2048:. The Nationalist tactic was to use artillery and aerial bombardment in small areas to soften resistance and then to launch a frontal assault with one or two infantry battalions to occupy the area. Each day 500 cannons fired more than 13,000 rounds at the Republican troops and more than 200 Nationalist aircraft dropped 10,000 pounds of bombs. Nevertheless, the Republican troops fought with stubborn bravery and repelled the Nationalist assaults with barrages of machine-gun and mortar fire. In many zones, the terrain was too hard to dig trenches or foxholes, and as the August heat became unbearable (on 4 August it was 37°C in the shade), the shortages of water and food grew worse for the Republican troops. The situation was made more desperate by the relentless bombing that the Republican troops endured from dawn to dusk, which made it impossible for bodies to be buried, and meant that the wounded could only be evacuated at night, by small boats.
2109:. In July, the Legion Condor had destroyed 76 Republican planes and by August the Republican Air Force had lost air superiority in the area. The Republican planes were outnumbered by at least two to one, and most of the experienced Soviet pilots had been withdrawn. Republican anti-aircraft defenses proved to be inadequate and many planes were destroyed on the ground. The Nationalists used their bombers to cut the pontoon bridges on the Ebro, and as a flying artillery to smash the Republican positions in the sierras, and to destroy their supply lines: "Republican communications were bombed to oblivion and, as so many international brigader memoirs testify, their troops were blasted off the bare and rocky hillsides by the sheer force of the incendiary materiel launched."
57:
216:
204:
293:
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1937:, an area held by the 50th Division of the Nationalist Army. The Republican army started the crossing on the night of 24–25 July during a no moon period. Republican commandos crossed the river, killed the Nationalist guards and fastened lines for the assault boats, then the first Republican troops crossed in ninety boats (each of which carried ten men). The remaining troops of the V and XV Corps crossed the next day, using three pontoon bridges and another 12. The surprise was total and Republican forces were initially successful. Nevertheless, a secondary assault near
158:
190:
172:
1973:
1262:
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1926:, explained in detail the intelligence gathering and preparation process. The Nationalist intelligence assets passed back reports to the Nationalist High Command, detailing troop movements and the concentration of the International Brigades, as well as the presence of rafts and pontoon bridges on the other side of the river, but Franco thought that the Republican Army would not be ready to undertake an offensive across the Ebro.
1273:
2167:
much fighting as necessary, but always making sure that it remains in republican hands. Not a metre of ground to the enemy!" After six weeks of combat the
Nationalists had recovered 120 square miles. On the other hand, on 21 September the Republican prime minister, Juan Negrin, announced the unconditional withdrawal of the International Brigades.
2037:, but Franco wanted to destroy the Republican Army of the Ebro and to recover the lost territory. The Nationalists concentrated most of their artillery and air forces in the Ebro's Front. On the other hand, the Republican high command ordered their troops to resist and not to retreat. Officers and men were executed for retreating.
1335:, the French government decided to reopen the frontier. The Republican Army in Catalonia received 18,000 tons of war material between March and mid-June and twelve new divisions were formed from Nationalist prisoners-of-war and an extended call-up, which included conscripts that ranged in age from sixteen years old, the so-called
1250:
1968:
started to bomb and destroy the pontoon bridges each day, although the
Republican engineers managed to repair them each night. Because of this, only 22 tanks and a handful of artillery managed to cross the Ebro River, and Republican troops began running low on supplies, ammunition and drinking water.
2218:
Both sides had suffered huge losses, with estimates ranging from 50,000 to 60,000 to 110,000 casualties, as well as the loss of large numbers of aircraft (the
Republicans between 130 and 150). The Nationalists had lost most of their best officers and most of their tanks and lorries needed repairs or
2166:
and by 4 September the
Nationalists had occupied Corbera. Then Yagüe's forces broke the Republican lines, but Modesto sealed the breach with the 35th Division and ordered their troops to hold on: "Not a single position must be lost. If the enemy takes one, there must be a rapid counterattack and as
2219:
spare parts, and the
Republican army had lost most of its weapons and experienced units. Nevertheless, after Franco signed a new mining law that made huge concessions to the German government, Germany sent new weapons to the Nationalist forces and in December, Franco launched an offensive against
2020:
On 27 July, Modesto ordered an attack on
Gandesa with T-26 tanks and on 30 July decided to concentrate his tanks and artillery around Gandesa and launched an infantry assault against the city. On 1 August, the XV International Brigade launched a fierce attack against Hill 481 in front of Gandesa,
1944:
During the first day, Republican troops surrounded the troops of the
Colonel Campos’s 50th Division, taking 4,000 prisoners, and many other Nationalist soldiers deserted. By the evening, Tagueña had advanced three miles in the north and Lister twenty one in the center. By 26 July, the Republican
2161:
in order to advance towards
Corbera. The mountain range was held by the 35th, 11th and the 43rd Republican divisions, and the Nationalists attacked with eight divisions, 300 guns, 500 aircraft and 100 tanks. On 3 September the Nationalists launched a new attack from Gandesa supported by German
2214:
The
Nationalists' superiority in manpower and equipment meant that they were better able to withstand the losses and to exhaust the Republicans. As a result of the Battle of the Ebro the Republican army was destroyed as an effective force, and the Republican air force was no longer capable of
2138:
held by the Lister's 11th
Division. By 14 August the Nationalists had occupied the high point of Santa Magdalena, but the Republicans held the Sierra. On 18 August the Nationalists opened again the dams on the Segre River, destroying the pontoon bridges at the Ebro and on 19 August General
2118:
2134:. The Legion Condor dropped 50 tons of bombs and by the 10 August the Republican troops were forced back across the river. The Republicans had lost 900 men and 200 machine-guns. On 11 August the Nationalists led by Camilo Alonso Vega launched an attack against the
2238:
victories and that at the Battle of the Ebro, the policy destroyed the Republican army for no great purpose. The Republicans accomplished none of their strategic objectives and, according to Beevor, were unwilling to apply the theory of the
2182:, supported by 175 guns and 100 aircraft. The Republicans lost the heights after one day of combat, suffering huge casualties (1,000 prisoners and 500 dead), despite the support of 100 fighters. On 2 November the Nationalists occupied the
2151:
and captured the heights of Gaeta after five days of fierce fighting. The slow advance of the Nationalists infuriated Mussolini: "Today 29 August, I predict the defeat of Franco. That man does not know to make war or doesn't want to".
