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485:) has also estimated the number of Bulgarian casualties in the entire uprising at less than 3,700 and has claimed that the accepted reality of the massacres is largely a myth. In true Postcolonial fashion, Millman has blamed the figures and descriptions in Schuyler and MacGahan's reports on their pre-existing bias, "othering", contempt and anti-Turkish sentiment and has stated that Baring's report had also been greatly flawed as he had merely used the lowest figure provided by Bulgarians and the American missionaries at Constantinople. Millman's figures have basically been repeated by historian
54:
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1005:"През време на Перущенското и Баташкото клане никое друго село в Рупчоската околия не беше изложено на същата опасност освен с. Широка лъка. Това село като най-събудено и богато башибозукът от околните помашки села, които бяха заели участие в Перущица и Батак, дошли в с. Широка лъка...Исторически преглед, Том 28, Българско историческо дружество, Институт за история (Българска академия на науките), 1972, стр. 106.
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625:. Ulf Brunnbauer and Martina Baleva apologized and asserted that the outcry was based on a misunderstanding and incorrect information. They stated that their intention had been not to deny the massacre, but to critically look at some paintings and photographs related to it - an issue that Baleva had published an article on a year earlier. They also explained that the term "
460:, or blood tax, has been described in favourable terms, while colonised non-Muslim peoples on the Balkans have, at best, been accused of disloyalty to the Sultan (if rebelling) or blamed for complicity in Western racism and prejudice. This apologist approach can be observed in, for example, Japanese scholar Tetsuya Sahara's summary of what happened in Batak:
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all women and girls. From my saddle I counted about a hundred skulls, not including those that were hidden beneath the others in the ghastly heap nor those that were scattered far and wide through the fields. The skulls were nearly all separated from the rest of the bones – the skeletons were nearly all headless.
332:, versus only 155 Muslim casualties, of whom 12 women and children. Most of all, Schuyler emphasized the extreme level of brutality demonstrated, above all, in Batak, which—given the failure of the rebellion and the quick surrender of the villager—had been completely unnecessary. Schuyler writes, as follows:
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These women had all been beheaded...and the procedure seems to have been, as follows: They would seize a woman, strip her carefully to her chemise, laying aside articles of clothing that were valuable, with any ornaments and jewels she might have about her. Then as many of them as cared would violate
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There was not a roof left, not a whole wall standing; all was a mass of ruins... We looked again at the heap of skulls and skeletons before us, and we observed that they were all small and that the articles of clothing intermingled with them and lying about were all women's apparel. These, then, were
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commander made the women stand back and slew all the remaining 300 men. Those women who protested were also raped and killed. On the same day, another 300 people murdered on the wooden bridge beside the school; first their arms were cut off, then their ears, noses, shoulders, and only after that they
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After the massacre at the church, Ahmet Agha summoned all the surviving villagers outside, saying that it would be in order to make a list of the slain and the widows. The better part of the survivors gathered, since those who did not obey would be killed. They were divided in two groups of women and
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villagers, but it turned out that there were not enough of them. Before the bashi-bozouk left the village, they tried to burn the church, yet the stone walls remained, and only the wooden furniture and the icons were destroyed. When a
Russian commission went to inspect the village 3 months later, the
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One point of
Kaychev's article was to show that national memory of the massacre existed long before Piotrowski's painting - for example, the massacre is described in a school history book in 1881, while Piotrowski's painting only appeared in 1892. In response, Baleva conceded that she had been wrong
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The defence of the church held for three days, with the paramilitaries shooting ceaselessly at the villagers to make them surrender. Some tried to enter the church from the roof but were unsuccessful, even though they were able to shoot some of the people inside. There was no water in the church, so
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As the fact of the massacre is undeniable, it is usually the number of casualties that comes under fire by "playing with" the estimate for the town's pre-existing population, e.g., by using the figure of 1,441 people living in 494 households provided by
Ottoman official Edib Effendi. While Schuyler
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We walked about the place and saw the same thing repeated over and over a hundred times. Skeletons of men with the clothing and flesh still hanging to and rotting together; skulls of women, with the hair dragging in the dust. bones of children and infants everywhere. Here they show us a house where
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An immense number of bodies had been partially burnt there and the charred and blackened remains seemed to fill it half way up to the low dark arches and make them lower and darker still, were lying in a state of putrefaction too frightful to look upon. I had never imagined anything so horrible. We
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when the village was surrounded and saw Ahmet Agha who said he required the weapons to be collected from the villagers. Trendafil went and had them collected. After they were handed in, he was shot at with a pistol, the ball from which grazed his eye. I then heard Ahmet Agha give the order with his
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asked some of the wealthy men of Batak to go to his camp and lay down all the arms of the villagers. Amongst them was the mayor, Trendafil Toshev
Kerelov, and his son, Petar Trendafilov Kerelov. They had supposedly reached an agreement that if the village disarmed, the paramilitaries would withdraw
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We looked into the church which had been blackened by the burning of the woodwork, but not destroyed, nor even much injured. It was a low building with a low roof, supported by heavy irregular arches, that as we looked in seemed scarcely high enough for a tall man to stand under. What we saw there
419:, who visited the town in 1876, Batak had 680 houses (households) and a population of approx. 9,000 just prior to the uprising. Pastor J.F. Clarke, who was in charge of distributing American relief, stated in October 1876 that the surviving population of Batak at the time was around 1,700 people.
