Battle of Actium - Knowledge

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attention. In August, troops landed near Antony's camp on the north side of the strait. Still, Antony could not be tempted out. It took some months for his full strength to arrive from the various places in which his allies or his ships had wintered. During these months Agrippa continued his attacks upon Greek towns along the coast, while Octavian's forces engaged in various successful cavalry skirmishes, so that Antony abandoned the strait's north side between the Ambracian Gulf and the Ionian Sea and confined his soldiers to the southern camp. Cleopatra now advised that garrisons be put into strong towns and that the main fleet return to Alexandria. The large contingent furnished by Egypt gave her advice as much weight as her personal influence over Antony, and it appears that this movement was agreed to.

976:. Octavian admired the bravery of Cleopatra and gave her and Antony a public military funeral in Rome. The funeral was grand and a few of Antony's legions marched alongside the tomb. A day of mourning throughout Rome was enacted. This was partly due to Octavian's respect for Antony and partly because it further helped show the Roman people how benevolent Octavian was. Octavian had previously shown little mercy to surrendered enemies and acted in ways that had proven unpopular with the Roman people, yet he was given credit for pardoning many of his opponents after the Battle of Actium. Further, after the battle, upon Octavian's return to Rome he celebrated his triple triumph spread over three days: the first for his 984: 835:

his, the sea would push them into the shore. Antony foresaw that he would not be able to defeat Octavian's forces, so he and Cleopatra stayed in the rear of the formation. Eventually Antony sent the ships on the northern part of the formation to attack. He had them move out to the north, spreading out Octavian's ships, which until this point were tightly arranged. He sent Sosius to spread the remaining ships to the south. This left a hole in the middle of Octavian's formation. Antony seized the opportunity and, with Cleopatra on her ship and him on a different ship, sped through the gap and escaped, abandoning his entire force.

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was blazing from the firebrands thrown upon them, was the work done. Making the best of the situation, Antony burned the ships he could no longer man while clustering the remainder tightly together. With many oarsmen dead or unfit to serve, the powerful, head-on ramming tactic for which the Octaries had been designed was now impossible. Antony transferred to a smaller vessel with his flag and managed to escape, taking a few ships with him as an escort to help break through Octavian's lines. Those left behind were captured or sunk.

242: 37: 609:, allied with Antony. The consuls had determined to conceal the extent of Antony's demands. Ahenobarbus seems to have wished to keep quiet, but on 1 January Sosius made an elaborate speech in favor of Antony, and would have proposed the confirmation of his act had it not been vetoed by a tribune. Octavian was not present, but at the next meeting made a reply that provoked both consuls to leave Rome to join Antony; Antony, when he heard of it, after publicly divorcing Octavia, went at once to 798:" vessels. His ships, though smaller, were still manageable in the heavy surf and could outmanoeuvre Antony's ships, get in close, attack the above-deck crew with arrows and ballista-launched stones, and retreat. Moreover, his crews were better-trained, professional, well-fed and rested. A medium ballista could penetrate the sides of most warships at close range and had an effective range of around 200 yards. Most ballistas were aimed at the marines on the ships' fighting decks. 817: 784: 679: 4797: 3822: 3832: 456: 3842: 941: 3852: 310: 282: 249: 472: 2034: 912:, Antony was a fugitive and a rebel without that shadow of a legal position the presence of the consuls and senators had given him in the previous year. Some of the victorious fleet went in pursuit of him, but Octavian visited Greece and Asia and spent the winter at Samos, though he had to briefly visit Brundisium to settle a mutiny and arrange for assignations of land. 961:

mistakenly believing false rumours propagated by Cleopatra claiming that she had committed suicide. He did not die at once, and when he found out that Cleopatra was still alive, he insisted on being taken to the mausoleum where she was hiding and died in her arms. She was soon brought to the palace and vainly attempted to move Octavian to pity.

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With the end of the battle, Octavian exerted himself to save the crews of the burning vessels and spent the whole night on board. The next day, as much of the land army had not escaped to their own lands, submitted, or were followed in their retreat to Macedonia and forced to surrender, Antony's camp

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J. M. Carter gives a differing account of the battle. He postulates that Antony knew he was surrounded and had nowhere to run. To turn this to his advantage, he gathered his ships around him in a quasi-horseshoe formation, staying close to the shore for safety. Then, should Octavian's ships approach

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Antony's personal flagship, like his admirals', was a "ten". An "eight" war galley had around 200 heavy marines, archers and at least six ballista catapults. Larger than Octavian's ships, Antony's war galleys were very difficult to board in close combat and his troops were able to rain missiles onto

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and how Antony was effectively acting as the agent of Cleopatra, Octavian produced such a violent outburst of feeling that he easily obtained Antony's deposition from the consulship of 31 BC, for which Antony had been designated. In addition to the deposition, Octavian procured a proclamation of war

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Shortly after midday, Antony was forced to extend his line from the protection of the shore and finally engage the enemy. Seeing this, Octavian's fleet put to sea. Antony had hoped to use his biggest ships to drive back Agrippa's wing on the north end of his line, but Octavian's entire fleet, aware

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Trapped on both land and sea, portions of Antony's army deserted and fled to Octavian's side (daily), and Octavian's forces became comfortable enough to make preparations for battle. Antony's fleet sailed through the bay of Actium on the western coast of Greece, in a desperate attempt to break free

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Octavian's victory at Actium gave him sole, uncontested control of "Mare Nostrum" ("Our Sea", i.e., the Roman Mediterranean) and he became "Augustus Caesar" and the "first citizen" of Rome. The victory, consolidating his power over every Roman institution, marked Rome's transition from republic to

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Antony had not observed the signal, and believing that it was mere panic and all was lost, followed the fleeing squadron. The contagion spread fast; everywhere sails unfurled and towers and other heavy fighting gear went by the board. Some fought on, and only long after nightfall, when many a ship

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plates and square-cut timbers, making a successful ramming attack with similar equipment difficult. The only way to disable such a ship was to smash its oars, rendering it immobile and isolated from the rest of its fleet. Antony's ships' main weakness was lack of manoeuvrability; such a ship, once

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to become Cleopatra's official partner, many Roman politicians suspected that he was trying to become the unchecked ruler of Egypt and other eastern kingdoms while still maintaining his command over the many Roman legions in the East. As a personal challenge to Octavian's prestige, Antony tried to