2125:
The Nationalist forces launched six counter-offensives in order to retake the territory seized by the Republicans. The first counteroffensive was launched on 6 August against the northern republican held pocket between
1921:
of the XIV Corps slipped across the river in order to obtain information about the Nationalist positions, and the Republican troops rehearsed the crossing in ravines and rivers on the coast. Some key players, including
1315:
in March without giving their enemies a chance to recover. Fighting in the middle of bitter winter temperatures, the exhausted Republican army could offer only feeble resistance. By 15 April Franco's troops reached the
1182:
and the greatest, in terms of manpower, logistics and material ever fought on Spanish soil. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly concentrated in two areas on the lower course of the
2243:
to their attacks. Thus, their forces spent a long time clearing Nationalist secondary defensive positions, which allowed the highly-mechanised Nationalist forces to deploy in strong defensive positions quickly.
2255:
said that the Republicans, by launching the Battle of the Ebro, stopped the Nationalist assault on Valencia, inflicted huge losses on the Nationalist army and prolonged the war several months. However, the
2229:
has argued that Negrín's "active war policy" of attacking, rather than adopting strong defences and hoping for a wider European conflict or harrying the Nationalist forces, had been driven primarily by the
1945:
troops had occupied 800 square kilometres and reached the outskirts of Gandesa; nevertheless the Nationalists deployed Barron’s 13th Division in the town and the Republican troops failed to occupy it.
1818:
1896:
1890:
1881:
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suffering huge casualties; nevertheless, the Republican assault had failed due to the Nationalist air and artillery superiority and Modesto ordered the Army of the Ebro to go on the defensive.
1709:
1683:
1643:
1563:
2331:
1995:, some 25 km west of the Ebro, a crossroads to Catalonia and the north-south roads running parallel to the Ebro. The terrain around the town was extremely hilly, being dominated by the
2029:
After the end of the Republican offensive, the Republican army of the Ebro was trapped in a pocket with its back to a river and Nationalist officers wanted to attack across the unprotected
2170:
On 2 October the Nationalists occupied the heights of Lavall and two weeks later Point 666, the key of the Pandols Range. On 30 October the troops of the Garcia Valiño's Army Corps of the
96:
1511:
1735:
1672:
1422:
1871:
1524:
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Then, Franco decided to send heavy reinforcements to the Ebro’s front (eight divisions, more than 140 bombers and 100 fighters) and passed the order for the dams at
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1941:, carried out by the XIV International Brigade, failed after 18 hours of combat, and the XIV International Brigade retreated, after suffering huge losses.
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to be opened. The flood water destroyed the pontoon bridges, although the Republican engineers managed to repair them within two days. Furthermore, the
1362:
to launch attacks against the main Francoist forces advancing towards Valencia. The purpose of the attacks was to relieve the pressure on Valencia and
1647:
2155:
Then Franco decided to send Garcia Valiño's Maestrazgo Corps to the front and on 31 August the Nationalists launched an attack against the
1413:, merging the 15th and the 5th Army Corps. It would receive reinforcements from the 12th and 18th Army Corps as soon as the battle began.
617:
511:
2295:"Old Man at The Bridge." Ernest Hemingway, 1936. Anthologized in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories, 1938, Scribner's.
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582:
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1222:
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north of Valencia with the intention of capturing the Republican capital, instead of advancing towards Barcelona, fearing that
1214:
1103:
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86:
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removed any hope of aid from the Western democracies and turned the political victory into a resounding military defeat.