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Here was the spot where the village notable
Trendafil was spitted on a pike and then roasted, and where he is now buried; there was a foul hole full of decomposing bodies; here a mill dam filled with swollen corpses; here the school house, where 200 women and children had taken refuge there were
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The conference was scheduled to be held in Batak on 18 May 2007 as part of a project entitled "Feindbild Islam – Geschichte und
Gegenwart antiislamischer Stereotype in Bulgarien am Beispiel des Mythos vom Massaker in Batak" ("The Image of the Islamic Enemy - the Past and Present of Anti-Islamic
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or pre-19th century China. This has been criticised severely by
Eastern European scholars, who have asserted that the harm their peoples have suffered under foreign imperial rule was neither lesser, nor less important just because their colonisers came on land rather than by sea or because they
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in the 1960s, there have been historians, in particular, from the USA, where the theory is most influential, who have tried to disparage the events at Batak. While
Postcolonialism severely criticises the exploitation of colonised peoples and their lands and the impact of colonialism on their
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Unable to go on without water, the survivors came outside on the third day. When they opened the doors of the church, ruthless slaughter ensued, where only those who accepted to be converted to Islam were spared. The plans of the
Ottoman leader were to populate the village with the converted
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They then took from him all the money he had, stripped off his clothes, put out his eyes and his teeth, and impaled him slowly until the stake came out of his mouth; after which they roasted him on the fire, he being then alive. He lived for half an hour during the awful event... A number of
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burned alive, and here the church and churchyard, where fully a thousand half-decayed forms were still to be seen, filling the enclosure in a heap several feet high, arms, feet, and heads protruding from the stones which had vainly been thrown there to hide them, and poisoning all the air.
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that his enquiry would turn into a cover-up. However, Baring, by and large, confirmed
Schuyler's findings, only lowering the estimated number of Bulgarian victims to approx. 12,000. As for Batak itself, Baring reconfirmed the figure of 5,000 casualties and bluntly described the massacre
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has rightfully been criticised that the estimate of 8.9 members per household (8000 inhabitants in 900 households) may be too high, Edlib Effendi's estimate of 2.9 members per household is simply unrealistic. Ottoman Almanacs estimated approx. 6.8 members per Non-Muslim household in the
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Bulgarian women were present besides myself. We were encircled by Bashi-Bazouks who hemmed us in on all sides so that we were made to see what was done to Trendafil. They thought he had more money concealed and was unwilling to give it up and therefore they tortured and killed him.
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20 April] 1876, part of the armed men in Batak, led by voivode Petar Goranov, attacked the Ottomans. They succeeded in eliminating part of the Ottoman leaders, but were reported to the authorities, which sent a paramilitary detachment of some 5,000 irregular soldiers
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The slaughter at Batak by the Pomak Bashi-Bazouks under the command of Ahmed Agha Barutin has been variously estimated to be between 2000 and 5000 persons of both sexes. "Accounts and papers of the House of Commons", Great Britain. Parliament. Ordered to be printed, 1877, p.
