447:
562:
48:
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80:
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motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31â35 percent. It can travel 30â40 miles (48â64 km) on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more
291:
for example now have an energy density of 0.9â2.63 MJ/L whereas lead-acid batteries had an energy density of 0.36 MJ/L (so 2.5 to 7.3x higher). There is still a long way to go if comparing it to petroleum-based fuels and biofuels, however (gasoline having an energy density of 34.2 MJ/L -38x to 12.92x
581:
used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to
1281:
The mines that are used to produce the lithium and cobalt used in the battery are also creating problems for the environment, as fish are dying up to 240 km (150 mi) downstream from mining operations due to chemical leaks and the chemicals also leak into the water sources the people that
1277:
GHGs are also emitted when the electric vehicle is being manufactured. The lithium-ion batteries used in the vehicle take more materials and energy to produce because of the extraction process of the lithium and cobalt essential to the battery. This means the bigger the electric vehicle, the more
706:
means that electric cars need batteries that are a fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give a relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are
1210:
which is dependent on more electricity storage right now. As energy availability is the most important factor for the vitality of an economy the mobile storage infrastructure of EV batteries can be seen as one of the most meaningful infrastructure projects facilitating the energy transition to a
886:
China has experienced an explosive growth of sales of non-assisted e-bikes including the scooter type, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to over 21 million in 2008, and reaching an estimated 120 million e-bikes on the road in early 2010. China is the world's leading
739:
The
Formula E championship is currently contested by ten teams with two drivers each (after the withdrawal of Team Trulli, there are temporarily only nine teams competing). Racing generally takes place on temporary city-center street circuits which are approximately 2 to 3.4 kilometres (1.2 to
267:(NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg).
500:, and consume about 1 kWâ
h/mi (0.62 kWâ
h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach. The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.
1101:, whereby electrical power is gathered as the vehicle slows down and this power recharges the battery. In addition to power and motor management, the controller performs various safety checks such as anomaly detection, functional safety tests and failure diagnostics.
1249:
in its electricity mix will have a low C.I. In the
European Union, in 2013, the carbon intensity had a strong geographic variability but in most of the member states, electric vehicles were "greener" than conventional ones. On average, electric cars saved 50â60% of
461:
electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi). They were made locally by
Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the
735:
is a fully electric international single-seater championship. The series was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in
Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is sanctioned by the FIA. Alejandro Agag is the current CEO of Formula E.
292:
higher- and ethanol having an energy of 24 MJ/L -26x to 9.12x higher-). This is partially offset by higher conversion efficiency of electric motors â BEVs travel roughly 3x further than similar-size internal combustion vehicles per MJ of stored energy.
1257:
Moreover, the de-carbonisation process is constantly reducing the GHG emissions due to the use of electric vehicles. In the
European Union, on average, between 2009 and 2013 there was a reduction in the electricity carbon intensity of 17%. In a
353:, either when driving on electrified railway lines or during stops at specially equipped train stations. They use battery power for propulsion when driving on railway lines that are not electrified, and have successfully replaced
1096:
is supplied by the battery pack, and the controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type. The controller also handles
2852:
630:
fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG. Proterra buses have had several problems, most notably in
Philadelphia where the entire fleet was removed from service.
507:, the electric bus phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities. PVI, a medium-sized company located in the Paris region, is one of the leaders of the market with its brand
555:. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery-electric school bus, which has four sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.
882:
The Indian government is launching schemes and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles in the country, and is aiming to be a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles within the next five years.
2088:
1908:
569:
The same technology is used to power the
Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.
1929:
Chandler, Sara; Espino, Joel; OâDea, Jimmy (2016). "Delivering
Opportunity: How Electric Buses and Trucks Can Create Jobs and Improve Public Health in California". Union of Concerned Scientists.
729:, less dependence on oil and combustion, and scarcity and expected rise in gasoline prices. World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components.
2316:
Notter, Dominic A.; Kouravelou, Katerina; Karachalios, Theodoros; Daletou, Maria K.; Haberland, Nara Tudela (2015). "Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and Ό-CHP".
3540:
811:. The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of the existing urban infrastructure and safety regulations.
625:'s EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy-duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a
3173:
879:
India is the worldâs biggest market for bicycles at 22 million units per year. By 2024, electric two-wheelers will be a $ 2 billion market with over 3 million units being sold in India.
2398:
3606:
670:
announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by
Indiana-based
2514:
279:
on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the higher oil prices and the advancement of new battery technology (
2242:
1646:
1220:
2092:
1912:
3134:
2719:
3529:
1490:
literally hundreds of electric thrusters now operating in orbit on communications satellites, and ion and Hall thrusters both having been successfully used...
1368:
1234:
in operation, but the electricity used to power them may do so in its generation. The two factors driving the emissions of battery electric vehicles are the
3553:
2680:
2212:
376:
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which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the
4258:
2487:
1333:
1211:
fully sustainable economy based on renewables. A meta-study graphically showing the importance of electricity storage depicts the technology in context.
2822:
1175:. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of
4631:
2456:
3467:
150:
vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in
September 2016. As of October 2020, the world's top selling all-electric car in history is the
3298:"Vehicle Energy Consumption in Python (VencoPy): presenting and demonstrating an open-source tool to calculate electric vehicle charging flexibility"
2580:
2536:
1474:
3579:
3984:
2705:
2290:
143:. BEVs include â but are not limited to â motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, skateboards, railcars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks, and cars.
2771:
832:
in 2018. Also from India, AVERA â a new and renewable energy company is going to launch two models of electric scooters at the end of 2018, with
263:
In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs). However, in the United States,
3166:
1353:
1826:
740:
2.1 mi) long. Currently, only the Mexico City ePrix takes place on a road course, a modified version of the AutĂłdromo Hermanos RodrĂguez.