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Octavian's prestige and, more importantly, his legions' loyalty had been boosted by Julius Caesar's legacy of 44 BC, by which he was officially adopted as Caesar's only son and the sole legitimate heir of his enormous wealth. Antony had been the most important and most successful senior officer in

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After Octavian's proposals for a conference with Antony were scornfully rejected, both sides prepared for the struggle the next year. The early months passed without any notable events, other than some successful forays by Agrippa along the coasts of Greece, primarily designed to divert Antony's

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on 31 July 30 BC, more of Antony's men deserted, leaving him with insufficient forces to fight Octavian. A slight success over Octavian's tired soldiers encouraged him to make a general attack, in which he was decisively beaten. Failing to escape by ship, he stabbed himself in the stomach upon

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with money to Octavian and an offer to live at Athens as a private citizen, found himself in the spring attacked on two sides. Cornelius Gallus was advancing from Paraetonium and Octavian landed at Pelusium, with the connivance, it was believed, of Cleopatra. Antony was defeated by Gallus and,

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As the Second Triumvirate formally expired on the last day of 33 BC, Antony wrote to the Senate that he did not wish to be reappointed. He hoped that it might regard him as its champion against the ambition of Octavian, whom he presumed would not be willing to abandon his position in a similar

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to give battle. On 1 September he addressed his fleet, preparing them for battle. The next day was wet and the sea was rough. When the trumpet signal for the start rang out, Antony's fleet began issuing from the straits and the ships moved into line and remained quiet. Octavian, after a short

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with Cleopatra, where a vast fleet was gathered from all parts of the East, of which Cleopatra furnished a large proportion. After staying with his allies at Samos, Antony moved to Athens. His land forces, which had been in Armenia, came down to the coast of Asia and embarked under

433:("revered") by the Roman Senate. This became the name by which he was known in later times. As Augustus, he retained the trappings of a restored Republican leader, but historians generally view his consolidation of power and the adoption of these honorifics as the end of the 593:

disgraced the Roman name; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement; and that his connection with Cleopatra and acknowledgement of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

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Cleopatra's fleet, in the rear, retreated to the open sea without engaging. A breeze sprang up in the right direction and the Egyptian ships were soon out of sight. Lange argues that Antony would have had victory within reach were it not for Cleopatra's retreat.

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Pelling notes that the presence of two former consuls on Antony's side commanding the wings indicates that it was there that the major action was expected to take place. Octavius and Insteius, commanding Antony's centre, were lower-profile figures.

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Octavian received a message from Cleopatra with the present of a gold crown and throne, offering to abdicate in favor of her sons. She was allowed to believe that she would be well treated, for Octavian was anxious to secure her for his

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isolated from its fleet, could be swamped with boarding attacks. Also, many of his ships were undermanned with rowing crews; there had been a severe malaria outbreak while they were waiting for Octavian's fleet to arrive.

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It is estimated that Antony had around 140 ships, to Octavian's 260. Antony had shown up to Actium with a much larger force of around 500 ships, but could not man all of them. The problem facing Antony was desertion.

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After years of loyal cooperation with Octavian, Antony started to act independently, eventually arousing his rival's suspicion that he was vying to become sole master of Rome. When he left Octavia Minor and moved to

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and in enlisting soldiers for himself without sending half to him. Octavian complained that Antony had no authority to be in Egypt; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal; that his treachery to the

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of this strategy, stayed out of range. By about noon the fleets were in formation but Octavian refused to be drawn out, so Antony was forced to attack. The battle raged all afternoon without decisive result.

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get Caesarion accepted as a true heir of Caesar, even though the legacy did not mention him. Antony and Cleopatra formally elevated Caesarion, then 13, to power in 34 BC, giving him the title

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fled before Antony was able to engage Octavian in a land battle. Thus, after Antony lost his fleet, his army, which had been equal to Octavian's, deserted. Though he had not laid down his

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against Cleopatra. This was well understood to mean against Antony, though he was not named. In issuing a war declaration, the Senate deprived Antony of any legal authority.

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In early 31 BC, the year of the battle, Antony and Cleopatra were temporarily stationed in Greece. Mark Antony possessed 500 ships and 70,000 infantry, and made his camp at

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speak of how desertion and disease plagued Antony's camp. What Antony lacked in quantity was made up for in quality: his ships were mainly the standard Roman warship,

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of Egypt, as a major threat to his power. This occurred when Mark Antony, the other most influential member of the triumvirate, abandoned his wife, Octavian's sister

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and Agrippa. Antony and his remaining forces were spared only due to a last-ditch effort by Cleopatra's fleet that had been waiting nearby. Octavian pursued them and

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hesitation, ordered his vessels to steer to the right and pass the enemy's ships. For fear of being surrounded, Antony was forced to give the word to attack.

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commanded the left wing; Cleopatra's squadron was behind them. Sosius launched the initial attack from the fleet's left wing while Antony's chief lieutenant

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stepfather. Octavian and the majority of the Roman Senate saw Antony as leading a separatist movement that threatened to break the Roman Republic's unity.

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killed later that month, finally securing his legacy as Caesar's only 'son', while sparing Cleopatra's children by Antony, with the exception of Antony's

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manner. The causes of mutual dissatisfaction between the two had been accumulating. Antony complained that Octavian had exceeded his powers in deposing

6559: 3226: 1019:. On a hill just north of the new city, at the site where he had made his camp in 31 BC, he constructed a victory monument decorated with the bronze 7623: 4650: 1097: 851:" phenomenon are investigating whether the Egyptian fleet may have been trapped in dead water, which can substantially reduce the speed of a ship. 4080: 2473: 6908: 6770: 6083: 6031: 7593: 3095: 865: 665:

Octavian learned of this and debated how to prevent it. At first of a mind to let Antony sail and then attack him, he was prevailed upon by

572:). Such an entitlement was seen as a threat to Roman republican traditions. It was widely believed that Antony had once offered Caesarion a 6775: 4836: 2006: 1985: 7318: 7298: 2721: 2689: 602: 5234: 274: 7386: 6431: 3550: 3078: 2560: 1789: 6564: 3562: 2953: 775:, Agrippa's device made for grappling and boarding enemy ships, made this task a bit easier. The galleys' bows were armoured with 6974: 6468: 2997: 2731: 698:. His fleet was waiting beyond the straits, led by the experienced admiral Agrippa, commanding from the left wing of the fleet, 7308: 2274: 302: 6835: 6554: 3799: 2174: 1291: 1117: 2234: 1679: 7256: 3623: 3277: 3221: 3177: 2990: 2664: 2654: 2614: 3471: 7303: 7207: 6446: 4686: 4617: 4516: 3282: 3022: 2908: 2161: 543: 2063:

published a feature about the Battle of Actium (Joseph M. Horodyski, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp. 58–63, 78),

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Curtius, L. (1933). "Ikonographische Beitrage zum Portrar der romischen Republik und der Julisch-Claudischen Familie".

