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731:. Initially installed in 17 U.S. theaters, the Cerwin Vega "Sensurround" system used large subwoofers which were driven by racks of 500 watt amplifiers which were triggered by control tones printed on one of the audio tracks on the film. Four of the subwoofers were positioned in front of the audience under (or behind) the film screen and two more were placed together at the rear of the audience on a platform. Powerful noise energy and loud rumbling in the range of 17 Hz to 120 Hz was generated at the level of 110–120 decibels of
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which were capable of delivering accurate, naturally deep bass from acoustic sources, or synthetic bass not found in nature, with the popular introduction of the compact cassette in the late 1960s it became possible to add more low-frequency content to recordings. By the mid-1970s, 12" vinyl singles,
708:
In
Jamaican sound system culture, there are both "low and high bass bins" in "towering piles" that are "delivered in large trucks" and set up by a crew of "box boys", and then positioned and adjusted by the sound engineer in a process known as "stringing up", all to create the "sound of reggae music
696:
began creating "heavily customized" subwoofer enclosures by adding foam and tuning the cabinets to achieve "rich and articulate speaker output below 100 Hz". The sound engineers who developed the "bass-heavy signature sound" of sound reinforcement systems have been called "deserving as much credit
663:
By the end of the 1970s, subwoofers were used in dance venue sound systems to enable the playing of "ass-heavy dance music" that we "do not 'hear' with our ears but with our entire body". At the club, Long used four Levan bass horns, one in each corner of the dancefloor, to create a "haptic and
151:
and can cover a wide range of musical roles. Since producing low pitches usually requires a long air column or string, and for stringed instruments, a large hollow body, the string and wind bass instruments are usually the largest instruments in their families or instrument classes.
638:. The demand for sub-bass sound reinforcement in the 1970s was driven by the important role of "powerful bass drum" in disco, as compared with rock and pop; to provide this deeper range, a third crossover point from 40 Hz to 120 Hz (centering on 80 Hz) was added. The
1055:
Hill, Adam J.; Hawksford, Malcolm O. J.; Rosenthal, Adam P.; Gand, Gary. "Subwoofer positioning, orientation and calibration for large-scale sound reinforcement". Audio
Engineering Society Convention Paper 7981, presented at the 128th Convention, May 22–25, 2010, London,
735:, abbreviated dB(SPL). The new low frequency entertainment method helped the film become a box office success. More Sensurround systems were assembled and installed. By 1976 there were almost 300 Sensurround systems in theaters. Other films to use the effect include
289:"The bass differs from other voices because of the particular role it plays in supporting and defining harmonic motion. It does so at levels ranging from immediate, chord-by-chord events to the larger harmonic organization of an entire work."
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tactile quality" in the sub-bass that you could feel in your body. To overcome the lack of sub-bass frequencies on 1970s disco records (sub-bass frequencies below 60 Hz were removed during mastering), Long added a DBX 100 "Boom Box"
616:
which allowed for "more bass volume", were used to record disco, reggae, dub and hip-hop tracks; dance club DJs played these records in clubs with subwoofers to achieve "physical and emotional" reactions from dancers.
56:
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dance club, with "huge stacks of subwoofers" which created "deep and intense" bass frequencies that "pound through your system" and "entire body", enabling clubgoers to "viscerally experience" the DJs'
248:; the bass voice of the chorus; the bass which accompanies the softer passages of a composition, as well as those passages which employ the whole power of the ensemble, generally played by the
264:; that bass which joins in the full passages of a composition, and, by its depth of tone and energy of stroke, affords a powerful contrast to the lighter and softer passages or movements.
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to design additional subwoofers for his disco dance events, along with "tweeter arrays" to "boost the treble and bass at opportune moments" at his private, underground parties at
351:, instruments shaped, constructed and held (or worn) like guitars, that play in the bass range. The electric bass guitar is usually the instrument referred to as a "bass" in
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into his system to synthesize 25 Hz to 50 Hz sub-bass from the 50 to 100 Hz bass on the records. In the early 1980s, Long designed a sound system for the
1241:
Applied to instruments, the term indicates the lowest and consequently largest type of the family, e.g., bass clarinet. In musical composition, the lowest of the parts.
701:(a sound system crew), for example, modified folded horn subwoofers they imported from the US to get more of a bass reflex sound that suited local tone preferences for
228:). The bass player emphasizes the root or fifth of the chord in their basslines (and to a lesser degree, the third of the chord) and accents the strong beats.