3504:
2189:
4189:
2402:
2115:
1358:
2622:"On the electrification of road transportation â A review of the environmental, economic, and social performance of electric two-wheelers"
4411:
3653:
3613:
1774:
1969:
287:(i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries). Compared to older battery types such as lead-acid batteries.
5526:
1995:
1503:"The State of the Electric Bicycle Market | Electric Bike Report | Electric Bike, Ebikes, Electric Bicycles, e Bike, Reviews"
1245:
The carbon intensity of electricity varies depending on the source of electricity where it is consumed. A country with a high share of
1064:
582:
80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.
2510:
551:
In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's
408:
3101:
1673:
1348:
1839:
1153:
battery pack has up to 7,104 cells, split into 16 modules with 6 groups of 74 cells in each. Each cell has a nominal voltage of 3â4
5547:
2931:
1810:
3433:
2343:
Notter, Dominic A.; Gauch, Marcel; Widmer, Rolf; WÀger, Patrick; Stamp, Anna; Zah, Rainer; Althaus, Hans-Jörg (1 September 2010).
1194:
Once electric power is supplied to the motor (from the controller), the magnetic field interaction inside the motor will turn the
5381:
146:
In 2016, there were 210 million electric bikes worldwide used daily. Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure
5519:
4624:
3344:
1790:
1701:
184:
built experimental electric cars, but the first practical battery electric vehicles appeared during the 1890s. Battery vehicle
2140:
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5533:
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2238:
1312:
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The first all-electric school bus in the state of California pausing outside the California capitol building in Sacramento
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5568:
496:
used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use
5703:
3953:
3111:
2070:
1262:
perspective, considering the GHG necessary to build the battery and its end-of-life, the GHG savings are 10â13% lower.
3257:"A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles"
2554:
5713:
4617:
4218:
3782:
3706:
2048:
1594:
1373:
1269:
model framework can be used to study the interactions between vehicles, owners, and the electricity system at large.
825:
798:
789:, and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric-powered "in plant" work machines.
558:
In 2016, including the light heavy-duty vehicles, there were roughly 1.5 million heavy-duty vehicles in California.
5708:
3938:
3878:
1857:
225:
3394:
1840:"BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games Alternative Fuel Vehicles with its Pure Electric Bus"
4233:
3970:
3646:
1560:
1323:
167:
17:
3560:
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use both electric motors and internal combustion engines, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles.
5682:
4147:
2602:
1057:
833:
342:
319:
5439:
3167:"Cleaner cars from cradle to grave: how electric cars beat gasoline cars on lifetime global warming emissions"
2903:
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linked to the accelerator pedal, and it uses this signal to determine how much electric power is needed. This
5335:
4811:
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4248:
3162:
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1378:
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786:
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264:
135:(ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine,
4142:
1545:
5341:
4333:
3554:"Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology: Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles"
1502:
1460:
1398:
477:
electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered
4551:
4060:
3586:
2021:
1278:
carbon dioxide emitted. The same size-to-emission relationship applies to manufacturing of all products.
1188:
1184:
818:
693:
367:
253:
2294:
1617:
446:
5599:
5401:
4544:
4300:
3639:
3370:
3200:"Electricity carbon intensity in European Member States: Impacts on GHG emissions of electric vehicles"
1517:
1338:
955:
698:
Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower
542:
257:
132:
644:
For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British
5375:
4391:
2511:"ALG predicts gas at $ 4.13 by 2013; residual values for compacts, hybrids to climb â Autoblog Green"
1468:
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1955:
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47:
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3742:
1909:"Proterra Launches First Deployment of All-Electric, Zero-Emission Buses by Major Transit Agency"
900:
766:
726:
667:
486:
420:
210:
197:
120:
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4275:
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3847:
2853:"India plans $ 4.6 billion in incentives for battery makers in electric vehicle push: Document"
1282:
live near the mines use, creating health problems for the animals and people that live nearby.
904:
715:
548:
In 2012, heavy-duty trucks and buses contributed 7% of global warming emissions in California.
454:
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types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually
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4755:
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4348:
4223:
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1942:
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908:
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expanded in 1931, and by 1967, gave Britain the largest electric vehicle fleet in the world.
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5629:
5593:
4593:
4177:
3404:
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3211:
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of the electricity used to recharge the Electric Vehicle (commonly expressed in grams of CO
1131:
1098:
896:
493:
463:
441:
661:
8:
5487:
5208:
5020:
4765:
4442:
3701:
3612:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. Archived from
3535:
AeroVironment Awarded U.S. Patent For Electric Vehicle Energy Data Management And Control
3408:
2399:"Ford says auto future hinges on electric car | freep.com | Detroit Free Press"
1843:
1138:
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Several battery electric ships operate throughout the world, some for business. Electric
912:
829:
782:
591:
497:
288:
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3215:
2637:
2449:"US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by 2015 | Business"
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1383:
1302:
1207:
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971:
874:
804:
703:
482:
470:
350:
3493:
The European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE)
1794:
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that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).
173:
79:
5449:
5396:
5326:
5223:
5100:
4930:
4406:
4386:
4353:
4206:
4157:
4129:
4027:
3826:
3821:
3778:
3691:
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3309:
3296:
Wulff, Niklas; Miorelli, Fabia; Gils, Hans Christian; Jochem, Patrick (July 2021).
3276:
3227:
3219:
3075:
3039:
3018:"Re-examining rates of lithium-ion battery technology improvement and cost decline"
2651:
2641:
2364:
2345:"Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles"
2325:
2144:
1752:
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1127:
1121:
1083:
538:
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128:
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60:
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of lithium-ion batteries: the price of batteries declined by 97% in three decades.