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Antony initially planned to anticipate an attack by descent upon Italy toward the end of 32 BC; he went as far as

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had put into Octavian's hands, and by carefully letting it be known in Rome what preparations were going on at

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Octavian's victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions. He adopted the title of

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Cleopatra killed herself on 12 August 30 BC. Most accounts say she put an end to her life by the bite of an

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commanded Octavian's armies, and observed the battle from shore to the north of the straits. Antony and

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The battle had extensive political consequences. Under cover of darkness some 19 legions and 12,000

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Octavian kept up his strategic preparations. Military operations began in 32 BC, when his general

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under the command of Agrippa. Octavian landed on mainland Greece, opposite of the island of

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empire. Egypt's surrender after Cleopatra's death marked the demise of both the

980:, the second for the Battle of Actium, and the third for his conquest of Egypt. 629:, a Greek town allied to Antony. But by the publication of Antony's will, which 386:, where he managed to cut Antony's southward communications with Egypt (via the 7578: 7167: 7101: 6856: 6615: 6483: 6288: 6283: 5994: 5947: 5865: 5810: 5538: 5444: 5407: 5254: 5116: 4950: 4676: 4491: 4359: 4291: 4265: 4150: 4032: 3940: 3825: 3779: 3633: 3572: 3356: 3157: 2669: 2597: 2456: 2390: 1949: 1016: 687: 655: 434: 360: 159: 36: 4413: 2180: 1711:(in German). Vol. 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. pp. 169–71. 1589: 371:, and was the climax of over a decade of rivalry between Octavian and Antony. 7567: 7515: 7200: 7160: 7146: 6805: 6620: 6395: 5942: 5937: 5910: 5838: 5735: 5269: 5191: 4940: 4920: 4883: 4762: 4593: 4522: 4038: 3997: 3962: 3708: 3696: 3691: 3371: 2461: 2038: 1906: 1301: 965: 921: 703: 565: 522: 450: 336: 167: 95: 82: 28: 7153: 5476: 4716: 2152: 2125: 2094: 1222: 7261: 6951: 6945: 6851: 6846: 6785: 6666: 6021: 5895: 5870: 5822: 5815: 5740: 5655: 5291: 5226: 5084: 5022: 4945: 4903: 4589: 4187: 4182: 4124: 4060: 4026: 3835: 3425: 2834: 2493: 1913: 987:

Terrace wall of Octavian's campsite memorial, with cuttings for ship's rams

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Plan of the battle by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, Paris, 1734

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Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age

1011:("City of Victory") in 29 BC on the southernmost promontory of 7193: 5695: 5690: 5558: 5513: 5434: 5322: 5317: 5286: 5043: 5000: 4965: 4930: 4878: 4611: 3927: 3897: 2415: 1740: 1445: 945: 909: 787: 752: 498: 484: 464: 460: 426: 407: 340: 155: 132: 115: 5640: 952:," with the two on each side carrying symbols of the naval victory 455: 7478: 6925: 6421: 6313: 5710: 5680: 5635: 5620: 5605: 5600: 5553: 5523: 5246: 5053: 5048: 4985: 4925: 4888: 2037:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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To commemorate his victory, Octavian founded the nearby city of

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in 37 BC. However, the triumvirate broke down when Octavian saw

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The Battle of Actium: The Rise & Triumph of Augustus Caesar

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on the morning of 2 September. Antony's fleet had 250 larger

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Fowler, Paul; Grocock, Christopher; Melville, James (2017).

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Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War

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From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68

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Naval battle between Octavian and Antony/Cleopatra (31 BC)

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100 decisive battles: From ancient times to the present

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The Augustan-era Actium Cameo, depicting Octavian in a

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Raia, Ann R.; Sebesta, Judith Lynn (September 2017).

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Detail of the naval battle from an early 1st-century

2169:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing (published 2009-06-10). 1987:

