684:, where the Lombards fought valiantly under the Saracen arrows and the Teutonic charges. A column of men from Milanese noble families, despite the arrival of other Bergamo troops, was able to protect the rest of the army's retreat to Cortenuova till nightfall. To keep the army's morale as high as possible, Frederick ordered his troop to sleep with their armor on, and to attack at the first light of dawn. On the other side, the
39:
700:
who can describe the heaps of corpses and the number of captives?... the
Germans dyed their swords in blood;... the loyal Cremonese with the other states satiated their axes with blood; the Saracens emptied their quivers. Never in any war were so many corpses piled up; had not night come on suddenly,
691:
On the dawn of 28 November the
Imperials attacked the hastily-retreating Lombards, who collapsed with minimal resistance. Many drowned in the Oglio, which was overflowing due to a flood. About 5,000 Lombards were captured, and the wounded and killed numbered several thousand. The Milanese alone lost
623:(November 1237). The two armies remained fifteen days facing each other without battling, separated by a marsh that thwarted the knights' effectiveness. Frederick, whose army was becoming short of supply, left his camp in search of a more advantageous position, and on 24 November 1237 crossed the
675:
were unable to form a defense line, and fled to
Cortenuova. When Frederick and his main force reached the battlefield, it was scattered with knights, slain or wounded and his passage blocked by riderless horses. At Cortenuova, other Milanese and troops from
765:
remained alone in arms. Frederick, now at the top of his strength, besieged Milan. He rejected all
Milanese peace overtures, insisting on unconditional surrender. Milan and five other cities, however, held out, and, in October 1238, he had to raise the
643:
The
Lombards believed the rumors, skilfully spread by the emperor, that he was withdrawing to Cremona to spend the winter there. Therefore, they also started towards their winter quarters. However, Frederick had posted a contingent from Bergamo at
605:
among the others, although the latter's resistance gave time for most of the
Lombard League troops to reach Brescia. The 2,000-knights and 6,000-infantry strong army, led by
221:
431:
667:
The imperial vanguard included
Saracens and horsemen, which were the first units to attack the withdrawing Lombards, followed by the infantry. Taken by surprise, the
688:
of Milan, recognizing that the troops could not withstand another battle, ordered the abandonment of the town along with the
Carroccio and the rest of the baggage.
424:
272:
409:
282:
267:
558:, and Verona itself, as well as by Tuscan men led by Gaboard of Arnstein. Later 6,000 infantry and horsemen from the Kingdom of Sicily came, including
257:
214:
1283:
606:
123:
1249:
1226:
1194:
1019:
990:
961:
912:
860:
824:
1288:
714:, with the Carroccio towed by an elephant and Tiepolo chained on it. The latter was first detained in Apulia and then publicly executed in
207:
1303:
1273:
414:
1298:
528:
1145:
523:. Satisfied with this first outcome, he came back to Germany to deal with another German princes' rebellion, leaving
476:
118:
30:
1278:
1107:
710:
The
Lombard League's army was virtually annihilated. Frederick made a triumphal entrance in the allied city of
593:, whose council of nobles took the same decision in exchange for no formal submission. Frederick then invaded
1069:
374:
469:
559:
1293:
292:
631:, where the Lombardian League's army was camped, marching northwards to wait for the enemy's moves at
534:
In August 1237 the emperor returned again to Italy, this time aiming to definitively crush the Second
746:
399:
354:
1268:
657:
319:
232:
168:
543:
512:
492:
277:
1077:
419:
369:
404:
379:
359:
134:
8:
1128:
These units intervened at the end of the battle – "Emptying their quivers", as quoted by
742:
504:
448:
441:
364:
1243:
1220:
1188:
1013:
984:
955:
906:
854:
818:
693:
473:
334:
199:
645:
632:
524:
436:
339:
287:
151:
97:
93:
76:
1129:
767:
389:
324:
309:
252:
778:
394:
384:
329:
314:
127:
616:
535:
480:
262:
106:
1262:
715:
579:
774:
649:
495:. In the autumn of that year he decided to return to Italy to suppress the
491:
In 1235 Emperor
Frederick was in Germany to quell the rebellion of his son
1153:
722:
677:
602:
516:
101:
879:
Wörterbuch der Schlachten, Belagerungen und Treffen aller Völker 4. Band
718:. The Carroccio was later sent to Rome as a show of the imperial power.
661:
500:
64:
611:
681:
653:
628:
758:
730:
672:
620:
496:
159:
589:, which decided to surrender instead of being sacked, and then to
762:
754:
711:
594:
590:
563:
555:
547:
520:
38:
738:
734:
726:
652:. When the Lombard army had completed its crossing of Oglio at
586:
571:
539:
508:
750:
668:
660:, the imperial troops saw large clouds of smoke and moved to
624:
598:
575:
567:
551:
648:, which would inform him of the Lombard movements through
43:
14th century miniature depicting the Battle of Cortenuova.