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326:
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5444:
5075:
4583:
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4099:
3793:
2603:"Alejandro Agag, Formula E Founder and Chairman, named Autocar's Motorsport Hero"
2268:
1814:
1778:
1759:
1180:
1009:
725:
Electric cars are having a major impact in the auto industry given advantages in
699:
474:
334:
181:
3297:
748:
5390:
5180:
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5140:
5045:
4992:
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4265:
4196:
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1388:
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535:
330:
284:
232:
217:
201:
124:
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Hybrid electric vehicles whose batteries can be charged externally are called
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4270:
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3686:
3457:
3441:
3427:
3323:
3053:
2681:"The launch of this e-scooter is a moment of reckoning for India's EV market"
2376:
1150:
924:
603:
523:
151:
56:
5125:
3962:
2190:"Smith Electric Vehicle Launches Production of All-Electric Newton Step Van"
2074:
260:
vehicles (aka all-combustion vehicles) belong to one of the two categories.
5120:
5115:
5025:
4869:
4844:
4694:
4478:
4343:
4323:
4308:
4243:
4184:
4172:
3696:
3681:
3481:
3241:
2665:
2558:
2384:
1934:
1393:
1307:
1149:, which is a group of multiple battery modules and cells. For example, the
1146:
1145:
which are found in most EVs today. The overall battery is referred to as a
814:
769:
come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common ones such as
236:
147:
35:
2720:"Ather Energy showcases S340, 'India's first smart scooter' at Surge 2016"
1996:"Electric shuttle buses come to Mountain View, thanks to Motiv and Google"
1970:"New All-Electric School Bus Saves California District $ 10,000+ Per Year"
1242:
per kWh) and the consumption of the specific vehicle (in kilometers/kWh).
300:
5672:
5614:
5609:
5426:
5366:
5351:
5306:
5238:
5175:
5130:
5035:
4920:
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4900:
4895:
4783:
4689:
4328:
4042:
4019:
2904:"Launching strategy for electric vehicles: Lessons from China and Taiwan"
1195:
985:
863:
844:
761:
671:
607:
599:
280:
155:
72:
52:
1171:
Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of
855:
5268:
5253:
5248:
5015:
4854:
4836:
4747:
4709:
4684:
3314:
3044:
3017:
2329:
778:
645:
595:
526:, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in
478:
296:
228:
185:
3076:"The price of batteries has declined by 97% in the last three decades"
2368:
1674:"The China New Energy Vehicles Program â Challenges and Opportunities"
231:
are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the
67:
5416:
5356:
5296:
5263:
5165:
5150:
5110:
5105:
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3918:
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3559:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 13 April 2013. Archived from
3516:
1858:"Bus et navettes Ă©lectriques â ActualitĂ©s en France et dans le monde"
1437:
963:
822:
770:
732:
611:
458:
140:
136:
3631:
3371:"The spiralling environmental cost of our lithium battery addiction"
2265:"Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution"
1865:
1791:"Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000"
1134:
with external connections in order to provide power to the vehicle.
5654:
5649:
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5361:
5090:
5080:
5070:
5055:
5030:
4874:
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4821:
4793:
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887:
manufacturer of e-bikes, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009.
677:
649:
516:
512:
3580:"Hybrid and Electric Vehicles â The Electric Drive Gains Traction"
3505:
Alternative Technology Association Electric Vehicle Interest Group
3498:
3403:, 31 March 2011, p. F4. Published online 30 March 2011. Discusses
2932:"Batterifergen har mÄttet stÄ over avganger. NÄ er lÞsningen klar"
2315:
1888:"PVI, leader de la traction électrique pour véhicules industriels"
707:
practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.
617:
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5291:
5258:
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5228:
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4879:
4775:
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859:
508:
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4318:
3852:
2480:"Branson warns of oil crunch within five years | Business"
867:
681:
504:
345:(battery electric multiple units) are operated commercially in
30:
For electric vehicles other than battery powered vehicles, see
2116:"Proterra electric buses taken out of service in Philadelphia"
2025:
5185:
5040:
4609:
3585:. International Energy Agency (IEA). May 2013. Archived from
3161:
2619:
1887:
1546:"See The Best Selling Battery Electric Cars of All-Time Here"
1461:"Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters"
930:
849:
346:
680:
supplies DHL with electric distribution fleet of commercial
3510:
3486:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2877:
1671:
1649:. Center for Sustainable Energy, California. Archived from
1254:
emissions compared to diesel and gasoline fuelled engines.
1154:
360:
Other countries have also tested or ordered such vehicles.
275:
The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged
2239:"Should Pollution Factor into Electric Car Rollout Plans?"
1622:(1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution. pp. 2â5.
5345:
4915:
4803:
4640:
4338:
2992:"Components and Systems for Electric Vehicles (HEVs/EVs)"
1221:
Health and environmental effects of battery electric cars
626:
3492:
3487:
Zap-Map â the UK national directory of recharging points
2950:
702:
of production batteries available in 2015 compared with
3607:"Will Electric Cars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market?"
3295:
2745:
3541:
Solar charging station for Ford Focus Electric Vehicle
2620:
Weiss M; Dekker P; Moro A; Scholz H; Martin P (2015).
2342:
1561:"500,000th Nissan LEAF Was Produced In Sunderland, UK"
792:
220:
electric vehicles (PHEV) and run as BEVs during their
2555:"Freidman OpEd: China's 'Moon Shot' Versus America's"
2537:"Obama pushes electric cars, battery power this week"
2426:"Plotting the long road to one million electric cars"
1518:"1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EV Revolution Begins!"
1369:
Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries
2141:"Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle"
2049:"When The Sun Shines Down Under. . .It Powers a Bus"
1827:
UNDP donates electric buses to Beijing Olympic Games
1619:
Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?
1137:
Battery technology for EVs has developed from early
722:
savings depend on how the electricity is generated.