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2 May] 1876, those hidden in the House of Bogdan surrendered, as Ahmet Agha had pledged to spare them. The pledge was not kept: in the end, more than 200 men, women and children were led out, stripped out of their valuables and clothes, and brutally killed. The
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in nearby locations failed to accomplish their tasks, the survivors were supposed to gather in Batak. The only problem expected by the organisers was that Batak would have to defend itself alone against the Ottoman troops. After the April uprising was proclaimed on 2
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After the first battle, the insurgents from Batak decided to negotiate with Ahmet Agha. He pledged to withdraw his troops on condition that Batak disarmed. However, after the rebels laid down their weapons, the paramilitaries attacked and beheaded them.
254:. They described the burned and destroyed city with the stench of the rot of thousands of piled dismembered corpses and skeletons of innocent victims, including young women, children and unborn babies torn out from the wombs of their pregnant mothers.
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In May 2007, a public conference was scheduled in Bulgaria, aiming to present research, held by Martina Baleva and Ulf Brunnbauer, on the formation of national memory for the Batak massacre. Bulgarian media reported that the authors were denying the
988:Ахмед ага Барутанлията – палачът на Батак, изклал там 8000 българи, също помак. Че въпросните палачи на българите са помаци, сиреч българи мохамедани, споменавам чак сега... Български хроники. 1878–1943, Том 3, Стефан Цанев, TRUD Publishers, 2008,
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At that time the massacre on Christians in Batak took place, when Bulgarian speaking Muslims from Barutin murdered Christians. Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, LIT Verlag Münster, 2010,
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forgotten before the painting was created. She nevertheless argued, among other things, that Piotrowski's work did have a significant influence on subsequent national memory of the massacre and on the form of the Batak memorial in particular.
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commissioner Mr. Walter Baring. Baring was actually the reason why Schuyler made the trip in the first place: he was a known Turcophile, and given the British Empire's strongly pro-Ottoman position, there was fear at the American community in
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among postcolonial scholars have been particularly exuberant, and Ottomans have been hailed as a paragon of multiculturalism and treated as a victim of Western colonialism rather than as an oppressor in their own right. Even the practice of
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339:, heads of girls still adorned with braids of long hair, bones of children, skeletons still encased in clothing. Here was a house the floor of which was white with the ashes and charred bones of thirty persons burned alive there.
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was to take possession of Ottoman storehouses in surrounding villages and ensure that the insurgents would have provisions. Batak was also supposed to block main thoroughfares and prevent Ottoman soldiers from receiving supplies.
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Some Pomaks aided in the suppression by the Turks, perhaps participating in a massacre of Bulgarians in the mountain village of Batak. Encyclopedia of European peoples, Catherine Mason, Carl Waldman, Infobase Publishing, 2006,
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While the leaders of the Revolutionary committee were surrendering the weapons, some of Batak's residents managed to escape the village. After that, the entire village was surrounded, and no one else was let out. The
1032:... and the Pomak Ahmet Agha Barutanlijata was at any event responsible for the mascare of Batak... "The Turks of Bulgaria: the history, culture and political fate of a minority, Kemal H. Karpat, Isis Press, 1990,
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The events at Batak caused a public outcry across Europe, mobilized ordinary people and famous intellectuals to demand a reform of the Ottoman model of governance of the Bulgarian lands, and eventually led to the
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Bulgarian media reported that the scientists were denying that a massacre had occurred. There was a public outcry, widespread protests and immediate reactions on the part of the Mayor of Batak, Prime minister
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has accused Schuyler of visiting personally only 11 of the villages that he reported on, even though Schuyler states that on the first page of his report. Millman (himself described by a fellow historian as
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At the time this was happening, Ahmet Agha's son took my child from my back and cut him to pieces, there in front of me. The burnt bones of Trendafil stood there for one month and only then they were buried.
573:, director of the National Museum of History in Sofia) qualified Baleva and Brunnbauer's research as "grandiose falsification". Other historians claimed that the principle of academic freedom is violated.
669:'s Faculty of History, criticized this view in an article seeking to point out certain contradictions and factual errors in Baleva's paper that had been supposed to be read at the cancelled conference.
