20:
1574:
1562:
419:(MCC), an idea that was first developed based on studies in this province. A metamorphic core complex occurs when lower crust is brought to the surface as a result of extension. MCCs in the Basin and Range were not interpreted as being related to crustal extension until after the 1960s. Since then, similar deformational patterns have been identified in MCCs in the Basin and Range and has led geologists to examine them as a group of related geologic features formed by crustal extension during the
1550:
126:
1526:
1504:
306:
1538:
286:. The base of the lithosphere beneath the Basin and Range is estimated to be about 60–70 km. Opinions vary regarding the total extension of the region; however, the median estimate is about 100% total lateral extension. Total lateral displacement in the Basin and Range varies from 60 to 300 km since the onset of extension in the Early
403:. Geologic processes that elevate heat flow are varied, however some researchers suggest that heat generated at a subduction zone is transferred to the overriding plate as subduction proceeds. Fluids along fault zones then transfer heat vertically through the crust. This model has led to increasing interest in
315:
The tectonic mechanisms responsible for lithospheric extension in the Basin and Range province are controversial, and several competing hypotheses attempt to explain them. Key events preceding Basin and Range extension in the western United States include a long period of compression due to the
394:
as a consequence. Lithospheric regions characterized by elevated heat flow are weak and extensional deformation can occur over a broad region. Basin and Range extension is therefore thought to be unrelated to the kind of extension produced by
382:
caused spontaneous extensional faulting similar to that seen in the Great Basin. However, plate movement alone does not account for the high elevation of the Basin and Range region. The western United States is a region of high
290:
with the southern portion of the province representing a greater degree of displacement than the north. Evidence exists to suggest that extension initially began in the southern Basin and Range and propagated north over time.
928:(1987). "Landslide and debris-flow deposits in the Thumb Member of the Miocene Horse Spring Formation on the east side of Frenchman Mountain, Nevada: A measure of basin-range extension". In Hill, Mason L (ed.).
447:
Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ±0.2 to 33.9 ±0.1 Ma) the convergence rate of the
Farallon and North American Plates was fast, the angle of subduction was shallow, and the slab width was huge. During the
1988:
740:
741:"USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)"
324:
under the west coast of the North
American continental plate which stimulated the thickening of the crust. Most of the pertinent tectonic plate movement associated with the province occurred in the
374:
The tectonic activity responsible for the extension in the Basin and Range is a complex and controversial issue among the geoscience community. The most accepted hypothesis suggests that crustal
432:
868:
Zandt, G; Myers, S; Wallace, T (1995). "Crust and mantle structure across the Basin and Range-Colorado
Plateau boundary at 37°N latitude and implications for Cenozoic extensional mechanism".
113:, a region defined by its unique hydrological characteristics (internal drainage) that overlaps much of the greater Basin and Range physiographic region. Nor should it be confused with the
407:
in the Basin and Range, and requires consideration of the continued influence of the fully subducted
Farallon plate in the extension responsible for the Basin and Range Province.
423:
era (66.0 million years ago to present). The study of metamorphic core complexes has provided valuable insight into the extensional processes driving Basin and Range formation.
1904:
522:
297:
famously compared the many narrow parallel mountain ranges that distinguish the unique topography of the Basin and Range to an "army of caterpillars crawling northward."
479:). It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part.
207:
valleys alternating with mountains (as described below). The area is mostly arid and sparsely populated, although there are several major metropolitan areas, such as
1978:
748:
169:, though the southern boundaries of the Basin and Range are debated. In Mexico, the Basin and Range Province is dominated by and largely synonymous with the
62:
The numerous ranges within the province in the United States are collectively referred to as the "Great Basin Ranges", although many are not actually in the
1154:
2117:
367:
component. Today, the
Pacific Plate moves north-westward relative to North America, a configuration which has given rise to increased shearing along the
1992:
580:
552:
1110:
Yamano, Makoto; Kinoshita, Masataka; Goto, Shusaku (2008). "High heat flow anomalies on an old oceanic plate observed seaward of the Japan Trench".