545:
and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.
3135:"Global electricity scenario and Electric vehicles"
2213:"BYD supplies DHL with electric distribution fleet"
1928:
1334:
Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
1206:EV battery storage is a key element for the global
158:with over 500,000 sales as of September 2020.
154:, with an estimated 645,000 sales, followed by the
3261:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
899:are being manufactured, including the one-wheeled
648:. The 21st century saw the massive development of
3499:Czech EV Club â (CZ) Eng. section in photogallery
2823:"Electric Two-Wheeler and EV Revolution in India"
2187:
1612:
594:. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by
5695:
2986:
2984:
2446:
1702:"What is a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV)?"
1584:
3289:
3254:
3016:Ziegler, Micah S.; Trancik, Jessika E. (2021).
2798:"City-based firm to launch e-bikes in New Year"
2423:
1141:used in the late 19th century to the 2010s, to
618:First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus
614:as part of Adelaide's public transport system.
3106:(third ed.). Newnes. p. Glossary 3.
3015:
2679:Ghoshal, Maria Thomas, Devjyot (5 June 2018).
2573:"Alejandro Agag CEO of Formula E Holdings LTD"
1354:List of electric-vehicle-battery manufacturers
1024:Exclusively uses electricity from power grid.
59:(right) were the world's all-time top-selling
4625:
3992:
3978:
3647:
3604:
3197:
2981:
2210:
1058:
256:of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional
2901:
2704:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1585:Anderson, Curtis D.; Anderson, Judy (2010).
1359:List of production battery electric vehicles
1088:The motor controller receives a signal from
4412:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
3605:Lee, Henry; Lovellette, Grant (July 2011).
3395:Building Better Batteries for Electric Cars
3093:
2911:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
755:
4632:
4618:
3985:
3971:
3654:
3640:
3345:"Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave (2015)"
2477:
2071:"All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!!"
1672:PRTM Management Consultants (April 2011).
1458:
1065:
1051:
994:but has electric battery to consume less.
115:(EV) that uses energy exclusively from an
3313:
3280:
3231:
3043:
3033:
2655:
2645:
2167:"byd-to-build-electric-trucks-in-ontario"
1349:List of electric cars currently available
1313:Electric Drive Transportation Association
1157:, depending on its chemical composition.
992:Exclusively uses petroleum or other fuel,
980:but can shut off engine to consume less.
978:Exclusively uses petroleum or other fuel,
747:Electric vehicles for disabled people in
5036:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
3099:
2895:
1108:
890:
854:
843:
742:
577:Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds
560:
445:
419:by adding descriptive text and removing
325:
78:
66:
46:
5382:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
3511:Australian Electric Vehicle Association
2678:
2508:
1924:
1922:
1459:Goebel, Dan M; Katz, Ira (March 2008).
1272:
1214:
1006:Uses mixture of petroleum or other fuel
710:Electric cars can significantly reduce
341:Battery electric trains in the form of
34:. For passenger electric vehicles, see
14:
5696:
3530:Reasons to buy an electric car in 2013
2349:Environmental Science & Technology
2046:
1608:
1606:
1515:
1509:
489:, for 14 months ending in April 2004.
333:battery electric multiple unit on the
4613:
3966:
3661:
3635:
3179:from the original on 22 November 2015
2795:
2769:
2478:Macalister, Terry (7 February 2010).
2113:
1198:and ultimately the vehicle's wheels.
2963:"How Exactly Do Electric Cars Work?"
2796:Varma, P. Sujatha (7 October 2017).
1919:
1665:
1558:
1543:
1516:Shahan, Zachary (22 November 2016).
1471:, California Institute of Technology
1364:Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
1126:Most electric vehicles today use an
1077:
933:are being operated and constructed.
848:A person riding an electric bike in
387:
38:. For the batteries themselves, see
3434:Electrically Propelled Perambulator
3368:
2770:Varma, P. Sujatha (13 April 2018).
2517:from the original on 14 August 2010
2424:Martin LaMonica (2 February 2009).
2047:Posner, Andrew (19 December 2007).
1603:
1587:Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History
1225:
793:Motorcycles, scooters and rickshaws
270:
24:
3387:
3022:Energy & Environmental Science
2829:. 29 December 2020. Archived from
2490:from the original on 16 April 2010
2459:from the original on 15 April 2010
2447:Terry Macalister (11 April 2010).
2318:Energy & Environmental Science
2245:from the original on 24 March 2010
2188:smithelectric.com (5 March 2012).
2143:. Cgl.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from
1647:"Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)"
1639:
1480:from the original on 20 March 2009
590:Tindo is an all-electric bus from
25:
5725:
5046:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
4219:Electric motorcycles and scooters
3707:Electric motorcycles and scooters
3415:
3100:Crompton, T. R. (20 March 2000).
2267:. Electroauto.com. Archived from
2241:. Earth2tech.com. 17 March 2010.
2211:bydeurope.com (15 January 2016).
2169:. Autotrader.ca. 15 November 2017
1690:See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v
1374:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
799:Electric motorcycles and scooters
481:, an all-electric version of the
469:Beginning in the summer of 2000,
3726:
3720:
1704:. AutoblogGreen. 6 February 2009
662:Electric truck § Cargo vans
602:and gets its electricity from a
485:. A similar bus was operated in
392:
75:at a high power charging station
4266:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
3753:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
3362:
3337:
3248:
3191:
3155:
3127:
3068:
3009:
2924:
2870:
2845:
2815:
2789:
2763:
2738:
2712:
2672:
2613:
2595:
2565:
2547:
2529:
2502:
2471:
2440:
2417:
2391:
2336:
2309:
2283:
2257:
2231:
2215:. bydeurope.com. Archived from
2204:
2181:
2159:
2133:
2107:
2081:
2063:
2040:
2014:
2000:Silicon Valley Business Journal
1988:
1962:
1901:
1880:
1850:
1832:
1820:
1801:
1783:
1765:
1746:
1716:
1694:
1559:Kane, Mark (9 September 2020).