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of the two figures is right. And given how politically charged the matter is, we will probably never know for sure. As a comparison with similar successful artisanal Bulgarian upland towns at the time,
979:Прочутото Баташко клане е извършено от среднородопските помаци под водачеството на Ахмед ага Барутанлията. "Време за разхвърляне на камъни" Николай Хайтов, Издателство "Хр. Ботев", 1994, стр. 64.
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went around the houses, raiding and burning them. Many people decided to hide in the houses of the wealthy or in the church, which had a stronger structure and would protect them from fire.
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stereotypes in Bulgaria as exemplified by the Myth of the Batak Massacre"). The project was led by Ulf Brunnbauer and Martina Baleva from the Institute of Eastern European Studies at the
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Since my visit, by orders of the Mutessarif, the Kaimakam of Tatar Bazardjik was sent to Batak, with some lime to aid in the decomposition of the bodies, and to prevent a pestilence.
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The interior of the church in Batak two years after the bloody suppression of the April Uprising and the massacre of the inhabitants of the village. Author and exact date not known.
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stood at 7,000 inhabitants in 1875. All of them started haemorrhaging population as early as 1878, as people started moving to lowland areas, the capital or the coast.
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authorities tried to bury the bodies, but they could not hide the smell in the air. They also painted the walls of the church, but the blood stains showed up in time.
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rejected the possibility of providing a place for the conference, stating that there is a huge amount of material proof and documents for the massacres at Batak and
2200:
1223:
665:'s painting titled "The Batak Massacre" was an important factor for the formation of a national memory of the massacre. Naum Kaychev, assistant professor at
1498:"On the Similarity of Colonialist Policies Implemented Against the Ottoman Empire and the Far East: The Bargains Over Korea After the Shimonoseki Agreement"
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Clarke, J.F.; O. Dwight, Henry (1977). "Reporting the Bulgarian Massacres: The Suffering in Bulgaria, by Henry O. Dwight and the Rev. J. F. Clarke (1876)".
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twenty people were burned alive; there another where a dozen girls had taken refuge, and been slaughtered to the last one, as their bones amply testified.
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is located, for 1874–75. Given the number of households provided by Edlib Efendi and Schuyler, the population would have ranged between 3,400 and 6,100.
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The indiscriminate slaughter of non-combatant civilians at Batak shocked the general public in Western Europe and came to be known in the press as the
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own lips to impale and roast Trendafil. The words he used were "Shishak aor", meaning in Turkish, to put on the spit—such as the slices called kabobs
565:. Finally, the conference was cancelled, and several eminent Bulgarian historians (including Georgi Markov, head of the Institute of History of the
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one out of 11 villages and 3 towns that Schuyler visited in person for the preparation of his report on the uprising, subsequently published in the
91:. The estimate for the number of casualties ranges from 1,200 to 8,000, depending on source, with the most common estimate being 5,000 casualties.
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Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space, Editors J. Rgen Nielsen, Jørgen S. Nielsen, Publisher BRILL, 2011,
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On 3 April 2011, the victims of the Batak massacre were canonized as saints, an act that the Church had not done for more than a century.
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811:"The Batak Massacre (1876) | Bulgarian Horrors | J. A. MacGahan | Turkish Atrocities | The W.T. Stead Resource Site"
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829:"[W]illiam [E]wart Gladstone, "Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East" (1876) | W.T. Stead Resource Site"
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In light of this story, we can conclude that the people of Batak were attacked because they had started an uprising that aroused
489:, who has stated that some 1,000 Muslims were killed by Christian Bulgarians and some 3,700 Christians were killed by Muslims.
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took over the yard of the church and advanced to the door, but were unable to get in—–the door was barred by the people inside.
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After the Ottoman paramilitaries destroyed Batak's school, burning 200 people hidden in the basement alive, they headed to the
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One of Bosilka's children, Vladimir, who was still a baby at his mother's breast, was impaled on a sword in front of her eyes:
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Contemporary historians R.J. Crampton and Kurt Jonassohn have largely confirmed Schuyler and MacGahan's findings and figures.
