish division's forward command post. Meanwhile, the remaining Spanish troops were ordered to new positions on the
770:
Despite the failures of earlier operations, lifting the siege of Leningrad was a very high priority, so new offensive preparations began in November 1942, only weeks after the last offensive failed. In December, the operational plan was approved by the
1052:
On February 15, the Blue Division reported casualties of 3,645 killed or wounded and 300 missing or taken prisoner, which amounted to a 70–75% casualty rate of the troops engaged in the battle. Because of these heavy losses and
955:
The 55th Army, in the meantime, had advanced despite heavy casualties inflicted by the dug-in Spanish troops. The Soviets took Raikelevo, which cut off Podolvo from Krasny Bor. In Krasny Bor itself the Spanish artillery,
702:
formed the western arm of the pincer. The Soviet offensive began on Wednesday, 10 February 1943, and produced noticeable gains on the first day but rapidly became a stalemate. The strong defense by the Spanish
369:
1091:
Spanish casualties in all of the Soviet-German conflict totalled 2,700—3,934 battle deaths, 570 disease deaths, 326 missing or captured, 8,466 wounded, 7,800 sick, and 1,600 frostbitten.
272:
267:
254:
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636:
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1004:, and by taking over the frontline from the highway to the Izhora River. Elements of the 212th relieved the Spanish troops still holding the southern half of Krasny Bor.
602:
1080:
The Spaniards captured in the battle were not repatriated to Spain until 1954. Krasny Bor remains, for the most part, an obscure battle. The division was awarded a
355:
1619:
775:(the Soviet High Command) and received the codename "Iskra" (Spark). By January 1943, the situation looked very good for the Soviet side. The German defeat at
1040:
as strongly fortified defenses, faulty reconnaissance, poor command and control on all levels, clumsy employment of tanks and ineffective artillery support.
631:
818:
Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda tried to build on the success of Operation Iskra and began only days later. Zhukov, who had overseen Iskra, was promoted to
1690:
873:
towards Tosno; it was to join up with a northbound pincer attack of the 54th Army of the Volkhov Front, thereby encircling German formations in the
850:
in the pocket would allow the Front to exploit the gap in the German lines. The Leningrad and Volkov Fronts were to capitalize on the fact that the
1001:
699:
57:
973:
fighter-bomber attack on the Soviet positions around the town of Kolpino, to the north of Krasny Bor, while the 45th Guards Rifle Division seized
940:
595:
1009:
933:
1631:
711:
gave the German forces time to reinforce their positions. By February 13, the Soviet forces had ceased their offensive in this sector.
929:
751:. After the defeat of that effort, the front line returned to what it was previously and again 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) separated
588:
993:
858:. Again, this would create a gap in the German lines. Overall, the goal of the offensive was nothing short of decisively defeating
808:
Soviet plan for Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda in the context of the wider offensive in the northern and central parts of the front
1484:
1258:
948:"No possible relief, until extinction". The frontline was quickly overrun, and many Spanish formations were destroyed there.
796:, the Soviet commander, to plan a much more ambitious offensive operation named Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda ("Polar Star").
936:(located east and southeast of Krasny Bor, respectively), the latter being the location of Infantes' forward command post.
842:, of which the 55th Army was now a part. The Northwestern Front was to attack the Ramushevo Corridor, which connected the
1278:
1274:
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989:
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Soviet general staff critiques after the battle highlighted the reasons for the failure of the attacks during Operation
822:
on January 18, the day the two Soviet Fronts linked up and broke the blockade. This foresaw a three-front attack by the
1616:
1590:
1266:
1262:
939:
At approximately 8:40, the 45th and 63rd Guards and the 72nd Rifle Divisions, followed by some tanks, advanced towards
869:
The 55th Army's objective was to break open the vital Leningrad-Moscow Highway, starting from its jump-off position in
239:
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928:. At 8.45 hours, the bombardment shifted from the front line onto Krasny Bor itself, also striking the villages of
912:
bombardment of 1,000 Soviet guns and mortars descended on the Spanish lines at precisely 6:45. Shells, mortars and
514:
1509:
383:
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1081:
409:
1025:
be successful but was ultimately not carried out due to concern over the overall position of the 18th Army.