229:
158:
7,000–10,000 Sicilians, including an unknown number of
948:
Mediæval popes, emperors, kings, and crusaders Vol.III
562:. The rest of the army was formed by Ghibellines from
468:) was fought on 27 November 1237 in the course of the
928:
Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste
899:
History of Frederick II: Emperor of the Romans Vol.II
701:
none of the enemy would have fled from Caesars hands.
664:, which was 18 km from their current positions.
876:
1006:Kämpfer grosses Menschentum aller Zeiten, Volume 1
741:were captured or submitted to the emperor, while
1260:
896:
503:, were contesting his authority. He arrived at
1213:Medieval Popes, Emperors, Kings and Crusaders
215:
1248:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1225:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1193:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1139:
1137:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1067:
1018:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
989:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
960:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
911:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
897:Kington-Oliphant, Thomas Laurence (1862).
877:Freiherr von Kausler, Franz Georg (1833).
859:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
823:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
542:and here his 2,000 knights were joined by
222:
208:
1003:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
977:Kaiser Friedrich II: Verwandler der Welt
974:
585:The imperial army marched first against
1284:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
1201:
1178:
1134:
1091:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
773:The emperor then went on to invade the
749:confirmed their Ghibelline allegiance.
128:
1261:
1233:
844:
808:
1236:History of Latin Christianity Vol. IV
1204:Federico II condottiero e diplomatico
941:
939:
937:
925:
892:
890:
888:
872:
870:
847:History of Latin Christianity Vol. IV
840:
838:
836:
834:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
582:, for a total of 12,000 – 15,000 men
531:, in Italy to monitor the situation.
203:
1210:
1026:
945:
1289:Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
692:2,500 soldiers Of the battlefield,
619:, occupied a favorable position at
546:'s troops, including soldiers from
13:
997:
968:
934:
919:
885:
867:
831:
791:
529:Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
14:
1315:
1143:
1304:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
37:
1122:
499:communes which, backed by Pope
31:Wars of Guelphs and Ghibellines
1274:1230s in the Holy Roman Empire
975:Schaller, Hans-Martin (1964).
721:The Lombard League disbanded.
1:
926:Ersch, Johann Samuel (1832).
784:
638:
486:
1299:Military history of Lombardy
1146:"La Battaglia di Cortenuova"
777:, and was excommunicated by
705:
519:leaders, sacked the city of
470:Guelphs and Ghibellines Wars
7:
1068:Roversi Monaco, Francesca.
946:Busk, Mrs. William (1856).
845:Milman, Henry Hart (1855).
10:
1320:
1179:Caproni, Riccardo (1987).
1172:
1070:"Cortenuova, Battaglia di"
1234:Milman, Henry H. (1855).
1181:La battaglia di Cortenova
1108:"Battaglia di Cortenuova"
747:Boniface II of Montferrat
538:. He crossed the Alps to
242:
183:
140:
112:
87:
47:
36:
28:
23:
1215:. Vol. III. London.
1004:Von Arnim, Hans (1923).
615:of Milan and son of the
597:'s territory, capturing
511:, and, with the help of
1202:Fornari, Carlo (2000).
811:Schlacht bei Cortenuova
234:Guelphs and Ghibellines
16:Battle in 1237 in Italy
1211:Busk, William (1856).
703:
560:Apulian Muslim archers
544:Ezzelino III da Romano
513:Ezzelino III da Romano
135:Guglielmo I da Rizolio
113:Commanders and leaders
1279:13th century in Italy
1206:. Bari: Adda Editore.
1078:Enciclopedia Italiana
809:Hadank, Karl (1905).
698:
680:rallied around their
299:Reign of Frederick II
184:Casualties and losses
178:(Comunes of Lombardy)
172:(Verona and Lombardy)
479:defeated the Second
462:Battle of Cortenuova
24:Battle of Cortenuova
743:Amadeus IV of Savoy
464:(sometimes spelled
164:(Kingdom of Sicily)
155:(Holy Roman Empire)
813:. Kreis Löwenberg.
694:Pietro della Vigna
474:Holy Roman Emperor
415:Henry VII campaign
1294:Conflicts in 1237
646:Cividate al Piano
525:Hermann von Salza
457:
456:
437:War of the Bucket
198:
197:
192:Thousands killed
98:Kingdom of Sicily
94:Holy Roman Empire
83:
82:
1311:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1152:. Archived from
1144:Carlo, Fornari.