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Sahara, Tetsuya (2011). M. Hakan Yavuz (ed.). "Two Different Images. Bulgarian and English Sources on the Batak Massacre".
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318:, the number of victims at Batak stood at around 5,000, out of a population of 8,000 people in 900 households. Batak was
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The murder of the leader Trendafil Kerelov was particularly violent, as described by the witness—his son's wife Bosilka:
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The scale of the atrocities caused British commissioner Walter Baring, who had been dispatched by the British embassy in
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from Batak. However, once the rebels' arms had been confiscated, all of them were beheaded, burnt alive or impaled.
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1705:"Град Трявна – Българският Нюрнберг от Възраждането" [Tryavna, the Bulgarian Nurenberg from the Revival].
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An important point in Baleva's paper that had been supposed to be read at the conference was that Polish artist
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context does not qualify the veracity of an event, but rather refers to the way it is represented and used as a
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all turned away sick and faint, and staggered out of the fearful pest house glad to get into the street again.
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328:. The report further estimated the total number of Bulgarian casualties, rebels and non-combatants alike, at
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Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News", J.A. MacGahan, Esq
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Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News," J.A. MacGahan, Esq
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Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News", J.A. MacGahan, Esq
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Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News", J.A. MacGahan, Esq
1754:"The Batak Massacre is fact, not myth" Letter from 26 bulgarian historians on Baleva and Brunnbauer's work
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the people trapped inside tried to dig into the floor with bare hands in order to find underground water.
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Ahmed Agha, who commanded at the massacre, has been decorated and promoted to the rank of Yuz-bashi...
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2113:[Demographic Development of Karlovo, Sopot, Kalofer and Adzhar during the Bulgarian Revival]
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Postcard depicting human remains from the Batak massacre. Author and date of the postcard is unknown.
2151:Баташкото клане не е мит, а реалност. Batak massacre: Provocation Against Bulgarian National History
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1941:Петиция от група историци по повод кампанията срещу проекта "Батак като място на българската памет"
1361:
Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective, Kurt Jonassohn, 1999, p.210
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had 5,753 and 7,481 inhabitants, respectively, but in 1880, when outmigration had already started.
386:
2027:
1538:. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin. The University of Utah Press: 494.
1373:"The Postcommunist Supplement: The Revision of Postcolonial Theory from the East European Quarter"
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1880:Балева, Мартина. 2006. Кой (по)каза истината за Батак. В.Култура, Брой 17 (2412), 03 май 2006 г.
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Crampton, Richard (2005), "The struggle for political independence and the liberation of 1878",
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identity, it exclusively focuses on Western powers, without paying any attention to either the
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From 200 to 300 men and women accepted this alternative and by that means escaped slaughter.
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church "Sveta Nedelya", which ended up being the last keep of the residents of the village.
1900:
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Quataert, Donald. "The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 ", Cambridge University Press 2005, pp. 69
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942:Бойчо (Ангел П. Горанов), "Въстанието и клането в Батак". София, 1892 (repr. София, 1991)
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as perhaps the most heinous crime that has stained the history of the present century
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as perhaps the most heinous crime that has stained the history of the present century
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Schuyler, Eugene, Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report on the Moslem Atrocities (1876)
1659:[The Population of Eastern Rumelia Before the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War].
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The third visitor on the site, this time in an official investigatory capacity, was
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1480:"Empires and Diversity: Inclusion and Control in Roman, Mughal and Ottoman Polity"
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Bulgarian Academy of Science: "The Myth of Batak" is a pseudo-scientific show
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Under the Balkans: Notes of a Visit to the District of Philippopolis in 1876
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wrote of the terrible happenings after his visit to Batak in the company of
2111:"Демографско развитие на Карлово, Сопот, Калофер и Аджар през Възраждането"
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Due to the limited self-governance given to non-Muslim believers under the
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Another witness to the aftermath of the Massacre was American journalist
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On every side were human bones, skulls, ribs, and even complete skeletons
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1989:[Victims in Batak and Apriltsi to Be Canonised]. Archived from
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her, and the last man would kill her or not as the humour took him....
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Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922
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conflates the Batak massacre with the much smaller and unrelated "
1976:Хиатусът Батак. Мартина Балева, в. "Култура", 7 септември 2006 г.
