Battle of Arawe - Knowledge

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make haste. The 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment, stationed at Cape Bushing on the south coast of New Britain about 40 mi (64 km) east of Arawe, was also directed to move by sea to counter the Allied invasion. One of this battalion's infantry companies remained at Cape Bushing. Komori was appointed the commander of all Japanese forces in the Arawe area, which were subsequently designated the Komori Force. The 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment landed at the village of Omoi on the night of 18 December and started overland the next day to link up with Komori at Didmop. The battalion took eight days to cover the 7 mi (11 km) between Omoi and Didmop as it became lost on several occasions while travelling through trackless jungle and paused whenever contact with American forces seemed likely. Komori reached Didmop on 19 December and gathered the units that had retreated from Umtingalu into his command. On the basis of discussions with personnel who had witnessed the landing at Arawe, Komori mistakenly concluded that they had greatly overestimated the size of the Allied force. As a result, on 20 December he decided to launch a counteroffensive against the American positions.

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replaced with a 120-bed above-ground facility in April 1944. Pilelo Island was selected for the site of the PT boat facilities, and a pier for refueling the boats and dispersed fuel storage bays were built there. A 172 ft (52 m) pier was constructed at House Fireman Beach between 26 February and 22 April 1944 to accommodate small ships; three LCT jetties were also built north of the beach. A 920 ft (280 m) by 100 ft (30 m) airstrip was hurriedly built for artillery observation aircraft on 13 January, and this was later upgraded and surfaced with coral. The engineer company also constructed 5 mi (8.0 km) of all-weather roads in the Arawe region and provided the Director Task Force with water via salt water distillation units on Pilelo Island and wells dug on the mainland. These projects were continuously hampered by shortages of construction materials, but the engineers were able to complete them by improvising and making use of salvaged material.

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casualties on the American force. On 28 December part of the 112th Cavalry Regiment's "B" Troop set out from the MLR in an attempt to reach Umtingalu but withdrew after encountering snipers and some light mortar fire. A platoon from "C" Troop also made an unsuccessful patrol from the western end of the MLR during which it suffered six casualties from Japanese machine gun and rifle fire. The same day Komori dispatched a force of between 20 and 30 soldiers to destroy the American mortar positions. The Japanese soldiers infiltrated the American positions by wading through swamps at the western end of the MLR but were detected before they could reach dry land. The Director Task Force mounted a strong response which included a counterattack by elements of three cavalry troops and a platoon from the 158th Infantry Regiment supported by mortars. The Japanese force suffered 17 casualties.

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platoon-sized American patrols traveling in trucks northeast of Umtingalu. The American units withdrew to the village and reinforced "G" Troop's defensive position there. The American force defeated several Japanese attempts to move around Umtingalu during the day and killed at least three enemy soldiers. Cunningham believed that the force encountered around Umtingalu was the advance guard of a much larger body of Japanese soldiers advancing from Gasmata and so withdrew the troops stationed around the village to positions behind the MLR. At 22:30 that night, 50 Japanese soldiers made a poorly coordinated attack on the MLR. While they succeeded in overrunning some American positions, the Japanese were repulsed by fire from the 112th Cavalry's 60-millimeter (2.4 in) mortars. The Americans lost one man killed and eight wounded, and the Japanese suffered twelve casualties.

1253:, 20 mi (32 km) west of Arawe, on 18 December. After an exchange of gunfire the U.S. soldiers abandoned their landing craft and returned to Arawe along the coast. Another patrol travelling in LCVPs was fired on by Japanese barges near Umtingalu on 18 December but was able to return to Cape Merkus. Japanese barges were also sighted near Arawe on 23 December. Cunningham believed that a large Japanese force was heading for the beachhead and contacted Krueger on 24 December to request that the 2nd Battalion of the 158th Infantry Regiment be dispatched to reinforce his command. Krueger agreed to this request and ordered that three of the battalion's four infantry companies be sent to Arawe. "G" Company of the 2nd Battalion, 158th Infantry arrived on 27 December and the other two companies reached Arawe in early January. 1021: 1324: 1274:"G" Troop incurred three killed and 21 wounded in an unsuccessful attack on well-built Japanese positions. This operation had been conducted without artillery support in an attempt to surprise the Japanese and also included a feint against Umtingalu involving several LCMs. Further attacks on 6, 7 and 11 January failed to make any headway but gave the cavalrymen experience in maneuvering through the Japanese defensive positions. These American operations were conducted on a limited scale as Cunningham and the 112th Cavalry Regiment's other senior officers believed that the unit had already achieved the goals of the landing at Arawe and did not want to incur unnecessary casualties. 1066:

switched to the island's west coast after "A" Troop came under attack. After disembarking from their boats, the cavalrymen advanced east and came under fire from a small Japanese force stationed in two caves near the village of Winguru on the island's north coast. Ten cavalrymen were detached to contain the Japanese while the remainder of the troop continued to Paligmete. The village proved to be unoccupied and did not contain the suspected radio station. The majority of "B" Troop then attacked Winguru using bazookas and flamethrowers to destroy the Japanese positions. One American and seven Japanese soldiers were killed in the fighting. Personnel from the RAAF's

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against Gasmata, Ring Ring Plantation and Lindenhafen Plantation on New Britain's south coast. The Arawe area was struck for the first time on 6 December and again on 8 December; little opposition was encountered on either occasion. It was not until 14 December—the day before the landing—that heavy air attacks on Arawe were conducted; Allied aircraft flew 273 sorties against targets on New Britain's south coast that day. In addition to these air raids, a force comprising two Australian and two American destroyers (designated Task Force 74.2) bombarded the Gasmata area during the night of 29/30 November.