985:, to the west of the town. Here they held out against 63rd Guards Rifle Division's last attacks of the day.
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east of Samsanowka, in the eastern bank of the Ishora, preventing the Soviet army from crossing the river.
671:
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30:
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148:
1680:
1061:, the Blue Division was withdrawn to Germany and later disbanded. A new volunteer formation called the
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469:
399:
249:
244:
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was stretched very thin in the January fighting and attack the army's flanks, aiming to link up near
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231:
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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015
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8:
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201:
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421:
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158:
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1480:
1461:
1454:
957:
827:
554:
529:
437:
347:
962:
925:
859:
835:
781:
760:
683:
539:
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61:
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retreating ambulances but were eventually beaten off by Spanish troops armed with
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687:
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564:
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459:
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132:
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Artillery and mortar regiments with a total strength of 1,000 guns and mortars
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1511:Когда внезапности уже не было. История ВОВ, которую мы не знали. (in Russian)
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724:
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969:. The afternoon brought belated support for the defenders in the form of a
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663:
464:
226:
176:
117:
103:
34:
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and dugouts which had been constructed to strengthen the eastern flank of
1062:
789:
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were able to support the Spanish with a counter-attack on the forest at
886:
580:
404:
16:
Attempt by Soviet forces to end the siege of Leningrad in February 1943
1525:
970:
909:
863:
974:
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European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War
943:(east of Krasny Bor), Krasny Bor, Raikelevo and Podolvo, with the
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870:
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1st Artillery Battalion (three Batteries) with 10.5 cm guns
1194:
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1204:
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One battery of 4th Artillery Battalion with 15.0 cm guns
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One battery of 3rd Artillery Battalion with 10.5 cm guns
855:
694:, in the process encircling a substantial part of the German
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After Stalingrad: The Red Army's Winter Offensive 1942–1943
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were unsuccessful. The last such endeavour in 1942 was the
874:
1139:
1617:
Google-Earth Geographic Blue Division Project (spanish)
1585:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
1544:. Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979.
1502:
Blaue Division – Spaniens Freiwillige an der Ostfront
377:
1542:
Hitler's Spanish Legion: The Blue Division in Russia
899:
German field defences near Leningrad in January 1943
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and may be deleted after Friday, 27 September 2024.
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1203:Independent anti-tank gun company with 75 mm
1099:
1662:
838:, and the Leningrad Front under Colonel General
1676:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
988:After 16:30 hours a battle group of the German
799:
1557:Embajador en el infierno (Ambassador to Hell)
1043:
596:
363:
1559:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Editorial Planeta.
1554:
1409:
1253:
908:On Wednesday, February 10, 1943, a massive
1612:Commemorative Medal for Spanish Volunteers
1580:
1193:250th Anti Tank Battalion with 37 mm
603:
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1691:Battles of World War II involving Germany
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94:
1073:and fought against German forces in the
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1107:, 38,000 soldiers – Lieutenant General
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1607:250.Infanterie-Division by Jason Pipes
1540:Kleinfeld, Gerald L., Tambs, Lewis A.
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903:
1507:
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1261:, 2nd SS Motorized Infantry Brigade,
1236:Battle Group 2nd SS Motorized Brigade
1140:Germany – Army Group North, 18th Army
584:
351:
1495:The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
1396:
1394:
1233:Battle Group 227th Infantry Division
1230:Battle Group 215th Infantry Division
1227:Battle Group 212th Infantry Division
1551:. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
1295:Map on p. 87 in Infantes, E.E.
1284:
1224:Battle Group 21st Infantry Division
1221:Battle Group 11th Infantry Division
13:
1508:Исаев, Алексей Валерьевич (2006).
1456:The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944
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698:. The offensive near the town of
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1173:262 Regiment (three battalions)
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1555:Luca de Tena, Torcuato (1976).
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1100:Soviet Union – Leningrad Front
992:and two companies each of the
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1257:Combat groups were from the
1181:250 Reconnaissance Battalion
7:
1460:. Kansas University Press.