Rome in the Ancient World: From Romulus to Justinian

355:. The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC in the 2103: 1905: 968:conveyed to her in a basket of figs. Octavian had 714:commanded the Antonian fleet's right wing, Marcus 3906:Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ( 1207:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. 794:Octavian's fleet was largely made up of smaller " 7565: 1284:OCR Ancient History GCSE Component 2 : Rome 1976:Octavian's Campsite Memorial for the Actian War 1973:Murray, William M.; Petsas, Photios M. (1989). 2163:Actium 31 BC: Downfall of Antony and Cleopatra 1286:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 192. 1271:. US: Oxford University Press. pp. 70–73. 7619:Naval battles involving the Ptolemaic Kingdom 4830: 3882: 2268: 654:while his fleet for the most part lay in the 402:(modern Corfu) and proceeded south, on land. 1972: 1235: 1062: 1060: 801:Before the battle one of Antony's generals, 1677: 597:In 32 BC, one-third of the Senate and both 45:commemorating Actium (extensively restored) 7629:Naval battles involving the Roman Republic 7372:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 7319:International Congress of Maritime Museums 7299:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 6591: 4837: 4823: 3889: 3875: 2275: 2261: 2042: 1908:Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor 1883:A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt 1881:David, Rosalie; David, Anthony E. (2002). 1880: 1500: 1429: 1402: 1365: 1314: 937:returning to Egypt, advanced on Pelusium. 839:was occupied, bringing an end to the war. 7432: 7387:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 2046:A History of Rome to the Battle of Actium 1682:. College of New Rochelle. Archived from 1576:"The Battle of Actium: A reconsideration" 1136:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389579.003.0012 1110:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389579.003.0012 1066: 1057: 2159: 2004: 1708:Die Skulpturen des Vaticanischen Museums 1465: 1463: 1461: 1350: 1187: 1145: 1143: 1091: 1089: 982: 939: 864: 815: 782: 741: 677: 470: 454: 309: 281: 248: 7624:Naval battles of the Hellenistic period 7357:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 1948: 1903: 1721: 1704: 1488: 842: 584:, in taking over the countries held by 7566: 7309:European Association of Archaeologists 2132: 2074: 1983: 1929: 1853: 1771: 1338: 1326: 1266: 1149: 1095: 1015:, opposite Actium at the mouth of the 730:commanded the triumvir's land forces. 513:, was renewed for a five-year term at 420:Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide 7431: 6590: 6565:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 6523: 6393: 6392: 5775: 5377: 4856: 4844: 4818: 3870: 3301: 3112: 2935: 2776: 2295: 2256: 2101: 1573: 1458: 1439: 1202: 1178: 1169: 1150:Migiro, Geoffrey (31 December 2017). 1140: 1086: 7594:1st century BC in the Roman Republic 3851: 1625: 7304:Archaeological Institute of America 3841: 2043:Shuckburgh, Evelyn Shirley (1917). 1067:Lendering, Jona (10 October 2020). 418:on 1 August 30 BC—after which 416:defeated their forces in Alexandria 13: 2110:. University of California Press. 2054: 2049:. New York: Macmillan and Company. 1628:"Behind the dead-water phenomenon" 1096:Kellum, Barbara (September 2010). 673: 347:, and the combined fleets of both 14: 7650: 7314:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 6704:Coastal defence and fortification 6079:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 5379:Navigation, and ports and harbors 3222:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 2220: 1238:"Octavia's Mediation at Tarentum" 7548: 7414: 7339:Society for American Archaeology 6573: 6506: 6375: 5758: 5360: 4796: 4795: 4776:Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano 3850: 3840: 3830: 3821: 3820: 3079:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 2282: 2137:. University of Michigan Press. 2032: 1574:Lange, Carsten (December 2011). 1152:"What Was the Battle of Actium?" 308: 301: 289:Battle of Actium (Mediterranean) 280: 273: 247: 240: 35: 6771:Phoenician discovery of America 4487:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art 3563:Identification card controversy 1840:18.2; Murray and Petsas (1989). 1820: 1798: 1780: 1762: 1753: 1734: 1715: 1698: 1671: 1645: 1619: 1584:. New Series, 61 (2): 608–623. 1567: 1552: 1537: 1522: 1506: 1408: 1275: 686:The two fleets met outside the 213:20,000–70,000 infantry on ships 6463:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2469:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 2026: 1958:. Cambridge University Press. 1260: 1229: 1196: 1: 7382:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 6057:Phoenician maritime expansion 2777: 1847: 771:smaller and lower ships. The 444: 7324:Nautical Archaeology Society 3896: 3096:Twin towns and sister cities 2936: 2608:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 2212:Resources in other libraries 2133:Gurval, Robert Alan (1995). 2079:. Chelsea House Publishers. 1730:: 184 ff. Abb. 3 Taf. 25–27. 1503:, pp. 780–84, says 500. 854: 847:Scientists researching the " 722:commanded the centre, while 7: 7377:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 6754:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 6560:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 6417:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 5776: 4857: 3624:Vehicle registration plates 3302: 3278:Water supply and sanitation 3113: 2296: 1236:White Singer, Mary (1947). 1026: 958:minor victory at Alexandria 932:and sending his eldest son 603:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 10: 7655: 7233:Phoenician Ship Expedition 6524: 6074:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 6067:Circumnavigation of Africa 4220:Library of Palatine Apollo 3283:Water resources management 2232:The Naval Battle of Actium 1930:Kebric, Robert B. (2005). 858: 459:A reconstructed statue of 448: 343:'s maritime fleet, led by 230:250 ships sunk or captured 7546: 7438: 7427: 7412: 7347: 7289: 7092: 7076: 6824: 6759:Samothrace temple complex 6694: 6649: 6608: 6601: 6597: 6586: 6571: 6530: 6519: 6504: 6402: 6388: 6373: 6326: 6279: 6132: 6099: 6092: 6030: 5831: 5788: 5784: 5771: 5756: 5475: 5388: 5384: 5373: 5358: 5310: 5245: 5182: 5067: 5036: 4869: 4865: 4852: 4790: 4725: 4699: 4669: 4638: 4631: 4576: 4550: 4509: 4500: 4474: 4451: 4401: 4373: 4345: 4279: 4248: 4138: 4100: 4059: 3988: 3979: 3919: 3904: 3816: 3642: 3314: 3310: 3297: 3178:Impact on the environment 3168:Entrepreneurship policies 3121: 3108: 2944: 2931: 2785: 2772: 2740: 2642: 2308: 2304: 2291: 2207:Resources in your library 2075:Califf, David J. (2004). 