183: 136: 45: 1278: 195: 162: 1177: 927:. This battalion—which came under the command of Major Masamitsu Komori—was a four-day march from Arawe when the Allies landed. A company of soldiers from the 54th Infantry Regiment, some engineers and detachments from other units were also assigned to the Arawe area. The ground forces at Arawe came under the overall command of General Matsuda, whose headquarters were located near Cape Gloucester. The Japanese air units at Rabaul had been greatly weakened in the months prior to the landing at Arawe by prolonged Allied attacks and the transfer of the 683:-sized forces would conduct separate operations about an hour before the main landing. One troop was to capture Pitoe Island to the peninsula's south, as it was believed that the Japanese had established a radio station and a defensive position there which commanded the entrance to Arawe Harbor. The other troop was to land at Umtingalu and establish a blocking position on the coastal trail east of the peninsula. Once the beachhead was secure, amphibious patrols would be conducted to the west of the peninsula in an attempt to make contact with the 148: 486: 1093:. The first wave of cavalrymen were fortunate to meet little opposition as there were further delays in landing the follow-up waves owing to differences in the speeds of the two types of LVTs used. While the four follow-up waves were scheduled to land at five-minute intervals after the first wave, the second landed 25 minutes after the initial force, and the succeeding three waves landed simultaneously 15 minutes later. Within two hours of the landing, all the large Allied ships other than Barbey's flagship had departed from Arawe. 1311:

Japanese soldiers fell sick. Attempts to bring supplies in by sea from Gasmata were disrupted by U.S. Navy PT boats, and the force lacked enough porters to supply itself through overland trails. Komori concluded that his force was serving no purpose and on 8 February informed his superiors that it faced destruction because of supply shortages. They responded by ordering Komori to hold his positions, though his force was awarded two Imperial citations in recognition of its supposed success in defending the airstrip.

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east of the neck of the Arawe Peninsula, and a coastal trail leading east from Cape Merkus to the Pulie River where it split into tracks running inland and along the coast. The terrain to the west of the peninsula was a trackless region of swamp and jungle, which was very difficult for troops to move through. Several of the beaches in the Arawe area were suitable for landing craft; the best were House Fireman, on the peninsula's west coast, and one near the village of Umtingalu to the east of the peninsula's base.

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when the Marines advanced south to the east of their initial beachhead to secure Borgen Bay. Little fighting took place once this area had been captured, and the Marines patrolled extensively in an attempt to locate the Japanese. On 16 February a Marine patrol from Cape Gloucester made contact with an Army patrol from Arawe at the village of Gilnit. On 23 February the remnants of the Japanese force at Cape Gloucester were ordered to withdraw to Rabaul.

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being followed by a group of infantrymen. The cavalry troop and three tanks were initially held in reserve but were sent into action at 12:00 to mop up a Japanese position. The attack was successful and reached its objectives by 16:00. Cunningham then directed the force to withdraw to the MLR; during this part of the operation two Marine tanks—which had become immobile—were destroyed to prevent the Japanese from using them as

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26, 27 and 31 December. However, the Allied air forces were able to mount a successful defense of the Arawe area as the coastwatcher parties in New Britain provided 30 to 60 minutes warning of most incoming raids. Between 15 and 31 December, at least 24 Japanese bombers and 32 fighters were shot down near Arawe. During the same time period, Allied air units also raided airfields at Rabaul and

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27 February, when an attack conducted by the 2nd Squadron, 112th Cavalry and the Marine tank company to clear the Arawe area of Japanese encountered no opposition. The Director Task Force subsequently established observation posts along the southern coast of New Britain and increased the distances covered by its reconnaissance patrols.

372:. The PT boat base was subsequently deemed unnecessary and was not built. Only a small Japanese force was stationed at Arawe at the time, although reinforcements were en route. The main Allied landing on 15 December was successful despite a failed subsidiary landing and problems coordinating the landing craft. American forces quickly secured a 1105:(MLR). By the end of 15 December, more than 1,600 Allied troops were ashore. The two Japanese Army companies that had been stationed at Arawe withdrew to the northeast and took up positions at Didmop on the Pulie River about 8 mi (13 km) from the MLR; the naval unit defending Umtingalu retreated inland in a state of disarray. 380:(IJA) troops unsuccessfully counterattacked the American force. In mid-January 1944 the American force, reinforced with additional infantry and tanks, launched a brief offensive that pushed the Japanese back. The Japanese units at Arawe withdrew from the area towards the end of February as part of a general retreat from western New Britain. 923:

casualties when the ship transporting it from China was sunk. In addition, two of its rifle companies, most of its heavy machine guns and all its 70 mm (2.76 in) howitzers were retained by the 8th Area Army at Rabaul, leaving the battalion with just its headquarters, two rifle companies and a machine gun

734:-equipped 148th Field Artillery Battalion and the 59th Engineer Company. The other combat units of the Director Task Force were two batteries of the 470th Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion (Automatic Weapons), most of the 236th Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion (Searchlight), "A" Company of the 1291:

Japanese-held areas. By this time, the Komori Force had incurred casualties of at least 65 killed, 75 wounded and 14 missing in action as a result of its offensive actions as well as the attacks on it conducted by the Director Task Force. The Japanese were also suffering from severe supply shortages and an outbreak of

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31 November. All elements of the regiment were ashore at Goodenough by 2 December. A full-scale rehearsal of the landing was held at the island on 8 December; this revealed problems with coordinating the waves of boats and demonstrated that some of the force's officers were insufficiently trained in

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Each of the U.S. Army's dismounted cavalry regiments comprised a regimental headquarters and headquarters troop, a service troop, a weapons troop, a medical detachment, a band (whose members also served as stretcher bearers) and two cavalry squadrons. Each of the dismounted squadrons comprised a

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After organizing his force while waiting for the 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment, Komori began his advance on Arawe on 24 December. He arrived at the airstrip to the north of Arawe during the early hours of Christmas Day. During that morning, elements of the Komori Force ambushed two

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and four LCTs. About 42 men on board these ships were killed or seriously wounded. Another reinforcement convoy was attacked three times by dive bombers on 21 December as it unloaded at Arawe. Overall, at least 150 Japanese aircraft attacked Arawe that day. Further air attacks took place on

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There is no consensus among historians on whether the Allied offensive at Arawe was necessary. While some have argued that the landing served as a useful diversion ahead of the Cape Gloucester operation, others believe that the entire campaign in western New Britain was unnecessary and that the force

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began to arrive at Arawe in April 1944 to assume responsibility for garrisoning the area. The 112th Cavalry Regiment was informed that it was to be deployed in New Guinea in early June, and the Director Task Force was dissolved at this time. The regiment sailed for the Aitape area of New Guinea

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The landing conducted by "B" Troop at Pilelo Island was successful. The goal of this operation was to destroy a Japanese radio station believed to be at the village of Paligmete on the island's east coast. The troop was originally intended to come ashore near Paligmete, but the landing site was