2102:
1929:
562:
557:
1606:
1236:
2182:
721:
2127:
1261:
1016:
1065:
47:, characterized by abrupt changes in elevation, alternating between narrow faulted mountain chains and flat arid valleys or basins. The
1914:
903:
438:
2038:
1508:
2112:
1180:
McKee, E. H. (1971). "Tertiary
Igneous Chronology of the Great Basin of Western United States – Implications for Tectonic Models".
2137:
853:
Mooney, Walter D; Braile, Lawrence W (1989). "The seismic structure of the continental crust and upper mantle of North
America".
986:
1672:
2162:
278:
The average crustal thickness of the Basin and Range
Province is approximately 30–35 km and is comparable to extended
2122:
1599:
1216:"Northwest Origins, An Introduction to the Geologic History of Washington State, Catherine L. Townsend and John T. Figge"
1998:
1399:
1375:
1350:
1329:
1299:
711:
32:
706:
2092:
1696:
114:
2097:
1873:
476:
770:
Henry, C; Aranda-Gomez, J (1992). "The real southern Basin and Range: Mid- to late
Cenozoic extension in Mexico".
2049:
744:
791:
2152:
1983:
1592:
1201:
1158:
2177:
1782:
1724:
1660:
1413:(16 July 2010). "Cenozoic Tectonics of Western North America Controlled by Evolving Width of Farallon Slab".
546:
415:
In some localities in the Basin and Range, metamorphic basement is visible at the surface. Some of these are
2172:
2044:
810:
599:
75:
176:
Evidence suggests that the less-recognized southern portion of the province is bounded on the east by the
2157:
2132:
1837:
1754:
1648:
609:
517:
162:
251:
It is generally accepted that basin and range topography is the result of extension and thinning of the
2167:
2107:
1960:
1744:
1516:
1291:
348:(15.97-11.63 million years ago), the Pacific-Farallon Ridge was subducted beneath North America ending
44:
1240:
957:
Sixth Annual Report of the United States
Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1884-1885
2147:
614:
594:
275:
geometry, where horst refers to the upthrown fault block and graben to the down dropped fault block.
19:
2142:
1654:
1584:
686:
678:
535:
416:
333:
1950:
1832:
1719:
1215:
701:
690:
604:
352:
along this part of the Pacific margin; however, the Farallon Plate continued to subduct into the
332:
sub-epoch (23.03-15.97 million years ago), much of the Farallon Plate had been consumed, and the
193:
1321:
Geology of the American Southwest: A Journey Through Two Billion Years of Plate Tectonic History
1265:
1024:
1852:
632:
566:
341:
103:
2054:
2033:
2008:
1734:
1367:
1361:
1073:
907:
682:
181:
52:
36:
570:
1578:
1474:
1458:
1422:
1189:
1119:
877:
819:
805:
779:
400:
260:
142:
8:
1955:
1856:
1777:
921:
488:
442:
404:
83:
1478:
1426:
1193:
1123:
881:
823:
783:
267:, or faults that level out with depth. Opposing normal faults link at depth producing a
2071:
2066:
1842:
1827:
1787:
1749:
1678:
1446:
1135:
835:
368:
185:
48:
1847:
1729:
1690:
1438:
1395:
1371:
1346:
1325:
1295:
1139:
994:
396:
379:
357:
353:
279:
1450:
952:
839:
1566:
1542:
1482:
1430:
1197:
1127:
960:
933:
925:
885:
827:
787:
460:
391:
356:. The movement at this boundary divided the Pacific-Farallon Ridge and spawned the
256:
220:
200:
177:
158:
150:
117:, located in Southern Nevada, which is one small part of the much larger province.