1904:Everitt, Anthony (2006), 1590:10.1017/S0009838811000139 1267:Roller, Duane W. (2010). 1102:Oxford Scholarship Online 889:, marble, found near the 737: 641: 437:and the beginning of the 317:Battle of Actium (Europe) 292:Show map of Mediterranean 234: 219: 190: 149: 126: 69:, near the promontory of 49: 34: 26: 21: 6047:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 2949:Administrative divisions 2625:2011 Egyptian revolution 2566:1952 Egyptian revolution 2362:Lighthouse of Alexandria 2005:Scullard, H. H. (2013). 1955:Plutarch: Life of Antony 1854:Carter, John M. (1970). 1050: 728:Publius Canidius Crassus 712:Lucius Gellius Poplicola 616:Publius Canidius Crassus 509:, commonly known as the 203:16,000 infantry on ships 7589:1st century BC in Egypt 7329:RPM Nautical Foundation 7066:Surviving ancient ships 6985:Marsala Punic shipwreck 4460:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 4240:Caesareum of Alexandria 3153:Egyptian stock exchange 1990:. Thames & Hudson. 1705:Lippold, Georg (1936). 1203:Davis, Paul K. (1999). 631:Lucius Munatius Plancus 570:Donations of Alexandria 553:assassination of Caesar 521:, the professed son of 7584:1st-century BC battles 7362:Giza Solar boat museum 6816:Underwater exploration 6811:Underwater archaeology 6776:Pre-Columbian theories 6631:John Sinclair Morrison 6592:Research and education 6042:Austronesian Expansion 4108:Constitutional Reforms 3484:International rankings 2489:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 1792:March 6, 2007, at the 1315:David & David 2002 1269:Cleopatra: A Biography 988: 953: 901: 827: 791: 747: 708:Titus Statilius Taurus 683: 494: 468: 261:Location within Greece 150:Commanders and leaders 7433:Legend and literature 7391:Viking ship museums: 7367:Grand Egyptian Museum 7127:Austronesian replicas 7102:Heyerdahl expeditions 7012:Caligula's Giant Ship 6872:Dover Bronze Age Boat 5534:Berenice Troglodytica 4758:Roman Temple of Évora 4161:Porticus Argonautarum 4015:Liberators' Civil War 3089:Terrorism and tourism 2547:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2379:Library of Alexandria 2160:Sheppard, Si (2009). 2102:Green, Peter (1990). 1984:Potter, D.S. (2009). 1787:Actium – the solution 1768:Scullard (1982), 171. 1242:The Classical Journal 986: 943: 868: 859:Further information: 819: 786: 745: 681: 549:Liberators' civil war 474: 458: 449:Further information: 220:Casualties and losses 96:38.92500°N 20.72500°E 7334:Sea Research Society 6736:Maritime archaeology 6545:Ameinias the Phocian 6540:Mediterranean piracy 4732:Temples of Augustus 4682:Gaius Julius Hyginus 4510:Parents and siblings 4280:Religious structures 4225:Theatre of Marcellus 4101:Legislative activity 3800:World Heritage Sites 3619:Units of measurement 3074:Proposed new capital 2820:Environmental issues 2581:United Arab Republic 2474:Muhammad Ali dynasty 1680:"The World of State" 1626:CNRS (6 July 2020). 1104:. pp. 187–203. 1039:Antony and Cleopatra 1000:, turning it into a 978:victory over Illyria 899:Museo Pio-Clementino 843:Alternative theories 821:The Battle of Actium 258:class=notpageimage| 6427:Maritime Jade Route 5580:Kaveri Poompattinam 4782:Cultural depictions 4541:Octavia the Younger 4466:Memoirs of Augustus 4297:Basilica of Neptune 4261:Gardens of Maecenas 3472:Freedom of religion 3367:Mass sexual assault 2732:Timekeeping devices 2630:2013 Rabaa massacre 2603:Egyptian–Libyan War 1815:2005 online edition 1581:Classical Quarterly 1470:Velleius Paterculus 566:"King of the Kings" 497:The alliance among 92: / 6975:Bajo de la Campana 6677:Peter Throckmorton 6662:Jean-Yves Empereur 6636:William L. Rodgers 6457:Maritime Silk Road 4768:Sodales Augustales 3990:Second Triumvirate 3662:Art (contemporary) 3342:Capital punishment 3232:Telecommunications 2909:Towns and villages 2877:Qattara Depression 2690:Muslim Brotherhood 2660:Cigarette industry 2520:British occupation 2431:Crusader invasions 2401:Rashidun Caliphate 2237:2014-02-28 at the 2227:The Actium Project 1759:Green (1990), 697. 1405:, pp. 780–84. 1368:, pp. 775–79. 1256:– via JSTOR. 1193:Eck (2003), 38–39. 994:Hellenistic Period 989: 954: 902: 861:Death of Cleopatra 828: 792: 748: 684: 551:that followed the 511:Second Triumvirate 495: 469: 359:, near the former 320:Show map of Europe 264:Show map of Greece 225:About 2,500 killed 101:38.92500; 20.72500 7599:Ancient Acarnania 7561: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7423: 7422: 7410: 7409: 7030:Madrague de Giens 6749:Temple of Isthmia 6745:Maritime temples 6731:Marine navigation 6690: 6689: 6682:Shelley Wachsmann 6672:J. Richard Steffy 6582: 6581: 6515: 6514: 6384: 6383: 6371: 6370: 6322: 6321: 6052:Ocean exploration 5767: 5766: 5754: 5753: 5413:Rutter (nautical) 5369: 5368: 5356: 5355: 5212:Mortise and tenon 4846:Ancient seafaring 4812: 4811: 4695: 4694: 4627: 4626: 4535:Octavia the Elder 4525:(adoptive father) 4447: 4446: 4388:Via Julia Augusta 4383:Milliarium Aureum 4335:Rome and Augustus 4325:Castor and Pollux 4256:House of Augustus 4210:Porticus of Livia 4205:Porticus Octaviae 4198:Porticus Vipsania 4146:Forum of Augustus 4096: 4095: 4075:Bellum Batonianum 3864: 3863: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3736:Football stadiums 3667:Botanical gardens 3546:Catholic dioceses 3438:Gender inequality 3362:Human trafficking 3293: 3292: 3227:Tallest buildings 3188:Military industry 3104: 3103: 3045:Political parties 2998:Islamic extremism 2986:Foreign relations 2927: 2926: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2508:French occupation 2426:Fatimid Caliphate 2421:Ikhshidid dynasty 2193:Library resources 2176:978-1-84603-405-3 2061:Military Heritage 1293:978-1-350-01520-3 1119:978-0-19-538957-9 1069:"Actium (31 BCE)" 998:Ptolemaic Kingdom 893:, Rome along the 887:coinage portraits 883:'melon' hairstyle 869:A (restructured) 390:) with help from 329: 328: 228:Over 5,000 killed 122: 121: 57:2 September 31 BC 7646: 7574:30s BC conflicts 7552: 7551: 7446:Ark of bulrushes 7429: 7428: 7418: 7417: 7056:Oldest surviving 6766:Nusantao network 6641:Chester