1141:
1132:
1130:Pier delle Vigne
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1104:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1065:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
988:
980:
972:
966:
965:
959:
951:
943:
932:
931:
923:
917:
916:
910:
902:
894:
883:
882:
874:
865:
864:
858:
850:
842:
829:
828:
822:
814:
806:
768:siege of Brescia
390:Sicilian Vespers
375:Colle Val d'Elsa
237:
235:
224:
217:
210:
201:
200:
130:
55:27 November 1237
49:
48:
41:
21:
20:
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1312:
1310:
1309:
1308:
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1258:
1241:
1240:
1218:
1217:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1066:
1027:
1011:
1010:
1002:
998:
982:
981:
973:
969:
953:
952:
944:
935:
924:
920:
904:
903:
895:
886:
875:
868:
852:
851:
843:
832:
816:
815:
807:
792:
787:
779:Pope Gregory IX
708:
641:
489:
458:
453:
238:
233:
230:
228:
194:4,093 Captured
193:
179:
177:
173:
171:
166:
165:
163:
157:
156:
154:
149:
133:
100:
96:
68:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:1237 in Europe
1255:
1254:
1231:
1208:
1199:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1156:on 15 May 2011
1133:
1121:
1090:
1025:
996:
967:
933:
918:
884:
866:
830:
789:
788:
786:
783:
707:
704:
640:
637:
617:doge of Venice
607:Pietro Tiepolo
536:Lombard League
488:
485:
481:Lombard League
455:
454:
452:
451:
446:
445:
444:
434:
429:
428:
427:
422:
420:Milan uprising
412:
407:
402:
400:Pieve al Toppo
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
296:
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243:
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227:
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219:
212:
204:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
181:
180:
174:
147:10,000–15,000
143:
142:
138:
137:
124:Pietro Tiepolo
121:
115:
114:
110:
109:
107:Lombard League
104:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
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1272:
1270:
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1264:
1257:
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1232:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1110:. ARS Bellica
1109:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1079:
1075:
1071:
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841:
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771:
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740:
736:
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728:
724:
719:
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713:
702:
697:
695:
689:
687:
683:
679:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:smoke signals
647:
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626:
622:
618:
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588:
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363:
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358:
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353:
352:
351:
350:
349:-Frederick II
348:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
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279:
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261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:-Frederick II
247:
241:
236:
225:
220:
218:
213:
211:
206:
205:
202:
191:
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182:
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54:
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50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1256:
1235:
1212:
1203:
1180:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:the original
1150:Stupor Mundi
1149:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1081:. Retrieved
1073:
1005:
999:
979:. Göttingen.
976:
970:
947:
927:
921:
901:. Cambridge.
898:
878:
846:
810:
775:Papal States
772:
720:
709:
699:
690:
685:
666:
642:
610:
584:
533:
490:
477:Frederick II
465:
461:
459:
346:
345:
344:
304:
298:
297:
278:Monte Porzio
245:
244:
231:Wars of the
176:8,000–20,000
150:2,000–3,000
146:
119:Frederick II
88:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
1074:Federiciana
696:recorded:.
678:Alessandria
673:Piacentines
627:River near
603:Montichiari
370:Tagliacozzo
283:Alessandria
169:Ghibellines
102:Ghibellines
1263:Categories
1183:. Bergamo.
930:. Leipzig.
785:References
662:Cortenuova
639:The battle
517:Ghibelline
515:and other
501:Gregory IX
487:Background
405:Campaldino
380:Roccavione
360:Montaperti
305:Cortenuova
67:, Lombardy
65:Cortenuova
1244:cite book
1238:. London.
1221:cite book
1189:cite book
1014:cite book
1008:. Berlin.
985:cite book
956:cite book
950:. London.
907:cite book
855:cite book
849:. London.
819:cite book
706:Aftermath
682:Carroccio
658:Palazzolo
654:Pontoglio
629:Pontevico
472:: in it,
466:Cortenova
449:Gamenario
442:Zappolino
365:Benevento
293:Calcinato
759:Piacenza
731:Vercelli
669:Milanese
621:Manerbio
505:Valeggio
335:Fossalta
141:Strength
77:Imperial
60:Location
1173:Sources
1160:18 July
1114:18 July
1083:19 July
763:Bologna
755:Brescia
712:Cremona
686:podestĂ
633:Soncino
612:podestĂ
595:Brescia
591:Bergamo
564:Cremona
556:Vicenza
548:Treviso
521:Vicenza
507:, near
497:Lombard
432:Soncino
425:Brescia
355:Cassano
340:Cingoli
325:Viterbo
310:Brescia
288:Legnano
268:Carcano
258:Spoleto
253:Tortona
189:Unknown
162:archers
160:Saracen
152:Germans
126: (
79:victory
881:. Ulm.
761:, and
739:Savona
737:, and
735:Chieri
727:Novara
587:Mantua
580:Reggio
578:, and
572:Modena
540:Verona
509:Verona
410:Lastra
320:Giglio
315:Faenza
73:Result
751:Milan
716:Trani
625:Oglio
599:Goito
576:Parma
568:Pavia
552:Padua
493:Henry
395:Forli
385:Desio
330:Parma
273:Milan
263:Crema
1250:link
1227:link
1195:link
1162:2011
1116:2011
1085:2011
1020:link
991:link
962:link
913:link
861:link
825:link
745:and
723:Lodi
671:and
656:and
601:and
460:The
347:Post
167:801
52:Date
246:Pre
129:POW
1265::
1246:}}
1242:{{
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1148:.
1136:^
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1076:.
1072:.
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1012:{{
987:}}
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817:{{
793:^
781:.
770:.
757:,
753:,
733:,
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725:,
635:.
609:,
574:,
570:,
566:,
554:,
550:,
527:,
483:.
1252:)
1229:)
1197:)
1164:.
1118:.
1087:.
1022:)
993:)
964:)
915:)
863:)
827:)
223:e
216:t
209:v
132:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