1721:"Непризнатите преброявания в историята на българската статистика"
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According to the first eyewitness on the site, American diplomat
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The Darwin Press Inc., Princeton, Sixth Printing 2008, p. 62-63
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1811:
Batak massacre: Provocation Against Bulgarian National History
1730:(in Bulgarian) (2). National Statistical Institute: 167. 2014.
1570:"Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875-1878 [Review]"
1251:"The Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria: Horrible Scenes at Batak"
637:. Some Bulgarian intellectuals criticized what they said was
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on the part of their Muslim neighbours. In other words, they
1987:"Обявяват за светци жертвите от кланетата в Батак и Априлци"
903:"Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report on the Moslem Atrocities"
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and a petition was started in protest against the campaign.
1657:"1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Öncesinde Şarkî Rumeli Nüfusu"
626:
600:, who were also expected to read papers at the conference.
2015:
Millman, Richard. "The Bulgarian massacres reconsidered."
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by Dessislava Todorova, monitor.bg website, 25 April 2007
1351:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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German Scientists Deny 5 Centuries of Bulgaria's History
1316:, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 75–85,
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Pages from the Autobiography of a Bulgarian Insurgent
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Pages from the Autobiography of a Bulgarian Insurgent
529:had a population of approx. 4,000 in 1877, whereas
2081:. Translated by Potter, M.W. London: Edward Arnold
1194:Stoyanov, 1884, Chap. VIII The Rebellion in Batak.
1185:Stoyanov, 1884, Chap. VIII The Rebellion in Batak.
1076:Stoyanov, 1884, Chap. VIII The Rebellion in Batak.
1049:Stoyanov, 1884, Chap. VIII The Rebellion in Batak.
87:troops in 1876, at the beginning of the Bulgarian
1521:"Historic Realities and Contemporary Perceptions"
444:themselves are white rather than brown or black.
2157:
1828:by Olga Yoncheva, news.bg website, 26 April 2007
1814:by Olga Yoncheva, news.bg website, 25 April 2007
1419:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
370:was too frightful for more than a hasty glance.
2201:Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1962:Как Батак влезе в българския национален разказ
1648:
1401:. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022
915:
852:. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. pp. 22–33
109:to verify the events, to describe the tragedy "
2032:. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. pp. 9–88
1377:American, British and Canadian Studies Journal
1119:. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. pp. 9–88
869:
867:
540:Controversial, pro-Turkish American historian
119:re-establishment of a separate Bulgarian state
1436:"Post-colonial Poland – (Im)possible Project"
757:"Batak 1876: A massacre and its significance"
551:
1974:http://www.mediapool.bg/show/?storyid=128167
896:
894:
892:
890:
873:
1433:
1230:. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. p. 93
864:
415:According to British politician and writer
2206:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
1473:
1471:
1462:"The Ottomans Were a True Colonial Empire"
1370:
425:
2211:Massacres committed by the Ottoman Empire
2071:
1585:
1388:
887:
2108:
2093:
2025:
1964:Наум Кайчев, в. "Култура", 21 юни 2006 г
1335:
1311:
1248:
1221:
1112:
900:
845:
652:
648:
580:
385:
268:
177:
128:
52:
1654:
1642:"The Times and the Bulgarian Massacres"
1567:
1527:
1519:Detrez, Raymond (14–15 December 2001).
1495:
1468:
1459:
918:Southeastern Europe/L'Europe du Sud-Est
182:Batak's St. Nedelya Church in the 1880s
16:Ottoman massacre of Bulgarian civilians
2158:
1857:Monitor: The funding comes from Turkey
1838:"The Batak massacre: a sacred subject"
1644:. Middletown, Connecticut. p. 78.
1639:
1533:
1518:
1267:
1249:MacGahan, Januarius (22 August 1876).
909:
877:The Rise of Nationality in the Balkans
577:Before the media controversy beginning
1775:Batak als bulgarischer Erinnerungsort
1271:The Times and the Bulgarian Massacres
711:List of massacres in Ottoman Bulgaria
357:, who described the following scene:
2221:Anti-Christian sentiment in Bulgaria
2044:
754:
603:
390:A monument of Januarius MacGahan in
124:
1477:
1224:"Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report"
901:Schuyler, Eugene (10 August 1876).