337:. Sometimes called a "string bass" to differentiate it from a "brass bass" or "bass horn", or an "upright bass" to differentiate it from a "bass guitar")
260:; violoncellos often play the same line an octave higher, or a different melodic or rhythmic part which is not a bassline when double basses are used;
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313:
it is the bass instrument. Also, the Bass Flute is actually the tenor member of the flute family even though it is called the "Bass" Flute.
1042:
Lawrence, Tim. “Beyond the Hustle: Seventies Social
Dancing, Discotheque Culture and the Emergence of the Contemporary Club Dancer”. In
649:, which operated from 1977 to 1987, had "custom designed 'sub-bass' speakers" developed by Alex Rosner's disciple, sound engineer
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audiences, as the unmodified folded horn was found to be "too aggressive" sounding and "not deep enough for
Jamaican listeners".
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The use of subwoofers to provide deep bass in film presentations received a great deal of publicity in 1974 with the movie
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stylus to track the groove. While some hi-fi aficionados had solved the problem by using other playback sources, such as
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article, categorizing instruments can be difficult. For example, some instruments fall into more than one category. The
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428:. Other more specific terms such as 'bass guitarist', 'double bassist', 'bass player', etc. may also be used.
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With recorded music playback, for owners of 33 rpm LPs and 45 singles, the availability of loud
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from the wind family and low-tuned versions of specific types of brass and woodwind instruments, such as
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for the sound of
Jamaican music as their better-known music producer cousins". The sound engineers for
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and the chords being improvised by players of chordal instruments (theorbo, lute, harpsichord, etc.).
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204:", typically provides harmonic and rhythmic support to the band. The bass player is a member of the
1219:
1101:, eds. Fink, Robert; Latour, Melinda; Wallmark, Zachary.. Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 104-105
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713:' competitions, where each sound system is set up and then the two crews try to outdo each other.
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for an entire piece (symphony, concerto, Mass, or other work), with the bassline being played by
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you can literally feel as it comes off these big speakers". Sound system crews hold '
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era (1600–1750). With basso continuo, a written-out bassline served to set out the
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1129:"One love: Traditional sound systems 'stringing up' in the English countryside"
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Sonic Bodies: Reggae Sound
Systems, Performance Techniques, and Ways of Knowing
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A crew sets up a sound system, including large bass bins, in
Jamaica in 2009.
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1072:, edited by Jens Gerrit Papenburg, Holger Schulze. MIT Press, 2016. p. 210
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piano bass in the 1960s or 13-note MIDI keyboard controllers in the 2000s)
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Fink, Robert. "Below 100 Hz: Towards a
Musicology of Bass Culture". In
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Ballroom, Boogie, Shimmy Sham, Shake: A Social and
Popular Dance Reader
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Deep, heavy bass is central to
Jamaican musical styles such as dub and
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or violin family (usually the instrument referred to as a "bass" in
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971:. Masterclass Professional Learning. April 12, 2007. Archived from
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692:. In Jamaica in the 1970s and 1980s, sound engineers for reggae
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Examples grouped by general form and playing technique include:
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context either to outline or juxtapose the progression of the
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Do You Remember House?: Chicago's Queer of Color Undergrounds
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936:"Tracking Ability Specifications for Phonograph Cartridges"
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The Relentless Pursuit of Tone: Timbre in Popular Music
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sought out deeper bass sounds for their dance events.
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In popular music, the bass part, which is called the "
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that were called "Levan Horns" (in honor of resident
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playing one of these instruments is often known as a
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309:instrument in some orchestral settings, but in a
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889:Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach
1182:. In70mm.com. January 26, 2010. Archived from
1070:Sound as Popular Culture: A Research Companion
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607:deep bass was limited by the ability of the
270:was an approach to writing music during the
1068:Papenburg, Jens Gerrit. "Enhanced Bass" in
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999:"Drop the Bass: A Case Against Subwoofers"
965:"Mastering for vinyl vs. mastering for CD"
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814:"How to Get Great Bottom End In Your Mix"
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1085:. Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 60-61
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168:, they are frequently used to provide a
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147:. They belong to different families of
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1028:The Record Players: DJ Revolutionaries
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1155:DanceHall: From Slave Ship to Ghetto
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1026:Brewster, Bill; Broughton, Frank.