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in New Guinea—which were needed to support the landing—could be made operational. This date also gave the landing force time to conduct essential training and rehearsals. As Arawe was believed to be only weakly defended, Krueger decided to use a smaller force than the one which had been intended for

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at which it was decided to land a small force in the Arawe area. This operation had three goals: to divert Japanese attention from Cape Gloucester, to provide a base for PT boats, and to establish a defensive perimeter and make contact with the Marines once they landed. It was intended that PT boats

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In the period immediately after the Japanese withdrawal, the Director Task Force remained at Arawe. In line with standard practice, the 112th Cavalry continued to improve the defensive positions in the area. The regiment also undertook training, and some men were granted leave to Australia and

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The 1st Marine Division's landing at Cape Gloucester on 26 December 1943 was successful. The Marines secured the airfields that were the main objective of the operation on 29 December against only light Japanese opposition. Heavy fighting took place during the first two weeks of 1944

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heavy bombers dropped 136 bombs on the Japanese defenses, and 20 B-25s strafed the area. Following an intensive artillery and mortar barrage the Marine tank company, two companies of the 158th Infantry and C Troop, 112th Cavalry Regiment attacked. The tanks led the advance, with each

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The 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment arrived in the Arawe area on the afternoon of 29 December and conducted several small and unsuccessful attacks in early January before taking up positions about 400–500 yd (370–460 m) north of the American MLR. These positions comprised

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The 112th Cavalry RCT strengthened its defensive positions during the week following the invasion. As "A" Troop had lost all of its weapons and other equipment during the landing attempt at Umtingalu, supplies were air-dropped into the beachhead during the afternoon of 16 December to

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were also kept busy throughout January and February defending their bases from continuous Allied air attacks. Few raids were made against the Arawe area after 90 mm anti-aircraft guns were established there on 1 February. These weak attacks did not disrupt the Allied convoys. In the three

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Air attacks on Arawe dropped off after 1 January 1944. As a result of the heavy losses they suffered during attacks on Arawe and Cape Gloucester, and the damage caused by Allied raids on Rabaul, Japanese air units conducted only small-scale raids at night after this date. The IJN fighter units

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writes that "Arawe was of small value" as the Allies never used it as a naval base and the garrison stationed in the area after the landings would have been better employed elsewhere. The U.S. Army's official history concluded that in retrospect the landings at Arawe and Cape Gloucester "were

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Following the American attack, Komori pulled his remaining force back to defend the airstrip. As this was not an Allied objective, the Japanese were not subjected to further attacks by ground troops other than occasional patrol clashes and ambushes. As a result of the supply shortages, many of the

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The Japanese offensive continued after the Christmas Day attack. Two small attacks, each involving 15 soldiers, were made against the eastern edge of the MLR on the nights of 26 and 27 December. These were also repulsed by the 112th Cavalry's light mortars and inflicted only a small number of

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The commander of the Japanese 17th Division—Lieutenant General Yasushi Sakai—ordered that Arawe be urgently reinforced when he was informed of the landing there. He did not believe that this would be the main Allied effort in western New Britain, however. The force under Komori was ordered to

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The Allied air forces began pre-invasion raids on western New Britain on 13 November. Few attacks were made on the Arawe area, however, as the Allies hoped to achieve tactical surprise for the landing and did not want to alert the Japanese to their intentions. Instead, heavy attacks were made

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In late 1943, the Arawe Peninsula was covered by coconut trees which formed part of the Amalut Plantation; the terrain inland from the peninsula and on its offshore islands was swampy. Most of the shoreline in the area has limestone cliffs. There was a small unused airfield 4 mi (6.4 km)

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network. A reserve defensive line was also established closer to Cape Merkus, and patrols were conducted each day along the shores of the peninsula in search of Japanese personnel attempting to infiltrate the Task Force's rear area. These patrols located and killed between ten and twenty Japanese

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in New Guinea which were believed to be the bases of the aircraft which had attacked Arawe. In aerial combat over Rabaul on 17, 19, and 23 December, 14 Zeros were shot down by Allied aircraft. The process of unloading ships at Arawe was hampered by air attacks and congestion on House Fireman

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Once ashore, the cavalrymen rapidly secured the Arawe Peninsula. An American patrol sent to the peninsula's toe met only scattered resistance from Japanese rear guards. More than 20 Japanese located in a cave on the east side of the peninsula were killed by members of "E" Troop and personnel

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The 2nd Squadron, 112th Cavalry Regiment made the main landing at House Fireman Beach. The landing was delayed by a strong current and difficulties forming the LVTs into an assault formation, and the first wave went ashore at 07:28 rather than 06:30 as planned. Destroyers bombarded the beach

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where it was stripped of all equipment not needed for combat operations. Logistical plans called for the assault echelon to carry 30 day's worth of general supplies and enough ammunition for three days of intensive combat. After the landing, holdings would be expanded to 60 day's worth of general

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throughout the Arawe area; these included positions in villages, key positions on the peninsula and on several offshore islands. "G" Troop was assigned to secure Umtingalu, and after doing so the troop established a patrol base at the village as well as two observation posts along the track

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in the coming months en route to Japan's inner perimeter in the western and central Pacific. Accordingly, reinforcements were dispatched to strategic locations in the area in an attempt to slow the Allied advance. Strong forces were retained at Rabaul, however, as it was believed that the Allies

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The Komori Force was also directed to withdraw on 24 February as part of the general Japanese retreat from western New Britain. The Japanese immediately began to leave their positions and head north along inland trails to join other units. The Americans did not detect this withdrawal until

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to Arawe; the two units arrived on 10 and 12 January respectively. The Marine tanks and two companies of the 158th Infantry Regiment subsequently practiced tank-infantry cooperation from 13 to 15 January; during this period the 112th Cavalry continued to conduct patrols into

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Following the landing, the 59th Engineer Company constructed logistics facilities in the Arawe area. Because of the Japanese air raids, priority was given to the construction of a partially underground evacuation hospital, which was completed in January 1944. The underground hospital was

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The Director Task Force was concentrated at Goodenough Island in early December 1943. The 112th Cavalry was notified that it had been selected for the Arawe operation on 24 November and departed Woodlark for the short voyage to Goodenough Island in two convoys that sailed on 30 and

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carrying the division were attacked by U.S. Navy submarines and USAAF bombers and suffered 1,173 casualties. The 1st Battalion, 81st Infantry Regiment was assigned to defend Cape Merkus. However, it did not depart Rabaul until December as it needed to be reorganized after suffering