543:
3329:
3292:
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Except for the 50th División, made up of relatively inexperienced soldiers, all other divisions were battle-hardened
782:
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796:
749:
588:
715:
1976:
Positions of the Republican and nationalist armies before the battle (Nationalists in blue, Republicans in red)
1217:. These sparsely populated areas saw the largest array of armies in the war. The battle was disastrous for the
742:
676:
17:
3398:
789:
725:
610:
1917:
The Republican Army spent a week preparing to cross the Ebro. According to the historian Antony Beevor, the
2106:
1402:
603:
2041:
1725:
1492:
1488:
1440:
1067:
993:
906:
3383:
1614:
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1507:
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562:
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with the ruins of the old town that was destroyed during the Battle of the Ebro and kept as a memorial
1020:
801:
1864:
1597:
1384:
1354:
would enter the war in support of the ailing Republic. In response to the situation, Spanish premier
1257:
six months before the Battle of the Ebro (Republican territory in red, Nationalist territory in blue)
957:
947:
820:
558:
355:
1773:. Later, the Maestrazgo Army Corps was sent as reinforcements, led by General Rafael García Valiño.
1047:
913:
2252:
2231:
2044:
style battle, with each side launching bloody frontal assaults on enemy positions in what became a
1760:
1456:
1448:
1132:
1025:
952:
666:
56:
2186:
and on 3 November the right flank of the Nationalist forces reached the river Ebro. On 7 November
1265:
Map of Spain in November 1938, after the end of the Battle of the Ebro and immediately before the
2163:
1986:
1394:
1380:
1339:(the baby-bottle call-up), to middle-aged fathers. A new army, the Ebro's army, was then formed.
1297:
1289:
1218:
1079:
1062:
720:
1328:
and the hydroelectric dams that provided much of the Catalan industrial areas with electricity.
928:
634:
3408:
2310:
1567:
700:
651:
176:
2265:
1484:
1127:
1117:
1057:
826:
646:
656:
2326:
2194:. On 16 November the last men of the 35th recrossed the Ebro at Flix and the battle ended.
2098:
2053:
1964:
1366:, as well as to show European governments that the Republican government was still viable.
1188:
1010:
832:
754:
687:
640:
623:
208:
31:
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1122:
681:
8:
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2220:
1659:
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1429:
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1111:
1084:
1052:
1030:
885:
873:
861:
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82:
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fighters) against only some 35 modern fighters and some 40 second class aircraft of the
730:
661:
3287:. Osprey Campaign Series #60. Osprey Publishing. Consultant Editor: David G. Chandler.
2078:
1793:
1721:
1717:
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1042:
988:
941:
879:
856:
629:
246:
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Espions de la République : mémoires d'un agent secret pendant la guerre d'Espagne
1221:, with tens of thousands left dead or wounded and little effect on the advance of the
894:
3346:
3325:
3317:
3302:
3288:
3273:
3163:
2721:
2711:
2045:
1546:
1343:
1317:
1240:
1179:
1036:
934:
918:
768:
671:
528:
48:
3244:
1531:
693:
593:
273:
2257:
1972:
1622:
1324:, cutting Republican territory in two. As a result, the Nationalist army conquered
1312:
1301:
1293:
1171:
1163:
1091:
999:
968:
923:
866:
838:
814:
775:
759:
330:
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2175:
2009:
1900:
1875:
1390:
1015:
850:
736:
598:
367:
2187:
316:
2082:
2051:
The key to the battle was Nationalist air superiority, provided by the Italian
1837:
2069:
markings. Some 500 first class planes were available on the Nationalist side (
1923:
1355:
3377:
2725:
2321:
2226:
2207:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2157:
2094:
2090:
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2030:
2017:
rocks and scant forest cover provided little shelter against Francoist fire.
2003:
1997:
1958:
1618:
1557:
285:
220:
203:
111:
98:
2140:
1800:
343:
2248:
2074:
1929:
For the crossing, the Republicans chose the bend of the Ebro River between
1782:
1410:
260:
215:
1825:
3208:
1389:
In order to distract the Nationalist armies that were advancing towards
1304:, a series of bloody combats in subzero temperatures around the city of
2317:
List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
2235:
2171:
2127:
2102:
1934:
1589:
1281:
1210:
2657:
2332:
List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
1321:
1249:
2206:
Monument to those who died in the battle located on Hill 705, on the
2034:
2014:
1918:
1845:
1829:
1433:
1406:
1363:
1332:
1195:
496:
2304:
2202:
1953:
1347:
1235:
900:
2131:
1203:
3225:
1992:
1938:
1841:
1191:
2117:
1769:
The Morocco Army Corps was positioned on the right bank of the
1351:
1325:
1305:
2688:
2686:
1284:
where a whole Republican division was captured and slaughtered
2564:
2562:
1949:
1930:
1535:
1254:
362:
350:
338:
324:
310:
292:
280:
268:
254:
240:
90:
2966:
2964:
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2933:
2931:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2371:
2369:
2683:
1833:
1770:
1514:, anti-aircraft guns, armoured vehicles and army engineers.
