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646:, the Liberal fleet sailed next to the ships of the line of the Miguelite fleet and managed to board them, with fierce hand-to-hand fighting ensuing as the Miguelites desperately but fruitlessly attempted to repel the boarders. After this, the battle was practically decided; all four ships of the line, a frigate and a corvette were easily overpowered and captured. A major reason for the Liberal victory was that the majority of the Liberal crews were British
98:
676:
outbreak which was raging on in mainland
Portugal, with an appalling loss of life among the crews of his fleet resulting in more deaths from cholera amongst his men than from combat against the Miguelite fleet. Despite this, Napier was able to bring the Liberal fleet and the captured Miguelite prizes
650:
from the Royal Navy who were far better trained and equipped than the inexperienced and ill-equipped
Portuguese crew of the Miguelite fleet. In the battle the Liberal forces captured all four ships of the line, a frigate and a corvette, whose surviving crews agreed to fight for the Liberal cause and
593:
After two days of manoeuvring in very favourable conditions, Napier’s force was positioned to engage the
Miguelite fleet. The Miguelite fleet significantly outnumbered the Liberal one, and aimed to defeat the Liberal via superior firepower. Both fleets were essentially the remnants of the Portuguese
633:
As the fighting commenced, it was clear that Napier could not match
Marreiros in terms of firepower, and if the battle continued like this his fleet would be defeated in short order. Knowing that his ships could not continue to sustain a cannonade from such a superior opponent, Napier ordered his
762:
After the final defeat of Miguel and the death of Dom Pedro shortly afterwards, Napier found himself frustrated in his attempts to reform the naval administration of
Portugal and returned to England. His departure was followed by a vote of thanks to him in both houses of the
529:
in the
Mediterranean in 1813. The reasoning behind the name change was to escape the penalties under the Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819 which forbade British citizens to enlist in the armed forces of a foreign nation. In June 1833, Napier joined his new command in the
516:
of Pedro's navy before deciding to rescind his position. Napier gave himself a nom-de-guerre, 'Carlos de Ponza', in a transparent attempt to disguise his true identity as a
British officer when enlisting. The name 'Carlos de Ponza', meaning Charles of Ponza in
432:. The early exchange of cannon fire between the two fleets went on for some time before Napier decided that his numerically inferior squadron could not last long against the Miguelite fleet, and sailed his ships directly towards the Miguelite fleet.
739:, fought between the Liberal and Miguelite armies on May 16, 1834, resulted in a decisive Liberal victory, putting an end to the Liberal Wars. The Miguelite army was still formidable, numbering about roughly 18,000 men, but on May 24, 1834, at
460:, whose supporters were called Miguelites. The battle had a decisive effect on the war, since the Miguelite fleet at Cape St. Vincent was the last significant naval force that Don Miguel could muster, his other naval forces being lost in the
553:
and
Commander in Chief of the fleet. An eccentric but indomitable character, Napier restored order among the fleet, which had been close to mutiny due to lack of pay, and proposed a new strategy to break the siege. Flying his flag in the
451:
being captured, and the remainder of the
Miguelite fleet retreating from the engagement. The action took place in context of the Liberal Wars, a Portuguese civil war fought between the King of Portugal, Dom Pedro, and a
663:
and two other captains, and about 60 wounded, including
Charles Elers Napier, against 300 killed and wounded aboard the Miguelite fleet, including the Admiral of the Miguelite fleet, Manuel AntĂłnio Marreiros.
507:
purchased from the British. In February 1833, Napier, wishing to have a chance to see combat again, accepted their proposals to become head of the Liberal Fleet and replaced another British officer, Captain
420:
and resulted in a decisive victory for the Liberal fleet. Over the course of the battle, the Liberal fleet, despite being significantly outnumbered by the Miguelite fleet and lacking any
503:, who had offered him command of the small fleet that Dom Pedro had under his command. The fleet at that point largely consisted of a few aging frigates and corvettes, along with some
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610:, but they abandoned him while the two forces were becalmed on the 4th of July: thus the subsequent battle was perhaps the last significant naval engagement during the
435:
This decision by Napier was the deciding factor in the outcome of the battle, and the Miguelite crews proved no match for the Liberal crews, most of them being former
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seat for a second time in the by-election of December 1834. He then occupied himself until 1836 with writing a history of the Portuguese War and his own part in it.
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this force, on the return voyage he encountered the considerably superior fleet of Dom Miguel under the command of Miguelite admiral Manuel Marreiros off
712:
Continuing his Portuguese services, Napier commanded land forces in the successful defence of Lisbon on September 1833. For these services he was made
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navy that had fought in the Napoleonic Wars, being divided during the outbreak of war. Napier's squadron consisted of six ships: three frigates, a
484:
701:, he was restored to his rank in the Royal Navy within two years and the battle, largely won by British officers and crews, was viewed in the
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safely into Lisbon, which the Miguelites had precipitately abandoned after being defeated by Terceira’s army advancing from the south at the
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to protect British interests, and was received according to his Portuguese rank as an Admiral. Though he was subsequently struck off the
74:
942:
681:, a major Liberal victory. On 6 July, receiving news of the victory, Dom Pedro named Napier as Viscount Cape St Vincent in the
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as Chief of Staff, on 20 June he set sail from Oporto with his small fleet. The initial aim for Napier was to transport the
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restored the Constitutional Charter, but he died on September 24, 1834. Maria da GlĂłria resumed her interrupted reign as
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so that they could open a second front in the south of the country against the Miguelite forces and march on and capture
409:
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60:
618:. On 5 July, the wind eventually changed to allow Napier's ships to move forwards, and at 4.00 p.m. he engaged the
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fleet under the command of Portuguese naval officer Manuel Marreiros, which was fought on 5 July 1833 during the
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on 3 July 1833, and after two days of manoeuvring in calm and very light winds he engaged the Miguelite fleet.