1324:Electric vehicle warning sounds
1104:
803:Three-wheeled vehicles include
473:began operating a 16-passenger
168:History of the electric vehicle
5683:Template:EC car classification
4639:
4148:Battery electric multiple unit
3204:Transportation Research Part D
2626:Transportation Research Part D
1578:
1552:
1537:
1495:
1452:
1422:
1232:greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
834:Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery
817:from India has launched their
787:neighborhood electric vehicles
572:
320:Battery electric multiple unit
305:neighborhood electric vehicles
265:neighborhood electric vehicles
191:
13:
1:
4249:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
3349:Union of Concerned Scientists
3163:Union of Concerned Scientists
2913:(77): 831â834. Archived from
2509:Loveday, Eric (8 June 2010).
1544:Kane, Mark (4 October 2020).
1416:
1379:Road-powered electric vehicle
1230:Electric vehicles produce no
972:Micro hybrid electric vehicle
936:
606:system on Adelaide's central
585:
283:) that have higher power and
4538:Who Killed the Electric Car?
4334:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
3482:Battery Vehicle Society (UK)
1399:Tokyo Electric Power Company
1185:brushless AC electric motors
986:Mild hybrid electric vehicle
942:Fuel use in vehicle designs
254:electric vehicle conversions
245:(PEVs) are a subcategory of
7:
4552:Revenge of the Electric Car
4143:Battery-electric locomotive
2401:. freep.com. Archived from
2114:admin (21 September 2020).
1829:. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
1817:. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
1762:. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
1285:
1189:brushless DC electric motor
839:
807:, a powered variant of the
694:Electric car use by country
368:Battery-electric locomotive
133:internal combustion engines
119:. This definition excludes
10:
5730:
5372:Gasoline / petrol
5136:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
3763:Fuel cell electric vehicle
3255:Moro A; Helmers E (2017).
1218:
1201:
1164:
1119:
1081:
922:
872:
796:
759:
691:
659:
637:
543:lithium-titanate batteries
530:, since September 2010 at
439:
374:
365:
317:
316:Battery electric railcars:
258:internal combustion engine
195:
165:
161:
29:
5704:Battery electric vehicles
5668:
5592:
5512:(engine / drive)
5506:
5478:
5425:
5277:
5199:
4991:
4929:
4888:
4835:
4802:
4774:
4746:
4708:
4657:
4648:
4561:
4545:What Is the Electric Car?
4529:
4456:
4420:
4392:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
4372:
4296:
4128:
4098:
4041:
4018:
4000:
3994:Alternative fuel vehicles
3951:
3891:
3871:
3835:
3809:
3802:
3771:
3735:
3718:
3669:
3282:10.1007/s11367-015-0954-z
3224:10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.012
2772:"AVERA News on The Hindu"
2746:"AVERA Electric Vehicles"
2647:10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.007
1813:30 September 2011 at the
1758:13 September 2008 at the
1753:Downtown Electric Shuttle
1589:. McFarland. p. 22.
1469:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1409:Personal electric vehicle
1329:Global Electric Motorcars
1173:brushed DC electric motor
1160:
1046:
1042:to generate electricity.
895:An increasing variety of
633:
243:Plug-in electric vehicles
5714:Sustainable technologies
5151:Sedan delivery/Panel van
4254:Plug-in electric vehicle
4234:Gyro flywheel locomotive
4212:Battery electric vehicle
3758:Battery electric vehicle
3748:Plug-in electric vehicle
3198:Moro A; Lonza L (2018).
1635:See definition on pp. 2.
1319:Electric vehicle battery
918:
901:self-balancing unicycles
767:Special-purpose vehicles
756:Special-purpose vehicles
596:Designline International
211:Hybrid electric vehicles
206:Plug-in electric vehicle
121:hybrid electric vehicles
89:battery electric vehicle
40:Electric vehicle battery
27:Type of electric vehicle
5709:Automotive technologies
5412:Liquified petroleum gas
5224:Driverless (autonomous)
4474:Hybrid electric vehicle
4438:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
4433:Hybrid electric vehicle
4239:Hybrid electric vehicle
4202:Electric platform truck
3743:Hybrid electric vehicle
3407:and the new-technology
956:Combustion-only vehicle
905:self-balancing scooters
866:bicycle hire scheme in
687:
668:Smith Electric Vehicles
655:
487:Napa Valley, California
421:less pertinent examples
373:Electric rail trolley:
349:. They are charged via
310:
198:Hybrid electric vehicle
5317:Compressed natural gas
5244:Personal rapid transit
4599:Zero-emissions vehicle
4115:Compressed-air vehicle
4056:Solar-powered aircraft
3468:Electric motor vehicle
3405:rechargeable batteries
3103:Battery Reference Book
2513:. Green.autoblog.com.
2291:"Clean Air Initiative"
1950:Cite journal requires
1384:Short-commute vehicles
1117:
1000:Plug-in hybrid vehicle
909:electric kick scooters
870:
852:
775:electric golf trolleys
752:
566:
455:Chattanooga, Tennessee
451:
383:
338:
105:fully electric vehicle
84:
76:
64:
5583:Dual motor-four-wheel
5181:Town (Coupé de Ville)
4469:Flexible-fuel vehicle
4397:Hydrogen-powered ship
4349:Flexible-fuel vehicle
4224:Electric kick scooter
3858:EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2)
3142:prototype-creation.de
2902:Chi-Jen Yang (2010).