1398:
1277:
1199:
1184:
401:
61:
Republican antiaircraft artillery in the Battle of the Ebro
3314:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge.
3184:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.
3120:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge.
3094:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.
3081:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.
3062:
3060:
3058:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2870:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.
2766:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge.
2559:
2463:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge.
2389:
2387:
2385:
2959:
2928:
2897:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2580:
2578:
2366:
1272:
3270:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil war, 1936–1939.
3055:
3037:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
3024:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
3011:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2998:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2972:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2941:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2910:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2875:
2818:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2805:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2792:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2694:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2630:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2570:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2528:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
2382:
2121:
Ebro's battlefield. In pink maximum republican advance.
1502:
In mid-July the 15th Army Corps was reinforced by the
1308:, which was retaken by the Francoist army in February.
3146:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939.
2665:
2591:
2575:
2489:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
2415:
The battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939.
2377:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939.
2190:
fell and by 10 November the Nationalists had occupied
2925:
Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1967. p. 458
2449:
Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1967. p. 528
1991:The key target for the Republicans was the town of
1632:led by Commander Manuel Mora Torres, including the
1588:, international division led by Lieutenant Colonel
3299:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939.
3107:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939.
2954:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939.
2923:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939.
2831:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939.
2447:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939.
1545:led by Commander Joaquim Rodríguez, including the
3197:The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction.
2985:The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction.
2740:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939
2554:The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction.
1679:acted as tactical reserve of the two first ones:
1401:basin. The army was large, but it lacked enough
3375:
1487:, under Commander Manuel Alvarez, including the
136:Initial Republican victory, crossing of the Ebro
2742:. Princeton University Press. Princeton. p. 454
2112:
1409:was formed on 15 May under Lieutenant Colonel
3157:
2705:
1296:had fallen, and in the winter of 1937/38 the
512:
3109:Princeton University Press. Princeton. p.461
2956:Princeton University Press. Princeton. p.456
2833:Princeton University Press. Princeton. p.457
2678:The Ebro, 1938: Death Knell of the Republic.
2604:The Ebro, 1938: Death Knell of the Republic.
2586:The Ebro, 1938: Death Knell of the Republic.
1178:) was the longest and largest battle of the
30:For the battle in the Second Punic War, see
1754:
1436:and was formed by the following divisions:
3364:Spartacus Educational — Battle of the Ebro
3285:The Ebro 1938: Death Knell of the Republic
1331:Nevertheless, on 17 March 1938, after the
519:
505:
2040:The battle was fought by both sides as a
2457:
2455:
2441:
2439:
2425:
2423:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2201:
2143:with six divisions and supported by the
2116:
1971:
1851:
1271:
1260:
1248:
1234:
711:Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza
3301:Princeton University Press. Princeton.
1765:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
1397:decided upon an offensive in the lower
14:
3376:
3122:Harper Perennial. London. 2006. p. 292
2024:
2465:Harper Perennial. London. 2006. p.291
2452:
2436:
2420:
2400:
2344:
2272:
1912:
1787:
1504:16th Popular Republican Army Division
526:
500:
3083:Harper Perennial. London. pp.291–292
2013:mountain ranges whose hard and bold
1776:
2987:Oxford University Press. pp.109–110
2491:. Penguin Books. London. pp.321–322
1980:
1311:Then, the Nationalists launched an
24:
3369:Maps of the Civil War in Catalonia
2807:Penguin Books. London. pp. 352–353
2696:Penguin Books. London. pp. 350–351
2645:Penguin Books. 2001. London. p.821
2433:Penguin Books. 2001. London. p.833
2417:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p.357
2397:Penguin Books. 2001. London. p.816
2379:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p.350
2363:Penguin Books. 2001. London. p.813
1861:Cuerpo del Ejército del Maestrazgo
1666:
1608:
1416:
1369:
25:
3420:
3357:
3013:Penguin Books. London. pp.357–358
2530:Penguin Books. London. pp.349–350
2517:Penguin Books. London. pp.782–783
1518:
3389:Battles of the Spanish Civil War
3209:Golpe de mano (Explosión) (1970)
2768:Harper Perennial. London. p. 289
2290:
1797:Cuerpo del Ejército de Marruecos
1374:
1342:Meanwhile, the Francoist armies
361:
349:
337:
323:
309:
291:
279:
267:
253:
239:
214:
202:
188:
170:
156:
55:
3262:
3233:
3213:
3202:
3189:
3186:Harper Perennial. London. p.292
3176:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
3099:
3096:Harper Perennial. London. p.290
3086:
3073:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2977:
2946:
2915:
2872:Harper Perennial. London. p.291
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2781:. Penguin Books. London. p. 817
2771:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2699:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2494:
27:Battle of the Spanish Civil War
3199:Oxford University Press. p.110
2859:. Penguin Books. London. p.820
2794:Penguin Books. London. p. 352.
2572:Penguin Books. London. p. 350.