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as maintaining the honour of the Royal Navy, which had reached the apogee of its success during the preceding
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606:, mounting a total of 176 guns. He had some small steamers under his command which he hoped to use as
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Dictionary of the ships of the French naval fleet from Colbert to the present day, 1671–1870
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716:, and Count of the Cape of Saint Vincent. On 12 September 1833, he captured the Miguelite
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Some time after the conclusion of the battle, the sailors of his fleet became ravaged by
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476:, deprived of any chance to be resupplied via the sea, quickly capitulated.
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compared to the Miguelite four, managed to close with the Miguelites,
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ships to sail directly towards the Miguelite vessels and attempt to
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An Account of the War in Portugal between Don Pedro and Don Miguel
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by the forces of Dom Miguel, bestowed on Napier his commission as
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Black Charlie, a life of Admiral Sir Charles Napier KCB 1787–1860
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659:. Napier’s losses were about 30 killed, including the captain of
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and half the total armed forces available to the Liberal to the
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443:. The battle resulted in four Miguelite ships of the line, one
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627:
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630:, three corvettes and a brig, mounting altogether 372 guns.
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personnel that had been discharged and sought service under
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A portrait of Napier in 1834, at the conclusion of the war.
743:, a peace treaty was signed under a concession by which
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Dom Pedro, who was currently trapped and besieged in
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between a Liberal fleet under the command of British
735:region for the Liberal cause. In the meantime, the
73:For other battles fought on the same location, see
638:and capture them in hand-to-hand combat. With his
767:. Napier unsuccessfully contested the Portsmouth
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496:, Napier had become acquainted with some exiled
747:formally renounced all claims to the throne of
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525:when he captured the French-held island of
492:Whilst serving in the Royal Navy near the
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943:Naval battles of the Liberal Wars
83:Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833)
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765:restored Portuguese parliament
685:. Napier visited Rear-Admiral
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257:4 ships of the line captured
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622:fleet which consisted four
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464:on 11 July 1831 against a
428:their ships and engage in
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399:Battle of Cape St. Vincent
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107:Antoine LĂ©on Morel-Fatio
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255:300 killed or wounded
185:Commanders and leaders
729:Court of Common Pleas
718:The Lord of the Isles
577:. After successfully
510:George Rose Sartorius
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472:. The Miguelite-held
247:Casualties and losses
874:Napier, Charles John
757:Maria II of Portugal
737:Battle of Asseiceira
651:swear allegiance to
563:Charles Elers Napier
252:90 killed or wounded
689:, stationed on the
683:peerage of Portugal
462:Battle of the Tagus
430:hand-to-hand combat
261:1 corvette captured
259:1 frigate captured
231:4 ships of the line
687:Sir William Parker
661:Rainha de Portugal
559:Rainha de Portugal
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356:Cape Saint Vincent
938:Conflicts in 1833
896:Napier, Priscilla
624:ships of the line
441:Pedro I of Brazil
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240:3 corvettes
221:1 corvette
219:3 frigates
120:5 July 1833
932:Categories
909:0859552098
797:References
745:Dom Miguel
741:Evoramonte
534:River off
498:Portuguese
480:Background
458:Don Miguel
437:Royal Navy
412:against a
386:Asseiceira
311:Belfastada
179:Miguelites
876:(2013) .
791:Miguelist
753:Dom Pedro
668:Aftermath
653:Don Pedro
644:manoeuvre
620:Miguelite
454:pretender
414:Miguelite
321:Praia Bay
233:1 frigate
51:July 2021
898:(1995).
775:See also
749:Portugal
648:veterans
640:flagship
604:schooner
596:corvette
501:liberals
449:corvette
447:and one
381:Sant’Ana
376:Almoster
227:schooner
214:Strength
167:Liberals
125:Location
721:steamer
674:cholera
657:Madeira
571:Algarve
556:frigate
519:English
514:Admiral
445:frigate
336:Mindelo
223:1 brig
34:sources
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699:French
602:and a
589:Battle
575:Lisbon
543:Oporto
536:Oporto
494:Azores
474:Lisbon
466:French
456:named
371:Pernes
242:1 brig
142:Result
733:Minho
691:Tagus
636:board
628:xebec
532:Douro
527:Ponza
426:board
346:Porto
326:Tagus
237:xebec
904:ISBN
882:ISBN
608:tugs
600:brig
598:, a
397:The
129:Off
117:Date
36:but
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