1302:Infantes, E.E. p. 81-2
1109:Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov
820:marshal of the Soviet Union
814:Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda
800:Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda
733:Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda
686:to build on the success of
668:Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda
10:
1712:
1120:63rd Guards Rifle Division
1117:45th Guards Rifle Division
1065:remained in combat on the
1044:Aftermath and consequences
945:63rd Guards Rifle Division
811:
718:
331:3,645 killed & wounded
1475:Glantz, David M. (2009).
1452:Glantz, David M. (2002).
1361:Glantz (2002) pp. 284–285
1084:, personally designed by
1008:Police Division into the
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336:(250th Infantry Division)
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214:elements from 7 divisions
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123:
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40:
28:
23:
1686:1943 in the Soviet Union
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1157:250. Infanterie-Division
895:no source and/or license
690:and completely lift the
1671:Battles involving Spain
1581:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
1493:Halisbury, Harrison E.
1166:Emilio Esteban Infantes
990:212th Infantry Division
138:Emilio Esteban Infantes
78:Loss of Soviet momentum
1622:April 1, 2010, at the
1479:. Helion and Company.
1309:Glantz, D. p. 585
1288:Glantz, D. p. 297
1213:4th SS Police Division
1162:(Spanish Blue Division
1033:losses on both sides.
900:
834:under Colonel General
809:
738:The siege of Leningrad
307:1,000 artillery pieces
124:Commanders and leaders
1647:59.67972°N 30.66944°E
1200:Assault sappers group
889:
807:
721:Spain in World War II
415:Evacuation of Tallinn
326:Casualties and losses
294:250th: 4,900 infantry
1696:February 1943 events
1528:on December 28, 2009
1497:Da Capo Press, 2003.
1439:Glantz (2009) p. 412
1421:Glantz (2002) p. 294
1400:Glantz (2009) p. 144
1352:Glantz (2002) p. 259
1239:SS-Volunteer Legion
916:rockets pounded the
660:Battle of Krasny Bor
614:Operation Polar Star
560:Moonsund Archipelago
250:63rd Guards Division
245:45th Guards Division
24:Battle of Krasny Bor
1643: /
1430:Glantz (2002) p.507
1388:Glantz (2009) p.405
1379:Glantz (2009) p.403
1370:Glantz (2002) p.284
1281:Infantry Divisions.
1114:43rd Rifle Division
1082:Blue Division Medal
904:February 10 – day 1
709:SS Polizei Division
515:Relief of Leningrad
410:Strategic defensive
60:, near present-day
1652:59.67972; 30.66944
1514:. М. Яуза, Эксмо.
1126:31st Tank Regiment
1123:122nd Tank Brigade
1059:Spanish government
901:
824:Northwestern Front
810:
749:Sinyavin Offensive
744:siege of Leningrad
729:Siege of Leningrad
692:siege of Leningrad
678:. It called for a
273:122nd Tank Brigade
159:Kliment Voroshilov
48:9–13 February 1943
1681:Conflicts in 1943
1486:978-1-906033-26-2
1410:Luca de Tena 1976
1217:Alfred Wünnenberg
1145:German 50th Corps
963:Molotov cocktails
898:
862:and advancing to
828:Semyon Timoshenko
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637:Gorodok-Sinyavino
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400:June in Lithuania
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297:4th SS: uncertain
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149:Vladimir Sviridov
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1129:34th Ski Brigade
1105:Soviet 55th Army
1057:pressure on the
926:Army Group North
892:
860:Army Group North
852:German 18th Army
848:German 16th Army
844:Demyansk Salient
836:Kirill Meretskov
826:, under Marshal
782:Army Group North
761:Kirill Meretskov
759:in the city and
662:was part of the
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1207:anti-tank guns.