2120:The Fourth Revolution
1260:life-cycle assessment
1143:lithium-ion batteries
1132:electrochemical cells
1112:
1008:and electricity from
897:personal transporters
891:Personal transporters
858:
847:
830:Lithium Ion batteries
746:
579:lithium-ion batteries
564:
498:lithium-ion batteries
494:2008 Beijing Olympics
449:
355:diesel multiple units
329:
289:Lithium-ion batteries
101:only-electric vehicle
97:pure electric vehicle
82:
70:
50:
5594:Engine configuration
4594:Wind-powered vehicle
4178:Battery electric bus
3537:(Green Car Congress)
3517:Electric Car Society
2297:on 14 September 2016
2147:on 23 September 2015
2077:on 8 September 2009.
1505:. 19 September 2016.
1273:Vehicle construction
1215:Environmental impact
1099:regenerative braking
1018:All-electric vehicle
913:electric skateboards
783:all-terrain vehicles
464:1996 Summer Olympics
450:BYD K9A in Guangzhou
442:Battery electric bus
357:on some such lines.
109:all-electric vehicle
5600:internal combustion
5402:Internal combustion
5209:All-terrain vehicle
5131:Retractable hardtop
4443:Natural gas vehicle
3702:Electric locomotive
3592:on 26 February 2021
3458:U.S. patent 772,571
3442:U.S. patent 594,805
3428:U.S. patent 523,354
3409:lithium ion battery
3273:2017IJLCA..22....4M
3216:2018TRPD...64....5M
2638:2015TRPD...41..348W
2561:on 3 November 2010.
2361:2010EnST...44.6550N
2192:. smithelectric.com
1846:on 6 December 2008.
1808:Electric School Bus
1797:on 4 December 2008.
1777:20 May 2008 at the
1734:on 3 September 2009
1728:4 Future Energy.com
1440:on 12 November 2020
1139:lead-acid batteries
943:
592:Adelaide, Australia
417:improve the article
224:mode. PHEVs with a
4110:Compressed-air car
4076:List of prototypes
3789:Tesla Supercharger
3566:on 2 December 2013
3431:, Emil E. Keller,
3400:The New York Times
3315:10.3390/en14144349
3045:10.1039/D0EE02681F
2969:. 11 November 2018
2938:. 18 November 2016
2857:The Economic Times
2833:on 19 January 2021
2726:. 25 February 2016
2330:10.1039/c5ee01082a
1915:on 30 August 2011.
1724:"Battery Electric"
1434:The Boring Company
1298:Automotive battery
1293:All-electric range
1118:
941:
871:
853:
805:electric rickshaws
753:
704:carbon-based fuels
567:
553:San Joaquin Valley
528:Pomona, California
452:
377:Cater MetroTrolley
339:
172:During the 1880s,
85:
77:
65:
5691:
5690:
4987:
4986:
4756:Compact executive
4607:
4606:
4516:Electric aircraft
4382:Fuel cell vehicle
4229:Fuel cell vehicle
4153:Electric aircraft
4085:Electric aircraft
4010:Fuel cell vehicle
3960:
3959:
3947:
3946:
3887:
3886:
3822:Type 2 (Mennekes)
3677:Electric aircraft
3663:Electric vehicles
3463:Hiram Percy Maxim
3447:Hiram Percy Maxim
3165:(November 2015).
3080:Our World in Data
2920:on 31 March 2010.
2369:10.1021/es903729a
2355:(17): 6550â6556.
2095:on 30 August 2011
2002:. 13 January 2015
1629:978-0-8157-0305-1
1614:David B. Sandalow
1523:cleantechnica.com
1404:Wireless charging
1303:Battery balancing
1208:energy transition
1078:Motor controllers
1075:
1074:
1036:Exclusively uses
1030:Fuel cell vehicle
962:Exclusively uses
875:Electric bicycles
652:electric trucks.
483:Blue Bird TC/2000
471:Hong Kong Airport
438:
437:
247:electric vehicles
129:motor controllers
61:all-electric cars
16:(Redirected from
5721:
5603:
5562:Front-four-wheel
5513:
5376:direct injection
5287:Alternative fuel
5101:Multi-stop truck
4655:
4654:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4407:Hydrogen vehicle
4387:Hydrogen economy
4354:Methanol economy
4207:Electric vehicle
4158:Electric bicycle
4130:Electric battery
4028:Electric bicycle
3987:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3779:Charging station
3730:
3724:
3692:Electric bicycle
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3619:on 1 August 2011
3618:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3460:
3444:
3430:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3317:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3171:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3047:
3037:
3028:(4): 1635â1651.
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2967:Green Car Future
2959:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2557:. Archived from
2551:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:on 21 April 2010
2395:
2389:
2388:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2324:(7): 1969â1985.
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2293:. Archived from
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2091:. Archived from
2089:"Proterra., Inc"
2085:
2079:
2078:
2073:. Archived from
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2024:. Archived from
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1911:. Archived from
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1864:. Archived from
1854:
1848:
1847:
1842:. Archived from
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1793:. Archived from
1787:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1730:. Archived from
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1436:. Archived from
1426:
1344:Hydrogen vehicle
1265:The open source
1247:renewable energy
1236:carbon intensity
1226:Power generation
1181:induction motors
1130:, consisting of
1128:electric battery
1122:Electric battery
1084:Motor controller
1067:
1060:
1053:
944:
940:
826:electric scooter
532:Foothill Transit
457:, operates nine
433:
430:
424:
396:
395:
388:
271:Vehicles by type
222:charge-depleting
117:on-board battery
113:electric vehicle
32:Electric vehicle
21:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5664:
5635:Single-cylinder
5597:
5596:
5588:
5576:Rear-four-wheel
5527:Front mid-front
5511:
5510:
5502:
5480:Engine position
5474:
5421:
5407:Liquid nitrogen
5273:
5201:
5195:
4983:
4925:
4884:
4831:
4817:Crossover (CUV)
4798:
4770:
4742:
4704:
4644:
4638:
4608:
4603:
4584:Wave power ship
4574:Ram air turbine
4557:
4525:
4464:Bi-fuel vehicle
4452:
4416:
4368:
4292:
4132:
4124:
4101:
4100:Compressed-air
4094:
4037:
4014:
3996:
3991:
3961:
3956:
3943:
3883:
3867:
3831:
3798:
3794:Vehicle-to-grid
3767:
3731:
3725:
3716:
3665:
3660:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3456:
3440:
3426:
3418:
3390:
3388:Further reading
3385:
3375:
3373:
3369:Katwala, Amit.
