874:. On December 2 they arrived at the bridge and set up a camp across the bridge from the British fort. Upon their arrival the British set about destroying buildings near the fort to ensure a clear field of fire. Woodford was at first unwilling to assault the British position, thinking he lacked enough cannons to overcome an overly generous estimate of the garrison's strength. He therefore began entrenching his position, while more and more militia companies arrived from the surrounding counties and North Carolina. Some cannons eventually arrived with a contingent of North Carolina men, but they were useless because they lacked mountings and carriages. Woodford also became concerned when he heard rumors that a large number of Scottish Highlanders had joined Dunmore's forces. The rumors were partly true: the Highlanders were in fact 120 families, but few of the men were skilled at arms. By December 8, the force in the militia camp had grown to nearly 900, with more than 700 fit for duty.
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earthworks. They carefully withheld fire until the grenadiers, advancing with bayonets fixed, were within 50 yards (46 m), and then unleashed a torrent of fire on the
British column. Fordyce, leading the column, went down in a hail of musket fire just steps from the earthworks along with many of the men in the front ranks. The British advance dissolved as the militia musket fire continued; about half of Fordyce's force was killed, and many were injured. The navy gunners provided covering fire as they retreated back across the bridge, but their small cannons made no impression on the earthworks.
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962:. Dunmore blamed Leslie for his decision to attack without the accompanying diversion, although the outcome of the battle may not have been different even with the diversion, given the disparity in force sizes. In the following days, Dunmore and his Tory supporters took refuge on ships of the Royal Navy, and Norfolk was occupied by the victorious rebel forces. The danger Dunmore posed to the rebel cause, however, had not been eliminated.
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diversion was not in the fort. They had been dispatched on a routine deployment to another nearby crossing, and
Dunmore had failed to send orders ensuring their availability for the operation. Leslie decided to proceed with the attack anyway. After resting his troops until a little before dawn, he sent men out to replace the bridge planking. Once this was finished, Captain Charles Fordyce led a company of 60
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a much longer range than muskets, began to fire on the
British position on the far side of the bridge. The navy gunners, with the only weapons the British had available to contest the riflemen at that range, were now out of position and were also being threatened by the large militia force approaching the earthworks. They
922:
Colonel
Woodford had by this time organized the forces in the rebel camp, and they marched out to face the British. After an inconsequential exchange of musket fire at long range, Woodford sent the riflemen of the Culpeper Minutemen off to the left. From this position, the riflemen, whose weapons had
944:
Following a truce to permit the
British to remove their dead and wounded, the Tory forces snuck out in the night to return to Norfolk. Captain Fordyce was buried with full military honors by the rebels near the site of the battle. Casualty estimates ranged from Dunmore's official report of 62 killed
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The militia leader in the camp at first thought the early skirmishing was a typical morning salute and paid it little heed. Shortly after reveille, the severity of the alarm became apparent. While the camp mobilized, a militia company numbering about sixty prepared for the
British advance behind the
901:
across the bridge. They briefly skirmished with militia sentries, raising the alarm in the camp beyond the entrenchments. Fordyce's men were then joined by a company of navy gunners who had been brought along to operate the field artillery for the attack, while the Tory companies arrayed themselves
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Figure yourself a strong breastwork built across a causeway, on which six men only could advance abreast; a large swamp almost surrounded them, at the back of which were two small breastworks to flank us in our attack on their entrenchments. Under these disadvantages, it was impossible to succeed.