1149:Philipp Kleffel
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1095:Order of battle
1075:Courland pocket
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998:Latvian Legions
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757:Leningrad Front
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197:250th Division
170:
169:
168:Units involved
165:
164:
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156:
154:Leonid Govorov
151:
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1566:84-320-5164-0
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1467:0-7006-1208-4
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1343:Glantz p. 265
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1334:Glantz p. 264
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1325:Isayev p. 441
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1067:Eastern Front
1064:
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967:hand grenades
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832:Volkhov Front
829:
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806:
797:
795:
794:Georgy Zhukov
791:
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783:
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766:
765:Volkhov Front
762:
758:
754:
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745:
734:
730:
726:
725:Blue Division
722:
712:
710:
706:
705:Blue Division
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:pincer attack
677:
673:
672:Eastern Front
669:
665:
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648:
647:Staraya Russa
645:
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368:
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342:6,572 injured
339:
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274:
271:
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266:
265:
264:
262:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
240:43rd Division
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
228:
222:
213:
211:
210:24th Division
208:
203:
200:
198:
193:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
178:
172:
171:
166:
160:
157:
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139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
119:
108:
105:
93:
92:
87:
77:
76:
75:
74:Axis victory
72:
69:
68:
63:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
44:
43:
39:
36:
32:
31:Eastern Front
27:
22:
19:
1628:
1582:
1575:Bibliography
1556:
1548:
1541:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1510:
1501:
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1384:
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1254:
1240:
1161:
1156:
1154:Elements of
1144:
1143:
1104:
1103:
1090:
1086:Adolf Hitler
1079:
1077:until 1945.
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1006:
987:
983:Izhora River
979:
954:
950:
941:Staraia Mgsa
938:
907:
868:
817:
786:
769:
741:
676:World War II
659:
657:
626:
508:
507:
495:
489:
482:
475:
474:
443:
442:
429:
422:
394:
314:
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287:
286:
261:Mobile group
260:
259:
232:
223:
182:
173:
118:Soviet Union
89:Belligerents
73:
35:World War II
29:Part of the
18:
1650: /
1176:Ski Company
1063:Blue Legion
1010:Tosno River
790:Lake Ladoga
430:Oranienbaum
384:the Baltics
333:300 missing
310:(Initially)
205:(initially)
1665:Categories
1638:30°40′10″E
1635:59°40′47″N
1532:January 5,
1446:References
1147:– General
1038:Polar Star
882:The battle
777:Stalingrad
715:Background
700:Krasny Bor
666:offensive
627:Krasny Bor
496:Krasny Bor
490:Polar Star
405:Summer War
58:Krasny Bor
1314:Footnotes
971:Luftwaffe
958:engineers
934:Raikelevo
910:artillery
864:Lake Chud
696:18th Army
684:Leningrad
632:Smerdynia
470:Sinyavino
423:Leningrad
380:Leningrad
288:Initially
233:55th Army
183:18th Army
1620:Archived
1241:Flandern
996:and the
975:Mishkino
918:trenches
914:Katyusha
642:Demyansk
570:Courland
535:Šiauliai
460:Demyansk
321:90 tanks
305:30 tanks
281:Strength
64:, Russia
53:Location
1197:AT-guns
1071:Estonia
994:Flemish
930:Podolvo
922:bunkers
871:Kolpino
670:in the
555:Tallinn
530:Vilnius
438:Tikhvin
386:1941–44
104:Germany
1589:
1563:
1518:
1483:
1464:
1277:, and
1195:Pak 36
1055:Allied
830:; the
773:STAVKA
731:, and
664:Soviet
540:Kaunas
450:Lyuban
115:
101:
70:Result
1279:227th
1275:215th
1271:212th
1248:Notes
1205:Pak40
856:Tosno
682:near
565:Memel
545:Tartu
520:Narva
483:Iskra
465:Kholm
315:Total
1587:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1534:2011
1516:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1267:21st
1263:11th
965:and
932:and
742:The
658:The
550:Riga
509:1944
476:1943
444:1942
395:1941
382:and
45:Date
875:Mga
763:'s
755:'s
674:of
503:Mga
33:of
1667::
1393:^
1273:,
1269:,
1265:,
1160:,
1088:.
1012:.
920:,
866:.
784:.
767:.
727:,
723:,
290::
263::
1595:.
1569:.
1536:.
1489:.
1470:.
604:e
597:t
590:v
371:e
364:t
357:v
317::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