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812:Cooper, Michael (August 1, 2002).
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997:Krukowski, Damon (17 June 2015).
865:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
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299:musical instrument classification
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160:When bass notes are played in a
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911:"The Role of the Bass | Basics"
240:, different forms of bass are:
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1157:, University of Ottawa Press,
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27:Tone of low frequency or range
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1127:Burrell, Ian (11 July 2012).
934:Kogen, J. H. (October 1967).
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1153:Stanley Niaah, Sonia (2010)
792:Music in Theory and Practice
790:Benward & Saker (2003).
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105:of low (also called "deep")
7:
1218:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
1215:Harvard Dictionary of Music
887:Cadwallader, Allen (1998).
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666:subharmonic pitch generator
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619:In the early 1970s, early
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416:, a simple folk instrument
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208:in a band, along with the
132:that produce tones in the
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944:Audio Engineering Society
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613:reel-to-reel tape players
117:from 16 to 250 Hz (C
1600:Musical range or compass
1220:Harvard University Press
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331:European classical music
216:, and, in some cases, a
546:Subcontrabass saxophone
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1894:Contrabass instruments
874:Encyclopedia Americana
727:which was released in
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599:Music shows and dances
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38:
1543:Low-frequency effects
1133:www.independent.co.uk
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651:Richard ("Dick") Long
630:hired sound engineer
252:in orchestral music;
232:Kinds of bass harmony
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33:
1311:Acoustic bass guitar
1262:at Wikimedia Commons
868:"Bass (music)"
733:sound pressure level
541:Contrabass saxophone
348:acoustic bass guitar
1366:Contrabass trombone
1186:on February 9, 2010
1180:The 70mm Newsletter
1176:"About Sensurround"
969:Record-Producer.com
819:Electronic Musician
699:Stone Love Movement
556:Contrabass clarinet
218:keyboard instrument
50:Piano Sonata, K 545
1848:Organ registration
1737:Tenore contraltino
1030:. Black Cat. p. 64
975:on August 21, 2007
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578:Subcontrabass tuba
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1316:Bass (voice type)
1258:Media related to
1222:. pp. 83–4.
1111:Henriques, Julian
800:978-0-07-294262-0
794:, Vol. I, p.168.
609:phonograph record
276:chord progression
242:basso concertante
188:to underline the
16:(Redirected from
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1811:Related articles
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1386:Keyboard bass
1384:
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1362:
1361:Contrabassoon
1359:
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1321:Bass clarinet
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1135:. Independent
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1117:. Bloomsbury.
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1003:pitchfork.com
1000:
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825:September 14,
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744:Rollercoaster
740:
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695:
694:sound systems
691:
682:
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647:New York City
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:David Mancuso
625:
622:
617:
614:
610:
606:
594:
593:Baritone Horn
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:Bass trombone
581:
579:
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571:
570:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Bass clarinet
549:
547:
544:
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532:
531:Contrabassoon
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
516:Bass recorder
514:
513:
500:
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490:
487:
485:
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481:
473:
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469:
461:
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444:
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438:Keyboard bass
436:
435:
429:
427:
423:
415:
414:
410:
407:
406:Fender Rhodes
403:
402:
401:Keyboard bass
398:
395:
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390:bass trombone
387:
386:bass clarinet
383:
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272:Baroque music
269:
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262:basso ripieno
259:
258:double basses
255:
251:
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243:
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226:Hammond organ
223:
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69:
60:
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
1889:Bass (sound)
1868:Vocal weight
1791:
1732:Haute-contre
1715:Countertenor
1531:reproduction
1520:Walking bass
1480:Figured bass
1443:Bass effects
1424:Performance/
1406:Washtub bass
1297:Bass (sound)
1296:
1260:Bass (sound)
1240:
1233:. Retrieved
1214:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1179:
1170:
1154:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1132:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1051:
1043:
1027:
1007:. Retrieved
1002:
977:. Retrieved
973:the original
968:
959:
947:. Retrieved
939:
929:
918:. Retrieved
914:
904:
888:
883:
872:
860:
848:. Retrieved
844:
835:
823:. Retrieved
817:
807:
791:
786:
772:Figured bass
743:
741:in 1976 and
737:
723:
720:
707:
687:
662:
618:
604:
602:
494:Washtub bass
419:
413:Washtub bass
411:
399:
368:, such as a
363:
346:
340:
320:
315:
296:
288:
266:
261:
253:
250:violoncellos
245:
241:
235:
199:
170:counterpoint
159:
156:Musical role
133:
129:
101:) describes
98:
67:
66:
49:
48:in Mozart's
46:Alberti bass
18:Bass (music)
1863:Vocal range
1818:Chest voice
1747:Heldentenor
1653:Boy soprano
1500:Lament bass
1448:Bass chorus
1371:Double bass
1336:Bass pedals
1331:Bass guitar
1304:Instruments
1235:12 February
1210:Apel, Willi
1009:31 December
1005:. Pitchfork
729:Sensurround
711:sound clash
675:house music
658:Larry Levan
643:discotheque
632:Alex Rosner
489:Bass guitar
484:Double bass
342:Bass guitar
322:Double bass
293:Instruments
284:harpsichord
172:or counter-
149:instruments
134:low-pitched
1883:Categories
1843:Pedal tone
1833:Head voice
1663:Coloratura
1645:Voice type
1490:Partimento
920:2020-09-18
897:0195102320
724:Earthquake
449:Percussion
378:sousaphone
357:rock music
280:pipe organ
254:contrabass
186:percussion
184:, or with
99:bottom end
35:Bass voice
1853:Tessitura
1838:Passaggio
1828:Extension
1754:Baritenor
1720:Sopranist
1700:Contralto
1668:Soubrette
1635:Vocal fry
1553:Subwoofer
1510:Slap bass
1495:Jazz bass
1460:Bass note
1453:Fuzz bass
1438:Bass clef
1381:GuitarrĂłn
1376:Euphonium
1326:Bass drum
1212:(2000) .
1190:April 24,
1139:1 January
979:April 24,
949:April 24,
915:StudyBass
891:, p. 45.
767:Bass clef
747:in 1977.
703:dancehall
670:Warehouse
588:Euphonium
521:Bass oboe
460:Bass drum
454:Unpitched
432:Keyboards
365:bass horn
325:from the
166:orchestra
107:frequency
52:opening.
1797:Sub-bass
1759:Baritone
1710:Castrato
1683:Dramatic
1625:Falsetto
1604:register
1548:Sub-bass
1515:Walkdown
1505:Ostinato
1465:Bassline
1426:notation
1391:Octobass
1165:, p. 103
757:Sub bass
751:See also
636:The Loft
510:Woodwind
478:Stringed
422:musician
202:bassline
178:harmonic
164:such an
123:middle C
1658:Soprano
1620:Whistle
1356:Bassoon
850:24 June
778:Sources
677:mixes.
526:Bassoon
472:Timpani
466:Pitched
426:bassist
382:bassoon
374:serpent
210:drummer
176:, in a
1858:Timbre
1802:Treble
1678:Spinto
1558:Woofer
1475:Burden
1226:
1161:
895:
798:
738:Midway
717:Movies
690:reggae
376:, and
190:rhythm
182:chords
174:melody
128:) and
37:range.
1785:Sound
1727:Tenor
1673:Lyric
1630:Modal
1529:Sound
621:disco
567:Brass
499:Cello
307:tenor
303:cello
244:, or
222:piano
137:range
115:range
111:pitch
103:tones
93:BAYSS
1823:Clef
1792:Bass
1769:Bass
1704:Alto
1602:and
1401:Tuba
1237:2011
1224:ISBN
1192:2010
1159:ISBN
1141:2019
1011:2018
981:2010
951:2010
893:ISBN
852:2023
827:2019
796:ISBN
573:Tuba
505:Wind
392:and
370:tuba
355:and
345:and
335:jazz
333:and
327:viol
113:and
68:Bass
58:Play
660:).
645:in
624:DJs
605:and
353:pop
282:or
236:In
224:or
121:to
1885::
1239:.
1178:.
1131:.
1113:.
1090:^
1061:^
1056:UK
1035:^
1019:^
1001:.
989:^
967:.
942:.
938:.
913:.
871:.
843:.
816:.
655:DJ
420:A
388:,
384:,
372:,
362:A
212:,
192:.
143:-C
109:,
80:eÉŞ
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1702:(
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1275:v
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1143:.
1013:.
983:.
953:.
923:.
899:.
877:.
854:.
829:.
802:.
359:.
145:4
141:2
139:C
126:4
119:0
86:/
83:s
77:b
74:/
70:(
20:)
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