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3294:
3290:
3253:
3249:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2936:Teknisk Ukeblad
2930:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2882:ev.delhi.gov.in
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2673:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2543:. 14 July 2010.
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2341:
2337:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2271:on 1 March 2009
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2219:on 19 July 2018
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1868:on 20 July 2011
1856:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1815:Wayback Machine
1806:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1779:Wayback Machine
1772:Success Stories
1770:
1766:
1760:Wayback Machine
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1653:on 20 June 2010
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1553:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1288:
1275:
1253:
1241:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1204:
1169:
1163:
1124:
1107:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1041:
1032:
1020:
1007:
1002:
993:
988:
979:
974:
966:or other fuel.
958:
939:
927:
921:
893:
877:
842:
801:
795:
764:
758:
700:specific energy
696:
690:
666:In March 2012,
664:
658:
642:
636:
620:
588:
575:
475:Mitsubishi Rosa
444:
434:
428:
425:
414:
397:
393:
386:
379:
370:
335:Karasuyama Line
322:
313:
273:
208:
194:
182:Andreas Flocken
170:
164:
125:electric motors
55:(left) and the
43:
28:
23:
22:
18:Battery vehicle
15:
12:
11:
5:
5727:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5569:Mid-four-wheel
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5384:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5333:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5156:Shooting brake
5153:
5148:
5146:Saloon / Sedan
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4652:
4650:Classification
4646:
4645:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4494:Plug-in hybrid
4491:
4486:
4484:Hybrid vehicle
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4402:Hydrogen train
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4197:Electric truck
4194:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3827:Type 3 (Scame)
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3712:Electric truck
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3602:
3576:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3454:
3438:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3416:External links
3414:
3413:
3412:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3361:
3336:
3288:
3247:
3190:
3154:
3126:
3113:978-0080499956
3112:
3092:
3067:
3008:
2996:Hitachi Review
2980:
2949:
2923:
2894:
2869:
2844:
2827:BLive EV Store
2814:
2788:
2762:
2737:
2711:
2671:
2612:
2609:. 8 June 2021.
2594:
2564:
2546:
2528:
2501:
2470:
2439:
2416:
2390:
2335:
2308:
2282:
2256:
2230:
2203:
2180:
2158:
2132:
2106:
2080:
2062:
2039:
2013:
1987:
1976:. 5 March 2014
1961:
1952:|journal=
1918:
1900:
1879:
1849:
1831:
1819:
1800:
1782:
1764:
1745:
1715:
1693:
1664:
1638:
1628:
1616:, ed. (2009).
1602:
1595:
1577:
1551:
1536:
1508:
1494:
1451:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:Supercapacitor
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1274:
1271:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1224:
1219:Main article:
1216:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1167:Traction motor
1165:Main article:
1162:
1159:
1120:Main article:
1114:Learning curve
1106:
1103:
1090:potentiometers
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1004:
996:
995:
990:
982:
981:
976:
968:
967:
960:
952:
951:
948:
938:
935:
923:Main article:
920:
917:
892:
889:
873:Main article:
841:
838:
809:cycle rickshaw
797:Main article:
794:
791:
773:, things like
757:
754:
727:city pollution
720:greenhouse gas
716:zero emissions
712:city pollution
689:
686:
660:Main article:
657:
654:
640:Electric truck
638:Main article:
635:
632:
619:
616:
587:
584:
574:
571:
440:Main article:
436:
435:
400:
398:
391:
385:
382:
381:
380:
375:Main article:
371:
366:Main article:
324:
323:
318:Main article:
312:
309:
285:energy density
272:
269:
233:Chevrolet Volt
218:plug-in hybrid
202:Plug-in hybrid
193:
190:
174:Gustave Trouvé
166:Main article:
163:
160:
83:Charging point
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5726:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5630:Reciprocating
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5548:Rear mid-rear
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Station wagon
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Coupé utility
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Sport compact
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4776:Minivan / MPV
4773:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
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4359:Methanol fuel
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4168:Electric boat
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4127:
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4120:Tesla turbine
4118:
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4108:
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4105:
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4097:
4091:
4090:Electric boat
4088:
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4073:
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4069:
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4064:
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4051:Solar vehicle
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3687:Electric boat
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3476:Organizations
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3396:
3393:Witkin, Jim.
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2608:
2607:FIA Formula E
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2136:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2050:
2043:
2028:on 8 May 2015
2027:
2023:
2022:"é·ć€©æž©æŻéĄżç”æ± æéć
Źćž"
2017:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1975:
1974:CleanTechnica
1971:
1965:
1957:
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1596:9780786457427
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1151:Tesla Model S
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1123:
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1111:
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1095:
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1056:
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1049:
1048:
1045:
1040:or other fuel
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925:Electric boat
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401:This article
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295:BEVs include
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199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
178:Thomas Parker
175:
169:
159:
157:
153:
152:Tesla Model 3
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:is a type of
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
81:
74:
69:
62:
58:
57:Tesla Model S
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5470:Twelve-wheel
5427:Drive wheels
5330:
5200:Specialized
5121:Pickup truck
5026:Cabrio coach
4870:Sports sedan
4845:Grand tourer
4550:
4543:
4536:
4479:Hybrid train
4344:Ethanol fuel
4324:Butanol fuel
4309:Alcohol fuel
4244:Hybrid train
4211:
4185:Electric car
4173:Electric bus
3843:AA (CHAdeMO)
3757:
3697:Electric bus
3682:Electric car
3621:. Retrieved
3614:the original
3594:. Retrieved
3587:the original
3568:. Retrieved
3561:the original
3466:
3450:
3432:
3398:
3374:. Retrieved
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3348:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3308:(14): 4349.