79:
232:
1817:
1739:
1684:
1636:
1619:
1389:
1340:
1319:
637:
619:
588:
574:
472:
375:
360:
328:
period (23.03-2.58 million years ago) and continues to the present. By the Early
294:
268:
224:
170:
154:
40:
129:
NASA satellite photo of typical Basin and Range topography across central Nevada
1945:
1909:
1554:
1530:
513:
507:
480:
468:
464:
453:
321:
282:
around the world. The crust in conjunction with the upper mantle comprises the
216:
189:
91:
71:
1131:
2086:
2060:
2028:
1888:
1822:
1791:
1702:
937:
831:
484:
384:
337:
264:
146:
134:
1434:
2003:
1924:
1795:
1666:
1442:
1410:
1218:. The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington
471:
orogenies ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to
208:
145:
and spans over 500 miles (800 km) to its eastern border marked by the
95:
808:(2002). "The Basin and Range Province as a Composite Extensional Domain".
263:. Extensional environments like the Basin and Range are characterized by
1919:
1883:
1801:
1385:
932:. Vol. 1. Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America.
626:
501:
364:
309:
283:
252:
138:
110:
98:
at −282 feet (−86 m). The province's climate is arid, with numerous
67:
63:
1878:
1616:
1487:
1462:
456:
433:
List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
349:
317:
240:
125:
99:
87:
16:
Physiographic region extending through western United States and Mexico
1549:
889:
1239:. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Archived from
655:
212:
1614:
904:"Geologic Provinces of the United States: Basin and Range Province"
420:
388:
236:
1064:
Cengage, Gale (2003). Lerner, Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (eds.).
137:. In the United States, it is bordered on the west by the eastern
1408:
345:
329:
325:
287:
228:
56:
965:
1503:
1409:
Schellart, W.P.; Stegman, D.R.; Farrington, R.J.; Freeman, J.;
671:
667:
659:
652:
526:
449:
272:
204:
166:
305:
109:
The Basin and Range Province should not be confused with the
196:
in the center of the southernmost Basin and Range Province.
1099:(Class Notes), Dallas, Texas: University of Texas at Dallas
792:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0701:TRSBAR>2.3.CO;2
716:
663:
539:
530:
475:, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up (
387:
which lowers the density of the lithosphere and stimulates
1202:
10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3497:ticotg]2.0.co;2
399:
which may cause narrow rift zones, such as those of the
658:, the Basin and Range Province supplies nearly all the
23:
One of various geographical definitions of the Province
1262:"Digital Geology of Idaho, Laura DeGrey and Paul Link"
133:
The Basin and Range Province includes much of western
1514:
1359:
55:
that began around 17 million years ago in the early
1109:
993:. San Diego Natural History Museum. Archived from
1366:(Eighth ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp.
1285:
920:
867:
769:
82:. The highest point fully within the province is
2084:
707:Intermontane Plateaus § Basin and Range Province
1017:"Basin and Range Province – Tertiary Extension"
1600:
722:Northern Snake Range metamorphic core complex
410:
857:. Geological Society of America. p. 42.
852:
199:Common geographic features include numerous
712:List of United States physiographic regions
336:that separated the Farallon Plate from the
192:with notably less faulting apparent in the
2118:Physiographic regions of the United States
1607:
1593:
1463:"Geotectonic Evolution of the Great Basin"
1044:
1042:
855:The Geology of North America – An Overview
439:Geologic timeline of Western North America
344:) approached North America. In the Middle
1486:
1457:
1317:
964:
804:
1989:Middleton Place–Summerville Seismic Zone
1394:. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux.
1286:Wood, Charles A.; Jűrgen Kienle (1993).
1264:. Idaho State University. Archived from
1097:Physics and Chemistry of the Solid Earth
304:
124:
18:
2103:Geologic provinces of the United States
1152:
1112:International Journal of Earth Sciences
1095:Stern, Robert J (2010-09-01), "Rifts",
1063:
1048:
1039:
980:
978:
976:
2085:
1915:Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system
1673:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
1384:
1182:Geological Society of America Bulletin
950:
459:-associated compressive forces of the
2039:Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone
1588:
1338:
1179:
1094:
984:
157:. The province extends north to the
2183:Regions of the Western United States
973:
747:. September 21, 2015. Archived from
646:
2128:Seismic faults of the United States
1318:Baldridge, W. Scott (13 May 2004).