2556:Oxford University Press. p.109
2481:
2468:
2263:A well-known Republican song,
2178:, attacked the heights of the
2063:squadrons that flew under the
1738:"l'Esquinazau", including the
1570:"El Campesino", including the
1280:, low, scruffy hills south of
13:
1:
3394:Military history of Catalonia
3039:Penguin Books. London. pp.358
2820:Penguin Books. London. p. 354
2755:Penguin Books. London. p. 816
2632:Penguin Books. London. p. 357
2619:Penguin Books. London. p. 812
2215:offering further resistance.
1528:V Cuerpo del Ejército Popular
1228:
3135:Penguin Books. London. p.807
3070:Penguin Books. London. p.833
3052:Penguin Books. London. p.832
3026:Penguin Books. London. p.362
3000:Penguin Books. London. p.357
2974:Penguin Books. London. p.356
2943:Penguin Books. London. p.354
2912:Penguin Books. London. p.355
2894:Penguin Books. London. p.821
2846:Penguin Books. London. p.820
2504:Penguin Books. London. p.781
2478:Penguin Books. London. p.712
2197:
2113:Nationalist counteroffensive
2107:Spanish Republican Air Force
1734:, led by Lieutenant Colonel
1675:, led by Lieutenant Colonel
1530:, led by Lieutenant Colonel
1300:had spent its forces in the
7:
3241:"Golpe De Mano (Explosión)"
2298:
2269:, commemorates the battle.
1832:, African mercenaries from
1441:35th International Division
1405:and artillery support. The
1358:approved a plan by General
10:
3425:
3404:Military history of Aragon
3316:Harper Perennial. London.
3105:Jackson, Gabriel. (1965).
2952:Jackson, Gabriel. (1965).
2829:Jackson, Gabriel. (1965).
2738:Jackson, Gabriel. (1965).
1984:
1758:
1696:1st Battalion, "la Bruixa"
1617:led by Lieutenant Colonel
1378:
73:25 July – 16 November 1938
29:
3297:Jackson, Gabriel. (1967)
2284:Golpe de mano (Explosión)
2277:
2042:World War I Western Front
1907:
1457:XV International Brigades
1385:Eastern Region Army Group
1292:was in dire straits. The
538:
434:
376:
229:
146:
65:
54:
46:
41:
3268:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
3144:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
3035:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
3022:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
3009:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2996:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2970:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2939:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2908:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2816:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2803:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2790:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2692:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2628:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2568:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2526:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2487:Beevor, Antony. (2006).
2337:
2232:Communist Party of Spain
1893:. led by Coronel Galera.
1815:, led by Colonel Campos.
1761:Spanish Nationalist Army
1755:Spanish Nationalist Army
1294:Republican Northern zone
3345:Penguin Books. London.
3312:Preston, Paul. (2006).
3272:Penguin Books. London.
3195:Graham, Helen. (2005).
3182:Preston, Paul. (2006).
3158:Antony Beevor (2006) .
3092:Preston, Paul. (2006).
3079:Preston, Paul. (2006).
2983:Graham, Helen. (2005).
2868:Preston, Paul. (2006).
2764:Preston, Paul. (2006).
2680:Osprey Publishing. p.18
2606:Osprey Publishing. p.21
2588:Osprey Publishing. p.22
2552:Graham, Helen. (2005).
1987:Siege of Gandesa (1938)
1887:, led by Coronel Arias.
1872:1st División de Navarra
1467:Esteban Cabezos Morente
1395:Popular Republican Army
1381:Spanish Republican Army
1298:Republican Popular Army
1290:Second Spanish Republic
1219:Second Spanish Republic
3343:The Spanish Civil War.
3341:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
3283:Henry, Chris. (1999).
3133:The Spanish Civil War.
3131:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
3068:The Spanish Civil War.
3066:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
3050:The Spanish Civil War.
3048:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2892:The Spanish Civil War.
2890:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2855:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2844:The Spanish Civil War.
2842:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2777:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2753:The Spanish Civil War.
2751:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2706:Rufat, Ramon. (1990).
2676:Henry, Chris. (1999).
2643:The Spanish Civil War.
2617:The Spanish Civil War.
2615:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2602:Henry, Chris. (1999).
2584:Henry, Chris. (1999).
2515:The Spanish Civil War.
2513:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2502:The Spanish Civil War.
2500:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2476:The Spanish Civil War.
2474:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
2431:The Spanish Civil War.
2395:The Spanish Civil War.
2361:The Spanish Civil War.
2311:Si me quieres escribir
2211:
2122:
1977:
1736:Antonio Beltrán Casaña
1426:XV Cuerpo del Ejército
1285:
1269:
1258:
1244:
1175:
1167:
1097:Sant Vicenç de Calders
230:Commanders and leaders
177:International Brigades
3337:The Spanish Civil War
3148:Penguin Books. p. 374
2857:The Spanish Civil War
2779:The Spanish Civil War
2543:(2001), pages 780–781
2541:The Spanish Civil War
2205:
2120:
1975:
1858:Maestrazgo Army Corps
1852:Maestrazgo Army Corps
1275:
1264:
1252:
1238:
647:Convoy de la Victoria
589:Cuartel de la Montaña
465:80 aircraft destroyed
435:Casualties and losses
391:27 anti-aircraft guns
389:70–80 field batteries
3399:Terra Alta (comarca)
3335:Ranzato, Gabrielle.