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An American patrol located the Japanese defensive position on 1 January 1944. "B" Troop of the 112th Cavalry Regiment launched an attack later that morning but was beaten off by heavy fire; the Americans suffered three killed and 15 wounded in this action. On 4 January

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The Japanese force at Arawe suffered much heavier casualties than the Allies. The Director Task Force's total casualties between 15 December 1943 and the end of major fighting in the area were 118 dead, 352 wounded, and four missing. Most of these casualties were members of the

565:—commander of the Allied Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific—opposed the landings, arguing that his forces did not need air fields at Cape Gloucester as the existing bases in New Guinea and surrounding islands were adequate to support the planned landings in the region. Vice Admiral 1148:

Although the U.S. ground troops faced no opposition in the days immediately after the landing, naval convoys carrying reinforcements to the Arawe area were repeatedly attacked. The second supply echelon came under continuous air attack on 16 December, resulting in the loss of

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stationed on New Britain were reinforced during September and October 1943 to provide warning of air attacks from Rabaul bound for the Allied landing sites and to report on Japanese barge and troop movements. In addition to a coastwatching team already in place at Cape Orford near

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After establishing its beachhead, the Director Task Force conducted a series of reconnaissance patrols. Cunningham had been ordered to gather intelligence on Japanese forces in western New Britain, and on 17 December he dispatched a patrol of cavalrymen in two

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re-equip the unit. The troop was also assigned 50 replacement personnel. Most of "B" Troop was also transferred from Pilelo Island to the mainland in the days after the landing. The regiment improved its MLR by removing vegetation in order to create clear

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supplies and six day's worth of all categories of ammunition other than anti-aircraft ammunition, for which a 10-day supply was thought necessary. The assault force and its supplies were to be carried in fast ships which could rapidly unload their cargo.

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before turning toward Arawe after dusk on 14 December. The convoy was detected by a Japanese aircraft shortly before it anchored off Arawe at 03:30 on 15 December, and the 11th Air Fleet at Rabaul began to prepare aircraft to attack it.

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silenced the Japanese force with two salvos from her 5 in (130 mm) guns. The surviving cavalrymen were rescued by small boats and later landed at House Fireman beach; casualties in this operation were 12 killed, four missing and 17 wounded.

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strafed the area once the bombardment concluded, but the landing area was not under fire as the troops approached the beach. This allowed Japanese machine gunners to fire on the LVTs, but these guns were rapidly silenced by rockets fired from

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was held in reserve to reinforce the Director Task Force if required. Several engineer, medical, ordnance and other support units were scheduled to arrive at Arawe after the landing was completed. Cunningham requested a battery equipped with

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shallow trenches and foxholes which were difficult to see. Although there were only about 100 Japanese soldiers in the area, they moved their six machine guns frequently, making them difficult targets for American mortars and artillery.

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On 6 January Cunningham requested further reinforcements, including tanks, to tackle the Japanese defenses. Krueger approved this request and ordered "F" Company, 158th Infantry Regiment and "B" Company of the USMC

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weeks after the landing, 6,287 short tons (5,703 t) of supplies as well as 541 artillery guns and vehicles were transported to Arawe. On 20 February, the Japanese air units at Rabaul and Kavieng were permanently withdrawn to

902:), the area south of Wide Bay, and the neck between Wide Bay and Open Bay. The Gasmata party was discovered by the Japanese while en route to its destination and eliminated, but the other teams were in place by the end of October. 1448:

According to Hata, Imperial Japanese Navy air units based at Rabaul lost three Zeros on the 16th, four Zeros on the 21st, five Zeros on the 26th, four Zeros on the 27th, and four Zeros on the 31st in raids on both Arawe and Cape

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carrying "A" and "B" Troops of the 112th Cavalry Regiment's 1st Squadron closed to within 1,000 yd (910 m) of Umtingalu and Pilelo Island respectively, and unloaded the soldiers into rubber boats.

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reconnoitered Arawe on the night of 9/10 December and concluded that there were few Japanese troops in the area. The Japanese detected this party near the village of Umtingalu and strengthened their defenses there.

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between New Guinea and New Britain so that convoys could safely pass through them en route to conduct further landings along New Guinea's north coast and beyond. To this end, GHQ directed that both Cape Gloucester and

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Komori fell behind his unit and was killed on 9 April near San Remo on New Britain's north coast when he, his executive officer, and two enlisted men they were travelling with were ambushed by a patrol from the

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At the time of the Allied landing, the Arawe area was defended by only a small force, though reinforcements were en route. The Japanese force at Arawe comprised 120 soldiers and sailors organized in two temporary

435:, with the goals of eliminating Japanese positions in the region and establishing air bases close to Rabaul. The Japanese forces in the area mounted a strong resistance but were unable to stop the Allied advance. 959:

Operation Dexterity was preceded by a major Allied air offensive which sought to neutralize the Japanese air units stationed at Rabaul. From 12 October until early November, the Fifth Air Force frequently

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Alamo Force was responsible for coordinating plans for the invasion of western New Britain. The Arawe landing was scheduled for 15 December as this was the earliest date by which the air bases around

617:) from the island's western tip. Its main geographical feature is Cape Merkus, which ends in the L-shaped Arawe Peninsula. Several small islands called the Arawe Islands lie to the southwest of the cape. 729:

compared to the three battalions in infantry regiments. Moreover, the squadrons were smaller and more lightly equipped than their infantry equivalents. The 112th RCT's combat support units were the

1307:. American engineers destroyed the Japanese defensive position the next day. The Director Task Force suffered 22 killed and 64 wounded in this operation and estimated that 139 Japanese had been killed. 3109: 1173:

Beach. The beach party contributed to these delays as it was inexperienced and too small. The resultant problems with unloading LCTs caused some to leave the area before discharging all their cargo.

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probably not essential to the reduction of Rabaul or the approach to the Philippines", though the offensive in western New Britain had some benefits and was not "excessively high in casualties".

652:, opposed building extensive PT boat facilities at Arawe as he had sufficient bases and Japanese barges normally sailed along the north coast of New Britain. Mumma took his concerns to Admiral 1132:, but these ships managed to evade the bombs dropped on them. The first wave of attackers suffered no losses, but at 11:15 four P-38s shot down a Zero, and at 18:00 a force of 30 Zeros and 12 750:

anti-aircraft guns, but none were available. The U.S. Navy's Beach Party Number 1 would also be landed with the Director Task Force and remain at Arawe until the beachhead was secured.