959:. U.S. Geological Survey: 113–198.
953:"Mount Taylor and the Zuni Plateau"
13:
1999:Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone
1360:Plummer; McGeary; Carlson (1999).
1311:
733:
508:Southwestern Nevada volcanic field
14:
2194:
1697:Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone
1496:
494:
203:, ephemeral lakes, plateaus, and
115:Basin and Range National Monument
51:of the province is the result of
1874:Independence Valley fault system
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1502:
651:In addition to small amounts of
477:Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up
90:, while the lowest point is the
2113:Physiographic regions of Mexico
2050:Lesser Antilles subduction zone
1279:
1254:
1229:
1208:
1173:
1146:
1103:
1088:
1057:
1009:
745:United States Geological Survey
2138:Geography of Chihuahua (state)
1984:Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone
1345:. University of Nevada Press.
1324:. Cambridge University Press.
944:
914:
896:
861:
846:
798:
763:
487:erupted around 17 Ma and
1:
1725:Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone
1661:Clarendon-Linden fault system
727:
547:Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
2045:Gulf of California Rift Zone
1237:"Oregon: A Geologic History"
1155:"Metamorphic Core Complexes"
1072:. eNotes.com. Archived from
1066:"Basin and Range Topography"
811:International Geology Review
674:mined in the United States.
600:Springerville volcanic field
426:
300:
120:
35:covering much of the inland
7:
2163:Geologic provinces of Texas
1905:Central Oklahoma Fault Zone
1755:Western Quebec Seismic Zone
1649:Canadian Arctic Rift System
695:
615:Mount Taylor volcanic field
610:Zuni-Bandera volcanic field
518:Lunar Crater volcanic field
163:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
66:. Major ranges include the
10:
2201:
2123:Cenozoic rifts and grabens
1961:Wabash Valley Seismic Zone
1745:Saint Lawrence rift system
1630:(crosses national borders)
1342:Geology of the Great Basin
1292:Cambridge University Press
1288:Volcanoes of North America
676:
627:Trans-Pecos volcanic field
523:Indian Peak volcanic field
436:
430:
417:metamorphic core complexes
411:Metamorphic core complexes
246:
45:basin and range topography
43:. It is defined by unique
2021:
1969:
1938:
1897:
1866:
1810:
1783:Olympic–Wallowa Lineament
1770:
1763:
1712:
1627:
1132:10.1007/s00531-007-0280-1
951:Dutton, Clarence (1885).
595:San Carlos volcanic field
2093:Basin and Range Province
1655:Cascadia subduction zone
1643:Basin and Range Province
1509:Basin and Range Province
1021:Digital Geology of Idaho
938:10.1130/0-8137-5401-1.49
832:10.2747/0020-6814.44.1.1
687:Silver mining in Arizona
679:Copper mining in Arizona
536:Marysvale volcanic field
363:, generating an oblique
334:seafloor spreading ridge
161:and south as far as the
29:Basin and Range Province
2098:Physiographic provinces
1951:New Madrid Seismic Zone
1838:Newport–Inglewood Fault
1833:Mendocino Fracture Zone
1720:Charlevoix Seismic Zone
1435:10.1126/science.1190366
991:Ocean Oasis Field Guide
702:Cascade-Sierra province
691:Silver mining in Nevada
605:Red Hill volcanic field
265:listric normal faulting
255:, which is composed of
194:Sierra Madre Occidental
184:and on the west by the
106:are located within it.
1853:San Jacinto Fault Zone
1070:World of Earth Science
930:Centennial Field Guide
906:. USGS. Archived from
633:Big Bend National Park
342:Pacific-Farallon Ridge
312:
130:
104:North American deserts
24:
2153:Geology of New Mexico
2055:Middle America Trench
2034:Chixoy-Polochic Fault
2009:Virginia Seismic Zone
1970:Appalachian Mountains
1771:Washington and Oregon
1735:Queen Charlotte Fault
1459:Dickinson, William R.