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Dunmore's best intelligence had informed him that the rebel forces numbered about 400. On the night and morning of
December 8 and 9, Captain Samuel Leslie led reinforcements up to Fort Murray, arriving around 3:00 am. Upon his arrival, he learned that the Ethiopian detachment intended for the
777:
to
Virginia in response to pleas by Dunmore for military help. These troops began raiding surrounding counties for rebel military supplies on October 12. This activity continued through the end of October, when a small British ship ran aground and was captured by rebels during a skirmish near
887:
Dunmore learned that the colonial militia had acquired cannons, but was unaware they were inoperable. Concerned for the safety of the garrison, he decided an attack on their position was necessary. His plan called for a diversionary attack by the
Ethiopian companies of the garrison at a spot
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in late
December, warning of continued danger despite Dunmore's flight to the navy. He told Lee that "if that Man is not crushed before Spring, he will become the most formidable Enemy America has", and that "nothing less than depriving him of life or liberty will secure peace to Virginia."
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fort they called Fort Murray on the Norfolk side of the bridge. They also removed the bridge planking to make crossing it more difficult. The fort was armed with two cannons and several smaller swivel guns. The men of the 14th were augmented by small companies from the
810:, and in addition to the naval forces, that were the sole British military presence in the colony. This successful recruiting drive prompted Dunmore to write on November 30, 1775 that he would soon be able to "reduce this colony to a proper sense of their duty."
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or wounded to an escaped patriot's report that the British losses totaled 102, excluding militia casualties. The only claimed rebel casualty was one man with a slight wound to the thumb. Colonel William Woodford, reporting on the
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794:. The proclamation alarmed rebel and loyalist slaveholders alike, concerned by the idea of armed former slaves and the potential loss of their property. Nevertheless, Dunmore was able to recruit enough slaves to form the
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their guns and retreated across the bridge, and Captain Leslie ordered his men to retreat into Fort Murray. In some 25 minutes, Dunmore's attempt to stop the rebel buildup near Norfolk had been emphatically turned back.
753:, causing a confrontation between royal and militia forces. Although the incident was resolved without violence, Dunmore, fearing for his personal safety, left Williamsburg in June 1775 and placed his family on board a
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After a series of escalations over the rebels' refusal to allow provisions to be delivered to the overcrowded vessels, Dunmore and Commodore Henry Pellow decided to bombard the town. On January 1, 1776, Norfolk was
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Incidents continued between rebels on one side and loyalists (Tories) on the other until October, when Dunmore had acquired enough military support to begin operations against the rebellious colonists. General
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A highway marker was placed by the state of Virginia in 1934 near the battle site. In response to construction threats to the battlefield, local citizens organized in 1999 to preserve the area. In 2021, the
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745:. The Burgesses authorized existing and newly raised militia troops to arm themselves, leading to a struggle for control of the colony's military supplies. Under orders from Lord Dunmore, British forces
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782:. Navy boats sent to punish the townspeople were repulsed by colonial militia in a brief gunfight that resulted in the killing and capture of several sailors. Dunmore reacted to this event by
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downriver from the bridge to draw the militia's attention, while the garrison, reinforced by additional troops from Norfolk, would attack across the bridge in the early morning light.
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683:, while rebel forces had occupied the other side. In an attempt to break up the rebel gathering, Dunmore ordered an attack across the bridge, which was decisively repulsed. Colonel
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1941:
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955:, December 15, 1775: "This was a second Bunker's Hill affair, in miniature; with this difference, that we kept our post, and had only one man wounded in the hand."
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in action begun by Royal Navy ships and their landing parties, but completed by rebel troops that continued to loot and burn the former Tory stronghold.
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Revolutionary Virginia: The road to independence: A documentary record. 5 The clash of arms and the Fourth Convention, 1775–1776. Vol. 5
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successfully forced him back to the fleet. After further raiding operations in the Chesapeake, Dunmore and the British fleet left for
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Detail from a 1775 map showing the Norfolk area. Oriented with North to the bottom, Fort Murray is visible near the top of the map.
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tendencies. The threat posed by the British fleet may also have played a role in minimizing Whig activity in the town.