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would support the landing, but only limited air support was to be available after 15 December as the available aircraft were needed for strategic missions against Japanese bases.

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of the USMC in World War II stated that the presence of two experienced Japanese battalions at Arawe made the 1st Marine Division's task at Cape Gloucester easier. However,

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from the squadron headquarters; the remaining Japanese units in the area retreated to the east. The 2nd Squadron reached the peninsula's base at 14:30, where it began to prepare its

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assessed the strategic situation in the Southwest Pacific in late September 1943 and concluded that the Allies would attempt to break through the northern Solomon Islands and

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Full-strength Japanese infantry battalions comprised a headquarters, a battalion train, a machine gun company, a battalion gun platoon or company and four infantry companies.

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around the town as well as ships in its harbor. Aircraft flying from U.S. Navy aircraft carriers also attacked Rabaul on 5 and 11 November in support of the USMC's

3040: 675:—issued orders for the landing on 4 December. He directed that the Task Force would initially capture the Arawe Peninsula and its surrounding islands and establish an 3124: 1067: 713:

had arrived in the Pacific in August 1942 but had not seen combat. It was dismounted and converted to an infantry unit in May 1943 and undertook an unopposed landing at

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112th Cavalry Regiment, which suffered 72 killed, 142 wounded and four missing. Japanese casualties over this period were 304 men killed and three captured.

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in November 1943. In June 1943 the Joint Chiefs of Staff decided that it was unnecessary to capture Rabaul as the Japanese base there could be neutralized by

660:, who eventually agreed that he would not be required to establish a base there if he thought it unnecessary. Instead, Mumma assigned six boats stationed at 3114: 3149: 3144: 258: 1045:

lowered landing craft, both operated by specialized Marine and U.S. Army units. The two large transports departed for New Guinea at 05:00. The

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were also issued. The cavalrymen received little training on the use of these weapons and did not know how to make the best use of them in combat.

3154: 3013:. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. 2444: 918:, which had been shipped from China to Rabaul during October 1943 to reinforce western New Britain ahead of the expected Allied invasion. The 2448: 761:

The Director Task Force was supported by Allied naval and air units. The naval force was drawn from TF 76 and comprised U.S. Navy

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at Cape Gloucester. U.S. Navy personnel on the planning staff were concerned about these subsidiary landings, as a night-time landing

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to operate along the south coast of New Britain east of Arawe each night, and he asked only for emergency refuelling facilities at Arawe.

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area on 15 December 1943. The Allies secured Arawe after about a month of intermittent fighting with the outnumbered Japanese force.

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The invasion force boarded transport ships during the afternoon of 13 December, and the convoy sailed at midnight. It proceeded to

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The Allies possessed little intelligence on western New Britain's terrain and the locations of Japanese forces, so they flew extensive

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to secure western New Britain and the surrounding islands. This operation had two goals, the first of which was to establish air and

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on the trail leading to the Pulie River. The main body was to land at House Fireman Beach on the Arawe Peninsula at about dawn. Two

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the United States. Combat patrols continued to be conducted in the Arawe region in search of Japanese stragglers. Elements of the

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area. These landing craft encountered seven Japanese barges carrying part of the 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment near

1140:-II "Sally" bombers was driven off by four P-38s. The Japanese lost two Zeros in the day's air actions, but both pilots survived. 3057: 2912: 742: 721:) on 23 June. The 112th Cavalry Regiment was smaller and more lightly armed than U.S. infantry regiments as it had only two 551: 376:

and dug in. Japanese air units made large-scale raids against the Arawe area in the days after the landing, and in late December

3022: 2807: 1357: 915: 911: 706: 555: 2546: 84: 2994: 2860: 2715: 2690: 2671: 2631: 251: 2706:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. 2643: 2851:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. 1232: 561:

Senior Allied commanders disagreed over whether it was necessary to land forces in western New Britain. Lieutenant General

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would attempt to capture the town. At the time, Japanese positions in western New Britain were limited to airfields at

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Movements of Japanese forces in western New Britain during late 1943 and early 1944 and locations of Allied landings

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traffic along the southern shore of New Britain and protect the Allied naval forces at Cape Gloucester from attack.

3134: 3086: 244: 44: 700: 442:—to capture Rabaul. During the next five months, Australian and U.S. forces under the overall command of General 307: 2790:

Mortensen, Bernhardt L. (1950). "Rabaul and Cape Gloucester". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (eds.).

981: 3169: 3159: 2551:. Army Historical Series (Online ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 1108:

The Allied naval force off Arawe was subjected to a heavy air raid shortly after the landing. At 09:00 eight

871: 510:

which provided small boats travelling between Rabaul and New Guinea with shelter from Allied aerial attacks.

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remained in the area to rescue the survivors of the landing at Umtingalu and withdrew later that day.

2880:. Engineers of the Southwest Pacific 1941–1945; v. 6. Washington, D.C.: US Government Print. Office. 1362: 965: 547: 350: 287: 2452: 2739:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Department of the Army. 1370: 1203: 928: 738: 518: 475: 402: 302: 292: 3048:. Reports of General MacArthur. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 1323: 1121: 1102: 1038: 985: 907: 846: 479: 78: 1435: 1004: 932: 833: 765: 377: 330: 2732: 1124:. The Japanese force attacked the recently arrived first supply echelon, which comprised five 513:

On 22 September 1943 MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) directed Lieutenant General

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The Director Task Force launched its attack on 16 January. That morning, a squadron of

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American soldiers returning to positions at Arawe after completing a patrol in December 1943

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and a detachment from the 26th Quartermaster War Dog Platoon. The 2nd Battalion of the

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the landing at Gasmata. This force, designated the Director Task Force, was concentrated at

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in late December 1943. The Japanese military was expecting an Allied offensive in western

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sorties over the region, and small ground patrols were landed from PT boats. A team from

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Historians disagree over whether the Arawe operation was worthwhile for the Allies. The

584:

On 21 November, a conference between GHQ, Kenney, Carpender and Barbey was held in

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Office of the Chief Engineer, General Headquarters, Army Forces, Pacific (1951), p. 192

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bases to attack the Japanese forces at Rabaul. The second objective was to secure the

3049: 3014: 3005: 2990: 2971: 2952: 2933: 2904: 2881: 2852: 2828: 2797: 2776: 2740: 2707: 2686: 2667: 2635: 2607: 2585: 2552: 2531: 2514: 2507: 1341: 1194:, ending any significant aerial threat to Allied forces in New Britain from the IJN. 1117: 939:

had 100 fighters and 50 bombers based at Rabaul at the time of the landing at Arawe.