G. Starr 6606: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6576: 6550:Cilician pirates 6521: 6520: 6510: 6509: 6447:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 6442:Iron Age Britain 6390: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6097: 6096: 5786: 5785: 5773: 5772: 5762: 5761: 5676:Ptolemais Theron 5386: 5385: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5363: 4956:Single-outrigger 4867: 4866: 4854: 4853: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4799: 4798: 4636: 4635: 4600:Agrippa Postumus 4507: 4506: 4310:Apollo Palatinus 4246: 4245: 4171:Solarium Augusti 4156:Baths of Agrippa 3986: 3985: 3981:Wars of Augustus 3970:Pontifex maximus 3891: 3884: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3854: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3834: 3824: 3823: 3629:Waste management 3394:Academic grading 3312: 3311: 3299: 3298: 3271:Railway stations 3249:Cultural tourism 3148:Economic regions 3110: 3109: 2933: 2932: 2774: 2773: 2443:Mamluk Sultanate 2374:Diocese of Egypt 2357:Battle of Actium 2306: 2305: 2293: 2292: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2198:Battle of Actium 2187: 2185: 2179:. 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5040: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4981:Oared warships 4978: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4863: 4862: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4677:Julius Licinus 4673: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4620:(stepdaughter) 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4587: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4517:Gaius Octavius 4513: 4511: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4492:Gaius Maecenas 4489: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4360:Aqua Alsietina 4357: 4351: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4266:Palazzo a Mare 4263: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4151:Campus Martius 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4120:Coinage reform 4117: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4036: 4033:Bellum Siculum 4029: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4008:Forum Gallorum 4005: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3838: 3828: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3731:Football clubs 3723: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3538: 3533: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3327:Animal welfare 3324: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3210:Power stations 3207: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3158:Egyptian pound 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3062:Prime Minister 3059: 3058: 3057: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2867:Northern coast 2864: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2598:Yom Kippur War 2590: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2481: 2476: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2302: 2301: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2241: 2229: 2222: 2221:External links 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2186:on 2019-12-23. 2175: 2157: 2143: 2130: 2116: 2099: 2085: 2072: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018:978-1136783876 2017: 2002: 1997:978-0500251522 1996: 1981: 1970: 1964: 1952:, ed. (1988). 1946: 1941:978-0072869040 1940: 1927: 1922: 1901: 1896:978-1135377045 1895: 1878: 1864: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1819: 1797: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1733: 1714: 1697: 1670: 1644: 1618: 1566: 1551: 1536: 1521: 1505: 1493: 1491:, p. 281. 1481: 1457: 1438: 1422: 1407: 1370: 1355: 1353:, p. 150. 1343: 1341:, p. 161. 1331: 1329:, p. 109. 1319: 1307: 1292: 1274: 1259: 1248:(3): 174–175. 1228: 1214:978-0195143669 1213: 1195: 1186: 1177: 1168: 1139: 1118: 1085: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1017:Ambracian Gulf 1002:Roman province 856: 853: 844: 841: 739: 736: 688:Gulf of Actium 675: 672: 656:Ambracian Gulf 643: 640: 446: 443: 435:Roman Republic 408:naval blockade 392:Marcus Agrippa 345:Marcus Agrippa 327: 326: 316: 307: 306: 300: 299: 298: 297: 288: 279: 278: 272: 271: 270: 269: 256: 255: 246: 245: 239: 238: 237: 236: 235: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 217: 216: 204: 193: 192: 188: 187: 181:Lucius Gellius 170: 160:Marcus Agrippa 152: 151: 147: 146: 136: 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 119: 113: 109: 108: 65: 63: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 32: 31: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7651: 7640: 7639:War of Actium 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7516:Metamorphoses 7513: 7511: 7509: 7508:The Histories 7505: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7486:The Histories 7483: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7430: 7426: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7288: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7201:Marumaru Atua 7198: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7161:Samudra Raksa 7158: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7147:Te Au o Tonga 7144: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7007:Blackfriars I 7005: 7003: 7002:Arles Rhône 3 7000: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6806:Thalassocracy 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:Shell middens 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6741:Naval warfare 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Lionel Casson 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6585: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6522: 6518: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452:Incense trade 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6356:South America 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6304:Sailing ships 6302: 6300: 6299:Oared vessels 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Cape Hermaeum 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6032:Migration and 6029: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5839:Ancient Egypt 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832:Civilizations 5830: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207:Clinker built 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192:Boat building 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941:Navis lusoria 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4763:Imperial cult 4761: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4523:Julius Caesar 4521: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 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2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462:Ottoman Egypt 2460: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2246:Roman History 2244:Cassius Dio, 2242: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2039:public domain 2031: 2030: 2020: 2014: 2011:. Routledge. 