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leaders recruited troops and engaged in a struggle for available military supplies. The struggle eventually focused on
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Lord Dunmore had, on arrival in Norfolk, ordered the fortification of the bridge across the southern branch of the
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center, was abandoned by Dunmore and the Tories, who fled to navy ships in the harbor. Rebel-occupied Norfolk was
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The Virginia militia forces were then reinforced by the arrival of troops from North Carolina under Colonel
834:. The bridge formed a natural defense point since it was on the only road leading south from Norfolk toward
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In response to Dunmore's proclamation, Virginia's assembly ordered its militia troops to march on Norfolk.
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969:, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and a Virginian who knew Dunmore well, wrote a letter to
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vessel. Dunmore's forces had fortified one side of a critical river crossing south of Norfolk at
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in February 1776, and used it as a base for raiding operations until late March, when General
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Following increasing political and military tensions in early 1775, both Dunmore and colonial
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8:
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773:, the British commander-in-chief for North America, had ordered small detachments of the
652:. The refusal by colonial Virginia militia forces led to the departure of Royal Governor
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870:, advanced toward the bridge with his regiment of 400 and about 100 riflemen from the
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Both sides of the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal between Oak Grove and Great Bridge,
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62 to 102 British regulars killed or wounded, militia casualties apparently unknown.
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1718:
1692:
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201:
188:
1549:
The Southern Strategy: Britain's conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780
1005:
and its partners acquired and preserved two-thirds of an acre of the battlefield.
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1791:
846:. Dunmore sent 25 men of the 14th Foot to the bridge, where they erected a small
598:
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and Queen's Own regiments, bringing the garrison size to between 40 and 80 men.
1806:
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were raised in April 1775 at roughly the same time that the hostilities of the
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
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Battles in the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War 1775–1779
1390:. Great Bridge Battlefield and Waterways History Foundation. Archived from
163:
1677:
687:, the Virginia militia commander at the battle, described it as "a second
1936:
1536:
Naisawald, Louis VanL. "Robert Howe's Operations in Virginia 1775–1776,"
770:
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676:
2772:
Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
1065:. The Battle of Great Bridge placed in sequence and strategic context.
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in 1776). These local forces supplemented the two companies of the
218:
949:'s service at the battle, wrote in a letter published in Purdie's
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863:
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1604:
830:, about 9 miles (14 km) south of Norfolk in the village of
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American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
786:
on November 7 in which he declared martial law, and offered to
225:
702:
in an action begun by Dunmore and completed by rebel forces.
2727:
National Register of Historic Places in Chesapeake, Virginia
842:, and the access to the bridge on both sides was via narrow
1149:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from
1526:
Moomaw, W. Hugh. "The British Leave Colonial Virginia,"
1639:
798:, as well as raising a company of Tories he called the
737:, had dismissed the colonial legislative assembly, the
2752:
Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Virginia
1551:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
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in August 1776. Dunmore never returned to Virginia.
790:
colonist slaves in Virginia willing to serve in the
2684:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1476:
917:—a British officer describing the situation
741:, who then established a provisional assembly in
2713:
1509:The American Revolution in the Southern colonies
1315:. Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation. 8 December 2014
757:ship. A small British fleet then took shape at
1596:"The Battle of Great Bridge December 9, 1775",
1479:Flight from Monticello: Thomas Jefferson at War
749:from the colonial storehouse in the capital of
761:, a port town whose merchants had significant
454:
327:
302:
1922:
1625:
1063:American Revolutionary War §Early Engagements
440:
1581:Scribner, Robert L., and Brent Tarter, eds.
644:was fought December 9, 1775, in the area of
694:Shortly thereafter, Norfolk, at the time a
1929:
1915:
1632:
1618:
1538:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
1528:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
1058:List of American Revolutionary War battles
675:, where Dunmore had taken refuge aboard a
447:
433:
1938:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
269:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1452:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
935:
876:
817:
16:Battle of the American Revolutionary War
1505:
1474:
1445:
1139:
838:, it was bordered on both sides by the
664:during the early days of the conflict.