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Initial Allied goals for the landing at Arawe included securing a base for American

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to rendezvous with most of the escorting destroyers and made a feint north toward

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Office of the Chief Engineer, General Headquarters, Army Forces, Pacific (1951).

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and the Allied Naval Forces, Southwest Pacific Area—as well as Rear Admiral

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advanced along the north coast of eastern New Guinea, capturing the town of

2659: 1365:. The 40th Infantry Division maintained a garrison at Arawe until the 1191: 895: 342: 32: 2509:

MacArthur's Amphibious Navy: Seventh Amphibious Force Operations 1943–1945

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with 1,800 rounds of 5 inch ammunition between 06:10 and 06:25, and

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Naval Warfare 1919–45: An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea

538:

on New Britain's south coast be captured. This offensive was code-named

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and was reinforcing the region at the time of the Allied landing in the

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The commander of the PT boat force in the Southwest Pacific, Commander

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Vol. IV, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944

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near Cape Merkus. In addition, the regiment established a network of

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The Arawe area lies on the south coast of New Britain about 100

373: 153: 2685:. Modern War Studies. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 2580:

MacArthur's Ultra: Codebreaking and the War against Japan, 1942–1945

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also landed on Pilelo Island on 15 December and established a

710: 665: 585: 485: 467: 365: 2658: 2545:

Coakley, Robert W. (1989). "World War II: The War Against Japan".

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Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea

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The Director Task Force was centered around the U.S. Army's

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and had the objective of serving as a diversion before a larger

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Japanese Naval Air Force Fighter Units and Their Aces 1932–1945

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Japanese Army in World War II: Conquest of the Pacific 1941–42

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assumed responsibility for New Britain in late November 1944.

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In June 1943 the Allies launched a major offensive—designated

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directed that the main objective of the Allied forces in the

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Learning Under Fire: A Combat Unit in the Southwest Pacific

1429:, who served in the 112th Cavalry Regiment during the 1090: 898:, Gasmata, Open Bay (on the north coast at the base of the 610: 2903:(Book). College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University. 2737:

United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific

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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

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USMC tanks supporting the Army advance on 16 January

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simultaneously advanced through the Solomon Islands from

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employed at Arawe could have been better used elsewhere.

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Two U.S. Army trucks moving through a camp area at Arawe

419:

area commands was to capture the major Japanese base at

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US Special Warfare Units in the Pacific Theatre 1941–45

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World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study

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Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy

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General Walter Krueger. Unsung Hero of the Pacific War

2513:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. 671:

The Director Task Force's commander—Brigadier General

2932:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2775:. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 1361:

on 8 June and next saw combat there during the

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Shortly after the assault convoy arrived off Arawe,

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Japanese evacuation routes from western New Britain