3160:The Battle for Spain
2660:Rafael García Valiño
2327:Aviazione Legionaria
2054:Aviazione Legionaria
1965:Aviazione Legionaria
1865:Rafael García Valiño
1512:3rd Cavalry Regiment
1215:Eastern Lower Aragon
743:Ciudad Universitaria
445:10,000–15,000 killed
356:Rafael García Valiño
209:Aviazione Legionaria
132:Nationalist victory
112:41.16389°N 0.47500°E
32:Battle of Ebro River
2176:Mohammed el Mizzian
2025:Battle of attrition
1876:Mohammed el Mizzian
1863:was led by General
1465:, led by Commander
1313:offensive in Aragon
1267:Catalonia Offensive
618:German intervention
108: /
2921:Jackson, Gabriel.
2445:Jackson, Gabriel.
2273:In popular culture
2212:
2123:
1978:
1913:Republican assault
1794:Morocco Army Corps
1788:Morocco Army Corps
1688:Marcelino Usatorre
1445:Pedro Mateo Merino
1360:Vicente Rojo Lluch
1337:Quinta del Biberón
1286:
1270:
1259:
1245:
1160:Battle of the Ebro
559:July 1936 uprising
247:Vicente Rojo Lluch
42:Battle of the Ebro
3384:Conflicts in 1938
3351:978-0-14-101161-5
3322:978-0-00-723207-9
3307:978-0-691-00757-1
3278:978-0-14-303765-1
3169:978-0-7538-2165-7
2149:Villalba del Arcs
2066:Aviación Nacional
1777:Army of the North
1712:led by Commander
1600:"Marsellesa" and
1568:Valentín González
1566:led by Commander
1443:led by Commander
1318:Mediterranean Sea
1180:Spanish Civil War
1176:Batalla de l'Ebre
1153:
1152:
604:Cuartel de Loyola
530:Spanish Civil War
495:
494:
405:
196:Nationalist Spain
142:
141:
117:41.16389; 0.47500
49:Spanish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
3416:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3243:. Archived from
3237:
3231:
3230:
3217:
3211:
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3200:
3193:
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3180:
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2492:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2427:
2418:
2413:Beevor, Antony.
2411:
2398:
2391:
2380:
2375:Beevor, Antony.
2373:
2364:
2357:
2258:Munich Agreement
2046:war of attrition
1981:Siege of Gandesa
1716:, including the
1714:Manuel Ferràndiz
1650:, including the
1623:Bisbal de Falset
1592:, including the
1469:, including the
1447:, including the
1302:Battle of Teruel
1168:Batalla del Ebro
839:War in the North
797:3rd Corunna Road
783:2nd Corunna Road
750:1st Corunna Road
677:Sierra Guadalupe
533:
531:
521:
514:
507:
498:
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366:
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353:
342:
341:
331:Francisco Franco
328:
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164:Spanish Republic
161:
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87:Lower Matarranya
83:Terres de l'Ebre
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3130:
3126:
3118:Preston, Paul.
3117:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3074:
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3056:
3047:
3043:
3034:
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2718:
2710:. : Ed. Allia.
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2469:
2461:Preston, Paul.
2460:
2453:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2345:
2340:
2301:
2293:
2280:
2275:
2241:deep operations
2200:
2164:88 mm guns
2115:
2033:and advance to
2027:
1989:
1983:
1915:
1910:
1901:Fernando Barron
1854:
1799:led by General
1790:
1779:
1767:
1759:Main articles:
1757:
1750:mixed brigades.
1728:mixed brigades.
1706:mixed brigades.
1677:José del Barrio
1673:18th Army Corps
1669:
1667:18th Army Corps
1662:mixed brigades.
1640:mixed brigades.
1621:, was based at
1615:12th Army Corps
1611:
1609:12th Army Corps
1604:mixed brigades.
1582:mixed brigades.
1534:, with base in
1521:
1508:12th Army Corps
1481:mixed brigades.
1423:15th Army Corps
1419:
1417:15th Army Corps
1387:
1379:Main articles:
1377:
1372:
1370:Opposing armies
1247:
1246:
1231:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:Final offensive
821:Cape Machichaco
551:List of battles
534:
529:
527:
525:
490:
488:
486:
481:
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474:
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464:
463:19,563 captured
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368:Fernando Barron
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3358:External links
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2429:Thomas, Hugh.
2419:
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2393:Thomas, Hugh.
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2359:Thomas, Hugh.