517:had a population of 9,500 in 1877,
309:
277:On the morning of 15 May [
13:
2216:1876 murders in the Ottoman Empire
2145:The Turkish Atrocities In Bulgaria
2009:
1655:Koyuncu, Aşkın (1 December 2013).
1460:Alexiev, Alex (28 February 2019).
521:numbered 4,200 people in 1872 and
211:My father-in-law went to meet the
14:
2237:
2138:
2017:Slavonic and East European Review
1709:(in Bulgarian). 27 December 2015.
561:, which raised substantial media
508:However, this does not mean that
1800:Sofia News Agency, 24 April 2007
1587:10.1093/ehr/XCVIII.CCCLXXXIX.721
1496:Eraslan, Cezmi (December 2021).
673:in claiming that Batak had been
483:"being irredeemably pro-Turkish"
2171:Massacres in the Ottoman Empire
2097:Записки по българските въстания
2026:MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876).
1979:
1967:
1955:
1934:
1913:
1894:
1873:
1849:
1846:by Petar Kostadinov, 7 May 2007
1831:
1817:
1803:
1789:
1768:
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1489:
1453:
1427:
1364:
1355:
1329:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1261:
1242:
1222:MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876).
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1113:MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876).
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1026:
1008:
999:
982:
973:
963:
945:
936:
846:MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876).
681:
380:Everywhere horrors upon horrors
839:
821:
803:
794:
748:
728:
1:
2109:Muchinov, Ventsislav (2019).
2089:– via Internet Archive.
1901:Bulgarien: Umstrittene Mythen
1574:The English Historical Review
1434:Skórczewski, Dariusz (2014).
1314:A Concise History of Bulgaria
874:Seton-Watson, Robert (1918).
721:
657:Icon of the Saints from Batak
641:and an encroachment upon the
619:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
567:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
257:
133:Ottoman bashi-bazouk, 1877-78
1920:Der bulgarische Bilderstreit
761:Journal of Genocide Research
7:
1903:by Marina Liptcheva-Weiss,
1371:Ștefănescu, Bogdan (2022).
1146:Stoyanov, 1884, pp. 703–705
689:
643:independence of scholarship
173:
166:which surrounded the town.
10:
2242:
1600:Millman, 1980, pp. 230-231
1502:Belleten Türk Tarih Kurumu
1173:More, 1877, p. 89, quote:
552:Accusations of revisionism
281:3 May] 1876, the
2094:Stoyanov, Zahary (1884).
1568:Shannon, Richard (1981).
1342:"Bulgaria: History"
1203:MacGahan, 1876, p. 91, 94
476:Thus, American historian
451:system, attitudes to the
162:), led by Ahmet Aga from
2196:Anti-Bulgarian sentiment
1885:26 December 2007 at the
1640:Larkin, Brendan (2009).
1268:Larkin, Brendan (2009),
1212:MacGahan, 1876, p. 95–96
2186:Massacres of Christians
1907:website, 26 April 2007
1612:Millman, 1980, pp. 218
1390:10.2478/abcsj-2022-0008
1348:Encyclopædia Britannica
1094:More, 1877, pp. 107–108
930:10.1163/187633377X00177
833:attackingthedevil.co.uk
815:attackingthedevil.co.uk
755:Reid, James J. (2000).
426:Revisionist assessments
2176:April Uprising of 1876
2019:58.2 (1980): 218–231.
1137:More, 1877, pp. 82–119
658:
592:
548:" (spelled "Boajic").
474:
395:
384:
351:
274:
240:, a journalist of the
235:
227:
183:
134:
89:April Uprising of 1876
58:
2181:Massacres in Bulgaria
2104:] (in Bulgarian).
2045:More, Robert (1877).
1695:Muchinov, 2019, p. 28
1686:Muchinov, 2019, p. 23
1677:Muchinov, 2019, p. 16
1621:Millman, 1980, p. 229
1558:Millman, 1980, p. 230
1464:. Bulgaria Analytica.