806:Dickinson, William R.
683:Gold mining in Nevada
308:
182:Sierra Madre Oriental
128:
37:Western United States
22:
2178:Geography of Wyoming
2022:Caribbean and Mexico
1511:at Wikimedia Commons
1339:Fiero, Bill (2009).
1153:Rystrom, VL (2000).
1053:. New York: Freeman.
1051:Earth system history
1049:Stanley, SM (2005).
1027:on 11 September 2019
985:Riney, Brad (2000).
620:Jemez volcanic field
401:Afar Triple Junction
378:associated with the
180:Thrust Front of the
33:physiographic region
2173:Geography of Sonora
1979:Aiken–Augusta Fault
1956:Sandwich Fault Zone
1857:Elsinore Fault Zone
1778:Brothers Fault Zone
1479:2006Geosp...2..353D
1427:2010Sci...329..316S
1294:. pp. 284–86.
1194:1971GSAB...82.3497M
1124:2008IJEaS..97..345Y
926:Shoemaker, Eugene M
922:Salyards, Stephen L
882:1995JGR...10010529Z
876:(B6): 10529–10548.
824:2002IGRv...44....1D
784:1992Geo....20..701H
473:oblique strike-slip
443:Yellowstone hotspot
84:White Mountain Peak
41:northwestern Mexico
2158:Geology of Arizona
2133:Structural geology
2072:Puerto Rico Trench
2067:Pedro Miguel Fault
1972:and Atlantic Coast
1843:Puente Hills Fault
1828:Hayward Fault Zone
1750:Timiskaming Graben
1679:Puget Sound faults
1617:seismically active
1488:10.1130/GES00054.1
571:Doña Ana Mountains
405:geothermal systems
369:continental margin
313:
186:Gulf of California
131:
53:tectonic extension
25:
2168:Geology of Oregon
2108:Geology of Mexico
2080:
2079:
2063:(Central America)
2057:(Central America)
2017:
2016:
1925:Nemaha Fault Zone
1848:Rose Canyon Fault
1730:Leech River Fault
1691:San Andreas Fault
1507:Media related to
1461:(December 2006).
1188:(12): 3497–3502.
987:"Plate Tectonics"
890:10.1029/94JB03063
751:on March 25, 2019
647:Mineral resources
380:San Andreas Fault
280:continental crust
2190:
2148:Geology of Idaho
1768:
1767:
1622:of North America
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1506:
1492:
1490:
1454:
1421:(5989): 316–19.
1405:
1381:
1363:Physical Geology
1356:
1335:
1306:
1305:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1157:. Archived from
1150:
1144:
1143:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1023:. Archived from
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
982:
971:
970:
968:
948:
942:
941:
918:
912:
911:
900:
894:
893:
865:
859:
858:
850:
844:
843:
802:
796:
795:
767:
761:
760:
758:
756:
737:
662:and most of the
581:Socorro calderas
397:mantle upwelling
201:endorheic basins
159:Columbia Plateau
151:Colorado Plateau
80:Sandia Mountains
2200:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2143:Geology of Utah
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2013:
1993:Woodstock Fault
1971:
1965:
1934:
1893:
1862:
1818:Calaveras Fault
1806:
1759:
1740:Saguenay Graben
1708:
1685:Rio Grande rift
1637:Aleutian Trench
1629:
1623:
1613:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1499:
1402:
1391:Basin and Range
1378:
1353:
1332:
1314:
1312:Further reading
1309:
1302:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1047:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
983:
974:
949:
945:
919:
915:
902:
901:
897:
870:J. Geophys. Res
866:
862:
851:
847:
803:
799:
778:(8): 20701–04.