2010: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1971: 1967: 1965:0-521-24066-2 1961: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1923:1-4000-6128-8 1919: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1729: 1726:(in German). 1725: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1352: 1351:Scullard 2013 1347: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1323: 1317:, p. 35. 1316: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1278: 1270: 1263: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1172: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1144: 1137: 1133: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1074: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 985: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 959: 951: 947: 942: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 913: 911: 907: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 862: 852: 850: 840: 836: 832: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 804: 799: 797: 789: 785: 781: 778: 774: 768: 766: 763:with smaller 762: 758: 754: 744: 735: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704:Marcus Lurius 701: 697: 693: 689: 680: 671: 668: 663: 659: 657: 653: 649: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 592: 587: 583: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 556: 554: 550: 546: 545: 538: 536: 532: 531:Octavia Minor 528: 527:Cleopatra VII 524: 523:Julius Caesar 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 493: 489: 486: 482: 478: 473: 466: 463:as a younger 462: 457: 452: 451:War of Actium 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 304: 276: 259: 243: 233: 227: 224: 223: 218: 215:2,000 archers 209: 205: 201:3,000 archers 199: 195: 194: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 171: 169: 168:Marcus Lurius 165: 161: 157: 154: 153: 148: 145: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 125: 117: 114: 111: 110: 105: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 60: 56: 53: 52: 48: 44: 38: 33: 30: 29:War of Actium 25: 20: 7634:Roman Epirus 7537: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7494:On the Ocean 7492: 7485: 7477: 7474:Literature: 7262: 7244: 7225: 7218: 7208:Aotearoa One 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7093:Experimental 7061:Museum ships 7028: 7021: 6994: 6966:Phoenician: 6957: 6952:Leontophoros 6950: 6914:Butuan boats 6909:Pontian boat 6847:Dufuna canoe 6786:Shipbuilding 6697:and theories 6667:Boris Rankov 6461: 6394:Economy and 6294:Incendiaries 6270: 6141: 5928:Indus Valley 5896:Tarumanagara 5823:Ubaid period 5741:Wadi al-Jarf 5656:Ostia Antica 5260:Fore-and-aft 5227:Shipbuilding 5202:Carvel built 5184:Construction 5142:Steering oar 5023:Sailing ship 4946:Obelisk ship 4904:Dugout canoe 4801: 4794: 4774: 4712:Via Labicana 4687:Epaphroditus 4459: 4271:Villa Giulia 4188:Diribitorium 4183:Saepta Julia 4125:Bierzo Edict 4114:leges Juliae 4113: 4081:Germanic War 4074: 4061:Roman Empire 4043: 4031: 4027:Perusine War 3968: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3911: 3682:Coat of arms 3652:Architecture 3541:Christianity 3521:Prostitution 3467:Human rights 3426:Abaza family 3414:Universities 3379:Demographics 3332:Billionaires 2976:Constitution 2971:Conscription 2954:Governorates 2835:Halfaya Pass 2705:1954–present 2665:Constitution 2620:2010s Crisis 2532:World War II 2494:Urabi revolt 2411:Islamization 2356: 2345:31st Dynasty 2340:27th Dynasty 2245: 2197: 2181:the original 2162: 2134: 2105: 2076: 2045: 2007: 1986: 1975: 1954: 1932:Roman People 1931: 1914:Random House 1912:, New York: 1907: 1882: 1858:. Hamilton. 1855: 1837: 1822: 1804: 1800: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1744: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1707: 1700: 1688:. Retrieved 1684:the original 1673: 1663:18 September 1661:. Retrieved 1656: 1647: 1635:. Retrieved 1631: 1621: 1609:. Retrieved 1579: 1569: 1554: 1539: 1524: 1513: 1508: 1496: 1489:Pelling 1988 1484: 1473: 1449: 1441: 1425: 1410: 1346: 1334: 1322: 1310: 1283: 1277: 1268: 1262: 1245: 1241: 1231: 1204: 1198: 1189: 1180: 1171: 1159:. Retrieved 1155: 1123:. Retrieved 1101: 1076:. Retrieved 1072: 1037: 1020: 1006: 990: 963: 955: 914: 903: 871:Roman statue 846: 837: 833: 829: 820: 811: 807: 800: 793: 769: 761:quinqueremes 749: 732: 724:Gaius Sosius 685: 664: 660: 645: 620: 607:Gaius Sosius 596: 578: 557: 542: 539: 534: 496: 439:Roman Empire 424: 412:Gaius Sosius 404: 396:Adriatic Sea 373: 337:naval battle 332: 330: 177:Gaius Sosius 127:Belligerents 27:Part of the 7501:Argonautica 7488:(Herodotus) 7451:Flood myths 7348:Museums and 7292:conferences 7257:Vital Alsar 7095:archaeology 6904:Austronesia 6897:Hjortspring 6892:Rochelongue 6842:Pesse canoe 6796:Ship burial 6781:Sea Peoples 6714:Lighthouses 6709:Grave goods 6657:George Bass 6437:Spice trade 6034:exploration 5856:Philippines 5851:Austronesia 5844:Old Kingdom 5721:Trincomalee 5671:Prosphorion 5616:Myos Hormos 5460:Micronesian 5451:By region: 5423:Lighthouses 5231:By region: 4996:Quinquereme 4921:Kunlun ship 4914:Penteconter 4899:Dragon boat 4707:Prima Porta 4606:Nero Drusus 4393:Via Augusta 4230:Roman Agora 3956:Divi filius 3846:WikiProject 3607:Scientology 3477:LGBT rights 3399:Law schools 3183:Lighthouses 3126:Agriculture 2855:Mount Sinai 2815:Earthquakes 2615:Mubarak era 2586:Six-Day War 2576:Suez Crisis 2571:Land reform 2318:Prehistoric 2027:Attribution 1827:Dio Cassius 1611:28 November 1559:Dio Cassius 1544:Dio Cassius 1529:Dio Cassius 1415:Dio Cassius 1339:Potter 2009 1327:Kebric 2005 926:Paraetonium 885:similar to 765:quadriremes 718:and Marcus 706:the right. 