3305:
3301:
3291:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3102:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3079:
3070:
3025:
3021:
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2995:
2971:. Retrieved
2966:
2940:. Retrieved
2935:
2926:
2915:the original
2910:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2826:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2801:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:
2765:
2755:19 September
2753:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2723:
2714:
2688:. Retrieved
2685:Quartz India
2684:
2674:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2579:
2567:
2559:the original
2549:
2540:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2484:The Guardian
2483:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2453:The Guardian
2452:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2393:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:the original
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:the original
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:the original
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2083:
2075:the original
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2051:. TreeHugger
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1943:cite journal
1913:the original
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1861:
1852:
1844:the original
1834:
1822:
1803:
1795:the original
1785:
1767:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1696:
1689:
1681:. Retrieved
1679:. World Bank
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1641:
1634:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:
1554:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1521:
1511:
1497:
1489:
1482:. Retrieved
1467:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:the original
1433:
1424:
1394:Think Global
1308:Capa vehicle
1280:
1276:
1264:
1256:
1244:
1229:
1205:
1193:
1170:
1147:battery pack
1136:
1125:
1105:Battery pack
1087:
1017:
989:(MHEV, BAHV)
947:Vehicle type
928:
894:
885:
881:
878:
836:technology.
815:Ather Energy
813:
802:
765:
749:Ă
rdalstangen
738:
731:
724:
709:
697:
676:
665:
643:
621:
610:. Rides are
589:
576:
568:
557:
550:
547:
539:EcoRide BE35
521:
502:
491:
468:
466:in Atlanta.
453:
426:
415:Please help
403:may contain
402:
364:Locomotives:
359:
340:
301:light trucks
294:
274:
262:
251:
241:
237:Fisker Karma
215:
209:
171:
148:electric car
145:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
73:Peugeot e208
44:
36:electric car
5620:Four-stroke
5520:Front-front
5460:Eight-wheel
5435:Front-wheel
5367:Natural gas
5352:Fossil fuel
5307:Biogasoline
4993:Body styles
4921:Vintage car
4329:Biogasoline
4043:Solar power
4020:Human power
3267:(1): 4â14.
3001:22 November
2973:22 November
2942:19 November
2632:: 348â366.
2173:15 November
2151:27 November
1935:resrep17234
1683:29 February
1570:18 November
1529:23 November
1196:drive shaft
1033:(FCV, FCEV)
864:Call a Bike
779:milk floats
762:Electrathon
672:Utilimaster
646:milk floats
608:bus station
600:New Zealand
573:Thunder Sky
429:August 2024
351:pantographs
297:automobiles
281:lithium-ion
192:Terminology
186:milk floats
156:Nissan Leaf
131:instead of
123:. BEVs use
53:Nissan Leaf
5698:Categories
5645:Two-stroke
5541:Front-rear
5534:Rear-front
5450:Four-wheel
5440:Rear-wheel
5279:Propulsion
5269:Voiturette
5254:Flying car
5249:Police car
5214:Amphibious
5126:Quad coupé
5016:Berlinetta
4733:Street rod
4675:Subcompact
3899:GB/T 20234
3803:Connectors
3376:3 December
3354:3 December
3329:8 November
3183:7 February
3035:2007.13920
2878:"GNCTD EV"
2730:28 January
2690:28 January
2486:. London.
2455:. London.
2223:15 January
2125:15 October
2099:24 October
1484:7 February
1417:References
1339:Greenpower
1021:(BEV, AEV)
1010:power grid
950:Fuel used
937:Technology
819:BLDC motor
771:golf carts
760:See also:
718:. Vehicle
714:by having
692:See also:
586:Free Tindo
511:(offering
479:school bus
409:irrelevant
229:powertrain
196:See also:
5555:Rear-rear
5465:Ten-wheel
5455:Six-wheel
5445:Two-wheel
5357:Fuel cell
5297:Biodiesel
5264:Tow truck
5239:Pedal car
5219:Connected
5191:Vis-Ă -vis
5166:Targa top
5111:Panel van
5106:Notchback
5086:Limousine
5076:Landaulet
5066:Hatchback
5011:Barchetta
4979:S-segment
4974:M-segment
4969:J-segment
4964:F-segment
4959:E-segment
4954:D-segment
4949:C-segment
4944:B-segment
4939:A-segment
4850:Hot hatch
4827:Coupe SUV
4761:Executive
4723:Lead sled
4700:Full-size
4680:Supermini
4509:Solar bus
4504:Solar car
4489:Multifuel
4314:Biodiesel
4286:Solar bus
4281:Solar car
4071:Solar car
4066:Solar bus
4002:Fuel cell
3939:SAE J3400
3934:SAE J3105
3929:SAE J3068
3924:SAE J1772
3919:ISO 15118
3914:IEC 63110
3909:IEC 62196
3904:IEC 61851
3892:Standards
3848:BB (GB/T)
3324:1996-1073
3062:220830992
3054:1754-5692
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2776:The Hindu
2541:USA Today
2428:. CNN.com
2377:0013-936X
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5362:Fuel gas
5327:Electric
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3174:Archived
3147:23 April
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