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Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2421: 2419: 2417: 2332: 2330: 2270: 2268: 2249: 2247: 2225: 2223: 2192: 2190: 2188: 1785: 1474: 589:operating from Arawe would disrupt Japanese 3115:Battles of World War II involving Australia 2662:; Yasuho Izawa; Christopher Shores (2011). 2081: 2049: 1594: 1467: 1465: 454:. U.S. forces under the command of Admiral 3150:United States Marine Corps in World War II 3145:South West Pacific theatre of World War II 3038: 2827:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2387: 2304: 2232: 1992: 1958: 1940: 1833: 1815: 1689: 1648: 1630: 1576: 1551: 1407:small headquarters and three rifle troops. 1342:landed around Volupai and captured Talasea 1268: 259: 245: 16:1943–44 WWII battle in the Pacific Theater 2789: 2680: 2414: 2327: 2265: 2244: 2220: 2185: 2040: 1983: 1210:and wire entanglements and laying down a 942: 931:to western New Guinea. Nevertheless, the 707:112th Cavalry Regimental Combat Team 3004:Shaw, Henry I.; Douglas T. Kane (1963). 2965: 2946: 1737: 1462: 1433:in 1945, based an incident in his novel 1322: 1276: 1231: 1175: 1019: 752: 600: 484: 368:and diverting Japanese forces away from 266: 3120:Battles of World War II involving Japan 2984: 2927: 2822: 2763: 2544: 2106: 2104: 2102: 345:. The battle formed part of the Allied 158: 3097: 2892: 2841: 2730: 2530:. Great Britain: Seaforth Publishing. 2504: 3155:Amphibious operations of World War II 2810:from the original on 26 November 2006 2598: 2525: 1024:Arawe landings, 15 December 1943 739:1st Amphibious Tractor Battalion 392: 240: 49:U.S. Army soldiers land at Arawe 3039:Willoughby, Charles A., ed. (1966). 2751:from the original on 4 February 2012 2733:"CARTWHEEL: The Reduction of Rabaul" 2699: 2620: 2575: 2099: 1223: 2915:from the original on 8 October 2015 691:in September had proven difficult. 13: 2646:from the original on 22 April 2021 1112:"Val" dive bombers escorted by 56 894:, five other parties were sent to 694: 14: 3186: 3074: 3025:from the original on 9 March 2012 2863:from the original on 12 July 2015 2411:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 413–427 2345:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 392–393 2137:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 340–342 1955:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 338–339 1803:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 327–328 1794:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 339–340 1686:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 334–335 1539:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 324–325 878:(RAAF) units operating under the 552:126th Regimental Combat Team 3080: 2718:from the original on 9 July 2015 2485: 2476: 2467: 2437: 2428: 1144:Air attacks and base development 193: 181: 160: 146: 134: 43: 2848:Air War Against Japan 1943–1945 2627:Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945 2497: 2405: 2396: 2369: 2339: 2318: 2286: 2277: 2256: 2199: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2072: 2031: 2022: 2004: 1974: 1949: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1824: 1806: 1797: 1776: 1767: 1728: 1698: 1680: 1639: 1567: 1442: 1419: 1410: 1400: 1220:which connected it to the MLR. 1074:station there within 48 hours. 701:Battle of Arawe order of battle 462:and established an air base at 2769:Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier 2205:Willoughby (1966), pp. 237–238 1542: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1: 2989:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2970:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2878:Airfield and Base Development 2128:Mortensen (1950), pp. 337–338 1889:Mortensen (1950), pp. 332–335 1880:Mortensen (1950), pp. 318–328 1388: 872:United States Army Air Forces 550:, and the heavily reinforced 495:Imperial General Headquarters 387: 2966:Rottman, Gordon L. (2005b). 2893:Powell, James Scott (2006). 2681:Holzimmer, Kevin C. (2007). 2606:. Melbourne: Penguin Books. 2384:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 403 2366:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 394 2354:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 393 2301:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 392 2217:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 342 2019:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 339 1937:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 338 1677:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 336 1663:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 335 1627:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 334 1485:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 343 1456: 1314: 743:158th Infantry Regiment 596: 7: 3035:Retrieved 12 December 2011. 2985:Rottman, Gordon L. (2009). 1871:Morison (2001), pp. 374–375 1521:Coakley (1989), pp. 510–511 1512:Coakley (1989), pp. 504–507 1358:40th Infantry Division 1185:based at Rabaul and nearby 1028: 629: 423:on the northeastern tip of 10: 3191: 2505:Barbey, Daniel E. (1969). 2491:Miller (1959), pp. 294–295 2375:Miller (1959), pp. 289–294 2037:Miller (1959), pp. 286–287 2028:Barbey (1969), pp. 106–107 2010:Miller (1959), pp. 285–286 1853:Miller (1959), pp. 276–277 1830:Miller (1959), pp. 281–282 1812:Rottman (2005b), pp. 29–31 1734:Barbey (1969), pp. 103–104 1645:Miller (1959), pp. 274–275 1573:Miller (1959), pp. 273–274 1548:Miller (1959), pp. 272–273 1530:Miller (1959), pp. 224–225 1338:2nd Battalion, 5th Marines 1116:fighters evaded the USAAF 988:; 2.36-inch (6.0 cm) 953:Special Service Unit No. 1 876:Royal Australian Air Force 736:United States Marine Corps 698: 624: 396: 351:landing at Cape Gloucester 2947:Rottman, Gordon (2005a). 2823:Murfett, Malcolm (2009). 2731:Miller, John Jr. (1959). 2548:American Military History 1782:Feldt (1991), pp. 341–349 1704:Rottman (2009), pp. 21–22 1363:Battle of Driniumor River 1015: 748:90 mm (3.54 in) 548:Cape Gloucester operation 278: 216: 203: 174: 127: 53: 42: 30: 25: 3105:1943 in Papua New Guinea 2928:Rottman, Gordon (2002). 2576:Drea, Edward J. (1992). 2402:Powell (2006), pp. 84–85 2292:Powell (2006), pp. 81–82 2283:Powell (2006), pp. 79–81 2262:Powell (2006), pp. 78–79 2182:Mortensen (1950), p. 335 2146:Mortensen (1950), p. 341 2069:Mortensen (1950), p. 336 1925:Powell (2006), pp. 66–67 1898:Gill (1968), pp. 336–337 1773:Gill (1968), pp. 335–336 1591:Holzimmer (2007), p. 117 1393: 1041:amphibious tractors and 982:Browning Automatic rifle 476:Combined Chiefs of Staff 403:Solomon Islands campaign 293:Neutralisation of Rabaul 3135:Territory of New Guinea 3044:Volume II – Part I 2666:. London: Grub Street. 1439:on this failed landing. 1269:American counter-attack 1103:main line of resistance 986:Thompson submachine gun 966:landing at Bougainville 709:(112th RCT). This 569:—commander of both the 558:was to attack Gasmata. 