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1546:
1341:
1339:
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1287:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1263:
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1229:
1227:
1123:"National Register Information System"
1910:
1613:
1483:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1217:
1215:
1213:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1078:
428:
1585:(University Press of Virginia, 1979)
1296:
1128:National Register of Historic Places
2742:Battles involving the United States
1641:Virginia in the American Revolution
1336:
1284:
1270:
1258:
1224:
1115:
940:Sketch made in 1850 of Great Bridge
902:on the Norfolk side of the bridge.
800:Queen's Own Loyal Virginia Regiment
13:
1725:Give me liberty, or give me death!
1575:
1244:"Hampton Roads Area – Fort Murray"
1210:
1201:
1103:
1087:
1075:
14:
2788:
1589:
2443:
2436:
1676:
1039:
1027:
1015:
882:John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore
731:John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore
727:Battles of Lexington and Concord
326:
319:
301:
294:
151:
129:
35:
2747:History of Chesapeake, Virginia
2737:Battles involving Great Britain
1746:Formation of Ethiopian Regiment
1736:Formation of Culpeper Minutemen
1408:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1327:
1305:
1236:
2767:1775 in the Colony of Virginia
1812:Virginia Declaration of Rights
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
656:and any remaining vestiges of
393:
380:
1:
2757:1775 in the Thirteen Colonies
1530:(1958) 66#2 pp. 147–160
1446:Hibbert, Christopher (2002).
1438:
1147:"Virginia Landmarks Register"
723:Province of Massachusetts Bay
705:
335:Show map of the United States
1876:Battle of Spencer's Ordinary
1512:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
1313:"The Battle of Great Bridge"
931:
700:destroyed on January 1, 1776
136:Virginia Committee of Safety
7:
2666:National Historic Landmarks
1506:Russell, David Lee (2000).
1051:
278:Virginia Landmarks Register
10:
2793:
1771:Fourth Virginia Convention
1761:Second Virginia Convention
1421:American Battlefield Trust
1416:"Great Bridge Battlefield"
1008:
1003:American Battlefield Trust
813:
735:royal governor of Virginia
719:American Revolutionary War
650:American Revolutionary War
29:American Revolutionary War
2674:
2653:
2452:
2434:
1948:
1838:
1822:
1797:Fifth Virginia Convention
1792:Formation of Lee's Legion
1779:
1766:Third Virginia Convention
1706:
1698:First Virginia Convention
1685:
1674:
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1475:Kranish, Michael (2010).
891:
802:(later absorbed into the
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379:NRHP reference
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34:
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1891:Battle of the Chesapeake
1851:Skirmish at Waters Creek
1751:Battle of Kemp's Landing
1547:Wilson, David K (2005).
1246:. American Forts Network
1069:
261:Great Bridge Battle Site
1605:Future Visitor's Center
224:409 infantry, militia,
2679:Keeper of the Register
2591:Poquoson (no listings)
1881:Battle of Green Spring
1756:Battle of Great Bridge
1741:Dunmore's Proclamation
985:Lord Dunmore occupied
941:
914:
884:
823:
784:issuing a proclamation
646:Great Bridge, Virginia
642:Battle of Great Bridge
359:130 acres (53 ha)
183:Commanders and leaders
22:Battle of Great Bridge
2699:Contributing property
1871:Raid on Point of Fork
1714:Fincastle Resolutions
1133:National Park Service
947:2nd Virginia Regiment
939:
909:
880:
868:2nd Virginia Regiment
821:
775:14th Regiment of Foot
241:Casualties and losses
94:36.71972°N 76.23861°W