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2247:Nevertheless,
2234:'s desire for
2199:
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2147:advanced from
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2111:
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2023:
1985:Main article:
1982:
1979:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
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1838:Western Sahara
1822:
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1819:105th División
1816:
1810:
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1752:
1751:
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1707:
1690:including the
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1641:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1583:
1561:
1558:mixed brigades
1532:Enrique Líster
1525:5th Army Corps
1520:
1519:5th Army Corps
1517:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1482:
1460:
1430:Manuel Tagüeña
1418:
1415:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1241:Corbera d'Ebre
1233:
1232:
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1202:area close to
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491:5,000 captured
489:30,000 wounded
466:
461:20,000 wounded
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18:Battle of Ebro
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3330:0-00-723207-1
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3304:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:1-85532-738-4
3290:
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3282:
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3271:
3267:
3266:
3247:on 2019-11-05
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2658:Requetes.com
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2291:Short stories
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2227:Antony Beevor
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2208:Pandols Range
2204:
2195:
2193:
2192:Mount Picossa
2189:
2185:
2184:Pandols Range
2181:
2180:Cavalls Range
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:Cavalls Range
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:Legion Condor
2142:
2137:
2136:Pandols Range
2133:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:bombers, and
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:Condor Legion
2056:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:Condor Legion
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1902:
1898:
1897:13th División
1895:
1892:
1891:84th División
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:74th División
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:, as well as
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:50th División
1811:
1809:
1808:40th División
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:43rd División
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:60th Division
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:27th Division
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:44th Division
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:16th Division
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:Etelvino Vega
1616:
1603:
1599:
1596:"Garibaldi",
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:45th Division
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:46th Division
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:11th Division
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:59th brigades
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:42nd Division
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1375:Loyalist Army
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:By 1938, the
1283:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1237:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:in the lower
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:3rd Barcelona
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:
939:
937:
936:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:
901:2nd Barcelona
898:
896:
893:
887:
884:
883:
882:
881:
877:
875:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
817:
816:
812:
808:
807:Road massacre
805:
804:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
771:
770:
765:
763:
762:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Cerro Muriano
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
695:
692:
691:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:
583:1st Barcelona
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:
568:
567:
564:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
545:
541:
540:
537:
532:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
502:
499:
484:
477:
470:
467:
456:
449:
442:
439:
438:
433:
423:
414:
409:
403:
395:
386:
381:
380:
375:
369:
364:
359:
357:
352:
347:
345:
340:
335:
333:
332:
326:
321:
319:
318:
312:
307:
306:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:
286:Etelvino Vega
282:
277:
275:
270:
265:
263:
262:
256:
251:
249:
248:
242:
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:Condor Legion
217:
212:
210:
205:
200:
198:
197:
186:
185:
183:
178:
168:
166:
165:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
135:
134:
133:
130:
127:
126:
121:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3342:
3336:
3313:
3298:
3284:
3269:
3263:Bibliography
3249:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3235:
3224:
3215:
3204:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3159:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2891:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2677:
2659:
2655:(in Spanish)
2650:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2585:
2569:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2446:
2430:
2414:
2394:
2376:
2360:
2309:
2294:
2283:
2266:¡Ay Carmela!
2264:
2262:
2253:Helen Graham
2249:Paul Preston
2246:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2188:Móra la Nova
2169:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2124:
2075:Savoia SM-81
2071:Savoia SM-79
2064:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2039:
2028:
2019:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1963:
1957:
1947:
1943:
1928:
1916:
1884:
1860:
1855:
1823:
1796:
1791:
1783:Fidel Davila
1780:
1768:
1670:
1648:Ramón Pastor
1612:
1527:
1522:
1463:3rd Division
1425:
1420:
1411:Juan Modesto
1388:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1310:
1287:
1223:Nationalists
1206:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1110:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1048:Los Blázquez
1035:
1006:2nd Belchite
998:
967:
948:1st Belchite
940:
933:
907:
899:
878:
849:
837:
825:
813:
767:
766:
760:
735:
726:Cape Spartel
701:Monte Pelado
686:
652:Almendralejo
639:
622:
581:
569:
549:
542:
487:5,000 killed
482:
480:6,100 killed
475:
473:6,500 killed
468:
459:7,150 killed
454:
447:
440:
430:500 aircraft
421:
417:100 fighters
412:
393:
384:
329:
317:Fidel Dávila
315:
261:Juan Modesto
259:
245:
194:
162:
147:Belligerents
131:
47:Part of the
3221:"- YouTube"
2057:and German
2031:Segre River
1924:Ramón Rufat
1826:Legionarios
1428:was led by
1356:Juan Negrín
1187:River, the
1118:Valsequillo
1080:2nd Gandesa
1026:1st Gandesa
908:Deutschland
827:Guadalajara
641:Extremadura
419:140 bombers
115: /
3378:Categories
3251:2019-11-05
2236:propaganda
2172:Maestrazgo
2141:Juan Yagüe
2128:Mequinenza
1935:Benifallet
1848:militias.
1801:Juan Yagüe
1694:(with its
1590:Hans Kahle
1282:Mequinensa
1229:Background
1211:Matarranya
1198:, and the
1189:Terra Alta
1128:La Garriga
1068:2nd Mérida
1058:Granollers
1021:2nd Lérida
994:Cape Palos
984:Valladolid
963:1st Lérida
958:Sabiñánigo
929:Albarracín
833:Pozoblanco
755:Villarreal
662:1st Mérida
624:Guadarrama
563:Revolution
544:Background
344:Juan Yagüe
100:41°09′50″N
3162:. Orion.