768:
764:
754:
752:
739:
738:
734:
730:
698:
693:
649:
644:
638:Davis Mountains
589:Jemez Lineament
575:Organ Mountains
497:
445:
435:
429:
413:
361:transform fault
303:
295:Clarence Dutton
249:
171:Mexican Plateau
155:Rio Grande Rift
123:
76:White Mountains
17:
12:
11:
5:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
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454:Farallon Plate
431:Main article:
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322:Farallon Plate
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190:Baja Peninsula
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1703:Tintina Fault
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135:North America
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2004:Ramapo Fault
1898:Great Plains
1796:Tacoma Fault
1667:Denali Fault
1642:
1470:
1466:
1418:
1414:
1390:
1386:McPhee, John
1362:
1341:
1320:
1287:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1231:
1220:. Retrieved
1210:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
1148:
1115:
1111:
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1078:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1069:
1059:
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1029:. Retrieved
1025:the original
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999:. Retrieved
995:the original
990:
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908:the original
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753:. Retrieved
749:the original
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293:
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261:upper mantle
250:
198:
175:
132:
108:
96:Death Valley
61:
49:physiography
28:
26:
1920:Meers Fault
1884:Teton Fault
1867:Great Basin
1802:Walker Lane
1788:Puget Sound
966:10.3133/ar6
818:(1): 1–38.
504:volcanism:
502:Great Basin
365:strike-slip
358:San Andreas
310:Snake Range
284:lithosphere
253:lithosphere
139:fault scarp
111:Great Basin
68:Snake Range
64:Great Basin
2087:Categories
1879:Moab Fault
1811:California
1411:Moresi, L.
1272:2010-04-10
1247:2010-03-26
1222:2010-04-10
728:References
677:See also:
567:Las Cruces
457:subduction
437:See also:
350:subduction
318:subduction
241:Hermosillo
100:ecoregions
88:California
78:, and the
31:is a vast
1567:Mountains
1543:Geography
1467:Geosphere
1140:129417881
656:petroleum
489:extension
483:from the
427:Volcanism
389:isostatic
385:heat flow
301:Tectonics
213:Las Vegas
121:Geography
1451:12044269
1443:20647465
1388:(1982).
840:73617479
696:See also
461:Laramide
421:Cenozoic
376:shearing
237:Mexicali
178:Laramide
153:and the
1939:Midwest
1705:(US–CA)
1699:(US–CA)
1693:(US–MX)
1687:(US–MX)
1681:(US–CA)
1675:(CA–US)
1669:(US–CA)
1663:(US–CA)
1657:(US–CA)
1651:(CA–GL)
1645:(US–MX)
1639:(US–RU)
1555:Geology
1531:Arizona
1517:Portals
1475:Bibcode
1423:Bibcode
1415:Science
1190:Bibcode
1120:Bibcode
878:Bibcode
820:Bibcode
780:Bibcode
772:Geology
510:(SWNVF)
491:began.
346:Miocene
330:Miocene
326:Neogene
320:of the
288:Miocene
247:Geology
229:El Paso
221:Phoenix
141:of the
102:. Most
59:epoch.
57:Miocene
2041:(Cuba)
1713:Canada
1620:faults
1615:Major
1449:
1441:
1398:
1374:
1349:
1328:
1298:
1138:
838:
689:, and
672:barite
670:, and
668:silver
660:copper
653:Nevada
553:Bursum
527:Nevada
469:Nevada
465:Sevier
450:Eocene
392:uplift
354:mantle
273:graben
239:, and
225:Tucson
205:bolson
167:Mexico
149:, the
74:, the
70:, the
1447:S2CID
1165:5 Dec
1136:S2CID
1080:5 Dec
1031:5 Dec
1001:5 Dec
836:S2CID
563:Organ
558:Emory
269:horst
257:crust
1439:PMID
1396:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1167:2010
1082:2010
1033:2010
1003:2010
757:2015
717:Mesa
664:gold
587:The
540:Utah
531:Utah
516:and
467:and
452:the
441:and
271:and
259:and
209:Reno
188:and
39:and
27:The
1483:doi
1431:doi
1419:329
1198:doi
1128:doi
961:doi
934:doi
886:doi
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828:doi
788:doi
165:in
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1991:(
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1334:.
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963::
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830::
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794:.
790::
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577:)
565:(
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340:(
231:—
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