1856:Battle of Cape Henry
1667:Virginia Association
1598:The Continental Line
1540:(1952) 60#3 437–443
743:Virginia Conventions
689:Bunker's Hill affair
518:Moore's Creek Bridge
350:Chesapeake, Virginia
310:Show map of Virginia
158:Province of Virginia
73:Chesapeake, Virginia
1866:Action at Osborne's
1861:Battle of Blandford
1802:Augusta Declaration
1449:Redcoats and Rebels
1385:"Spring Newsletter"
491:Savage's Old Fields
416:Designated VLR
99:36.71972; -76.23861
90: /
1787:Burning of Norfolk
1731:Gunpowder Incident
1373:HMDB battle marker
1363:Russell, pp. 75–76
1354:Russell, pp. 73–74
942:
885:
872:Culpeper Minutemen
840:Great Dismal Swamp
824:
796:Ethiopian Regiment
739:House of Burgesses
715:Colony of Virginia
662:Colony of Virginia
614:Lake Pontchartrain
476:Gunpowder Incident
175:Ethiopian Regiment
45:of the battlefield
2762:Conflicts in 1775
2707:
2706:
2694:Historic district
1904:
1903:
1896:Siege of Yorktown
1886:Francisco's Fight
1661:Virginia Resolves
967:George Washington
747:removed gunpowder
721:broke out in the
637:
636:
528:Sullivan's Island
423:
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403:Significant dates
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116:
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2487:Colonial Heights
2447:
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1917:
1908:
1907:
1846:Raid on Richmond
1719:Augusta Resolves
1693:Fairfax Resolves
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952:Virginia Gazette
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860:William Woodford
710:Tensions in the
685:William Woodford
562:Alligator Bridge
496:Great Cane Brake
463:
459:
458:Southern theater
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235:artillery pieces
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189:William Woodford
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57:December 9, 1775
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2477:Charlottesville
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1950:
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1830:Chesapeake raid
1818:
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1600:, Kyle Willyard
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1576:Primary sources
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1397:on 2011-07-27
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1333:Wilson, p. 15
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1153:on 2013-09-21
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486:Snow Campaign
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408:Added to NRHP
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194:Samuel Leslie
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2709:
2640:Williamsburg
2572:Newport News
2567:Martinsville
2537:Harrisonburg
2512:Falls Church
2413:Westmoreland
2378:Spotsylvania
2328:Rappahannock
2298:Pittsylvania
2203:King William
2058:Chesterfield
2048:Charles City
1755:
1597:
1582:
1548:
1537:
1527:
1508:
1478:
1448:
1425:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1379:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1248:. Retrieved
1238:
1221:Wilson, p. 9
1207:Wilson, p. 8
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1171:Wilson, p. 7
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1141:
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1117:
999:
984:
976:
957:
950:
943:
921:
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904:
895:
886:
866:leading the
857:
832:Great Bridge
825:
792:British Army
767:
751:Williamsburg
709:
693:
681:Great Bridge
666:
654:Lord Dunmore
641:
639:
629:2nd Savannah
619:Charles Town
589:Kettle Creek
572:
571:
567:1st Savannah
555:
554:
550:Thomas Creek
543:
542:
506:
505:
501:Great Bridge
500:
470:
249:
203:
164:British army
149:
127:
122:Belligerents
67:Great Bridge
27:Part of the
2654:Other lists
2472:Buena Vista
2373:Southampton
2268:Northampton
2243:Mecklenburg
2198:King George
2153:Greensville
1022:Battlefield
991:Charles Lee
971:Charles Lee
960:Robert Howe
771:Thomas Gage
624:Baton Rouge
604:Stono Ferry
594:Brier Creek
221:and militia
97: /
43:Lord Rawdon
2716:Categories
2645:Winchester
2635:Waynesboro
2595:Portsmouth
2587:Petersburg
2482:Chesapeake
2462:Alexandria
2408:Washington
2363:Shenandoah
2348:Rockingham
2343:Rockbridge
2253:Montgomery
2188:James City
2133:Gloucester
2078:Cumberland
2028:Buckingham
1983:Appomattox
1558:1570035733
1439:References
1401:2011-05-18
987:Portsmouth
899:grenadiers
788:emancipate
755:Royal Navy
706:Background
677:Royal Navy
523:Rice Boats
230:grenadiers
85:76°14′19″W
82:36°43′11″N
41:Sketch by
2552:Lynchburg
2547:Lexington
2492:Covington
2248:Middlesex
2228:Lunenburg
2208:Lancaster
2138:Goochland
2123:Frederick
2088:Dinwiddie
2083:Dickenson
2053:Charlotte
2018:Brunswick
2013:Botetourt
1988:Arlington
1968:Alleghany
1963:Albemarle
1951:by county
1567:232001108
1499:320524730
1250:13 August
980:destroyed
932:Aftermath
853:Ethiopian
844:causeways
808:14th Foot
725:with the
609:Fort Bute
584:Van Creek
462:1775–1779
392:VLR
246:1 wounded
2620:Staunton
2605:Richmond
2557:Manassas
2542:Hopewell
2517:Franklin
2497:Danville
2398:Tazewell
2383:Stafford
2333:Richmond
2303:Powhatan
2278:Nottoway
2263:New Kent
2178:Highland
2118:Franklin
2113:Fluvanna
2103:Fauquier
2073:Culpeper
2038:Caroline
2033:Campbell
2023:Buchanan
1958:Accomack
1942:Virginia
1542:in JSTOR
1532:in JSTOR
1468:49606153
1427:June 19,
1052:See also
1034:Monument
848:stockade
696:Loyalist
579:Beaufort
398:131-0023
386:73002205
345:Location
219:infantry
212:Strength
169:Loyalist
62:Location
2661:Bridges
2625:Suffolk
2610:Roanoke
2600:Radford
2577:Norfolk
2532:Hampton
2507:Fairfax
2502:Emporia
2467:Bristol
2455:by city
2353:Russell
2338:Roanoke
2323:Pulaski
2293:Patrick
2238:Mathews
2233:Madison
2218:Loudoun
2168:Henrico
2163:Hanover
2158:Halifax
2143:Grayson
2098:Fairfax
2043:Carroll
2003:Bedford
1993:Augusta
1978:Amherst
1319:21 June
1009:Gallery
964:General
864:colonel
814:Prelude
780:Hampton
759:Norfolk
712:British
673:Norfolk
658:British
513:Norfolk
369: (
233:with 2
226:sailors
204:†
171:militia
144:militia
142:Patriot
2582:Norton
2403:Warren
2393:Sussex
2283:Orange
2258:Nelson
2223:Louisa
2148:Greene
2063:Clarke
1973:Amelia
1669:(1769)
1663:(1765)
1657:(1763)
1565:
1555:
1516:
1497:
1487:
1466:
1456:
1157:5 June
1046:Plaque
925:spiked
892:Battle
862:, the
733:, the
228:, and
200:
110:Result
2615:Salem
2527:Galax
2453:Lists
2423:Wythe
2388:Surry
2368:Smyth
2358:Scott
2173:Henry
2128:Giles
2108:Floyd
2093:Essex
2068:Craig
2008:Bland
1949:Lists
1648:Early
1395:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1070:Notes
669:rebel
364:Built
2428:York
2418:Wise
2288:Page
1998:Bath
1839:1781
1823:1779
1780:1776
1707:1775
1686:1774
1563:OCLC
1553:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1495:OCLC
1485:ISBN
1464:OCLC
1454:ISBN
1429:2023
1321:2015
1252:2020
1159:2013
640:The
573:1779
556:1778
544:1777
507:1776
471:1775
371:1775
367:1775
356:Area
217:861
71:now
54:Date
2213:Lee
1940:in
691:".
394:No.
381:No.
2718::
1561:.
1493:.
1462:.
1418:.
1338:^
1286:^
1272:^
1260:^
1226:^
1212:^
1131:.
1125:.
1105:^
1089:^
1077:^
729:.
1930:e
1923:t
1916:v
1727:"
1723:"
1633:e
1626:t
1619:v
1569:.
1522:.
1501:.
1470:.
1431:.
1404:.
1323:.
1254:.
1161:.
448:e
441:t
434:v
373:)
69:,
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