503:Mark Antony 488:Mark Antony 388:Peloponnese 349:Mark Antony 173:Mark Antony 99: / 7568:Categories 7510:(Polybius) 7154:Hawaiʻiloa 7036:Nemi ships 6921:Black Sea‎ 6867:Khufu ship 6828:and relics 6726:Marine art 6719:Alexandria 6626:Fik Meijer 6609:Historians 6496:Indo-Roman 6309:Greek navy 6211:Salamis II 6201:Hellespont 6161:Artemisium 6151:Nile Delta 6114:Achaemenid 6007:Achaemenid 5876:Langkasuka 5871:Micronesia 5789:Prehistory 5716:Sounagoura 5544:Chittagong 5519:Barbarikon 5498:Alexandria 5440:Pilot boat 5390:Navigation 5222:Sewn-plank 5217:Lashed-lug 5095:Figurehead 5068:Components 5037:Propulsion 4991:Quadrireme 4972:Polyremes 4951:Outriggers 4717:Meroë Head 4656:Germanicus 4586:(daughter) 4482:Literature 4365:Aqua Julia 4355:Aqua Virgo 4320:Mars Ultor 4130:Propaganda 4049:Alexandria 3758:Newspapers 3748:Mass media 3600:Synagogues 3568:Irreligion 3516:Literature 3511:Liberalism 3450:Healthcare 3352:Corruption 3035:Parliament 2966:Corruption 2961:Civil Code 2904:Suez Canal 2862:Nile Delta 2747:Alexandria 2717:Population 2712:Parliament 2680:Healthcare 2561:Nasser era 2335:Achaemenid 2310:Chronology 2144:0472105906 2117:0520056116 2086:0791074404 1865:0241015162 1848:References 1637:16 October 1512:Plutarch, 1432:, p. 1161:16 October 1156:WorldAtlas 1125:16 October 1078:16 October 1073:Livius.org 956:Despite a 895:Via Cassia 877:wearing a 849:dead water 823:(1672) by 561:Alexandria 525:and Queen 477:Roman bust 445:Background 363:colony of 357:Ionian Sea 87:20°43′30″E 84:38°55′30″N 67:Ionian Sea 7614:Cleopatra 7609:Caesarion 7523:Geography 7461:Gilgamesh 7350:memorials 7274:Viracocha 7187:Faʻafaite 7140:Sarimanok 7046:Yassi Ada 6959:Syracusia 6882:Canaanite 6857:Moor Sand 6327:By region 6289:Grappling 6261:Naulochus 6251:Myonessus 6206:Echinades 6191:Arginusae 6186:Cynossema 6171:Naupactus 6166:Eurymedon 6000:Classical 5975:Phoenicia 5970:Mycenaean 5933:Tamilakam 5916:Polynesia 5906:Srivijaya 5701:Satingpra 5661:Palembang 5645:Cattigara 5587:(Kadaram) 5570:Jambukola 5564:Guangzhou 5505:(Podouke) 5503:Arikamedu 5465:Polynesia 5398:Celestial 5311:Armaments 5297:Spritsail 5255:Crab claw 5197:Careening 5164:Sternpost 5018:Reed boat 4961:Catamaran 4936:Multihull 4751:Barcelona 4700:Portraits 4661:Marcellus 4614:(adopted) 4608:(stepson) 4602:(adopted) 4596:(adopted) 4568:Scribonia 4347:Aqueducts 4287:Ara Pacis 4166:Mausoleum 4139:Buildings 4086:Teutoburg 3949:Imperator 3912:Imperator 3753:Magazines 3743:Egyptians 3578:Ahmadiyya 3489:Languages 3455:Hospitals 3389:Education 3256:Transport 3215:Aswan Dam 3143:Companies 3084:Terrorism 3050:President 3013:Massacres 3003:Judiciary 2981:Elections 2850:Mountains 2779:Geography 2757:Port Said 2700:1939–1954 2695:1928–1938 2650:Anarchism 2593:Sadat era 2537:Sultanate 2484:Khedivate 2384:Christian 2352:Ptolemaic 2248:, Book 50 2069:1524-8666 1887:Routledge 1834:Suetonius 1806:Chronicon 1606:171027512 1562:50.23.1–3 1302:999629260 1045:Nicopolis 1009:Nicopolis 974:older son 970:Caesarion 875:Cleopatra 855:Aftermath 796:Liburnian 788:Ballistae 625:captured 519:Caesarion 353:Cleopatra 185:Cleopatra 7604:Augustus 7539:Tākitimu 7442:Legend: 7400:Roskilde 7279:Tangaroa 7220:Olympias 7194:Gaualofa 7133:Hōkūleʻa 7108:Kon-Tiki 6941:Ashkelon 6877:Uluburun 6836:Earliest 6602:Scholars 6484:shipping 6284:Boarding 6196:Mytilene 6181:Syracuse 6146:Alashiya 6109:Egyptian 6093:Military 6084:Timeline 6062:Sardinia 5985:Carthage 5901:Kalingga 5861:Sa Huỳnh 5796:Timeline 5746:Zanzibar 5696:Sarapion 5691:Rhacotis 5621:Martaban 5566:(Canton) 5559:Godavaya 5554:Giao Chỉ 5524:Barygaza 5514:Avalites 5435:Piloting 5323:Catapult 5318:Ballista 5292:Mast-aft 5105:Planking 5044:Paddling 5001:Hexareme 4966:Trimaran 4931:Longship 4879:Balangay 4803:Category 4670:Freedmen 4646:Agrippa‎ 4639:Generals 4618:Cornelia 4612:Tiberius 4577:Children 4543:(sister) 4537:(sister) 4531:(mother) 4519:(father) 4330:Augustus 4301:Temples 4292:Pantheon 4020:Philippi 3935:Augustus 3928:Princeps 3908:Octavian 3898:Augustus 3826:Category 3790:Olympics 3726:Football 3558:Hinduism 3526:Religion 3433:Feminism 3421:Families 3384:Diaspora 3347:Censuses 3337:Cannabis 3322:Abortion 3266:Airports 3261:Airlines 3237:Internet 3040:Passport 3018:Military 2991:Missions 2938:Politics 2919:Wildlife 2643:By topic 2556:Republic 2391:Sassanid 2235:Archived 2153:32093780 2126:13332042 2095:52312409 1838:Augustus 1790:Archived 1741:Plutarch 1657:The Week 1632:phys.org 1598:41301557 1446:Plutarch 1223:45102987 1027:See also 996:and the 946:quadriga 934:Antyllus 930:Pinarius 910:imperium 753:Plutarch 720:Insteius 716:Octavius 535:de facto 515:Tarentum 499:Octavian 485:triumvir 465:Octavian 461:Augustus 431:Augustus 427:Princeps 341:Octavian 196:250–400 191:Strength 156:Octavian 139:Antonian 133:Octavian 116:Octavian 62:Location 7479:Odyssey 7456:Genesis 7253:Others 7052:Lists: 7041:Marausa 6991:Roman: 6981:Punic: 6946:Kyrenia 6937:Greek: 6933:Marsala 6926:Sinop D 6801:Tacking 6535:History 6422:Meluhha 6412:Fishing 6407:Whaling 6314:Ramming 6236:Aegates 6231:Drepana 6226:Ecnomus 6156:Salamis 6144: 6134:Battles 6012:Nabatea 5995:Archaic 5965:Nuragic 5955:Somalia 5806:Oceania 5801:Britain 5778:History 5711:Socotra 5681:Qandala 5666:Piraeus 5636:Muziris 5606:Madurai 5601:Manthai 5539:Canopus 5509:Arsinoe 5481:harbors 5430:History 5418:Coastal 5348:Sambuca 5333:Dolphin 5247:Rigging 5059:Poling 5049:Sailing 4986:Trireme 4926:Liburna 4889:Coracle 4859:Vessels 4558:Claudia 4475:Culture 4249:Palaces 4176:obelisk 3856:Commons 3775:Museums 3719:regions 3687:Cuisine 3672:Castles 3644:Culture 3614:Smoking 3595:Judaism 3583:Mosques 3462:Housing 3409:Schools 3315:General 3304:Society 3244:Tourism 3173:Fishing 3131:Banking 3115:Economy 2840:Islands 2830:Geology 2825:Fossils 2810:Deserts 2805:Climate 2795:Borders 2741:By city 2727:Saladin 2675:Genetic 2655:Capital 2542:Kingdom 2457:Ottoman 2323:Ancient 2298:History 1690:2 April 1254:3293735 922:triumph 906:cavalry 696:galleys 692:galleys 667:Agrippa 648:Corcyra 627:Methone 623:Agrippa 611:Ephesus 599:consuls 582:Lepidus 507:Lepidus 479:of the 406:of the 400:Corcyra 384:Corinth 208:galleys 198:galleys 118:victory 7530:Aeneid 7246:Viking 7227:Regina 6996:Alkedo 6852:Abydos 6826:Wrecks 6695:Topics 6525:Piracy 6479:Greece 6339:Odisha 6271:Actium 6266:Mycale 6101:Navies 5990:Greece 5980:Olmecs 5948:Pandya 5923:Minoan 5886:Champa 5866:Lapita 5811:Remote 5731:Tyndis 5686:Quilon 5631:Muscat 5596:Lothal 5591:Korkai 5575:Jeddah 5549:Essina 5493:Adulis 5403:Charts 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