407:In July 1942, the U.S. 79:Territory of New Guinea 2155:Hata (2011), pp. 66–69 2096:Morison (2001), p. 377 2055:Morison (2001), p. 376 1862:Rottman (2005a), p. 37 1764:Morison (2001), p. 373 1755:Morison (2001), p. 374 1615:Rottman (2002), p. 186 1603:Morison (2001), p. 372 1503:Murfett (2009), p. 316 1436:The Naked and the Dead 1328: 1282: 1237: 1181: 1025: 962:attacked the airfields 943:Preliminary operations 933:Imperial Japanese Navy 758: 606: 556:32nd Infantry Division 490: 378:Imperial Japanese Army 175:Commanders and leaders 2765:Morison, Samuel Eliot 2528:County Class Cruisers 2473:Powell (2006), p. 107 2434:Powell (2006), p. 106 2393:Miller (1959), p. 294 2315:Miller (1959), p. 289 2241:Miller (1959), p. 288 2001:Odgers (1957), p. 127 1980:Powell (2006), p. 275 1971:Miller (1959), p. 285 1946:Miller (1959), p. 284 1844:Miller (1959), p. 287 1821:Miller (1959), p. 280 1725:Rottman (2009), p. 24 1716:Rottman (2009), p. 13 1695:Barbey (1969), p. 101 1654:Miller (1959), p. 279 1636:Miller (1959), p. 283 1582:Miller (1959), p. 274 1564:Miller (1959), p. 277 1326: 1280: 1235: 1179: 1155:as well as damage to 1068:No. 335 Radar Station 1047:high speed transports 1023: 929:7th Air Division 834:landing ship infantry 771:(Barbey's flagship), 756: 604: 546:was selected for the 488: 409:Joint Chiefs of Staff 329:) was fought between 217:Casualties and losses 100:6.15444°S 149.03694°E 3170:February 1944 events 3160:December 1943 events 3089:at Wikimedia Commons 2700:Long, Gavin (1963). 2600:Feldt, Eric Augustus 2425:Powell (2006), p. 85 2336:Powell (2006), p. 84 2324:Powell (2006), p. 82 2274:Powell (2006), p. 79 2253:Powell (2006), p. 78 2229:Powell (2006), p. 77 2196:Powell (2006), p. 75 2046:Powell (2006), p. 73 1989:Powell (2006), p. 71 1916:Powell (2006), p. 67 1907:Powell (2006), p. 66 1471:Powell (2006), p. 83 1382:Samuel Eliot Morison 1130:Landing Craft Medium 499:Bismarck Archipelago 339:New Britain campaign 270:New Britain campaign 188:Julian W. Cunningham 3165:January 1944 events 3010:Isolation of Rabaul 2703:The Final Campaigns 2563:on 21 February 2014 2526:Brown, Les (2011). 2482:Long (1963), p. 241 2455:on 20 December 2016 1743:Gill (1968), p. 338 1494:Brown (2011), p. 50 1346:Willaumez Peninsula 937:11th Air Fleet 719:Operation Chronicle 685:1st Marine Division 654:Arthur S. Carpender 567:Arthur S. Carpender 544:1st Marine Division 540:Operation Dexterity 456:William Halsey, Jr. 440:Operation Cartwheel 399:New Guinea campaign 347:Operation Cartwheel 105:-6.15444; 149.03694 96: / 3060:on 7 December 2008 2164:Hata (2011), p. 69 2119:Drea (1992), p. 91 2110:Hata (2011), p. 66 2078:Hata (2011), p. 65 1329: 1288:1st Tank Battalion 1283: 1238: 1182: 1126:Landing Craft Tank 1026: 978:amphibious warfare 916:17th Division 912:51st Division 759: 664:in New Guinea and 607: 491: 393:Military situation 337:forces during the 327:Operation Director 3130:Conflicts in 1943 3085:Media related to 2996:978-1-84603-451-0 2692:978-0-7006-1500-1 2673:978-1-906502-84-3 2604:The Coastwatchers 1224:Japanese response 1217:observation posts 1118:combat air patrol 900:Gazelle Peninsula 844:landing ship dock 832:, the Australian 673:Julian Cunningham 656:and Vice Admiral 642:Goodenough Island 480:Quebec Conference 444:Douglas MacArthur 417:Southwest Pacific 316: 315: 308:Wide Bay–Open Bay 235: 234: 123: 122: 3182: 3084: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3056:. 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Barbey 575:Daniel E. Barbey 482:in August 1943. 273: 271: 261: 254: 247: 238: 237: 199:Masamitsu Komori 198: 197: 186: 185: 170: 166: 164: 163: 152: 150: 149: 140: 138: 137: 111: 110: 108: 107: 106: 101: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 55: 54: 47: 23: 22: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3095: 3094: 3087:Battle of Arawe 3077: 3072: 3063: 3061: 3028: 3026: 2997: 2978: 2959: 2940: 2918: 2916: 2866: 2864: 2835: 2813: 2811: 2804: 2783: 2754: 2752: 2721: 2719: 2693: 2674: 2649: 2647: 2622:Gill, G. Hermon 2614: 2592: 2566: 2564: 2538: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2100: 2095: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1431:Battle of Luzon 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1367:Australian Army 1317: 1271: 1226: 1212:field telephone 1206:, establishing 1146: 1122:P-38 Lightnings 1031: 1018: 949:air photography 945: 910:drawn from the 880:Fifth Air Force 715:Woodlark Island 703: 697: 695:Opposing forces 666:Kiriwina Island 650:Morton C. Mumma 632: 627: 599: 531:Dampier Straits 504:Cape Gloucester 433:Solomon Islands 405: 395: 390: 370:Cape Gloucester 325:(also known as 323:Battle of Arawe 319: 318: 317: 312: 288:Cape Gloucester 274: 269: 267: 265: 230: 225: 223: 192: 180: 161: 159: 147: 145: 144: 135: 133: 104: 102: 98: 95: 90: 87: 85: 83: 82: 81: 48: 26:Battle of Arawe 17: 12: 11: 5: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3091: 3090: 3076: 3075:External links 3073: 3071: 3070: 3036: 3001: 2995: 2982: 2976: 2963: 2957: 2944: 2938: 2925: 2890: 2873: 2843:Odgers, George 2839: 2834:978-0203889985 2833: 2820: 2802: 2787: 2781: 2761: 2728: 2697: 2691: 2678: 2672: 2656: 2618: 2612: 2596: 2590: 2573: 2542: 2536: 2523: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2436: 2427: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2326: 2317: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2264: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2198: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 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The 527:Vitiaz 421:Rabaul 331:Allied 165: 151: 139: 116:Result 2640:65475 1394:Notes 1243:LCVPs 1091:DUKWs 1072:radar 867:Rigel 829:Sands 816:Mahan 798:Smith 681:troop 591:barge 359:Arawe 283:Arawe 212:1,000 209:4,750 168:Japan 71:Arawe 3066:2011 3050:OCLC 3031:2006 3015:OCLC 2991:ISBN 2972:ISBN 2953:ISBN 2934:ISBN 2921:2011 2905:OCLC 2882:OCLC 2869:2015 2853:OCLC 2829:ISBN 2816:2011 2798:ISBN 2777:ISBN 2757:2011 2741:OCLC 2724:2015 2708:OCLC 2687:ISBN 2668:ISBN 2652:2015 2636:OCLC 2608:ISBN 2586:ISBN 2569:2010 2553:OCLC 2532:ISBN 2515:OCLC 2461:2011 1192:Truk 1059:Shaw 1055:Shaw 1005:Buna 996:and 854:LSTs 826:and 813:and 792:Reid 774:Shaw 529:and 415:and 401:and 333:and 321:The 58:Date 1369:'s 1039:LVT 517:'s 448:Lae 341:of 35:'s 3101:: 3021:. 2911:. 2899:. 2859:. 2806:. 2771:. 2747:. 2735:. 2714:. 2642:. 2630:. 2447:. 2416:^ 2359:^ 2329:^ 2306:^ 2267:^ 2246:^ 2234:^ 2222:^ 2210:^ 2187:^ 2101:^ 2083:^ 2060:^ 1994:^ 1960:^ 1930:^ 1835:^ 1787:^ 1748:^ 1709:^ 1668:^ 1620:^ 1608:^ 1596:^ 1553:^ 1476:^ 1464:^ 1295:. 1161:, 992:, 968:. 870:. 842:, 807:, 801:, 795:, 789:, 783:, 777:, 615:km 611:mi 77:, 73:, 3068:. 3033:. 2999:. 2980:. 2961:. 2942:. 2923:. 2888:. 2871:. 2837:. 2818:. 2785:. 2759:. 2726:. 2695:. 2676:. 2654:. 2616:. 2594:. 2571:. 2540:. 2521:. 2463:. 260:e 253:t 246:v

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