2726:417668947
2221:Catalonia
2198:Aftermath
2174:, led by
2035:Barcelona
2015:limestone
2010:Fatarella
1919:commandos
1899:, led by
1874:, led by
1846:Falangist
1830:Regulares
1686:, led by
1434:Escaladei
1407:Ebro Army
1364:Catalonia
1333:Anschluss
1196:Catalonia
1138:Cartagena
1112:Catalonia
1086:Cantabria
886:El Mazuco
874:Santander
630:Andalusia
426:100 tanks
422:31 August
398:22 tanks
103:0°28′30″E
2305:Hill 705
2299:See also
1962:and the
1954:Camarasa
1885:la Leona
1781:General
1391:Valencia
1348:XYZ Line
1344:attacked
1239:View of
1053:Alicante
1043:Balaguer
989:Alfambra
942:Zaragoza
880:Asturias
862:Guernica
769:Aceituna
706:Talavera
688:Gipuzkoa
657:Sigüenza
428:300 guns
407:150 guns
377:Strength
78:Location
3226:YouTube
2004:Pandols
1998:Cavalls
1993:Gandesa
1939:Amposta
1842:Carlist
1646:led by
1506:of the
1322:Vinaròs
1253:Map of
1192:comarca
1172:Catalan
1164:Spanish
1133:Minorca
1037:Levante
935:Brunete
919:Segovia
914:Almería
857:Durango
682:Córdoba
672:Majorca
667:Badajoz
635:Alcázar
577:Seville
571:Melilla
483:Jackson
476:Preston
455:Preston
448:Jackson
3349:
3328:
3320:
3305:
3291:
3276:
3166:
2724:
2714:
2286:(1970)
2278:Movies
2099:Bf 109
2093:and 6
2083:He 111
1908:Battle
1510:, the
1393:, the
1352:France
1326:Lleida
1306:Teruel
1207:(Faió)
1123:Xàtiva
1063:Bielsa
1000:Aragon
969:Teruel
924:Huesca
867:Bilbao
851:Biscay
815:Jarama
802:Málaga
776:Lopera
761:Ursula
737:Madrid
731:Seseña
716:Guinea
599:Oviedo
469:Thomas
452:10,000
441:Thomas
410:90,000
394:Beevor
385:Thomas
382:80,000
128:Result
2338:Notes
2132:Fayón
2103:CR.32
2095:Ju 87
2091:Ju 52
2087:Do 17
2079:BR.20
1950:Tremp
1931:Fayon
1748:130th
1744:102nd
1726:224th
1704:124th
1700:123rd
1692:122nd
1660:145th
1656:144th
1652:140th
1602:139th
1580:101st
1555:100th
1536:Salou
1493:227th
1489:226th
1432:from
1255:Spain
1204:Fayón
1092:Cabra
1031:Segre
1016:Caspe
594:Gijón
91:Spain
3347:ISBN
3326:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3303:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3164:ISBN
2722:OCLC
2712:ISBN
2251:and
2130:and
2101:and
2007:and
1952:and
1933:and
1856:The
1844:and
1836:and
1834:Ifni
1792:The
1771:Ebro
1763:and
1746:and
1740:72nd
1724:and
1722:84th
1718:95th
1702:and
1671:The
1658:and
1638:24th
1636:and
1634:23rd
1613:The
1598:14th
1594:12th
1578:and
1576:60th
1572:10th
1553:and
1523:The
1495:and
1479:60th
1477:and
1475:33rd
1471:31st
1455:and
1453:XIII
1421:The
1399:Ebro
1383:and
1346:the
1278:Auts
1276:The
1200:Auts
1185:Ebro
1158:The
1104:1939
1074:Ebro
977:1938
895:Jaén
790:1937
694:Irún
611:1936
413:July
402:T-26
85:and
70:Date
1551:9th
1547:1st
1403:air
1320:at
1194:of
3380::
3324:.
3223:.
3057:^
2961:^
2930:^
2899:^
2877:^
2720:.
2685:^
2667:^
2593:^
2577:^
2561:^
2454:^
2438:^
2422:^
2402:^
2384:^
2368:^
2346:^
2223:.
2089:,
2085:,
2081:,
2077:,
2073:,
2001:,
1867:.
1828:,
1803::
1742:,
1720:,
1698:,
1654:,
1625::
1574:,
1549:,
1538::
1491:,
1473:,
1451:,
1449:XI
1225:.
1213:,
1174::
1170:,
1166::
561:/
89:,
3353:.
3332:.
3309:.
3280:.
3254:.
3229:.
3172:.
2728:.
2210:.
1903:.
1878:.
1560:.
1499:.
1459:.
1162:(
520:e
513:t
506:v
485::
478::
471::
457::
450::
443::
424::
415::
404:)
400:(
396::
387::
34:.
20:)
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