1284:More, 1877, pp. 89–90
800:More, 1877, pp. 89–90
716:Stara Zagora massacre
656:
649:Kaychev-Baleva debate
584:
462:
389:
359:
334:
272:
231:
209:
181:
132:
56:
39:41.94250°N 24.21889°E
1780:11 June 2007 at the
1759:24 July 2012 at the
598:University of Berlin
194:On 14 May [
100:Crime of the Century
1946:5 June 2009 at the
1922:by Ivaylo Ditchev,
1863:6 July 2011 at the
1580:(CCCLXXVIII): 170.
432:Postcolonial Theory
330:a minimum of 15,000
35: /
2226:Ottoman war crimes
1740:McCarthy, Justin.
1164:More, 1877, p. 112
1155:More, 1877, p. 111
1103:More, 1877, p. 108
1085:More, 1877, p. 111
1067:More, 1877, p. 111
1058:More, 1877, p. 105
659:
593:
590:The Batak Massacre
546:Boyadzhik massacre
430:Since the rise of
396:
355:Januarius MacGahan
275:
264:Bulgarian Orthodox
238:Januarius MacGahan
184:
135:
59:
44:41.94250; 24.21889
2166:Massacres in 1876
2147:, The Bronx Times
2073:Stoyanoff, Zahary
1993:on 31 August 2011
1545:978-1-60781-185-5
1536:War and Diplomacy
1302:More, 1877, p. 90
1293:More, 1877, p. 93
773:10.1080/713677621
663:Antoni Piotrowski
604:Reaction in media
586:Antoni Piotrowski
571:Bozhidar Dimitrov
472:for their attack.
125:Uprising in Batak
96:Bulgarian Horrors
2233:
2191:1876 in Bulgaria
2134:
2121:(in Bulgarian).
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1928:, 30 April 2007
1925:die tageszeitung
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701:Ottoman Bulgaria
667:Sofia University
635:social construct
613:, and President
611:Sergei Stanishev
470:gave the pretext
310:Witness accounts
244:and the British
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2012:
2010:Primary sources
2007:
2006:
1996:
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1948:Wayback Machine
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1257:. pp. 5–6.
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615:Georgi Parvanov
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579:
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542:Justin McCarthy
487:Donald Quataert
478:Richard Millman
466:serious anxiety
428:
316:Eugene Schuyler
312:
306:were finished.
260:
252:Eugene Schuyler
242:New York Herald
176:
140:'s role in the
127:
73:in the town of
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2139:External links
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1905:Deutsche Welle
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441:Ottoman Empire
437:Russian Empire
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301:men; then the
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142:April Uprising
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107:Constantinople
63:Batak massacre
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883:. p. 84.
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1930:(in German)
1909:(in German)
1785:(in German)
1764:(Bulgarian)
1383:: 139–162.
623:Perushtitsa
563:controversy
417:Robert More
220:shish kebab
42: /
2160:Categories
2058:1376517965
1728:Статистика
1667:(44): 188.
1523:. Antwerp.
1255:Daily News
996:, стр. 30.
740:9004211330
722:References
639:censorship
394:, Bulgaria
325:Daily News
258:The church
247:Daily News
71:Bulgarians
27:41°56′33″N
2131:1312-9295
2125:: 13–41.
1399:253239191
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1023:, p. 607.
960:, p. 186.
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1944:Archived
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1861:Archived
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1757:Archived
1707:Българка
1449:: 82–95.
786:24 April
781:72201730
690:See also
675:entirely
629:" in a
559:massacre
495:Pazarcık
174:Massacre
98:and the
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2085:15 July
1997:3 April
744:p. 282.
527:Tryavna
523:Kalofer
515:Karlovo
400:British
303:Ottoman
295:Ottoman
164:Barutin
85:cavalry
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150:chetas
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1395:S2CID
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777:S2CID
588:1889
535:Kotel
519:Sopot
503:Batak
392:Elena
138:Batak
75:Batak
2127:ISSN
2087:2018
2053:ISBN
2038:2023
1999:2011
1578:XCVI
1540:ISBN
1421:link
1407:2023
1318:ISBN
1236:2023
1125:2023
1034:ISBN
1017:ISBN
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954:ISBN
858:2023
788:2022
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627:myth
569:and
533:and
320:only
279:O.S.
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